Broxmouth Sharples Final Review

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Broxmouth Sharples Final Review The Prehistoric Society Book Reviews AN INHERITED PLACE: BROXMOUTH HILLFORT & THE SOUTH EAST SCOTTISH IRON AGE BY I ARMIT AND J MCKENZIE Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 2013. 592pp, 264 figs, 74 tables, ISBN 9781908332059, hb, £35 Scottish Archaeology has been waiting a long time for this volume. The work at Broxmouth in South East Scotland largely took place between September 1977 and November 1978 and involved the almost complete excavation of a lowland hillfort that was first identified through aerial photography. An initial detailed interim report was published as Edinburgh University Department of Archaeology Occasional Paper 2 (Hill 1978) and then an amended version (Hill 1982b) was published in a volume on the Later Prehistoric Settlement in South East Scotland (Harding 1982), which included several papers which either dealt directly with the material from the site (Barnetson 1982; Cool 1982), or provided discussion stimulated by the results (Hill 1982a). This was an important period in the development of later prehistoric studies in Scotland. Aerial photography had only just begun to be applied systematically to the rich agricultural lowlands of eastern Scotland and they were revealing an enormous complexity of material that transformed understanding of the period and the region. Broxmouth was one of a number of excavations during this period, which could be described as the beginning of Rescue Archaeology in Scotland. Contemporary excavations included Dryburn Bridge (Triscott 1982) and St Germains (Alexander and Watkins 1998) both in East Lothian, but the excavations at Broxmouth were the most significant in terms of the size of the area examined, the prolonged period of excavation, the quality of the stratigraphic record and the recovery of substantial and exceptionally rare assemblages of finds. The publication of the final volume is therefore a landmark occasion for Scottish archaeology. The interim reports contained reasonable amounts of information and provided a bedrock for discussion of the later prehistory of the Scottish lowlands over the last two decades (Harding 2004), but much of the detail was missing and no other excavation has come near to the importance of Broxmouth in the intervening decades. This book was completed by a team based in the University of Bradford who are unconnected with the original team of excavators and post excavation specialists. Some of the reports are more or less unchanged from the originals, whereas others are recent reappraisals of the evidence. The site was well excavated and recorded; however, the passage of time has not surprisingly led to some losses and irreconcilable differences with the original interpretations, while fundamental developments in archaeology in the intervening period have altered our approach to the record. On the positive side recent changes in approaches to radiocarbon chronology mean we have a large number of radiocarbon dates that have been analysed using a Bayesian approach, which provides chronological precision only dreamed off when the site was first dug. On the negative side environmental sampling was in its developmental stages when the site was excavated, and the later loss of the limited number of soil samples recovered, means that there is no carbonised plant assemblage to provide information on the arable economy of the settlement. Despite this the resulting 538 page volume provides a substantial contribution to the later prehistoric archaeology of Scotland that will take some time to fully digest. The primary importance of the Broxmouth campaign was that it provided a large area excavation of a typical lowland hillfort, which had been completely flattened by centuries of intensive cultivation. The area excavated covered almost all of the interior of the enclosure, a very large part of the surrounding complex multivallate boundary, including the three entrances to the east, west and south west, and an area to the north of the enclosure that contained a contemporary cemetery. The effects of agriculture have been severe and much of the interior had been truncated by ploughing. However, a number of houses could be identified in the interior and the repeated alteration and reconstruction of the enclosing boundary provided traps that preserved occupation deposits and allowed the accumulation of thick middens. The settlement sequence preserved within the western boundary provided the crucial key to the interpretation of the site and was only identified by the extensive area excavation. The site is unique in northern Britain outside the Atlantic Province in providing a substantial bone assemblage that not only provides our first detailed picture of the agricultural use of animals in Lowland Scotland, but also insights into a key economic value as an important assemblage of bone artefacts and waste from bone working was found. The bone preservation also crucially enabled the identification of the external cemetery and the recovery of human burials and bones from the settlement area. In this review I have only a limited amount of space to examine a number of the issues raised in the report. Boundary chronologies The enclosing boundary at Broxmouth is an important part of the story of the hillfort and the excavations commendably examined a large area of the boundary. Unfortunately the rampart was destroyed around most of the circuit with only small patches surviving, largely on the west side of the hill where it had subsided into earlier features. In the Broxmouth sequence published earlier by Peter Hill (1978; 1982a) nine phases (I-IX) were identified and these included Neolithic activity and Post Medieval ploughing, but this account reduces these to seven phases, which all belong to the Iron Age, more or less. In the new sequence phase 1 comprises the palisade with evidence for external settlement, phase 2 comprises a univallate then bivallate enclosure with two entrances to the east and west, phase 3 comprises four sub-phases of enclosure with two entrances to the east and south west, phase 4 comprises settlement evidence which accumulated on the west side of the inner ditch, phase 5 comprises midden overlying these structures and the external cemetery, phase 6 comprises the settlement that survives in the interior and a refurbished inner bank. Finally phase 7 comprises an isolated Early Christian burial. One of the main features of this account is a detailed absolute chronology based on 158 radiocarbon samples and this is a major contribution to research that places Broxmouth well ahead of any other hillfort in Britain. It is important to note that though the later prehistoric occupation of the hill appears to last almost a millennium from 640/570 cal BC through to AD155/210, the construction of the hillfort boundary appears to begin about 490/430 cal BC and finishes just before 295/235 cal BC. This is a period of approximately 200 years, confirming previous Bayesian analysis which suggests many of the monumental phases of British Prehistory are actually very short-lived phenomena (Whittle et al, 2011). Using the southern English terminology, the hillfort was created at the beginning of the Early Iron Age and was actively rebuilt throughout the early part of the Middle Iron Age. This is actually very similar to the time-line proposed for southern English hillforts (Sharples 2010). The construction of the first hillfort at Danebury, Hampshire, is for example, dated to the middle of the fifth millennium cal BC (Cunliffe 1996) and the main phase of boundary construction died out in the third century cal BC, when the internal settlement became the focus for expansion and reorganisation. The close similarity in the chronological development of these two geographical distant hillforts (that is Danebury and Broxmouth) is surprising given the development of very distinct regional differences in the British Iron Age and it is of considerable importance that comparable sequences are obtained in future research on other hillforts in Britain to establish whether this is a national pattern. There are several significant changes to the sequence earlier proposed by Peter Hill (see above). The palisade has moved from phase IV, in the middle of the sequence of hillfort ditches, to the beginning of phase 1. Hill had argued that the internal settlement contained houses belonging to three separate phases; phase II, an unenclosed phase at the beginning of the later prehistoric occupation, and phases VII and VIII at the end of the occupation. Here Armit and McKenzie argue that these all belong to one, which is phase 6. Peter Hill initially thought the Broxmouth palisade was integrated with the major reorganisation of the boundary, (his phase IV), that occurred when the western entrance was closed and a new south western entrance was created. This was based upon ‘it’s known relationships in the western part of its circuit, on its incongruity with the period III gateways and on its coincident alignment with the period IV gate’ (Hill 1978, 27). However, he revised this interpretation in 1982 where he suggested, ‘It is likely to have formed a freestanding stockade enclosure built either before or after the earthwork defences of Period III’ (Hill 1982a, 184). Its original position within the boundary sequence was a crucial part of the assault on the Hownam sequence, a chronological sequence based on excavations undertaken by Piggott in the 1950s and 1960s, which was being undertaken at the time of the excavations (Harding 2004, 54). Hill and others argued that complex sequences had been over simplified and that palisades, where identified as crop marks, could not be claimed to be evidence for an early LBA/EIA phase of activity. Clearly the rephasing by Armit and McKenzie has much broader implications as it reintroduces the possibility that palisades indicate a primary phase of boundary creation in the Border region and that major enclosures could appear in the landscapes earlier than previously understood. This seems to make sense and I am happy to accept this suggestion.
Recommended publications
  • Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18ST704 Site Name: Pax River Goodwin Site 1 Prehistoric Other Name(S) Charles' Gift Historic
    Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18ST704 Site Name: Pax River Goodwin Site 1 Prehistoric Other name(s) Charles' Gift Historic Brief 17th-20th c. plantation, structures & artifact concentration, Late Woodland short-term camp, Unknown Description: lithic scatter Site Location and Environmental Data: Maryland Archeological Research Unit No. 9 SCS soil & sediment code Latitude 38.3069 Longitude -76.3963 Physiographic province Western Shore Coastal Terrestrial site Underwater site Elevation -6 m Site slope Ethnobotany profile available Maritime site Nearest Surface Water Site setting Topography Ownership Name (if any) Chesapeake Bay -Site Setting restricted Floodplain High terrace Private Saltwater Freshwater -Lat/Long accurate to within 1 sq. mile, user may Hilltop/bluff Rockshelter/ Federal Ocean Stream/river need to make slight adjustments in mapping to cave Interior flat State of MD account for sites near state/county lines or streams Estuary/tidal river Swamp Hillslope Upland flat Regional/ Unknown county/city Tidewater/marsh Lake or pond Ridgetop Other Unknown Spring Terrace Low terrace Minimum distance to water is 8 m Temporal & Ethnic Contextual Data: Contact period site ca. 1820 - 1860 Y Ethnic Associations (historic only) Paleoindian site Woodland site ca. 1630 - 1675 ca. 1860 - 1900 Y Native American Asian American Archaic site MD Adena ca. 1675 - 1720 Y ca. 1900 - 1930 Y African American Unknown Early archaic Early woodland ca. 1720 - 1780 Y Post 1930 Y Anglo-American Y Other MIddle archaic Mid. woodland ca. 1780 - 1820 Y Hispanic Late archaic Late woodland Y Unknown historic context Unknown prehistoric context Unknown context Y=Confirmed, P=Possible Site Function Contextual Data: Historic Furnace/forge Military Post-in-ground Urban/Rural? Rural Other Battlefield Frame-built Domestic Prehistoric Transportation Fortification Masonry Homestead Multi-component Misc.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18AN50 Site Name: Leon Prehistoric Other Name(S) Pig Point Historic
    Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18AN50 Site Name: Leon Prehistoric Other name(s) Pig Point Historic Brief Early-Late Archaic and Early, Middle & Late Woodland base camp or village; late 17th-early Unknown Description: 20th cen. Domestic Site Location and Environmental Data: Maryland Archeological Research Unit No. 8 SCS soil & sediment code DvC,CSF Latitude 38.7990 Longitude -76.7099 Physiographic province Western Shore Coastal Terrestrial site Underwater site Elevation m Site slope 5-10% Ethnobotany profile available Maritime site Nearest Surface Water Site setting Topography Ownership Name (if any) Patuxent River -Site Setting restricted Floodplain High terrace Private Saltwater Freshwater -Lat/Long accurate to within 1 sq. mile, user may Hilltop/bluff Rockshelter/ Federal Ocean Stream/river need to make slight adjustments in mapping to cave Interior flat State of MD account for sites near state/county lines or streams Estuary/tidal river Swamp Hillslope Upland flat Regional/ Unknown county/city Tidewater/marsh Lake or pond Ridgetop Other Unknown Spring Terrace Low terrace Minimum distance to water is 107 m Temporal & Ethnic Contextual Data: Contact period site ca. 1820 - 1860 Y Ethnic Associations (historic only) Paleoindian site Woodland site ca. 1630 - 1675 ca. 1860 - 1900 Y Native American Asian American Archaic site MD Adena Y ca. 1675 - 1720 Y ca. 1900 - 1930 Y African American Unknown Y Early archaic Y Early woodland Y ca. 1720 - 1780 Y Post 1930 Y Anglo-American Y Other MIddle archaic Y Mid. woodland Y ca. 1780 - 1820 Y Hispanic Late archaic Y Late woodland Y Unknown historic context Unknown prehistoric context Unknown context Y=Confirmed, P=Possible Site Function Contextual Data: Historic Furnace/forge Military Post-in-ground Urban/Rural? Rural Other Battlefield Frame-built Domestic Prehistoric Transportation Fortification Masonry Homestead Multi-component Misc.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Uncovering Site 7NC-F-94: Results of Phase III Fieldwork
    AT THE ROAD’S EDGE: FINAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE WILSON FARM TENANCY SITE 6 Uncovering Site 7NC-F-94: Results of Phase III Fieldwork METHODS KSK undertook Phase III archaeological excavations at the Wilson Farm Tenancy Site during the period from March to May 2007, with a return visit in August of that year. These excavations were initiated in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended), the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation’s “Protection of Historic Properties” (36 CFR 800), and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation (Federal Register 48(190): 44730-44734). Excavation methods followed the guidelines outlined in the DE SHPO’s Guidelines for Architectural and Archaeological Surveys in Delaware (1993). The Phase III archaeological investigations at Site 7NC-F-94 consisted of three principal fieldwork components: 1) an initial plowzone sampling strategy; 2) mechanical stripping of the site area; and 3) feature excavation. KSK initially excavated 28 test units (Test Units 6–31 and 34) to sample the plowzone and explore the brick foundation of Wilson Farm Tenant House III (Figures 6.1 and 6.2). The excavations and mechanical stripping resulted in the identification of 104 features (Figure 6.3). Finally, three additional test units (Test Units 32, 35, and 36) were excavated to uncover a shaft feature (Feature 34) exposed near the southwestern corner of the foundation. Test units were designated per their coordinates (N70/E120, for example) and also assigned simple numerical designations (Test Unit 1, Test Unit 20, etc.) for ease of discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase II Archaeological Evaluation Report For
    RSI/PORTS 231 OVAI Contract Report #2012-43 PHASE II ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SIX HISTORIC FARMSTEAD SITES (33PK185, 33PK203, 33PK206, 33PK211, 33PK217, AND 33PK218) WITHIN THE PORTSMOUTH GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT (PORTS), PIKE COUNTY, OHIO By Albert M. Pecora, Ph.D. and Jarrod Burks, Ph.D. July 3, 2012 This document has been approved for public release: Henry H. Thomas (Signature on File) 07/12/12 Classification & Information Control Officer Ohio Valley Archaeology, Inc. 4889 Sinclair Rd., Suite 210 Columbus, Ohio 43229 (614) 436-6926 www.ovacltd.com RSI/PORTS 231 OVAI Contract Report #2012-43 PHASE II ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SIX HISTORIC FARMSTEAD SITES (33PK185, 33PK203, 33PK206, 33PK211, 33PK217, AND 33PK218) WITHIN THE PORTSMOUTH GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT (PORTS), PIKE COUNTY, OHIO Albert M. Pecora, Ph.D. and Jarrod Burks, Ph.D. Prepared by: Ohio Valley Archaeology, Inc. 4889 Sinclair Road, Suite 210 Columbus, Ohio 43229 (614) 436-6926 Albert M. Pecora Ph.D., RPA Principal Investigator July 3, 2012 Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office 1017 Majestic Drive, Suite 200 Lexington, Kentucky 40513 Submitted by: Restoration Services, Inc. Portsmouth Environmental Technical Services Contractor Post Office Box 448 Waverly, Ohio 45690 Management Summary During the winter of 2010 and spring of 2011, Ohio Valley Archaeology, Inc., conducted Phase II archaeological assessment studies on six historic-era farmstead sites (33Pk185, 33Pk203, 33Pk206, 33Pk211, 33Pk217, and 33Pk218) within the U.S. DOE Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PORTS) facility. The 3,777-acre PORTS facility is located in the deeply dissected portion of the Appalachian Plateau of south-central Ohio, adjacent to the Scioto River floodplain and south of the Village of Piketon in Pike County.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiocarbon Dates 1993-1998
    RADIOCARBONDATES RADIOCARBONDATES RADIOCARBON DATES This volume holds a datelist of 1063 radiocarbon determinations carried out between 1993 and 1998 on behalf of the Ancient Monuments Laboratory of English Heritage. It contains supporting information about the samples and the sites producing them, a comprehensive bibliography, and two indexes for reference from samples funded by English Heritage and analysis. An introduction provides discussion of the character and taphonomy between 1993 and 1998 of the dated samples and information about the methods used for the analyses reported and their calibration. The datelist has been collated from information provided by the submitters of the samples and the dating laboratories. Many of the sites and projects from which dates have been obtained are now published, although developments in statistical methodologies for the interpretation of radiocarbon dates since these measurements were made may allow revised chronological models to be constructed on the basis of these dates. The purpose of this volume is to provide easy access to the raw scientific and contextual data which may be used in further research. Alex Bayliss, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Gordon Cook, Gerry McCormac, and Peter Marshall Front cover:Wharram Percy cemetery excavations. (©Wharram Research Project) Back cover:The Scientific Dating Research Team visiting Stonehenge as part of Science, Engineering, and Technology Week,March 1996. Left to right: Stephen Hoper (The Queen’s University, Belfast), Christopher Bronk Ramsey (Oxford
    [Show full text]
  • Settlement Hierarchy and Social Change in Southern Britain in the Iron Age
    SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN SOUTHERN BRITAIN IN THE IRON AGE BARRY CUNLIFFE The paper explores aspects of the social and economie development of southern Britain in the pre-Roman Iron Age. A distinct territoriality can be recognized in some areas extending over many centuries. A major distinction can be made between the Central Southern area, dominated by strongly defended hillforts, and the Eastern area where hillforts are rare. It is argued that these contrasts, which reflect differences in socio-economic structure, may have been caused by population pressures in the centre south. Contrasts with north western Europe are noted and reference is made to further changes caused by the advance of Rome. Introduction North western zone The last two decades has seen an intensification Northern zone in the study of the Iron Age in southern Britain. South western zone Until the early 1960s most excavation effort had been focussed on the chaiklands of Wessex, but Central southern zone recent programmes of fieid-wori< and excava­ Eastern zone tion in the South Midlands (in particuiar Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire) and in East Angiia (the Fen margin and Essex) have begun to redress the Wessex-centred balance of our discussions while at the same time emphasizing the social and economie difference between eastern England (broadly the tcrritory depen- dent upon the rivers tlowing into the southern part of the North Sea) and the central southern are which surrounds it (i.e. Wessex, the Cots- wolds and the Welsh Borderland. It is upon these two broad regions that our discussions below wil! be centred.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase 2 Stage 1 Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey, Kent
    Wessex Archaeology Kingsborough Manor Phase 2 Stage 1 Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey, Kent Assessment of Archaeological Excavation Results Ref: 57170.01 October 2005 KINGSBOROUGH MANOR PHASE 2 STAGE 1 EASTCHURCH, ISLE OF SHEPPEY, KENT Assessment of Archaeological Excavation Results Prepared on behalf of Jones Homes (Southern) Ltd 3 White Oak Square Swanley Kent BR8 7AG by Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park Salisbury SP4 6EB Report reference: 57170.01 October 2005 © Wessex Archaeology Limited 2005 all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 KINGSBOROUGH MANOR PHASE 2 STAGE 1 EASTCHURCH, ISLE OF SHEPPEY, KENT SUMMARY Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Jones Homes (Southern) Ltd to conduct archaeological excavations on land associated with Phase 2 Stage 1 of an ongoing, low- density housing development. The Phase 2 Stage 1 site was located north east of Kingsborough Farm, Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey, Kent, and to the north west of Kingsborough Manor housing development Phase 1 (Fig. 1). Work was undertaken between July and September 2004 and was carried out as a condition of planning permission for the development granted by Swale District Council and pursuant to a specification issued by the Heritage Conservation Group of Kent County Council. This report provides a brief summary of the excavation results. The Site (NGR 597725 172394) comprised an area of land totalling approximately 15,759m² and was located to the north of Kingsborough Farm, 2km south-east of Minster and c. 1.25km to the north-west of the village of Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey. It occupies an elevated position on the Isle of Sheppey, close to the north eastern edge of a ridge extending east-west along the island, with commanding views to the north and east over the Thames and the Essex coast.
    [Show full text]
  • 07 Cunliffe 1686 13/11/09 13:48 Page 161
    07 Cunliffe 1686 13/11/09 13:48 Page 161 ALBERT RECKITT ARCHAEOLOGICAL LECTURE Continuity and Change in a Wessex Landscape BARRY CUNLIFFE Fellow of the Academy THE WESSEX LANDSCAPE with which we are concerned is an area of some 450 sq km of chalkland situated in the centre of the chalk uplands of southern Britain (Fig. 1). Its central position gives it a special character. It is, above all, a route node where the east–west ridgeways from the North Downs, the South Downs, Cranborne Chase and the Marlborough Downs converge with the north–south river routes, the Avon and the Test, which provide access, through the forests and heathlands of the Hampshire Basin, to the waters of the Solent beyond. But there is an ambivalence about the region. While open to influences from all direc- tions, this very openness endowed it with a strategic significance well understood by those who, in the past, wished to control the movements of peoples and commodities. As we will argue below, the region became a frontier zone for much of the latter part of the first millennium BC, dividing east from west. This block of downland was chosen for detailed study partly because of its commanding position in the landscape of central southern Britain but also because previous archaeological activity has provided an exten- sive database invaluable in developing a detailed research strategy. Most notable among the earlier work were the pre-war excavations of the Cunningtons and J. F. S. Stone focusing on Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements in eastern Wiltshire and the campaign of hillfort excavations Read at the Academy 23 October 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resource Management
    1 CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PENNSYLVANIA: GUIDELINES FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS July 1991 (Reprinted January 2001) Bureau for Historic Preservation Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Commonwealth Keystone Building, 2nd Floor 400 North Street Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120-0093 (717) 783-8947 2 "This publication has been financed in part with Federal funds from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the U.S. Department of Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, or handicap in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office for Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240." 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: PHILOSOPHY AND PURPOSE 4 The Review Process 5 Recommended Action 7 Phase I 7 Phase II 8 Phase III 9 CHAPTER II GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES 11 Phase I Guidelines 12 Site Visit 12 Prehistoric Contexts 12 Historic Contexts 12 Urban Contexts 13 Submerged Contexts 13 Background Research 13 Prehistoric Contexts 13 Historic 15 Urban 16 Submerged 17 Field Testing 18 Prehistoric 19 Historic 21 Urban 21 Submerged 22 Analysis 23 Phase II Guidelines 23 Background Research 23 Prehistoric 23
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Conducting Archaeology in Vermont
    GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING ARCHAEOLOGY IN VERMONT 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Amending the Guidelines for Conducting Archaeology in Vermont (Guidelines) was a team effort, headed by State Archaeologist, Jess Robinson, under the direction of State Historic Preservation Officer, Laura V. Trieschmann, with insight and assistance from Vermont Division for Historic Preservation (VDHP) archaeologists Scott Dillon and Yvonne Benney Basque. These Guidelines update and supersede the previous version developed by the previous State Archaeologist, Giovanna Peebles, and Scott Dillon. An advisory committee consisting of State government, academic and non-profit archaeologists discussed many ideas and topics leading to the development of a preliminary list of priority research questions important to understanding the precontact and post-contact history of Vermont. The advisory committee also commented on an earlier draft of the Guidelines. VDHP would like to thank all of the Vermont archaeologists whose excavations, publications, and knowledge contributed to the reasoning behind these guidelines. Advisory Committee Yvonne Benney Basque John Crock, PhD Jacob Clay R. Scott Dillon Brennan Gauthier Dave Lacy Jeannine Russell John Vetter, PhD Tim Watkins ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain
    JOHN CREIGHTON Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York ny 10011–4211, USA www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarco´n 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain © John Creighton 2000 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2000 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeset in Plantin 10/12pt [vn] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library isbn 0 521 77207 9 hardback CONTENTS List of Wgures page viii List of tables x Preface xi Acknowledgements xii List of abbreviations xiii Note on translations used xiv Introduction 1 1 The Middle to Late Iron Age transition 4 2 Coin and the representation of individual authority 22 3 The Southern and Eastern kingdoms 55 4 Classical imagery and ideology in Britain 80 5 The location of Britain in the Roman world 126 6 Legends and language 146 7 Dynasties and identities 174 8 Conclusion and epilogue: from Britain to Britannia 216 Appendix: A brief introduction to Iron Age coinage in Britain 222 References 228 Index of coin types 238 General index 241 vii FIGURES Fig. 2.1 The development of coinage in northern Europe from the Phillipus to its regional successors page 27 Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Hillforts: Britain, Ireland and the Nearer Continent
    Hillforts: Britain, Ireland and the Nearer Continent Papers from the Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland Conference, June 2017 edited by Gary Lock and Ian Ralston Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-226-6 ISBN 978-1-78969-227-3 (e-Pdf) © Authors and Archaeopress 2019 Cover images: A selection of British and Irish hillforts. Four-digit numbers refer to their online Atlas designations (Lock and Ralston 2017), where further information is available. Front, from top: White Caterthun, Angus [SC 3087]; Titterstone Clee, Shropshire [EN 0091]; Garn Fawr, Pembrokeshire [WA 1988]; Brusselstown Ring, Co Wicklow [IR 0718]; Back, from top: Dun Nosebridge, Islay, Argyll [SC 2153]; Badbury Rings, Dorset [EN 3580]; Caer Drewyn Denbighshire [WA 1179]; Caherconree, Co Kerry [IR 0664]. Bottom front and back: Cronk Sumark [IOM 3220]. Credits: 1179 courtesy Ian Brown; 0664 courtesy James O’Driscoll; remainder Ian Ralston. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Severn, Gloucester This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents List of Figures ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ii
    [Show full text]