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MAP of TOLL ROADS in BELARUS Version of 01.11.19

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EN MAP OF TOLL ROADS IN BELARUS Version of 01.11.19 Рига Резекне Псков, Санкт-Петербург Rīga RēzeknR e Pskov, Sankt-Peterburg ИЛУКСТЕ ILŪKSTE Освея РОКИШКИС КРАСЛАВА БЕЛЫЙ KRĀSLAVA Asvieja Езерище ROKIŠKIS Григоровщина а BELYJ РАДВИЛИШКИС Jeziaryšča ж Hryharaŭščyna Россоны ё RADVILIŠKIS ДАУГ Rasony М ПАНЕВЕЖИС АВПИЛС ВЕРХНЕДВИНСК DAUGAVPILS Урбаны VIERCHNIADZVІNSK Дретунь Е95 PANEVĖŽYS Dretuń ВЕЛИЖ Urbany VELIŽ З а а Д НОВОПОЛОЦК М8 у п Р20 б . NAVAPOLACK и БРАСЛАВ МИОРЫ Двина Веречье с ДИСНА а BRASLAŬ MIORY ГОРОДОК Viarečča Клайпед н Klaipėda DZІSNA и а ПОЛОЦК K Дв УТЕНА а HARADO . РАСЕЙНЯЙ исн POLACK п UTENA Д а ДЕМИДОВ А RASEINIAI КЕДАЙНЯЙ Р45 Шумилино З ДУХОВЩИН Шарк DEMIDOV KĖDAINIAI УКМЕРГЕ овщина Šumіlіna DUHOVŠČINA Moskva Šarkaŭščyna Москв UKMERGĖ Р20 CP4 с ВИТЕБСК ямун и и Н ас й K8 ж о K7 ПОСТАВЫ VІCIEBSK а е т Ушачи М3 в ян PASTAVY Р21 BDP1 я в Ušačy ЯРЦЕВО Н Ш ГЛУБОКОЕ 53 km JARCEVO HLYBOKAJE Лиозно РУДНЯ Н я Бешенковичи Liozna СМОЛЕНСК ри МЯДЕЛЬ Лиозно RUDNJA КАУНАС с Biešankovіčy Е95 Liozna SMOLENSK КАЙШЯДОРИС MIADZIEL KAUNAS М8 р KAIŠIA ия BDP13 п DORYS ил ЛЕПЕЛЬ ЧАШНИКИ е ВИЛКАВИШКИС Котловка В ДОКШИЦЫ н DP29 LIEPIEL BDP15 VILKAVIŠKIS ПРЕНАЙ Katloŭka DOKŠYCY ČAŠNІKІ СЕННО K9 Редьки Д М3 608 km PRIENAI ВИЛЬНЮС Бегомль SIANNO DP1 Redźkі Лоша Biahomĺ VILNIU НОВОЛУКОМЛЬ 568 km пр S BDP4 Loša Дне ОСТРОВЕЦ Р28 NOVALUKOMĹ ASTR М3 ОВНО МАРИЯМПОЛЕ AVIEC K10 ДУБР Каменный Лог DP3 М1 DUBROŬNA MARIJAMPOLĖ DP27 K6 Плещеницы Kamienny Loh Дружная 69 km Plieščanіcy 514 km РАНЬ ОРША К ВИЛЕЙКА БА Družnaja ПОЧИНО ШАЛЬ СМОРГОНЬ DP4 BARAŃ ORŠA ЧИНИНКАЙ BDP5 ОШМЯНЫ VІLIEJKA POČINOK ŠALČININKA SMARHOŃ Е30 ТОЛОЧИН I AŠMIANY МОЛОДЕЧНО DP17 DP5 Бенякони TALAČYN ГОРКИ MALADZIEČNA 44 km 443 km ШКЛОВ HORKІ Bieniakonі Е28 КРУПКИ Р28 БОРИСОВ УГЛОЕ ŠKLOŬ СУВАЛКИ ВАРЕНА М11 DP33 K5 KRUPKІ КР М7 BARYSAŬ KRUHLAJE н SUWAŁKI ДРУСКИНИНКАЙ VARĖNA Дриби Вороно 45 km ЛОГОЙСК Drybіn DRUSKININKAI во DP20 МИНСК М1 Е95 Прива Voranava ВОЛОЖИН ЗАСЛАВ LAHOJSK лка ЛЬ MІNSK Б Вишов VALOŽYN ЖОДИНО е БЕЛЫНИЧИ АВГУСТОВ Pryvalka Е85 ИВЬЕ 57 kmZASLAŬJE р Vіšoŭ CP5 DP35 123 km М6 ŽODZІNA е BIALYNІČY МСТИСЛАВЛЬ АВЛЬ AUGUSTÓW ІŬJE CP1 з РОСЛ ЛИДА СМОЛЕВИЧИ и MSCІSLAŬ AVL' Сопоцкин DP34 159 km K3 М6 DP6 н ROSL а М2 а УСЫ LІDA Ивенец DP23 DP21 SMALIAVІČY DP18 ЧА Sapockіn н М14 K11 ГРОДНО ези Іvianiec М4 ČAVUSY Бер K4 376 km 102 km CP3 HRODNA БЕРЁЗО ВКА ДЗЕРЖИНСК Р1 DP8 DP22 БЕРЕЗИНО КРИЧЕВ Р43 М6 BIAROZAŬKA Любча МОГИЛЁВ YČAŬ DP28 Liubča DZIARŽYNSK М4 BIERAZІNO KR BDP6 СКИДЕЛЬ 345 km Е271 Дукора Н DP26 MAHІLIOŬ SKІDZIEĹ ём DP10 Самохваловичи Dukora ЧЕРВЕНЬ ЩУЧИН а М8 ЧЕРИКОВ Брузги н Samachvalavіčym DP24 ČERVIEŃ КЛИМОВИЧИ ŠČUČYN М11 DP9 319 km ČERYKAŬ Bruzhі Р99 Руденск KLІMAVІČY МОСТЫ ан НОВОГР 59 km Нём УДОК Кореличи УЗДА Rudziensk БЫХОВ Хотимск СОКУЛКА MASTY ДЯТЛОВО NAVAHRUDAK Karelіčy 288 km лье SOKÓŁKA UZDA МАРЬИНА ГОРКА BYCHAŬ Краснопо Chocіmsk DZIATLAVA СТОЛБЦЫ КЛИЧЕВ K12 СЛАВГОРОД Krasnapollie а Бо STOŬBCY MARJІNA HORKA DP19 KLІČAŬ л. Берест Д овица М1 Валерьяны М5 SLAŬHARAD Vialіkaja Bierastavіc Щ DP12 Valiarjjany р СТЮКОВИЧИ у КО rszawa a ар Е30 НЕСВИЖ Р23 102 km БЕЛОСТОК а И DP25 т Р43 Варшав 223 km Шищиц ОСИПОВИЧ KASCIUKOVІČY Wa BDP7 DP11 K1 NIASVІŽ ы DP31 ь BIAŁYSTOK Е85 Šyščycy ASІPOVІČY 131 km РОВСК а КИ Корм ж 227 km K2 Р99 KІRAŬSK ЧЁВ Karma о DP32 РОГА С Берестовица БОБРУЙСК ВОЛКОВЫСК Зельва БАРАНОВИЧИ BABRUJSK Р43 RAHAČOŬ Bierastavіca VAŬKAVYSK Zeĺva BARANAVІČY КОПЫЛЬ КЛЕЦК KAPYĹ DP30 Е95 СУРАЖ 100 km М5 СВИСЛОЧЬ ЛЯХОВИЧИ KLIECK DP2 SURAŽ SVІSLA СЛОНИМ Č LIACHAVІČY Р43 СТАРЫЕ ДОРОГИ ЧЕЧЕРСК УНЕЧА БЕЛЬСК-ПОДЛЯСКИ SLONІM СЛУЦК 214 km М11 STARYJA DAROHІ K UNEČA Brjansk SLUCK ČAČERS Брянск BIELSK PODLASKI Ружаны а р Р31 Ružany Е30 а Глуск ЖЛОБИН DP14 Б КЛИНЦЫ Щ Hlusk ер ŽLOBІN Е271 М8 ХАЙНУВКА М1 ез KLINCY КОССОВО ЛЮБАНЬ и н HAJNÓWKA DP13 а БУДА-КОШЕЛЁВО KOSAVA ГАНЦЕВИЧИ СОЛИГОРСК LIUBAŃ Каменюки ИВАЦЕВИЧИ СВЕТЛОГОРСК BUDA-KAŠALIOVA Песчатка БЕРЁЗА 150 km HANCAVІČY SALІHORSK ьский ОВ Piasčatka Kamieniukі ІVACEVІČY Октябр SVIETLAHORSK ВЕТКА НОВОЗЫБК BIAROZA Kastryčnіckі М5 VIETKA NOVOZYBKOV П CP6 КАМЕНЕЦ ПРУЖАНЫ т БЕЛООЗЁР BDP11 Климово KAMIANIEC PRUŽANY Е85 СК и BIELAAZIORSK Р23 ч Сосновый Бор ГОМЕЛЬ ЗЛЫНКА Klimovo ь Sasnovy Bor 20 km ZLYNKA М1 Р31 HOMIEĹ DP16 ДОБРУШ Во РЕЧИЦА М10 лчин ЖАБИНКА МИКАШЕВИЧИ И DOBRUŠ Voŭčyn ŽABІNKA DP15 ВАСИЛЕВИЧ REČYCA BDP14 MІKAŠEVІČY VASІLIEVІČY Е95 М8 60 km М10 ИВАНОВО М10 М10 С Козловичи BDP8 М1 о ІVAN ЛУНИНЕ ЖИТКОВИЧИ ж Kazlovіčy Е30 КОБРИН AVA Ц BDP10 СЕМЁНОВКА М12 KOBRYN ДРОГИЧИН LUNІNIEC ŽYTKAVІČY SEMENIVKA DRAHІČYN ПИНСК Припять 454 km Веселовка Варшавский БРЕСТ Е85 PІNSK р КАЛИНКОВИЧИ ka Пина ы Нов. Гута Viesialoŭ мост BREST BDP9 т ПЕТРИКОВ KALІNKAVІČY Varšaŭsk С МОЗЫРЬ Лоев Novaja Huta i СТОЛИН ига PIETRYKAŬ MAZYR ХОЙНИКИ most 41 km Ств Lojeŭ STOLІN CHOJNІKІ СНОВСК Мохро Брагин ГОРОДНЯ МАЛОРИТА Невель р SNOVSK MALARYTA Machro Р31 Brahіn п HORODNIA Домачево Nievieĺ НАРОВЛЯ е Мокраны Лельчицы н Dama КОРЮКОВКА čava Makrany Lieĺčycy NAROŬLIA Д в Верх. Теребежов ЕЛЬСК о П н KORIUKIVKA Vierchnі Cierabiažoŭ JEĹSK р Жиличи С Олтуш и ЧЕРНИГОВ Oltuš пя Žylіčy ь т Ч ят КАМЕНЬ-КАШИРСКИЙ СЛАВУТИ CHERNIHIV Д Томашовка п ь е ри ДУБРОВИЦА Нов. Рудня SLAVUTYCH с ВЛОДАВА З Tamašoŭka П KAMIN-KASHYRSKYI Комарин н МЕНА а DUBROVYTSIA Novaja Rudnia а WŁODAWA п Kamaryn MENA . Б Глушкевичи у Александровка Геогpафическая основа. Го судаpственный комитет Владимирец по имуществу Республикиг Беларусь, 2017 Hluškievіčy Aliaksandraŭka Республиканское унитарное предприятие Ковель Volodymyrets Комарин Киев «Белкартография», 2017 Kovel Kamaryn Kyiv BDP9 ПУНКТ ПЛАТНЫЕ ПЛАТНЫЕ УЧАСТКИ КЕМПИНГ ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ УЧАСТКИ ДОРОГ ДОРОГ С 01.12.2019 K10 CAMPING НА КАРТЕ НЕ УКАЗАНЫ УПРОЩЕННЫЕ ПУНКТЫ ПРОПУСКА Внимание! В местах размещения кемпингов CUSTOMER TOLL ROAD TOLL ROAD SEGMENTS оказание услуг BelToll не осуществляется. SIMPLIFIED BORDER CROSSING POINTS ARE NOT DESIGNATED Please, be aware that BelToll services are not SERVICE POINT SEGMENTS FROM 01.12.2019 available at camping sites. Version of 01.11.19 ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM: TARIFFS FOR THE USE OF TOLL ROADS* POST-PAY USER CONTRACT HOW TO USE AND PAY TOLL ≤ 3.5 t – > 3.5 t, 3 axles – Only for vehicles with Benefits: 0,04 €/km 0,115 €/km maximum laden weight • One contract for all vehicles in your fleet. BelToll – is an electronic toll collection system which has been operating in Belarus of over 3.5 t. • No need to stop at Customer Service Points to top-up the > 3.5 t, 2 axles – > 3.5 t, 4 axles and OBU account. since 1 July 2013. Payment is made with the help of the electronic payment device 0,09 €/km more – 0,145 €/km Registration only via fleet card issuers: Belorusneft, Berlio, • Payment for the OBU deposit and toll will be undertaken via which must be installed in the vehicle. DKV, E100, euroShell, Eurowag, PEK “Belavtostrada”. the fleet card. PAYMENT IS ACCEPTED ONLY IN BELARUSIAN RUBLES as per The use of BelToll system is mandatory for the drivers of: exchange rate set by the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus for PRE-PAY USER CONTRACT the date of payment. Fleet PLEASE PREPARE BELARUSIAN RUBLES IN ADVANCE! card For all • Emission Class Certificate (original or copy, upon ALL MOTOR VEHICLES ≤ 3.5 t There is a currency exchange office at every border crossing point. vehicle availability; if not included in the vehicle registration VIOLATION OF THE RULES OF TOLL ROAD USE CAUSES SERIOUS classes. documents). VEHICLES > REGISTERED OUTSIDE CONSEQUENCES – INCREASED TOLL. 3.5 t. OF THE CUSTOMS UNION. The increased toll for one violation: Registration at Customer Service Points. PAY THE DEPOSIT AND TOP-UP THE ACCOUNT 2 MINIMUM FOR 25 €! ONLY IN BYR! ≤ 3.5 tons, if totally unpaid – 100 euro, if partially unpaid – 50 euro VISIT ANY CUSTOMER SERVICE POINT WITH 1 THE FOLLOWING DOCUMENTS: > 3.5 tons, if totally unpaid – 260 euro, if partially unpaid – 130 euro IS YOUR WINDSCREEN METALLIZED OR • Registration certificate of a legal entity or an individual 3 SOLAR REFLECT? PLEASE ASK YOUR CAR entrepreneur (original or copy) (not necessary for * Approved by the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Belarus. MANUFACTURER ABOUT THE ON-BOARD UNIT TOLL ROAD NETWORK private persons). MOUNTING LOCATION. • ID of a person responsible for the registration. Road Road sections, km Length of tolled section, km ON-BOARD UNIT • Power of attorney or other document proving М-1/E 30 Brest (Kozlovichi) – Minsk – Border with Russian Federation (Redki) – 609 609 authorization of the legal entity’s representative (the M-2 Minsk – National airport Minsk 15 42 27 1. Get the OBU (requires a deposit of 20 € for a vehicle ≤ 3.5 t 5. In case of towing vehicles subject to payment of tolls power of attorney form is available at www.beltoll.by). / 50 € for a vehicle > 3.5 t). for use of toll roads: • The vehicle registration document (original or copy) for M-3 Minsk – Vitsebsk 9 41 32 2. Top-up the on-board unit. • by tow bar or by flexible towing, install onboard legal entities and original vehicle registration document CHECK YOUR DATA IN THE USER CONTRACT. M-4 Minsk – Mogilev 16 192 176 3. Set the correct number of axles including securely fastened. units on each of the vehicles and indicate the number for private persons for every registered vehicles. 4 of axles on each of the onboard units in accordance with M-5/E 271 Minsk – Gomel 21 296 274 the design of each vehicle. M-6/E 28 Minsk – Grodno – Border with Republic of Poland (Bruzgi) 12 134 122 4+ 3 2 ATTENTION! M-6/E 28 Minsk – Grodno – Border with Republic of Poland (Bruzgi)* 134 196 62 3 2 It is obligatory to TAKE THE OBU ALONG TO A CUSTOMER TO THE OBU SIGNALS DURING THE WHOLE PERIOD OF M-6/E 28 Minsk – Grodno – Border with Republic of Poland (Bruzgi) 196 287 91 4.
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    THE SACRED LAKES OF THE DVINA REGION (NORTHWEST BELARUS) ULADZIMER LOBACH BALTICA 15 BALTICA Abstract The subject of research is the sacral geography of the Dvina region (in northwest Belarus), the sacred lakes situated in this region, and place-legends about vanished churches relating to these lakes. The author bases his research on the analytical method, and interprets folkloric sources, historical facts and data collected during ethnographic field trips. The main con- clusion of the article attests to the fact that place-legends about a vanished church (they relate to the majority of the lakes) ARCHAEOLOGIA indicate the sacrality of these bodies of water. In the past, sacrality might have contained two closely interrelated planes: an archaic one, which originated from pre-Christian times, and that of the Early Middle Ages, related to the baptism of the people of the Duchy of Polotsk. Key words: Belarusian Dvina region, sacral geography, sacred lakes, ancient religion, Christianisation, folklore. During ethnographic field trips organised by research- been found (four in the Homiel, and three in the Mahil- I ers from Polotsk University between 1995 and 2008, iou region). It should also be pointed out that the con- NATURAL HOLY a large amount of folklore data about lakes that still centration of lakes in the Dvina region (no more than PLACES IN ARCHAEOLOGY occupy a special place in the traditional vision of the 35 per cent of all the lakes in Belarus) is not as high AND world of the rural population was recorded. This means as is commonly supposed. Due to popular belief, the FOLKLORE IN THE BALTIC objects of ‘sacral geography’, which for the purposes region is often referred to as ‘the land of blue lakes’.
  • Wedding Rituals in the Belarusian Palesse 43

    Wedding Rituals in the Belarusian Palesse 43

    Wedding Rituals in the Belarusian Palesse 43 Wedding Rituals on the Territory of Belarusian Palesse Iryna Charniakevich Department of Humanities Hrodna State Medical University Grodno, Belarus Abstract The article traces the local peculiarities of historical and ethnographic distribution of wedding rites in Belarusian Palesse. It is based on the analysis of a wide range of published sources, archival materials, and unpublished ethnographic field studies. This work was conducted in the context of Belarusian regional studies and concerns only the Belarusian part of Palesse, the territory which was subject to Belarusian ethnic processes in the early twentieth century and, in the second half of the twentieth century, was included in Belarusian territory; it does not apply to the entire region, that is Russian Poles’e, Ukrainian Polisse, and Polish Polesie. The analyzed rituals include all three stages of an East Slavic wedding ceremony: before the wedding, the wedding itself, and after the wedding. The common features and local differences of West and East Palesse weddings are discussed. This article is a part of my research entitled “Historical and Ethnographic distribution of wedding rites in Belarusian Palesse.” It is based on the analysis of a wide range of published sources, archival materials, and unpublished ethnographic field studies, including my own. Most of the sources used in this paper are from the first half of the twentieth century. However, taking into account the relative stability of traditional culture (at least prior to recent modernization) the use of published sources from the second half of the XIX century seems possible in a study like this.
  • Peasants “On the Run”: State Control, Fugitives, Social and Geographic Mobility in Imperial Russia, 1649-1796

    Peasants “On the Run”: State Control, Fugitives, Social and Geographic Mobility in Imperial Russia, 1649-1796

    PEASANTS “ON THE RUN”: STATE CONTROL, FUGITIVES, SOCIAL AND GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA, 1649-1796 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Andrey Gornostaev, M.A. Washington, DC May 7, 2020 Copyright 2020 by Andrey Gornostaev All Rights Reserved ii PEASANTS “ON THE RUN”: STATE CONTROL, FUGITIVES, SOCIAL AND GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA, 1649-1796 Andrey Gornostaev, M.A. Thesis Advisers: James Collins, Ph.D. and Catherine Evtuhov, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the issue of fugitive peasants by focusing primarily on the Volga-Urals region of Russia and situating it within the broader imperial population policy between 1649 and 1796. In the Law Code of 1649, Russia definitively bound peasants of all ranks to their official places of residence to facilitate tax collection and provide a workforce for the nobility serving in the army. In the ensuing century and a half, the government introduced new censuses, internal passports, and monetary fines; dispatched investigative commissions; and coerced provincial authorities and residents into surveilling and policing outsiders. Despite these legislative measures and enforcement mechanisms, many thousands of peasants left their localities in search of jobs, opportunities, and places to settle. While many fugitives toiled as barge haulers, factory workers, and agriculturalists, some turned to brigandage and river piracy. Others employed deception or forged passports to concoct fictitious identities, register themselves in villages and towns, and negotiate their status within the existing social structure.
  • Preliminary Monitoring of Human Rights Center “Viasna” Concerning Tortures and Facts of Other Kinds of Inhumane Treatment Towards Citizens of Belarus

    Preliminary Monitoring of Human Rights Center “Viasna” Concerning Tortures and Facts of Other Kinds of Inhumane Treatment Towards Citizens of Belarus

    REVIEW-CHRONICLE OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN BELARUS IN 2004 2 REVIEW-CHRONICLE OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN BELARUS IN 2004 PREAMBLE: CONCLUSIONS AND GENERALIZATIONS In 2004 the political situation in Belarus was distinguished by further worsening of the situation of human rights and the relations between the state and individuals. Regular and deliberate human rights violations became a necessary condition for the strengthening of the unlimited dictatorial power – infringements of human rights served as the funda¬ment for authoritarianism and were a favorable environment for the development of totalitarianism. One of the main factors that influenced the public and political situation in Belarus in 2004 was the Parliamentary election and the nationwide referendum concerning the possibility to prolong Aliaksandr Luka¬shenka’s presidential powers. The need for the liquidation of the cons¬ti¬tutional restriction of the number of possible presidential terms defined the state policy and influenced it in all circles of public life. This factor ma¬nifested in the sphere of human rights with the aggravation of the rep¬ressions against political opponents and prosecution of opposition-mindedness, enforcement of new discriminative legal acts, further limitation of the freedom of the press, violation of the liberty of peaceful assemblies and associations and other obstacles for the enjoyment of personal liberties by citizens of Belarus. Citizens of Belarus were deprived of the right to take part in the state government with the assistance of elected representatives. The election to the Chamber of Representatives wasn’t free and democratic. It was conducted according to the scenario that was prepared by the authorities in complete conformity with the “wishes” A.
  • Filologia Mapy. Badanie Dawnej Kartografii Metodą Krytyki Tekstu Na

    Filologia Mapy. Badanie Dawnej Kartografii Metodą Krytyki Tekstu Na

    TERMINUS t. 19 (2017), z. 1 (42), s. 193–252 doi: 10.4467/20843844TE.17.006.7895 www.ejournals.eu/Terminus Grzegorz Franczak Università degli Studi di Milano [email protected] Filologia mapy. Badanie dawnej kartografi i metodą krytyki tekstu na przykładzie toponimii mapy Księstwa Połockiego S. Pachołowieckiego z 1580 roku1 Abstract Th e Philology of a Map. Studying Old Cartography Using the Method of Textual Criticism: the Case of Toponymy of the Map of the Principality of Polotsk by S. Pachołowiecki from 1580 Th e aim of this paper is to make an experimental application of textual criticism (the stemma method or Lachmann’s method) in the analyses of early-modern maps. It is supposed to verify whether, and to what extent, the means developed by philologists to establish how texts were transmitted in medieval codices, can be applied to study the transmission of geographic knowledge on early-modern maps. Th e author postulates that well-tried procedures should be used in studies of textual parts of old maps. Th ey allow the formulation of fi liation hypotheses. Th ese procedures consist of collating extant texts and detecting mistakes that indicate, connect or divide individual branches of tradition. 1 Artykuł powstał w ramach projektu badawczego Narodowego Centrum Nauki Opus (nr 2014/15/B/HS2/01104) Związki literatury polskiej i kartografi i w XVI – I poł. XVII w. Terminus(1)2017-3-lam.indd 193 04.07.2019 11:49:41 194 Grzegorz Franczak Th e subject analysed is the toponymy appearing on the map Decriptio Duca- tus Polocensis (Th e Description of the Principality of Polotsk) by Stanisław Pachołowiecki, engraved in Rome by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri in 1580 and on maps stemming from the same archetype.