Some Thoughts on the Origin of Lunar ANT-KREEP and Mare Basalts

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Some Thoughts on the Origin of Lunar ANT-KREEP and Mare Basalts Geochemical Journal, Vol. 9, pp. 25 to 41, 1975 25 Some thoughts on the origin of lunar ANT-KREEP and mare basalts HIROSHI WAKITA*, J. C. LAUL and R. A. SCHMITT Department of Chemistry and The Radiation Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331 U.S.A. (Received March 14, 1975) Abstract-A regular correlation between the Sm abundances and the Eu anomalies in all kinds of lunar samples strongly suggests that a series of ANT-KREEPtype rocks and the source material for the Apollo 11, 12, 15 and 17 mare basalts may have been derived from a systematic and common magmatic differentiation. In such a differentiation, significant quantities of trapped liquid were occluded with the cumulates and upon partial melting of these source materials, the trapped liquids played a dominant role in the derivation of mare basalts. After increasingthe concentration of LIL trace elements to --I OXchondrites by crystallization of Mg-rich mafic minerals such as olivine, both plagioclase and olivine began to crystallize simultaneously. Varying amounts of melt were trapped with pure anorthosites and yielded overall positive Eu anomalies. These anorthosites remained near the lunar surface. Simultaneously,mafic cumulates and any melt.inclusions plus significant amounts of trapped liquid in the cumulate layers settled to yield sourcematter for the Apollo 15 basaltic rocks with minimum Eu anomalies. With increasing plagioclase and mafic mineral crystallization, the magma changed its chemical composition and the Sm/Eu ratio. Toward the end of the crystallization sequence, the plagioclase differentiation series became KREEP material. The settling mafic cumulates and their trapped liquids account for the sequence of the Apollo 15, 12, 17 and 11 mare basalt source materials. Appreciable amounts of apatite may have settled out with the Apollo 11 and 17 mafic cumulates. Subsequent partial melting of the solidified melt inclusions and trapped liquid, accessory minerals and a fraction of the major mafic minerals from the source materials yielded the respective mare basalts. The melt at the last stage probably had a chemical composition similar to the ilmenite microgabbros. INTRODUCTION Positive and negative Eu anomalies observed in almost all lunar samples are known to be one of the most striking chemical features of the surface materials of the moon. In a sense, various lunar samples may be grouped in two categories, "mare basalt" and "ANT -KREEP" materials. Dark mare basalts are highly enriched in Fe and Ti . Light colored aluminous and calcic "ANT (anorthosite-norite-troctolite)-KREEP" materials are well distributed all over the surface of the moon by cratering events. Since the finding of large Eu anomalies in Apollo 11 basalts, it has been postulated that plagioclase minerals segregated from the primordial lunar magma and yielded highland materials (WOOD et al., 1970; SMITH et al., 1970; KING et al., 1970), while partial melting of cumulates resulted in the generation of "mare basalt" (PHILPOTTSand SCHNETZLER,1970; * Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. 26 H. WAKITA et al. PHILPOTTSet al., 1974; LONGHIet al., 1974). Other investigators(e.g., GASTet al., 1970; HUBBARDand GAST,1971; HASKIN et al., 1973;WEILL et al., 1974;TAYLOR and J AKES,1974) have invoked partial melting mechanisms on a variety of source materials for generation of KREEP and mare basalts. From studies of Apollo 12 rocks, KREEP material was inferred for a common component of the lunar highlands (HUBBARD and GAST, 1971; MEYER et al., 1971). Anorthositic fragments were found in the Apollo 11 soil and whole anorthositic rocks such as 15415 were picked up at the Apollo 15 site, and these samples showed large positive Eu anomalies (WAKITA and SCHMITT, 1970; HUBBARD et al., 1971). Highland breccias recovered mostly from the Apollo 16 and 17 and Luna 20 sites had various degrees of positive and negative Eu anomalies. A large volume of precise bulk and trace chemical data permits us to hypothesize a cogenetic relationship between two distinct differentiation series "ANT-KREEP" and "mare basalt". DISCUSSION 1. Sm-Eu correlation diagram A clear correlation between the abundances of Sm and the relative Eu anomalies is observed for almost all lunar materials taken from all eight lunar landing sites. These include the ANT rock suite, mare basalts, breccias, soils, KREEP materials and glasses from widespread areas of the lunar surface. A correlation plot between the abundances of Sin and the ratio of Sm/Eu in the sample to Sm/Eu in chondrites is shown for pure anorthosites, noritic and troctolitic anorthosites, norites, the "VHA" very high alumina basalts (HUBBARDet al., 1973a) and KREEP materials. Abundance data for Sin and Eu for 170 individual ANT-KREEP materials from all eight lunar sites are plotted in Fig. 1. HASKINet al. (1970) first introduced a linear plot of Sm/Eu v. Sm for Apollo 11 samples. They pointed out that a 1n Sm/Eu v. 1n Sin was also linear for the Apollo 11 samples. The ranges in Sm/Eu ratios and Sm abundances were from 5 to 13 and 8 to 27, respectively. Similar linear plots for both Apollo 11 and 12 samples were shown by HASKINet al. (1971) and WAKITA et al. (1971). In the lower left corner of Fig. 1, cataclastic anorthosites from Apollo 16 and 15 (61016, 60015 and 15415) are shown with the largest positive Eu anomalies. As the Sm abundance increases, the correlation line passes through the noritic and troctolitic anortho site regions up to 2.8 ppm Sm with no associated Eu anomaly. All of these samples were obtained from the six Apollo and the Luna 20 sites. The apparent hiatus between Sm. = 0.15 to 0.35 ppm has been filled by one sample, 67075; we believe that further analyses of anorthositic rock will populate the entire sequence. For Sin abundances greater than 2.8 ppm, that is 14X chondrites, negative Eu anom alies are found for practically all samples. Almost all Apollo 16 highland breccias and samples from the Apollo 17 boulder-2 and the Luna 20 sites fall on the line. With Sm abundances of approximately 8 ppm, the Apollo 16 "VHA basalt" or microtroctolites fall a little off the line but the trend continues to the field of high-K KREEP materials from various sites. Between the VHA and high-K KREEP rocks fall most of the Apollo 17 boulder-2 breccias, Apollo 14 and 15 breccias. From pure anorthosites to high-K KREEP, the trend is continuous and varies in Sm abundances over three orders of magnitude. Lunar ANT-KREEP and mare basalts 27 I0 • Ap 11 77115 0 Ap 12 012003 x Ap 15 BASALTFIELDS /•X • Ap17 ANT-KREEP Ap 15, /2, 17, X O Luna 16 060636 A Ap 14 72335 169051 0 O Ap 16 644 A14063 Luna 20 Ti o X06-40 a NEGATIVE Eu ANOMALY 1.0 77135 166516 770'7 ml 16 014063 18155 X15459 N 724/7 DUNITE 77135 • 67915 POSITIVE Eu ANOMALY O) 10085 A14321 a 60626 O 67 E 031 0 N C 15416 60017 0 t 76543564435 ~g 0 06335 674 83335 7 U 55 0065 W 15416x 64423 7 850 14161 X15455 W 100 E 64422 012033 E 1n 670750 0.1 67075 0 15362 69955 64435 O O 60023 15314 X O 60025 61016 80015 81016 6001515415 060015 0.01 0.01 0.1 I 10 100 Sm (PPM) Fig. 1. Ratios of Sm to Eu abundances in the ANT-KREEPmaterials relative to those of chondrites (2.67) have been plotted v. the abundances of Sm. These 170 data points were obtained from groups who published their results in the five Proceedings of The Lunar Science Conferences(1970-1974) and literature sources cited in the reference section. For convenience of sample identification, sample numbers are attached for severalsamples. It is noted that K content of 12033 (HUBBARDet al., 1971) is significantly higher by a factor of ~60 compared to other ANT rocks with similar Sm abundances and that samples 15455 (TAYLORet al., 1973) and 14321 (TAYLORet al., 1972) have markedlylower FeO/MgO values of 0.39 and 0.3, respectively,compared to the range (0.7-1.4) of rocks with similar Sm abundances. The seven dunite 72417 points are taken from LA UL and SCHMITT(1975) . Only the 72417 dunite points, which represent the values of nine small fragments , 69 to 135mg each, are strikingly displaced from the Sm/Eu v Sm curve (LAUL and SCHMITT,1975). Extrapolation of the dunite line to the correlation line suggests that the dunite sample may be genetically related to a residual magma from which the gabbroic anorthosites such as 60626 (78% pl), 67031 and 60017 (83% pl) may have been derived (LAUL and SCHMITT,1975). Fields for mare basaltic rocks from the four sites, Apollo 11 , 12, 15 and 17, are also shown in Fig. 1. Note that the line passes through the Apollo 15 and 12 mare basalt fields. The Apollo 17 and 11 mare basalt regions are a little off the line but these areas practically overlap the trend found in the ANT-KREEP rock suites. In Fig. 2 , the same Sm-Eu correlation diagram is shown for Apollo 11 , 12, 15 and 17 mare basaltic rocks. The fields for the Apollo 15 and 12 mare basalts overlap each other and the ANT-KREEP line passes through the middle of these fields. With larger negative Eu anomalies , the Apollo 17 and 11 mare basalts follow the ANT-KREEP trend . The data plotted in Figs. I and 2 are taken from many literature sources in the five Proceedings of the Lunar Science 28 H. WAKITA et al. 10 Ap II V-7 Ap 12 a Ap 15 e Ap 17 v ~n ~ 8 4 K .M G 0 E C o NEGATIVE Eu ANOMALY b 0 r I U POSITIVE Eu ANOMALY: 3 w 3 11W E Q b U,E U) // 0.1 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 50 Sm (PPM) Fig.
Recommended publications
  • Moon Minerals a Visual Guide
    Moon Minerals a visual guide A.G. Tindle and M. Anand Preliminaries Section 1 Preface Virtual microscope work at the Open University began in 1993 meteorites, Martian meteorites and most recently over 500 virtual and has culminated in the on-line collection of over 1000 microscopes of Apollo samples. samples available via the virtual microscope website (here). Early days were spent using LEGO robots to automate a rotating microscope stage thanks to the efforts of our colleague Peter Whalley (now deceased). This automation speeded up image capture and allowed us to take the thousands of photographs needed to make sizeable (Earth-based) virtual microscope collections. Virtual microscope methods are ideal for bringing rare and often unique samples to a wide audience so we were not surprised when 10 years ago we were approached by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council who asked us to prepare a virtual collection of the 12 Moon rocks they loaned out to schools and universities. This would turn out to be one of many collections built using extra-terrestrial material. The major part of our extra-terrestrial work is web-based and we The authors - Mahesh Anand (left) and Andy Tindle (middle) with colleague have build collections of Europlanet meteorites, UK and Irish Peter Whalley (right). Thank you Peter for your pioneering contribution to the Virtual Microscope project. We could not have produced this book without your earlier efforts. 2 Moon Minerals is our latest output. We see it as a companion volume to Moon Rocks. Members of staff
    [Show full text]
  • Workshop on Geology of the Apollo 17 Landing Site
    NASA-CR-191637 \ WORKSHOP ON GEOLOGY OF THE APOLLO 17 LANDING SITE (NASA-CR-191637) WORKSHOP ON N93-18786 GEOLOGY OF THE APOLLO 17 LANDING --THRU-- SITE (Lunar Science Inst.) 70 p N93-18817 Unclas G3/91 0141290 __ LPI Technical Report Number 92-09, Part 1 LUNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE 3600 BAY AREA BOULEVARD HOUSTON TX 77058-1113 LPI/TR--92-09, Part 1 WORKSHOP ON GEOLOGY OF THE APOLLO 17 LANDING SITE Edited by G. Ryder, H. H. Schmitt, and P. D. Spudis Held at Houston, Texas December 2-4, 1992 Sponsored by Lunar and Planetary Sample Team Lunar and Planetary Institute Lunar and Planetary Institute 3600 Bay Area Boulevard Houston TX 77058-1113 LPI Technical Report Number 92-09, Part 1 LPI/TR--92-09, Part 1 Compiledin 1992by LUNAR AND PLANETARY INSTITUTE TheInstituteis operatedby theUniversitySpaceResearchAssociationunderContractNo. NASW- 4574with theNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration. Materialin this volume may be copied without restraint for library, abstract service, education, or per- sonal research purposes; however, republication of any paper or portion thereof requires the written permission of the authors as well as the appropriate acknowledgment of this publication. This report may be cited as Ryder G., Schmitt H. H., and Spudis P. D., eds. (1992) Workshop on Geology of the Apollo 17 Landing Site. LPI Tech. Rpt. 92-09, Part 1, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. 63 pp. This report is distributed by ORDER DEPARTMENT Lunar and Planetary Institute 3600 Bay Area Boulevard Houston TX 77058-1113 Mail order requestors will be invoiced for the cost of shipping and handling. Cover: Station 4 at Taurus-LiUrow, Apollo 17 landing site.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: a Case for New Returned Lunar Samples
    Space Sci Rev (2019) 215:54 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples Romain Tartèse1 · Mahesh Anand2,3 · Jérôme Gattacceca4 · Katherine H. Joy1 · James I. Mortimer2 · John F. Pernet-Fisher1 · Sara Russell3 · Joshua F. Snape5 · Benjamin P. Weiss6 Received: 23 August 2019 / Accepted: 25 November 2019 / Published online: 2 December 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract The Moon is the only planetary body other than the Earth for which samples have been collected in situ by humans and robotic missions and returned to Earth. Scien- tific investigations of the first lunar samples returned by the Apollo 11 astronauts 50 years ago transformed the way we think most planetary bodies form and evolve. Identification of anorthositic clasts in Apollo 11 samples led to the formulation of the magma ocean concept, and by extension the idea that the Moon experienced large-scale melting and differentiation. This concept of magma oceans would soon be applied to other terrestrial planets and large asteroidal bodies. Dating of basaltic fragments returned from the Moon also showed that a relatively small planetary body could sustain volcanic activity for more than a billion years after its formation. Finally, studies of the lunar regolith showed that in addition to contain- ing a treasure trove of the Moon’s history, it also provided us with a rich archive of the past 4.5 billion years of evolution of the inner Solar System. Further investigations of samples returned from the Moon over the past five decades led to many additional discoveries, but also raised new and fundamental questions that are difficult to address with currently avail- able samples, such as those related to the age of the Moon, duration of lunar volcanism, the Role of Sample Return in Addressing Major Questions in Planetary Sciences Edited by Mahesh Anand, Sara Russell, Yangting Lin, Meenakshi Wadhwa, Kuljeet Kaur Marhas and Shogo Tachibana B R.
    [Show full text]
  • Water in Lunar Anorthosites and Evidence for a Wet Early Moon
    LETTERS PUBLISHED ONLINE: 17 FEBRUARY 2013 | DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1735 Water in lunar anorthosites and evidence for a wet early Moon Hejiu Hui1*, Anne H. Peslier2,3, Youxue Zhang4 and Clive R. Neal1 The Moon was thought to be anhydrous since the Apollo era1, the water content of the bulk lunar magma ocean (LMO) was less but this view has been challenged by detections of water on (possibly far less) than 100 ppm and water was later added during the lunar surface2–4 and in volcanic rocks5–9 and regolith10. Part mantle cumulate overturn or through impacts11. of this water is thought to have been brought through solar- Here we have measured water in primary products of the wind implantation2–4,7,10 and meteorite impacts2,3,7,11, long after LMO, thereby bypassing the processes of later addition of water the primary lunar crust formed from the cooling magma to the Moon through impact events or during mantle overturn as ocean12,13. Here we show that this primary crust of the Moon suggested by previous studies7,11. These data are used to estimate contains significant amounts of water. We analysed plagioclase the water content of the Moon's interior at the time of the magma grains in lunar anorthosites thought to sample the primary ocean, as well as that of the mare magma source regions. So far, crust, obtained in the Apollo missions, using Fourier-transform ferroan anorthosite (FAN) is the only available lithology that is infrared spectroscopy, and detected approximately 6 ppm believed to be a primary product of the LMO (refs 12,13).
    [Show full text]
  • 62237 Troctolitic Anorthosite 62.4 Grams
    62237 Troctolitic Anorthosite 62.4 grams Figure 1: Photo of 62237. NASA S72-41797 (B&W), NASA S72-38959 (color). Cube is 1 cm. Introduction 62237 and 62236 are chalky white rocks that were Warren and Wasson (1977) concluded that 62237 is collected together along with 62235 and incidental soil, “chemically pristine”, because it was lacking in from the rim of Buster Crater, station 2, Apollo 16 meteoritic siderophiles. (figure 2), where they were found half buried in the regolith (Sutton 1981). The mineral chemistry of these 62237 has been crushed to form a cataclastic texture, rocks is similar and indicates that they belong to the but, in places, the original coarse-grained igneous suite of lunar plutonic rocks termed ferroan anorthosite texture can be discerned by relic clasts (figure 3). (James 1980). Mineralogy Olivine: Olivine (Fo ) crystals up to 3 mm in size Petrography 59-61 Dymek et al. (1975) concluded that 62237 was a slowly are reported in 62237 by Dymek et al. (1975). Warren cooled plutonic lunar rock (figure 1). The mineralogy and Wasson (1977) and Bersch et al. (1991) also of 62237 is that of a ferroan anorthosite with fairly provided analyses of olivine in 62237. Dymek et al. abundant (~20%) mafic minerals (figure 5). noted that olivine in 62237 was extremely depleted in Ca. Lunar Sample Compendium C Meyer 2011 Figure 2: Location of 62237. Pyroxene: Dymek et al. (1975) and Bersch et al. (1991) determined the composition of pyroxene in 62237 (figure 4). Plagioclase: Plagioclase in 62237 is An95-99 and contains only small amount of minor elements (Dymek et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Water in Evolved Lunar Rocks a Dissertation Submitted To
    WATER IN EVOLVED LUNAR ROCKS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS MAY 2015 By Katharine Lynn Robinson Dissertation Committee: G. Jeffrey Taylor, Chairperson Gary R. Huss Kazuhide Nagashima Eric Hellebrand Michael J. Mottl Keywords: Moon; Lunar water; Evolved rocks; Hydrogen isotopes; Felsites; Lunar evolution ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the NASA Astrobiology Institute under Cooperative Agreement No. NNA09DA77A issued through the Office of Space Science, and by NASA Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research Grants NNX11AE85G and NNX08AY88G to G. Jeffrey Taylor. I also received funding from the Fred M. Bullard Graduate Fellowship and Subagreement No. 02235-03 on Award number NNA14AB07A (NASA SSERVI). On a more personal note, I would like to thank my advisor, Jeff Taylor, for being an amazing boss, teacher, and co-author for the past four-odd years. None of this work would have been possible without Jeff, and only Jeff could have made it so much fun. I also thank my past advisors, Albert Colman and Allan Treiman, for teaching me the fundamentals of research and helping me get my foot in the planetary geology door. The Grad Family at large is too numerous to thank individually, but thanks, everyone, for being my surrogate island family. Special thanks to Sarah Crites, Sarah Maher, and Lydia Baker for all the fun, beach days, hugs, and hand- holding through all the usual grad student milestones: quals, comps, conference presentations, and finally, the dissertation defense.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of the Moon Michael B
    TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 2 2 Why Go to the Moon? Exploration Rationales and Motivations............................................ 3 2.1 Expansion of humans into space..................................................................................... 3 2.2 The Search for Energy Alternatives................................................................................ 6 2.2.1 Solar Power Satellites ............................................................................................. 6 2.2.2 Lunar Power System............................................................................................... 8 2.2.3 3He......................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 The industrialization of space ....................................................................................... 12 2.4 Exploration and development of the Solar System....................................................... 13 2.5 The Moon as a planetary science laboratory................................................................. 15 2.6 Astronomical observatories on the Moon..................................................................... 17 2.7 Maintenance of human health on long-duration missions ............................................ 20 3 Transportation by rocket in the Earth-Moon system ...........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Further Evidence for Early Lunar Magnetism from Troctolite 76535
    PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets RESEARCH ARTICLE Further evidence for early lunar magnetism 10.1002/2016JE005154 from troctolite 76535 Key Points: Ian Garrick-Bethell1,2, Benjamin P. Weiss3, David L. Shuster4,5, Sonia M. Tikoo6, and • Using mutually oriented subsamples 4,5 of lunar troctolite 76535, we find Marissa M. Tremblay further evidence for a dynamo on the 1 2 Moon 4.25 Ga Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, School of Space 3 • We find that the magnetizing field had Research, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, a paleointensity of 20-40 microteslas Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 4Department of Earth and Planetary Science, 40 39 • New Ar/ Ar thermochronometry University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA, 5Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkeley, California, USA, measurements provide an improved 6 sample age estimate of 4249 {plus Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway Township, New Jersey, USA minus} 12 Ma Abstract The earliest history of the lunar dynamo is largely unknown and has important implications Supporting Information: for the thermal state of the Moon and the physics of dynamo generation. The lunar sample with the • Supporting Information S1 oldest known paleomagnetic record is the 4.25 billion year old (Ga) troctolite 76535. Previous studies of fi Correspondence to: unoriented subsamples of 76535 found evidence for a dynamo eld with a paleointensity of several tens I. Garrick-Bethell, of microteslas. However, the lack of mutual subsample orientation prevented a demonstration that the [email protected] magnetization was unidirectional, a key property of thermoremanent magnetization.
    [Show full text]
  • A Long-Lived Lunar Core Dynamo However, Figs
    REPORTS H6 and mBDCA-5p-H6 in oxygen-saturated DMF chemically reversible two-electron reduction of 12.J.L.Sessler,P.A.Gale,W.-S.Cho,Anion Receptor Chemistry solution. An increase in the limiting current as O to peroxide dianion. (Royal Society of Chemistry, London, ed. 1, 2006). 2 13. M. Garcia-Viloca, A. González-Lafont, J. M. Lluch, J. Am. well as decreasing slope of the Koutecký-Levich We have synthesized a molecular perox- Chem. Soc. 119, 1081 (1997). (K-L) analysis of diffusion-limited currents (Fig. ide dianion adduct by the use of the cavity of 14. A. K. Boal, J. A. Cotruvo Jr., J. Stubbe, A. C. Rosenzweig, 3B, inset) is consistent with a greater number of hexacarboxamide cryptands as a molecular rec- Science 329, 1526 (2010). electrons transferred during reduction of oxygen ognition site. Reduction of oxygen in situ and 15. R. D. Jones, D. A. Summerville, F. Basolo, Chem. Rev. 79, 139 (1979). in the presence of mBDCA-5t-H6 than the one- stabilization of peroxide dianion is facilitated 16. G. R. Desiraju, T. Steiner, in The Weak Hydrogen Bond in electron reduction process without mBDCA-5t-H6 by hydrogen bonding within the cavity of the Structural Chemistry and Biology (Oxford Univ. Press, (20). A large excess of cryptand is needed in order to cryptand, and this process mimics the structural Oxford, 1999), p. 13. 17. The residual electron density of refinements without drive the electrochemical process completely to per- characteristics of biological systems that use per- assignment of the electron density of N-H hydrogen oxide encapsulation during rotating-disk electrode oxide as an oxidant.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: a Case for New Returned Lunar Samples
    Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Tartèse, Romain, et al. "Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples." Space Science Reviews, 215 (December 2019): 54. © 2019, The Author(s). As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x Publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC Version Final published version Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/125329 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license Detailed Terms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Space Sci Rev (2019) 215:54 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples Romain Tartèse1 · Mahesh Anand2,3 · Jérôme Gattacceca4 · Katherine H. Joy1 · James I. Mortimer2 · John F. Pernet-Fisher1 · Sara Russell3 · Joshua F. Snape5 · Benjamin P. Weiss6 Received: 23 August 2019 / Accepted: 25 November 2019 / Published online: 2 December 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract The Moon is the only planetary body other than the Earth for which samples have been collected in situ by humans and robotic missions and returned to Earth. Scien- tific investigations of the first lunar samples returned by the Apollo 11 astronauts 50 years ago transformed the way we think most planetary bodies form and evolve. Identification of anorthositic clasts in Apollo 11 samples led to the formulation of the magma ocean concept, and by extension the idea that the Moon experienced large-scale melting and differentiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Magmatic Volatiles (H, C, N, F, S, Cl) in the Lunar Mantle, Crust, and Regolith: Abundances, Distributions, Processes, and Reservoirs†K
    American Mineralogist, Volume 100, pages 1668–1707, 2015 THE SECOND CONFERENCE ON THE LUNAR HIGHLANDS CRUST AND NEW DIRECTIONS REVIEW Magmatic volatiles (H, C, N, F, S, Cl) in the lunar mantle, crust, and regolith: Abundances, distributions, processes, and reservoirs†k FRANCIS M. MCCUBBIN1,2,*, KATHLEEN E. VANDER KAADEN1,2, ROMAIN TARTÈSE3, RACHEL L. KLIMA4, YANG LIU5, JAMES MORTIMER3, JESSICA J. BARNES3,6, CHARLES K. SHEARER1,2, ALLAN H. TREIMAN7, DAVID J. LAWRENCE3, STEPHEN M. ELARDO1,2,8, DANA M. HURLEY3, JEREMY W. BOYCE9 AND MAHESH ANAND3,6 1Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, 200 Yale Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, U.S.A. 2Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, 200 Yale Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, U.S.A. 3Planetary and Space Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, U.K. 4Planetary Exploration Group, Space Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab, Laurel, Maryland 20723, U.S.A. 5Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, U.S.A. 6Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, U.K. 7Lunar and Planetary Institute, USRA, 3600 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77058, U.S.A. 8Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. 9Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Many studies exist on magmatic volatiles (H, C, N, F, S, Cl) in and on the Moon, within the last several years, that have cast into question the post-Apollo view of lunar formation, the distribution and sources of volatiles in the Earth-Moon system, and the thermal and magmatic evolution of the Moon.
    [Show full text]
  • Meyer, C., 2003, the Lunar Petrographic Educational Thin Section
    The Lunar Petrographic Educational Thin Section Set Charles Meyer Astromaterials Curation NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 September 2003 1 Foreword Precautions Disclaimer In addition to the security precautions that must be Some important lunar science topics are not discussed followed, there are several precautions relating to the in this booklet because they are not illustrated by the use of this set of thin sections. Please be careful not to samples included in the provided sets. Moreover, many scratch or break the sections. The thin sections in this of the most important lunar rocks could not be used to set are uncovered and highly polished so that the opaque make these sets of educational thin sections. However, minerals may be studied by reflected light microscopy. the Apollo astronauts did collect several samples that A good-quality research microscope with dry, high- were large enough for both scientific investigation and power objectives is required. Do not use oil. These educational activity. From these, NASA has prepared samples were prepared without the use of water. Do 20 sets of thin sections (12 each) for use in petrology not clean or repolish. The sections are not all of a classes and an additional 201 encapsulated lunar disks standard thickness (i.e. 30 microns), so beware of false (6 samples each) for use in secondary schools. The interference colors. supplied samples necessarily differ slightly for each set; thus the general descriptions given in this booklet are only a guide to your own observations. For example, Objective Petrography although it is not mentioned, you may find a big metal grain in your section.
    [Show full text]