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CONFRONTING THE ONE-MAN WOLF PACK: ADAPTING LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PROSECUTION RESPONSES TO THE THREAT OF LONE WOLF TERRORISM
Beau D. Barnes
INTRODUCTION ...... 1614 I. THE UNITED STATES AND THE THREAT OF TERRORISM – A PRIMER 1618 A. What Is “Terrorism"? ...... 1618 B. Typologies of Terrorism ...... 1622 C. Enemies Abroad, Criminals at Home – A Policy-Oriented Framework of Terrorist Threats to the United States...... 1625 1. State-Sponsored Terrorism ...... 1625 2. International Terrorism by Non-State Actors ...... 1627 3. Domestic Terrorism ...... 1629 II. COUNTERING THE HOMEGROWN THREAT ...... 1631 A. The Strategic Shift to Preventive Counterterrorism ...... 1632 B. Law Enforcement’s Tools ...... 1633 1. Community Engagement and Counter-Radicalization ...... 1634 2. Confidential Informants ...... 1635 3. Surveillance ...... 1637 4. Denial of Means ...... 1638 5. Physical Security ...... 1640 C. The Prosecutor’s Tools ...... 1641 1. Direct Criminal Liability for Terrorist Acts ...... 1642 2. Conspiracy Liability ...... 1643 3. Material Support ...... 1644 4. Pretextual Prosecutions ...... 1646 III. THE NEW THREAT – SOLITARY LONE WOLVES ...... 1647 A. The Origin of the Lone Wolf Terrorist – Al Qaeda Adapts ...... 1648 B. The Tools of the Trade Fall Short ...... 1650