Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives

A Conservation Effects Assessment Bibliography

Special Reference Briefs Series no. SRB 2004-02

Compiled by Joseph R. Makuch Stuart R. Gagnon Ted J. Sherman

Water Quality Information Center National Agricultural Library Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of

375 citations

National Agricultural Library Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 August 2004

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

Makuch, Joseph R. Implementing agricultural conservation practices : barriers and incentives : a conservation effects assessment bibliography. (Special reference briefs ; NAL-SRB. 2004-02) 1. Agricultural conservation--United States--Bibliography. 2. United States--Environmental conditions--Bibliography. 3. Farmers--United States--Attitudes. 4. Agricultural pollution--United States--Bibliography. 5. Agriculture and state--Environmental aspects--United States. I. Gagnon, Stuart R. II. Sherman, Ted J. III. Water Quality Information Center (U.S.) IV. Title. aZ5071.N3 no. 2004-02

Abstract

Implementing Agricultural Conservation To ensure timely distribution, this report has been Practices: Barriers and Incentives, Special reproduced essentially as supplied by the Reference Brief 2004-02. U.S. Department of authors. It has received minimal publication Agriculture, National Agricultural Library. editing and design. The authors’ views are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the This bibliography is one in a multi-volume set U.S. Department of Agriculture. developed by the Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural Library in The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) support of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s prohibits discrimination in all its programs and Conservation Effects Assessment Project activities on the basis of race, color, national (CEAP). The bibliography is a guide to recent origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political literature examining agricultural producers’ views beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family of conservation programs and practices. It status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all provides people working in the area of agriculture programs.) Persons with disabilities who require and the environment with a guide to information alternative means for communication of program resources that focus on the psychological and information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) socioeconomic factors that influence agricultural should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) producers’ behavior with regard to environmental 720-2600 (voice and TDD). issues. To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Keywords: conservation practices, farmers' Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten attitudes, psychosocial factors, production Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, economics, sociodemographic characteristics, Washington D.C. 20250-9410 or call (202) 720- conservation programs, Bill 5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this report is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply August 2004 recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface 1

About This Bibliography 2

Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 3

Subject Index 85

Author Index 101

Preface

This is one in a series of bibliographies developed by the Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural Library in support of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP).

The purpose of CEAP is to study the environmental effects of conservation practices implemented through various U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation programs. CEAP will evaluate conservation practices and management systems related to nutrient, , and pest management; buffer systems; tillage; irrigation and drainage practices; wetland protection and restoration; and wildlife habitat establishment. More information about CEAP is available at www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/nri/ceap/.

The current titles in this series are • Environmental Effects of U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Programs Special Reference Brief 2004-01 • Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives Special Reference Brief 2004-02 • Data and Modeling for Environmental Credit Trading Special Reference Brief 2004-03 • Agricultural Conservation Practices and Related Issues: Reviews of the State of the Art and Research Needs Special Reference Brief 2004-04

Each of the documents, as well as bibliographies on similar topics, is accessible online from the Water Quality Information Center at www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/.

The center gratefully acknowledges the following organizations who granted permission to use their citations and/or abstracts in these bibliographies.

• BIOSIS, a Thomson business • National Information Services Corporation www.biosis.com (NISC) • CAB International/CABI Publishing www.nisc.com www.cabi-publishing.org • Natural Resource, Agriculture and • Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Engineering Service (NRAES) www.csa.com www.nraes.org • The H. W. Wilson Company • OCLC Public Affairs Information www.hwwilson.com Service (PAIS International) • Midwest Plan Service www.pais.org www.mwpshq.org • Thomson ISI www.isinet.com • Thomson Zoological, LTD www.biosis.com

In addition, support from the Natural Resources Conservation Service for the development of these bibliographies is greatly appreciated.

Joseph R. Makuch, Ph.D. Coordinator Water Quality Information Center

1 About This Bibliography

This bibliography is a guide to recent literature examining agricultural producers’ views of conservation programs and practices. The purpose is to provide people working in the area of agriculture and the environment with a guide to information resources that focus on the psychological and socioeconomic factors that influence agricultural producers’ behavior with regard to environmental issues. An understanding of barriers to, and incentives for, conservation practices can help foster development of conservation programs and practices that fit the needs of agricultural producers.

There are 375 citations with abstracts (when available) in this bibliography. Citations were found through literature searches of the AGRICOLA database, produced by the National Agricultural Library, and several commercial bibliographic databases. In addition, Water Quality Information Center staff created citations for documents that were located by other means. Documents cited were published from 1993 through 2003 (with a few included from early 2004). URLs are provided for online documents that are freely available. The inclusion or omission of a particular citation does not imply endorsement or disapproval.

Citations are arranged alphabetically by title. To locate information on a specific topic, for example, conservation tillage, use the subject index beginning on page 85. To ensure that you see all the relevant citations for a particular topic, be sure to also look up related terms in the subject index, for example, no till, ridge till, etc., from the example above. An author index is also available beginning on page 101.

To obtain a specific document, please contact your local library. Information on how to obtain documents from the National Agricultural Library can be found at www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb/.

2 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives

1. The 1990 Farm Bill and water quality in Corn 2. The 2002 Farm Bill: U.S. Producer Preferences Belt watersheds: Conserving remaining wetlands for Agricultural, Food, and Public Policy. and restoring farmed wetlands. Lubben, B. D.; Simons, C. J.; Bills, N. L.; Lant, C. L.; Kraft, S. E.; and Gillman, K. R. Meyer, N. L.; and Novak, J. L. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50 (2): Oak Brook, Illinois: Farm Foundation; Publication 201-204. (1995) No.2001-02, 2001. NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 Notes: Author Affiliation: National Public Policy Descriptors: surveys/ water quality/ United States, Education Committee Midwest/ wetlands/ cropland/ conservation/ Abstract: National survey of over 14,000 producers easements/ groundwater pollution/ groundwater on agricultural policy, which includes sections on recharge/ / property rights/ legislation/ conservation and environmental programs. agriculture/ environmental impact/ ecosystem disturbance/ inland water environment/ Conservation 3. The acceptability of forest management Reserve Program/ Wetland Reserve Program/ practices: An analysis of ethical accounting and Watershed protection/ Environmental action/ the ethical matrix. Mechanical and natural changes Gamborg, Christian Abstract: Two contingent valuation surveys Forest Policy and Economics 4 (3): 175-186. (2002) including 770 mail surveys and 157 personal NAL Call #: SD1 .F6747; ISSN: 1389-9341 interviews were conducted in ten Corn Belt counties Descriptors: ethical accounting/ ethical matrix/ forest to estimate potential enrollment of farmed wetlands management practice acceptability in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and in Abstract: In this paper, the feasibility of using the Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) and to elicit stakeholder approaches to assess forest farmers' and farmland owners' attitudes toward management practices is examined. The paper Swampbuster. Weighted, piecewise-linear focuses on two such approaches: the idea of ethical regression was used to obtain estimated enrollments accounting developed for farming, and the from the mail survey data. Results from the two so-called ethical matrix. More extensive accounting surveys indicate that enrollment of farmed wetlands is needed in forestry. The public is increasingly in the CRP climbs from 2-8% of eligible acreage at sensitive to, and aware of, the broader impact of an annual rental rate of $90/ac/yr to 52-64% at forest management, not only on human welfare but $140/ac/yr. Enrollment reaches 81-83% at rental also on environmental values such as nature rates of $400/ac/yr. For the WRP, the two surveys conservation and . Green accounting is are in less agreement. According to the mail survey, being used to assess the environmental effects of enrollments climb from 4% of eligible acreage at forestry. In a broader approach such as ethical $500/ac for a 30-year easement to 26% at accounting as developed for livestock farming, both $2,500/ac. Enrollments climb more rapidly at higher the purpose and the type of use that is being made easement rates reaching 78% enrollment at of the forest must be examined. It is also necessary $4,000/ac. Results from personal interviews, to ask which visible or invisible stakeholders are to however, indicate much lower enrollment rates of be included. However, it is important to note that the less than 2% of eligible acreage at $1,700/ac adoption of stakeholder approaches does not climbing to 20% at $2,500/ac. Beyond financial remove the need to reflect on one's fundamental considerations, dealing with problems of altering ethical position. In fact, one must critically consider drainage facilities is a primary barrier to enrollment one's basic values before applying these of farmed wetlands in the WRP. Attitudes toward approaches to forestry. Swampbuster clearly indicate the unpopularity of the © Thomson program. About half of farmland owners with wetlands would put them to some agricultural use in 4. Adaptive management: Potential and the absence of Swampbuster. Only 30% feel that limitations for ecological governance. Swampbuster is necessary and fair, while 68% feel it Jiggins, J. and Roling, N. is a violation of their property rights and 56% feel International Journal of Agricultural Resources, that the public should have to purchase wetlands if Governance and 1 (1): 28-42. (2000) they wish to protect them. Swampbuster could be NAL Call #: S604.5-.I57; ISSN: 1462-4605 made less unpopular by addressing property taxes Descriptors: environmental management/ learning/ or by allowing some limited economic use of institutions/ ecosystems/ integrated pest wetlands. management/ literature reviews/ social learning © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) This citation is from AGRICOLA.

3 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 5. Adaptive participation in watershed than 405 ha, 33% are using their computers to management. schedule irrigation. Since computers and Chess, C.; Hance, B. J.; and Gibson, G. communication technology are available "on-farm", Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 55 (3): and producers are showing a willingness to 248-252. (2000) implement SIS on their own, Washington State NAL Call #: 56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3] University (WSU) has developed the Washington Descriptors: watersheds/ watershed management/ Irrigation Scheduling Expert (WISE) software and a decision making/ public opinion/ community web-based information system. Self-implemented involvement/ demography/ geographical variation/ SIS also requires increased producer knowledge research/ literature reviews along with training for potential vendors. Therefore, This citation is from AGRICOLA. WSU is continuing traditional SIS educational efforts such as on-farm testing of soil moisture sensors, 6. Adoption and adaptation of scientific irrigation workshops, field days, publications and newsletters. scheduling: Trends from Washington, USA as of Conversely, WSU has stopped providing full-service 1998. SIS demonstrations that compete with existing Leib, Brian G; Hattendorf, Mary; Elliott, Todd; and services, require intensive labor, and affect a limited Matthews, Gary number of producers. Agri-business is employing a Agricultural Water Management 55 (2): similar strategy as self-service SIS providers have 105-120. (2002) increased by seven companies since the 1998 NAL Call #: S494.5.W3A3; ISSN: 0378-3774 survey. Descriptors: agricultural water management © Thomson Abstract: Scientific irrigation scheduling (SIS) is defined as the use of crop evapotranspiration data 7. The adoption and diffusion of level fields and and soil moisture sensors to accurately determine basins. when and how much to irrigate. Three surveys were Anderson, D. P.; Wilson, P. N.; and conducted during 1997 and 1998 to determine the Thompson, G. D. status of and direction for SIS in Washington. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics According to the survey results, nine private 24 (1): 186-203. (July 1999) consultants were contracted to perform irrigation NAL Call #: HD1750.W4; ISSN: 1068-5502 scheduling on nearly 120,000 ha per year. Descriptors: cotton/ farm management/ irrigated Conservation districts, county extension, and the farming/ technical progress/ water conservation/ national resource conservation service assisted water costs/ innovation adoption/ legislation/ state producers in scheduling irrigation on an additional government/ regression analysis/ Arizona/ 1980 6000 ha in a year. Two-hundred and four producers Groundwater Management Act/ laser leveling reported scheduling 26,750 ha of irrigation on their This citation is from AGRICOLA. own and 6000 ha with consultants. At a minimum, the combined acreage reported in these surveys 8. Adoption and economic impact of site-specific indicates an 18% adoption rate of SIS. However, the technologies in U.S. agriculture. actual adoption rate is much greater if the self- El Osta, H. and Mishra, A. implementation rate for the 200 producers is Selected papers from the annual meeting of the representative of the entire state. Survey results also American Agricultural Economics Association (2001) indicated that potatoes and tree fruit account for NAL Call #: HD1405-.A44. more than half of the acreage being scheduled. The Notes: Supplemental online access through main reason producers were willing to pay for http://agecon.lib.umn.edu. Meeting held August 5-8, irrigation scheduling is to insure the quality of high- 2001, in Chicago, Illinois. Includes references. value crops. Energy savings became important Descriptors: site specific crop management/ when water needed to be lifted a considerable variable rate application/ innovation adoption/ distance; however, water conservation, high yield, economic impact/ farmers' attitudes/ decision savings, and non-point pollution reduction making/ production costs/ savings/ United States were considered secondary benefits. Center-pivots This citation is from AGRICOLA. were the most likely irrigation systems to be scheduled and a considerable proportion of drip and 9. Adoption of Agricultural Production Practices: solid-set sprinklers were scheduled, but a very small Lessons Learned from the U.S. Department of proportion of furrow systems and set-move Agriculture Area Studies Project. sprinklers were scheduled. Over 75% of the survey Caswell, M.; Fuglie, K.; Ingram, C.; Jans, S.; respondents have personal computers and 50% and Kascak, C. have modems but less than 5% are using their U.S. Department of Agriculture [Also available as: computers to schedule irrigation. However, when ERS Agricultural Economic Report No. 792], examining the group producers who irrigate more 2001 (application/pdf) 4 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer792/ 12. Adoption of conservation production Descriptors: natural resource management/ nutrient systems within the north central region of the management/ / pest management/ United States. water management/ conservation practices/ Napier T.L.; Ascough J.C.; and Flanagan D.C. agrochemicals/ crop yield/ innovation adoption/ In: research for the 21st century: participation/ econometric models/ regional Proceedings of the International Symposium. (Held economics/ policy analysis/ economic analysis/ 3 Jan 2001-5 Jan 2001 at Honolulu, Hawaii.) watersheds/ surveys/ United States/ farmer surveys/ St Joseph, Mo.: American Society of Agricultural USDA Area Studies Project Engineers; pp. 256-259; 2001. Abstract: The U.S. Department of Agriculture Area This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Studies Project was designed to characterize the International/CABI Publishing. extent of adoption of nutrient, pest, soil, and water management practices and to assess the factors 13. Adoption of that affect adoption for a wide range of management practices in the Scioto River watershed: strategies across different natural resource regions. Implications for MODSS. The project entailed the administration of a detailed Napier, T. L. and Camboni, S. M. field-level survey to farmers in 12 watersheds in the In: Multiple objective decision making for land, Nation to gather data on agricultural practices, input water, and environmental management: use, and natural resource characteristics associated Proceedings of the First International Conference on with farming activities. The data were analyzed by Multiple Objective Decision Support Systems the Economic Research Service using a consistent (MODSS) for Land, Water and Environmental methodological approach with the full set of data to Management: Concepts, Approaches, study the constraints associated with the adoption of and Applications. micronutrients, N-testing, split nitrogen applications, Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers; green manure, biological pest controls, pest- pp. 337-347; 1998. resistant varieties, crop rotations, pheromones, Notes: Meeting held September 1996 in Honolulu, scouting, conservation tillage, contour farming, strip Hawaii. Edited by S.A. El-Swaify and D.S. Yakowitz. cropping, grassed waterways, and irrigation. In Includes references. addition to the combined-areas analyses, selected NAL Call #: HC13.I544-1996; ISBN: 1574440918 areas were chosen for analysis to illustrate the Descriptors: farm management/ innovation difference in results between aggregate and area- adoption/ decision making/ farm surveys/ farmers' specific models. The unique sample design for the attitudes/ Ohio/ multiple objective decision survey was used to explore the importance of field- support system level natural resource data for evaluating adoption at This citation is from AGRICOLA. both the aggregate and watershed levels. Further analyses of the data illustrated how the adoption of 14. Adoption of integrated pest management in specific management practices affects chemical use U.S. agriculture. and crop yields. Vandeman, Ann M. and United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. 10. Adoption of conservation production Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, systems in three Midwest watersheds. Economic Research Service; iii, 26 p.: ill.; Series: Napier T.L.; Tucker M.; and McCarter S. Agriculture information bulletin no. 707. (1994) Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 55 (2): Notes: Cover title. Running title: Adoption of IPM in 123-134. (2000) U.S. agriculture. "September 1994"--P. [i]. Includes NAL Call #: 56.8-J822 bibliographical references (p. 25-26). This citation is provided courtesy of CAB NAL Call #: 1--Ag84Ab-no.707 International/CABI Publishing. Descriptors: Agricultural pests---Integrated control--- United States/ Pests---Integrated control--- 11. Adoption of conservation production United States systems in two Ohio watersheds: A comparative This citation is from AGRICOLA. study. Napier TL and Bridges T 15. Adoption of nutrient management techniques Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 57 (4): to reduce hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. 229-235; 8 ref. (2002) Robinson, J. R. and Napier, T. L. NAL Call #: 56.8 J822 Agricultural Systems 72 (3): 197-213. (June 2002) This citation is provided courtesy of CAB NAL Call #: HD1.A3; ISSN: 0308-521X [AGSYDS] International/CABI Publishing. Descriptors: hypoxia/ watershed management/ water conservation/ farm management/ nutrients/ innovation adoption/ water quality/ socioeconomics/ 5 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project farm surveys/ models/ data collection/ regression 17. Adoption of pest management strategies analysis/ Ohio/ Iowa/ Minnesota/ Gulf of Mexico under varying environmental conditions. Abstract: Data were collected from 1011 land Caswell, Margriet F.; Shoemaker, Robbin; and owner-operators within three watersheds located in United States. Dept. of Agriculture. the North Central Region of the USA to examine use Economic Research Service. of selected water protection practices. A theoretical Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, model developed from selected components of the Economic Research Service; iii, 16 p.: ill.; Series: traditional diffusion paradigm and the farm structure Technical bulletin (United States. Dept. of model was used to predict adoption and use of Agriculture) no. 1827. (1993) conservation practices at the farm level within the Notes: Cover title. "December 1993"--P. i. Includes study watersheds. Study findings revealed that bibliographical references (p. 11). factors commonly purported to be highly correlated NAL Call #: 1-Ag84Te-no.1827 with adoption of conservation production systems Descriptors: Agricultural pests---Integrated control--- were not useful for predicting use of conservation United States---Technological innovations/ Pests--- production practices assessed. The production Integrated control---United States---Technological practices examined in the study were percent of innovations/ Pests Control---United States cultivated fields surrounded by grass filter strips, This citation is from AGRICOLA. percent of waterways in cultivated fields protected by grass, use of banded fertilizer, use of side 18. Adoption of precision farming within three dressing of fertilizer, and use of nitrification inhibitor. Midwest watersheds. Study findings revealed that the theoretical model Napier, T. L.; Robinson, J.; and Tucker, M. developed to guide the study was relatively Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 55 (2): ineffective for predicting adoption of the 135-141. (2000) conservation practices assessed in the study. None NAL Call #: 56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3] of the statistical models developed from analysis of Descriptors: farmers/ site specific crop study data explained more than nine percent of the management/ watersheds/ innovation adoption/ variance in any of the conservation practices landowners/ prediction/ farmers' attitudes/ age/ assessed. Research findings suggest that existing education/ / erosion/ risk conservation programs are no longer useful policy assessment/ water quality instruments for motivating land owner-operators to This citation is from AGRICOLA. adopt and use production systems designed to reduce agricultural pollution of waterways. 19. Adoption of Practices: A This citation is from AGRICOLA. Revealed Preference Approach. Lichtenberg, E. 16. Adoption of nutrient management College Park, MD: Department of Agricultural and technologies for rice production: Economic and Resource Economics, University of Maryland; institutional constraints and opportunities. Working Paper No. 01-12, 2001. Pandey, S. Notes: Supercedes: Joint adoption of multiple Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 53 (1): 103-111. technologies: A dual, latent demand approach (Jan. 1999) (WP 00/14), by Lichtenberg, E. and Strand, I.E. NAL Call #: S631.F422; ISSN: 1385-1314 [Cited, 20 April 2004: [NCAGFC]. http://www.arec.umd.edu/Publications/papers/2000- Notes: In the special issue: Resource management working-papers.htm] in rice systems: nutrients / edited by V. http://www.arec.umd.edu/elichtenberg/Revealed%20 Balasubramanian, J.K. Ladha, and G.L. Denning. Preference%20BMP%20Adoption.pdf Includes references. Descriptors: Supporting Science Descriptors: oryza sativa/ cropping systems/ green Abstract: A revealed preference survey was used to revolution/ crop management/ soil management/ soil understand the adoption of 11 conservation fertility/ technology transfer/ innovation adoption/ practices, the responsiveness of adoption to cost cultivars/ dwarf cultivars/ high yielding varieties/ sharing, and complementarity of the practices. / simulation models/ crop yield/ farm income/ use efficiency/ farm inputs/ 20. Adoption of . literature reviews Hoiberg, Eric O. and Bultena, Gordon L. This citation is from AGRICOLA. In: Planting the future: Developing an agriculture that sustains land and community/ Bird, E. A.; Bultena, G. L.; and Gardner, J. C., 1995; pp. 155-171. Notes: ISBN: 0813820723 Descriptors: continuous replacement/ controversial

6 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives practice adoption/ new practices/ optimum important by 78.6% of respondents. In contrast, only productivity goal/ policy making/ 62.1% of respondents indicated that viewing sandhill (Agriculture)/ Conservation/ Government and Law cranes was somewhat important or important on © Thomson their own land. Farmers' attitudes toward viewing sandhill cranes on their own property were related 21. Agglomeration bonus: An incentive (P=0.02) to perceived conflicts with crop production. mechanism to reunite fragmented habitat for The extent of crane use (P=0.04) was the only biodiversity conservation. variable we tested that predicted whether conflicts Parkhurst, G. M.; Shogren, J. F.; Bastian, C.; were reported. Our results suggest that partnerships Kivi, P.; Donner, J.; and Smith, R. B. W. between farmers and natural resource agencies Ecological Economics 41 (2): 305-328. (2002) concerned with management of sandhill cranes may NAL Call #: QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009 be viable. However, the role of farmers in any This citation is provided courtesy of CAB proposed management strategy must be examined International/CABI Publishing. carefully because there may be an upper limit of crane use on private land that farmers will tolerate. 22. Agricultural and water-quality conflicts: © Thomson Economic dimensions of the problem. Crutchfield, Stephen R.; Hansen, LeRoy T.; 24. Agriculture and the Environment: Information Ribaudo, Marc.; and United States. Dept. of on and Characteristics of Selected Watershed Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Projects: Report to the Committee on Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S. Senate. Economic Research Service; 18 p.: ill., maps. (1993) United States General Accounting Office, Resources Notes: Caption title. "July 1993." "Water quality." Community and Economic Development Division. Includes bibliographical references (p. 18). United States General Accounting Office [Also NAL Call #: 1-Ag84Ab-no.676 available as: GAO/RCED-95-218], 1995 (text/html) Descriptors: Water quality---Economic aspects--- NAL Call #: TD428 A37A57 1995 United States/ Groundwater---Pollution---Economic http://www.gao.gov/archive/1995/rc95218.pdf aspects---United States/ Agricultural chemicals--- Descriptors: program evaluation/ governmental Environmental aspects---United States/ Agriculture programs and projects/ government agencies/ and state---United States USDA/ Environmental Protection Agency/ water This citation is from AGRICOLA. pollution/ watershed management/ nonpoint source pollution/ agricultural runoff/ environmental policy/ 23. Agricultural producers' perceptions of public finance/ local government/ citizen sandhill cranes in the San Luis Valley of participation/ case studies / decision support Colorado. systems/ United States/ EPA/ USGS/ United States Laubhan, Murray K and Gammonley, James H Geological Survey/ Fish and Wildlife Service/ Wildlife Society Bulletin 29 (2): 639-645 (2001) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/ NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 NO AA/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ United Descriptors: Grus canadensis tabida [greater States Army Corps of Engineers/ USACE sandhill crane] (Gruiformes)/ human (Hominidae): This citation is from AGRICOLA. farmer/ Animals/ Birds/ Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Primates/ 25. Agriculture and the environment: Listening to Vertebrates/ agricultural production/ croplands/ the grassroots: A report based on a series of economic attitudes/ human wildlife conflicts/ natural regional forums and urban focus groups. resources/ perceptions/ private land use/ Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water Conservation Society; social attitudes 48 p.: ill.; 28 cm. (1995) Abstract: Management for migratory birds at an NAL Call #: S589.755 .S64 1995 ecosystem scale requires forming cooperative Descriptors: Agriculture---Environmental aspects--- partnerships with the private sector. To be effective, United States/ Agriculture and state---United States/ however, wildlife managers must understand the Agricultural subsidies---United States/ Soil erosion--- economic and social attitudes of private landowners United States/ Water quality---United States to ensure that strategies involving stakeholders are This citation is from AGRICOLA. viable and can be implemented. We documented attitudes of farmers in the San Luis Valley (SLV) of Colorado toward Rocky Mountain Population greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) using a self-administered, mail-back survey. Overall response rate was 46.7%. Viewing sandhill cranes in the SLV was considered somewhat important or 7 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 26. Alternative and conventional agricultural 29. An Analysis of Farmers' Incentives to paradigms: Evidence from farming in southwest Conserve or Degrade the Land. Saskatchewan. Milham, N. Abaidoo, S. and Dickinson, H. Journal of Environmental Management 40 (1): Rural Sociology 67 (1): 114-131. (Mar. 2002) 51-64. (1994) NAL Call #: 281.28-R88; ISSN: 0036-0112 NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 [RUSCA] Descriptors: soil erosion/ soil conservation/ Descriptors: farmers' attitudes/ agricultural policy/ agriculture/ erosion control/ resources management/ environmental protection/ technology/ innovation environmental perception/ Watershed protection/ adoption/ farm management/ farming systems/ Environmental perception agricultural households/ farm surveys/ household Abstract: In this paper, it is argued that an surveys/ statistical analysis/ Saskatchewan increased understanding of the linkages between Abstract: Agricultural analysts have suggested that farmers' economic incentives to control soil the emergence of an alternative agriculture system degradation, degradation-induced productivity represents more than changes in practices; it is also decline and future farmland productivity is essential thought to represent a shift in environmental beliefs, for the formulation of effective land degradation and values, attitudes, and norms. This means that soil management policies. As a basis for the conventional and alternative systems of agriculture argument, a comprehensive farm-level economic represent distinct paradigms which are informed by model for the optimum private and social utilization two contradictory worldviews. Insofar as this claim is of soil over time is developed. Complexities in the correct, it is possible to delineate, target, and decision process due to environmental conditions promote one paradigm, depending on the system of and other uncertainties are considered. It is shown agriculture that policy makers wish to encourage. In that, if farmers are well informed, they will tolerate this paper we seek to clarify the practical application soil degradation only to the point where the marginal of the two agricultural paradigms by examining the net returns from depleting soil depth, fertility or practices, beliefs, values, norms, and attitudes of structure equal the marginal profits foregone from farmers in southwest Saskatchewan, part of the conserving these productive aspects of the soil. semi-arid section of the North American Great Efficiency-related technical progress is found to Plains. Findings support the view that different provide incentives for reduced rates of soil farming systems correspond to different worldviews. degradation. It is also found that the optimum private Strong confidence in the market, however, is not rate of soil degradation is not likely to mimic the limited to conventional farmers, as suggested by the socially optimal rate unless capital markets and farm literature. input and output markets operate efficiently and This citation is from AGRICOLA. competitively. The potential for monetary and fiscal policy to impact on private rates of soil utilization is 27. Anaerobic digester survey of California dairy highlighted as a topic for further detailed producers. investigation. Finally, it is argued that external costs Morse D; Guthrie JC; and Mutters R and benefits from farming activity, which have not as Journal of Dairy Science 79 (1): 149-153; yet been comprehensively quantified, may be the 11 ref. (1996) single most important cause of any differential NAL Call #: 44.8 J822 between the optimum private and social rates of soil This citation is provided courtesy of CAB degradation. International/CABI Publishing. © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

28. An analysis of farmer participation in 30. Analysis of potential conservation effort of conservation oriented management on set-aside CRP participants in the state of Missouri: A land in England. latent variable approach. Neve, P; Mortimer, A M; and Putwain, P D. Kalaitzandonakes, N. G. and Monson, M. In: 1997 Brighton crop protection [international] Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics conference: Weeds. (Held 17 Nov 1997-20 Nov 26 (1): 200-208. (July 1994) 1997 at Brighton, England, UK.); Vol. 1-3. NAL Call #: HD101.S6; ISSN: 1074-0708 Farnham, England, UK: British Crop Protection Descriptors: land diversion/ soil conservation/ Council (BCPC); pp. 681-682; 1997. federal programs/ program participants/ farmers' Descriptors: human (Hominidae): farmer/ Animals/ attitudes/ decision making/ mathematical models/ Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ Missouri/ Conservation Reserve Program/ multiple Vertebrates/ set aside land: conservation based indicator multiple cause model mimic management, farmer participation/ survey method/ Abstract: This study investigated the influence of data collection method economic, personal, and attitudinal factors on the © Thomson intended conservation effort of a sample of 8 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) contract value-free (Indicators 52, 53, 54). Concerns exist holders after their contracts have expired. Economic that the numbers of trained rangeland managers and factors were found to dominate the decision about scientists, along with those in related disciplines, are future conservation effort. Attitudes towards inadequate to meet existing and future needs conservation were found to have no significant (Indicator 55). Enforcement capabilities, an influence on the decision. This fact may relate to the institutional measure, rely upon the legal framework recent changes in the regulatory environment to be effective (Indicator 57). Access to capital can brought about by the 1985 Food Security Act which be important to graziers if they are to retain flexibility changed conservation from a voluntary to regulated to manage sustainably (Indicator 58). Monitoring and nature. reporting programmes are difficult and expensive, This citation is from AGRICOLA. yet they remain critical for assessing sustainable management (Indicators 60, 61, 62). Education, 31. Analyzing Agricultural Landowners' research and outreach are equally meaningful as Willingness to Install Streamside Buffers. indicators of sustainability for forests and rangelands Lynch, L.; Hardie, I.; and Parker, D. (Indicators 63, 64). College Park, MD: Department of Agricultural and © Thomson Resource Economics, University of Maryland; Working Paper 02-01, 2002. 33. Appropriation and Water Rights Issues in the http://www.arec.umd.edu/publications/papers/Workin High Plains Ogallala Region. g-Papers-PDF-files/02-01.pdf White, S. E. and Kromm, D. E. Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Enhancement Social Science Journal 33 (4): 437-450. (1996); Program/ Maryland ISSN: 0362-3319 Abstract: A survey of Maryland land owners Descriptors: United States, High Plains, Ogallala examined what level of financial incentives is Region/ water rights/ groundwater management/ needed to interest owners in installing buffers. attitudes/ irrigation/ water use efficiency/ appropriation/ surveys/ beneficial use/ water 32. Applicability of Montreal Process Criterion 7: conservation/ Water law and institutions Legal, institutional and economic framework: To Abstract: This research assesses the effectiveness rangeland sustainability. of groundwater doctrine in eastern Colorado and Mitchell, J E and Woodmansee, R G western Kansas within the context of 330 irrigators' International Journal of Sustainable Development preferences for perceived changes in groundwater and World Ecology 9 (2): 121-134. (2002); appropriations and variances in existing rules to best ISSN: 1350-4509 achieve the public interest. A survey of irrigators in Descriptors: human (Hominidae): rangeland six groundwater management districts reveals that managers, rangeland scientists/ Animals/ attitudes conflict with several aspects of current Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ appropriation doctrine. There is significant support Vertebrates/ Montreal Process Criterion 7/ best for broad-based, uniform reductions in management practices / economic framework/ appropriations when groundwater becomes scarce education/ enforcement capabilities/ institutional rather than the "first in time, first in right" requirement framework/ land use policy/ legal framework/ in the prior appropriation doctrine. Many irrigators monitoring capacity/ monitoring programs/ outreach/ believe that past water-use efficiency should be a property rights/ public participation/ rangeland criteria factored into appropriation reduction polices. sustainability/ reporting programs/ research/ values Most oppose the "use it or lose it" concept that Abstract: Criterion 7 - legal, institutional and requires specified levels of beneficial use to protect economic framework for rangeland conservation and a water right, and irrigators oppose special sustainable management - contains 19 of the 67 exemptions to permit new wells to benefit the public indicators incorporating the Montreal Process. interest in fully appropriated areas. Importantly, if These indicators are aggregated into five sub- irrigators' preferences were codified in the criteria; those dealing with the legal, institutional, groundwater appropriations doctrines, more and economic frameworks for supporting the groundwater could be conserved. sustainable management of rangelands, and sub- © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) criteria concerning the capacity to monitor and conduct and apply research. Capacity for sustainability can be tied to property rights (Indicator 48), land-use policy (Indicators 49, 50), and use of best management practices (Indicator 51). Public participation in planning is an effective measure of sustainable management, but with public interaction in planning, science is no longer seen as being 9 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 34. Are 'Other Gainful Activities' on farms good Abstract: The term 'sustainable development' and for the environment? its component 'sustainable land management (SLM)' McNally, Sandra have been receiving increasing attention in Journal of environmental management 66 (1): development co-operation and at the global level. 57-65. (2002) However, practical tools which can help local users NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 and multi-disciplinary teams to work together and Descriptors: human (Hominidae): farm household apply these general concepts at the local to regional members/ Animals / Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ levels have emerged only very recently. Some of Primates/ Vertebrates/ ESA Management these tools, as well as programme support services Agreement [Environmentally Sensitive Area are presented in this paper. The author argues that Management Agreement]/ Environmentally Sensitive only a comprehensive, participatory approach Area/ agricultural intensity/ conservation attitudes/ involving stakeholders at all levels will have the diversification activities/ environmental performance potential to develop locally useful solutions within a measures/ farm environmental improvement/ farm favourable, i.e. 'enabling' institutional environment. size/ land use type/ low agricultural income: effects Assessment tools will require transdisciplinary mitigation/ off farm employment/ other gainful methods that involve natural, social, and political activities [OGAs]/ stated environmental intentions sciences as well as local knowledge systems. Abstract: There has been a lot of academic interest Support services for SLM activities will have to in the pursuit of diversification activities and off-farm include monitoring and impact assessment, employment by farm household members. This is experimentation with innovative ideas, resource regarded as an important strategy for mitigating the assessment, information, and training. Examples effects of low agricultural income. One aspect of the from different parts of the globe have shown that the debate about these so-called 'Other Gainful proposed tools are now receiving greater attention Activities' (OGAs) is whether they are associated and may fulfill the requirements set forth by the with any environmental improvement on farms. In concept of SLM. this paper, we use three approaches to analyse this This citation is from AGRICOLA. issue. We examine whether measures of agricultural intensity are associated with the pursuit of OGAs by 36. Assessing the retention potential of farmers and their spouses. We examine whether Conservation Reserve Program practices in OGAs are more likely on farms where there is an Alabama. ESA Management Agreement. Finally, we examine Onianwa, O. O.; Wheelock, G. C.; Dubois, M. R.; whether OGAs are associated with the farmer's and Warren, S. T. stated environmental intentions. Although we Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 23 (2): 83-87. tentatively conclude that there is a relationship (May 1999) between OGA involvement and these measures of NAL Call #: SD1.S63; ISSN: 0148-4419 [SJAFD9] environmental performance or concern by farmers, Descriptors: nature conservation/ nature reserves/ the magnitude of the association is small relative to land use/ agricultural land/ land banks/ surveys/ other variables such as farm size, the type of land forests/ grasslands/ ethnicity/ erosion/ Alabama use, the form of business and recent agricultural Abstract: Conservation reserve program (CRP) training. participants in Alabama were surveyed to determine © Thomson the probable utilization of CRP acres should the contracts expire without opportunity for renewal. 35. Assessing sustainable land management From over 9000 contracts established between 1986 (SLM). and 1995, 594 contracts were randomly selected Hurni, H. and surveyed for the study. Two hundred and Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 81 (2): fourteen surveys were completed and returned. Of 83-92. (Oct. 2000) these, 204 (34%) were usable. Result indicate that NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 90% of CRP tree acres would be retained in trees [AEENDO]. while nearly 60% of CRP grass acres would be Notes: In the special issue: Indicators of land quality converted to row crop production. In addition, there and sustainable land management / edited by J. are no significant differences in the response Dumanski. Paper presented at a symposium held between the minority and white participants with August 1998, Montpellier, France. regard to the intended use of CRP acres. Therefore, Includes references. for sustained mitigation of soil loss and reduction of Descriptors: land management/ sustainability/ excess production capacity, tree planting as a environmental degradation/ indicators/ evaluation/ conservation practice choice should be advocated measurement/ monitoring/ interdisciplinary research/ and encouraged. environmental impact/ natural resources/ information This citation is from AGRICOLA. systems/ literature reviews 10 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 37. Assessment of farmer attitudes and innovation adoption/ demography/ regression behavioral intentions toward analysis/ farming systems/ profitability/ Iowa on organic and conventional Florida farms. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Jacobson, Susan K; Sieving, Kathryn E; Jones, Gregory A; and Van Doorn, Annamamria 39. Attitudes toward joint forest planning among 17 (2): 595-606. (2003) private landowners. NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892 Jacobson, M. G.; Abt, R. C.; and Carter, D. R. Descriptors: bird (Aves)/ Animals/ Birds/ Chordates/ Journal of Sustainable Forestry 11 (3): 95-112. Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Vertebrates/ bird (2000); ISSN: 1054-9811 conservation: behavioral intentions, farmer attitudes This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Abstract: To enhance efforts to conserve birds, International/CABI Publishing. especially insectivorous species, we examined the social dimensions of conventional and organic 40. Awareness of operation future among farming in northern Florida (U.S.A.). Using a landowner-operators in the Darby Creek framework for the adoption of agricultural watershed of Ohio. innovations, we developed a 44-item survey Napier, T. L. and Johnson, E. J. instrument to measure farmers' socio-demographic Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 53 (4): background, farm characteristics, participation in 353-357. (1998) social organizations, communication and information NAL Call #: 56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3] networks, and perceived barriers and incentives to Descriptors: soil conservation/ water conservation/ adopting bird-friendly practices. Seventy-six surveys watersheds/ agricultural land/ voluntary services/ were completed, with a response rate of 84%for programs/ program effectiveness/ diffusion of organic farmers and 60% for conventional farmers. information/ social participation/ farmers' attitudes/ The population of conventional farmer was regional surveys/ Ohio composed of more males who were older, less This citation is from AGRICOLA. educated, and earned a greater income than organic farmers. Conventional farms were on average 20 41. Biological integrity versus biological times larger than organic farms and grew less than diversity as policy directives. half the varieties of crops. These two factors Angermeier, P. L. and Karr, J. R. correlated with higher agreement with statements Bioscience 44: 690-697. (1994) that a considerable amount of money is spent on NAL Call #: 500 Am322A pest management and that leaf-eating insects cause Descriptors: Supporting Science considerable damage. Fewer conventional than Abstract: Examined the ideas of biological integrity organic farmers scouted for pests daily, an important and diversity as they pertained to human-generated component of integrated pest management. Almost landscapes, such as agriculture, and discussed the all farmers (95%) reported recognizing most of the need for effective policy to create a complete bird species on their farms. More organic farmers conservation protection plan. (31%) than conventional farmers (12%) reported more than 30 bird species on their farms. Farmers' 42. Blending "hard" and "soft" science: The overall willingness to attract birds to their farms was "follow-the-technology" approach to catalyzing not correlated with economic or noneconomic and evaluating technology change. incentives and barriers to adopting bird-friendly Douthwaite, Boru; de, Haan Nicoline C; practices, such as current costs of pest Manyong, Victor; and Keatinge, Dyno management, experience with bird damage to crops, Conservation Ecology 5 (2): 13. (2002) and farmers' knowledge of insectivorous birds and NAL Call #: QH75.A1C67; ISSN: 1195-5449 birds on their farms. Innovations in current farming Descriptors: plant (Plantae): crop/ Plants/ Darwinian practices that could enhance bird populations should evolution/ conceptual models/ follow the technology be disseminated through existing social networks approach [FTT approach]/ hard science/ integrated and media channels identified in this paper. natural resource management [INRM]/ learning © Thomson selection/ natural resource management technologies [NRM technologies]/ natural selection/ 38. Assessment of the adoption of sustainable novelty generation/ plant breeding/ plausible agriculture practices: Implications for promise/ promulgation/ rural technology/ social agricultural education. adaptation / social negotiation/ soft science/ Alonge, A. J. and Martin, R. A. stakeholders/ technology change: Journal of Agricultural Education 36 (3): catalyzation, evaluation 34-42. (1995) Abstract: The types of technology change catalyzed NAL Call #: S530.A4; ISSN: 1042-0541 by research interventions in integrated natural Descriptors: sustainability/ farmers' attitudes/ resource management (INRM) are likely to require 11 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project much more social negotiation and adaptation than Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1995; are changes related to plant breeding, the dominant pp. 204-208. discipline within the system of the Consultative Notes: ISBN: 0646245074; Conference: Group on International Agricultural Research Australasian Wildlife Management Society Annual (CGIAR). Conceptual models for developing and Meeting, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, delivering high-yielding varieties have proven December 1993 inadequate for delivering natural resource Descriptors: human (Hominidae)/ animals/ management (NRM) technologies that are adopted chordates/ humans/ mammals/ primates/ in farmers' fields. Successful INRM requires tools vertebrates/ attitude/ biodiversity decline/ education/ and approaches that can blend the technical with the ethics/ land degradation/ soil erosion/ water social, so that people from different disciplines and pollution/ Behavior / Conservation / Education / social backgrounds can effectively work and Human Ecology (Anthropology)/ Philosophy and communicate with each other. This paper develops Ethics/ Pollution Assessment Control and the "follow-the-technology" (FTT) approach to Management/ Soil Science catalyzing, managing, and evaluating rural © Thomson technology change as a framework that both "hard" and "soft" scientists can work with. To deal with 45. Building forest wealth: Incentives for complexity, INRM needs ways of working that are biodiversity, landowner profitability, and value adaptive and flexible. The FTT approach uses added manufacturing. technology as the entry point into a complex Johnson, Kirk. and University of Washington. situation to determine what is important. In this way, Northwest Policy Center. Washington Forestry it narrows the research arena to achievable Working Group. boundaries. The methodology can also be used to Seattle, Wash.: The Center; 44 p.: ill. (1995) catalyze technology change, both within and outside Notes: "January 1995." Includes bibliographical agriculture. The FTT approach can make it possible references (p. 42-43). to channel the innovative potential of local people NAL Call #: SD413.W2J64--1995 that is necessary in INRM to "scale up" from the pilot Descriptors: Forest conservation---Economic site to the landscape. The FTT approach is built on aspects---Washington State/ Forest landowners--- an analogy between technology change and Washington State/ Forest policy---Washington State Darwinian evolution, specifically between "learning This citation is from AGRICOLA. selection" and natural selection. In learning selection, stakeholders experiment with a new 46. A case study for adopting the nitrate chloride technology and carry out the evolutionary roles of technique to improve irrigation and nitrogen novelty generation, selection, and promulgation. The practices in farmers' fields. motivation to participate is a "plausible promise" Al Jamal, M. S.; Sammis, T. W.; and Ball, S. T. made by the R&D team to solve a real farming Applied Engineering in Agriculture 17 (5): 601-610. problem. Case studies are presented from a (Sept. 2001) spectrum of technologies to show that repeated NAL Call #: S671.A66; ISSN: 0883-8542 learning selection cycles can result in an Descriptors: chloride/ tracers/ irrigation water/ improvement in the performance of the plausible infiltration/ furrow irrigation/ irrigation/ water use promise through adaptation and a sense of efficiency/ nitrate nitrogen/ / pollution ownership by the stakeholders. control/ groundwater pollution/ innovation adoption/ © Thomson resistance to change/ technology transfer/ crop management/ crop yield/ lactuca sativa/ capsicum 43. Bridging the gap between private landowners annuum/ field crops/ horticultural crops/ farmers' and conservationists. attitudes/ New Mexico/ best management practices/ James, S. M. irrigation efficiency/ deficit irrigation Conservation Biology 16 (1): 269-271. (2002) Abstract: Groundwater contamination caused by NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892 nitrate-nitrogen (NO3(-)-N) leaching through soils is This citation is provided courtesy of CAB becoming a serious problem in the irrigated Mesilla International/CABI Publishing. Valley of southern New Mexico. The greatest groundwater contamination probably results from 44. Broadening the basis for enhancing large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer being applied to biodiversity: A farmer's perspective. shallow-rooted, high-value vegetable crops (i.e., Milne, Bruce onion, lettuce, and chile). The main objective of the In: People and nature conservation: Perspectives study was to demonstrate to farmers that a chloride on private land use and endangered species tracer could be used to determine the irrigation and recovery/ Bennett, A.; Backhouse, G.; and Clark, T. nitrogen-use efficiency of their management system Mosman, New South Wales, Australia: Royal and how decreasing nitrogen (N) inputs will affect 12 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives profitability. Five farmers (representing 60% of the facing low commodity prices are selling their farms farmers that are the technology diffusion leaders in and moving to urban centers for employment. Other the county) were chosen as innovative farmers who farmers are shifting from diversified agriculture to would transfer the technology to others. The grain farming to take advantage of farm average estimated irrigation efficiencies obtained programs that provide incentives to bring marginal from the farmers' fields were high, ranging from 87 land into production. Additional data indicate that to 97%. These unexpectedly high irrigation concurrent changes in crop types have decreased efficiencies under furrow irrigation were a result of quality of farmland wildlife habitat while bigger and the farmers practicing deficit irrigation due to limited faster farm equipment and genetically modified water resources. However, deficit irrigation resulted crops continue to make farming marginal land less in yields below maximum yield (considered to be risky. Legislators and administrators should be near the average county yield). The amount of advised that waterbird habitat loss continues to NO3(-)-N leached ranged from 9 kg/ha under fall expand westward. The last chance to sustain the lettuce to 152 kg/ha under chile. The 152 kg/ha unique grassland-wetland character of the northern obtained from the chile fields had a calculated Great Plains is to accelerate grassland conservation average N application efficiency of 57%, resulting in with short- and long-term stewardship programs and an average NO3(-)-N concentration greater than the incentives to family ranchers. This philosophy is of maximum contamination level allowed for drinking vital importance because it also protects wetland water of 10 mg/L. Although the NO3(-)-N leached habitats that otherwise are vulnerable to drainage below farmers' fields was high, the farmers did not when native prairie is converted to cropland. Lastly, think it was their responsibility to change and perhaps most importantly, this would conserve management practices unless their profits would our prairie heritage for future generations while increase. Farmers rejected the adoption of the preserving the private property rights of landowners. technology because they felt the costs outweighed © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) the benefits. Consequently, transfer of this technology to the farmers failed. The farmers 48. The Central Valley Water Project indicated that they would adopt the technology only Improvement Act and water markets: Water if forced to by a regulatory agency. markets, individual incentives, and This citation is from AGRICOLA. environmental goals. Howitt, R. 47. A Case Study of Changing Land Use Choices 9 (1): 10-13. (1994) Practices in the Northern Great Plains, U.S.A.: NAL Call #: HD1751.C45; ISSN: 0886-5558. An Uncertain Future for Waterbird Conservation. Notes: Comment by B.D. Gardner and J.E. Warner, Higgins, K. F.; Naugle, D. E.; and Forman, K. J. p. 4-9. Includes references. Waterbirds 25 (2 [supplement]): 42-50. (2002); Descriptors: water policy/ environmental legislation/ ISSN: 1524-4695. trade/ externalities/ incentives/ water costs/ Notes: Managing Wetlands for Waterbirds: marketing/ objectives/ California Integrated Approaches. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Descriptors: Land use / Habitat changes/ Agricultural practices/ Conservation/ Wildlife 49. The change to conservation: Moving farmers management/ Aquatic birds/ Habitat/ Breeding sites/ toward new production practices. Wetlands/ Agriculture/ Nature conservation/ Caswell, M. Ecosystem management/ Environmental protection/ Agricultural Outlook (AO) (No. 281): 32-34. (2001) Aves/ United States, Great Plains/ Birds/ mixed NAL Call #: aHD1751.A422 grass prairies/ Conservation/ Conservation, wildlife This citation is provided courtesy of CAB management and recreation/ Reproduction and International/CABI Publishing. development Abstract: Wetland and grassland habitats of the 50. The choice of tillage, rotation, and soil northern Great Plains are a primary breeding ground testing practices: Economic and environmental for waterbirds in North America. Native mixed grass implications. prairies that were historically used for Wu, J. J. and Babcock, B. A. have met with changing social and economic American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80 (3): pressures that put the remaining 40% of this 494-511. (Aug. 1998) resource at high risk of tillage. In this paper, we NAL Call #: 280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 describe the current state of our waning rural [AJAEBA] societies, characterize impacts of land use change Descriptors: farm management/ innovation on waterbird habitats, and discuss conservation adoption/ decision making/ agricultural land/ actions to benefit waterbirds. Recent population environmental impact/ economic impact/ nitrogen statistics indicate that a record number of farmers fertilizers/ application rates/ conservation/ erosion/ 13 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project tillage/ rotations/ agricultural regions/ crop Environmental impact/ Environmental action/ management/ soil testing/ probabilistic models/ Protective measures and control Nebraska/ polychotomous choice selectivity model Abstract: The Sustainable Agriculture Project at Abstract: Farmers' management practices can have Chesapeake Farms is a study of what is working in a significant effect on agricultural pollution. Past farming today - technologies and practices born on research has analyzed factors influencing adoption both industrial and sustainable farms to help ensure of a single management practice. But often adoption the industry's success. Many were created in decisions about many practices are made response to the negative impacts of industrial simultaneously, which suggests use of a agriculture, paving the way for social pressure and polychotomous-choice model to analyze decisions. regulation to reshape the way farming is done. Such a model is applied to the choice of alternative There is an increased demand for the protection of management practices on cropland in the Central natural resources, safe food and water, and a Nebraska Basin and controlled for self-selection and commitment to social issues. Sustainable agriculture the interaction between alternative practices. The addresses these demands by considering its impact results of the choice model are used to estimate the in the context of human, ecological, and economic economic and environmental effects of adopting parameters. While sustainable agriculture is not yet alternative combinations of management practices. mainstream, a common vision for sustainability is This citation is from AGRICOLA. moving the industry as a whole in the right direction. This paper illustrates how the Sustainable 51. Combining actual and contingent behavior Agriculture Project at Chesapeake Farms data to model farmer adoption of water quality contributes to our knowledge and understanding of protection practices. sustainability so that we can effectively evaluate the Cooper, J. C. industry's progress. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) 22 (1): 30-43. (1997) NAL Call #: HD1750.W4; ISSN: 0162-1912 54. Communication and adoption evaluation of This citation is provided courtesy of CAB USDA water quality demonstration projects: International/CABI Publishing. Evaluation report. Nowak, Peter J. and United States. Cooperative 52. Combining spatial and survey data to explain State Research, Education and Extension Service. participation in agricultural land preservation Washiington, D.C.: Plant and Animal Science programs. Production, Protection, and Processing, Lynch, L. and Lovell, S. J. CSREES/USDA; iv, 43 p.: ill. (1 col.), Land Economics 79 (2): 259-276. (2003) col. map. (1997) NAL Call #: 282.8-J82; ISSN: 0023-7639 Notes: Cover title. "Both funding and technical This citation is provided courtesy of CAB support were provided by USDA's Cooperative State International/CABI Publishing. Research, Education, and Extension Service" ... [et al.]--P. ii. "October 22, 1997"--T.p. Includes 53. A common vision: Evaluating the farming bibliographical references (p. 42-43). industry's progress toward sustainability. NAL Call #: aTD223.C662--1997 Forney, D. R. Descriptors: Water quality management---United Reviews in Toxicology 2 (1-4): 303-314. (1998); States/ Farmers---United States---Attitudes ISSN: 1382-6980. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Notes: Conference: Pesticides and the Future: Minimizing Exposure of Humans and the 55. Communication and adoption evaluation of Environment, Kisarazu (Japan), 26-30 May 1997; USDA water quality demonstration projects: Publisher: IOS Press, Van Diemenstraat 94 Executive summary. Amsterdam 1013 CN The Netherlands Nowak, Peter J.; United States. Extension Service; Descriptors: Environmental protection/ United States. Natural Resources Conservation Environmental impact/ Agricultural pollution/ Service; and United States. Farm Service Agency. Agriculture/ Nature conservation/ Pollution control/ Washington, D.C.: Plant and Animal Science Resource conservation/ Sociological aspects/ Production, Protection, and Processing, Economics/ Sustainable agriculture/ Agrochemicals/ CSREES/USDA; 5 p. (1997) Agricultural practices/ Pollution/ Sustainable Notes: Cover title. "The projects have been jointly development/ Resource management/ Research conducted by Cooperative Extension, the Natural programs/ Environment management/ United States, Resources Conservation Service, and the Farm Maryland/ United States, Maryland, Chestertown, Service Agency"--P. 2. "October 22, 1997"--P. [1]. Chesapeake Farms/ sustainable farming/ NAL Call #: aTD223.C66--1997 Chesapeake Farms/ Prevention and control/ http://www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/wgwq/demoeval1.html 14 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives Descriptors: Water quality management---United 58. Conservation Reserve Program: Cost- States/ Farmers---United States Attitudes effectiveness is uncertain: Report to the This citation is from AGRICOLA. Chairman, Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, 56. Comparative differences in Ontario farmers' and Related Agencies, Committee on environmental attitudes. Appropriations, House of Representatives. Filson, Glen C United States, General Accounting Office and United Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics States, Congress House Committee on 6 (2): 165-184. (1993) Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture Rural NAL Call #: BJ52.5 .J68 Development Food and Drug Administration and Descriptors: agricultural sustainability/ conservation/ Related Agencies education/ statistics Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office; © Thomson 14 p. (1993) Notes: Cover title. "March 1993." "GAO/RCED-93- 57. Comparison of perceptions and 132." "B-252621"--P. 1. Includes bibliographical implementation of Integrated Pest Management references. SUDOCS: GA 1.13:RCED-93-132. (IPM) between IPM and conventional farmers of NAL Call #: S604.6.U55--1993 greenhouse vegetables in northern Greece. http://archive.gao.gov/d44t15/148906.pdf Papadaki, Klavdianou Afroditi; Tsakiridou, Efthimi; Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program--- and Giasemi, Evangeli United States/ Cost effectiveness/ Agricultural Environmental Conservation 27 (1): 36-42. (2000) conservation---United States NAL Call #: QH540.E55; ISSN: 0376-8929 This citation is from AGRICOLA. Descriptors: human (Hominidae): farmer/ vegetable crops (Angiospermae)/ Angiosperms/ Animals/ 59. Conservation tillage and input use. Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Plants/ Primates/ Uri, N D Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ Vertebrates/ Environmental Geology 29 (3-4): 188-201. (1997) Common Agricultural Policy [CAP]/ advisory support/ NAL Call #: QE1.E5; ISSN: 0943-0105 environmental attitudes/ greenhouses/ integrated Descriptors: agriculture/ conservation/ mathematical pest management [IPM]: implementation, model/ pesticide use/ soil science/ tillage perceptions/ technical support Abstract: There continues to be a question as to the Abstract: Reform of the European Union's Common overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices Agricultural Policy (CAP), especially through in reducing the impact of agricultural production on Regulation 2078/92, provided a dual role for farmers the environment. While it is generally recognized as food producers and stewards of the environment that water runoff and soil erosion will decline further, and the countryside. Implementation of integrated as tillage and mulch tillage systems are not used pest management (IPM) in greenhouse enterprises more extensively on cropland, what will happen to in Greece is a part of this effort. In this study, the pesticide and fertilizer use remains uncertain. To effectiveness of the adoption and implementation of gain some insight into this, the conservation tillage IPM practices in greenhouse vegetable cultivation in adoption decision is modelled. On the assumption Central Macedonia (Greece) was assessed. Eighty- that the decision to adopt conservation tillage is a six farmers enrolled in an IPM programme and 28 two-step procedure, the first decision is whether or conventional greenhouse farmers were selected and not to adopt a conservation tillage production system interviewed in 1997, using a questionnaire designed and the second concerns the extent to which to assess their behaviour in the greenhouse and conservation tillage should be used - appropriate examine their attitudes towards the environment. models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) Wide adoption of IPM was found still to face many type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on hindrances, mainly due to the lack of appropriate corn production in the United States for 1987, the technical and advisory support by the agricultural profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was local services, and farmers' low level of knowledge adopted is that the cropland had above-average of IPM. Comparisons between IPM and conventional slope and experienced above-average rainfall, the farmers revealed that: (1) the two groups' behaviour farm was a cash grain enterprise, and it had an did not differ significantly in greenhouse production above-average expenditure on pesticides and a practices, but (2) IPM farmers were more aware of below-average expenditure on fuel and custom the new environmental dimension of the CAP, and pesticide applications. Additionally, for a farm (3) they expressed more concern about the negative adopting a no-tillage production practice, an above- effects of modern agriculture on nature, than average expenditure was made on fertilizer. conventional farmers. © Thomson © Thomson

15 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 60. Conservation tillage in US agriculture. to over 60 in 2000. Primary incentives for evaluating Uri, N D CT options in California include cutting production Environmental Technology 19 (10): costs, improving soil quality, managing weed with 1017-1027. (1998) surface residues, and minimizing soil compaction. NAL Call #: TD1.E59; ISSN: 0959-3330 The extent to which these goals might be realized in Descriptors: agricultural production/ climate/ California's highly productive and intensive row crop conservation tillage/ environmental impact/ policy production valleys is the subject of considerable factors/ resource management/ soil erosion/ soil type ongoing research and innovation. Abstract: Conservation tillage was used on nearly © Thomson 36% of planted hectares in 1996 in the United States. This level has remained relatively 62. Constraints to the adoption of innovations in unchanged since 1993. The use of conservation agricultural research and environmental tillage varies by crop and is dependent on site- management: A review. specific factors including soil type, topsoil depth and Guerin, L J and Guerin, T F local climatic conditions. A number of economic, Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture demographic, geographic and policy factors have 34 (4): 549-571. (1994) affected the adoption of conservation tillage. While it NAL Call #: 23-Au792; ISSN: 0816-1089 is not possible to quantify exactly the impact of these Descriptors: agriculture/ cost/ technology factors, it is clear that management complexities and Abstract: There are several constraints to the profitability are key factors impeding the further adoption of technologies and innovations by adoption of conservation tillage. Australian farmers. Here an attempt has been made © Thomson to define the major constraints to adoption. These are identified as: the extent to which the farmer finds 61. Conservation tillage research and extension the new technology complex and difficult to education in California. comprehend; how readily observable the outcomes Mitchell, J P; Miyao, E M; McGiffen, M; and of an adoption are; its financial cost; the farmer's Cahn, M D beliefs and opinions towards the technology; the HortScience 36 (3): 472. (2001) farmees level of motivation; the farmer's perception NAL Call #: SB1.H6; ISSN: 0018-5345. of the relevance of the new technology; and the Notes: Conference: 98th Annual International farmer's attitudes towards risk and change. The Conference of the American Society for Horticultural classical adoption-diffusion model and subsequent Science, Sacramento, California, USA, modifications are discussed. In particular, issues July 21-25, 2001 relating to the participatory action research (PAR) Descriptors: Education/ Soil Science/ California/ approach are raised and discussed. In addition, United States / North America/ Nearctic region/ methodologies in extension research are briefly conservation tillage/ research/ tillage method discussed and the roles of extension personnel and Abstract: Despite a 300% increase in conservation agricultural scientists in the technology adoption tillage (CT) acreage in the Midwest during the last process are examined. The adoption of innovations decade, less than 0.5% of row crop acreage in in natural resource management is discussed and California is currently farmed with CT practices (CT the findings indicate that this is an area of agriculture Information Center, 2000). Primary reasons why CT in which extension practice and research will play an approaches have not been more widely adopted in increasingly important role in the future. California include lack of experience and information Recommendations for further research into adoption related to CT, limited locally-available CT equipment, of technological innovations in resource concerns about irrigation management in surface management and agriculture are made. residues, and the fact that planting bed dimensions © Thomson typically change from one rotation crop to the next. Despite these concerns, however, there has been a 63. Constructing a nitrogen fertilizer well-documented increase not only in interest in CT, recommendation system using a dynamic but also in terms of CT research and demonstration model: What do farmers want? activities during the last five years throughout Smith, J. U.; Dailey, A. G.; Glendining, M. J.; California. Whereas in 1996 there was one CT Bradbury, N. J.; Addiscott, T. M.; Smith, P.; Bide, A.; research/demonstration site in the state, there were Boothroyd, D.; Brown, E.; Cartwright, R.; Chorley, upwards of twenty in 2000. The Univ. of California's R.; Cook, S.; Cousins, S.; Draper, S.; Dunn, M.; Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Fisher, A.; Griffith, P.; Hayes, C.; Lock, A.; Lord, S.; Conservation Tillage Workgroup has been involved Mackay, J.; Malone, C.; Mitchell, D.; Nettleton, D.; in many of these research and extension education Nicholls, D.; and Overman, H. efforts and during the last five years has increased Soil Use and Management 13 (4): 225-228. (1997) the number of its members and affiliates from three 16 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives NAL Call #: S590.S68; ISSN: 0266-0032 66. Control of Nonpoint Source Pollution This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Through Voluntary Incentive-Based Policies: International/CABI Publishing. An Application to Nitrate Contamination in New York. 64. Contract holders' preferences for the 1995 Peterson, J. M. and Boisvert, R. N. Food Security Act. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review Fox, L.; Meyer, N.; and Greear, J. 30 (2): 127-138. (2001) Bulletin - Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station NAL Call #: HD1773.A2N6; ISSN: 1068-2805 773: 39. (1995) Descriptors: Government policies/ Environmental NAL Call #: 100-Id14; ISSN: 0441-9855. economics/ Agricultural runoff/ Land use/ Pollution Notes: In the subseries: Idaho Conservation control/ Environmental quality/ Nonpoint pollution/ Reserve Program. Includes references. Nitrates/ Environmental Policy/ Nonpoint Pollution Descriptors: conservation areas/ federal programs/ Sources/ Water Pollution Control/ Corn/ Farms/ program participants/ landowners/ demography/ United States, New York/ Environmental action/ regional surveys/ attitudes/ land use/ statistical data/ Water quality control microeconomics/ Idaho/ United States Abstract: A voluntary program is developed to This citation is from AGRICOLA. achieve environmental goals through the self- interested choices of farmers under environmental 65. The contribution of scenic beauty indicators risk and asymmetric information. Farmers behave to in estimating environmental welfare measures: maximize expected net returns, and environmental A case study. quality standards are formulated through chance Fanariotu, I. and Skuras, D. constraints. Because the government may not know Social Indicators Research 65 (2): 145-165. (2004); each farmer's soil type, policy options must be self- ISSN: 0303-8300. selecting. The model is applied empirically to nitrate Notes: Number of References: 40 leaching and runoff from corn production in three Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publ New York regions. Asymmetric information between Descriptors: Sociology & Anthropology/ contingent producers and the government would impose valuation/ forest fires/ forest landscape/ landscape additional cost burdens on society, but these costs conservation/ scenic beauty estimates/ choice are modest in the context of other farm programs. contingent valuation/ confidence intervals/ © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) information/ preferences/ landscape/ impacts/ stands/ tests 67. Controversy over CRP in Montana: Abstract: Aesthetic indicators of landscapes, Implications for the future. expressed as individual scenic beauty estimates, Saltiel, J. may be used as proxies of individuals' specific Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49 (3): aesthetic values, and improve the properties of 284-288. (May 1994-June 1994) welfare estimates produced by contingent valuation NAL Call #: 56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3] models. This work presents results from an Descriptors: soil conservation/ federal programs/ interdisciplinary study where forest scenic beauty participation/ farmers' attitudes/ opinions/ regional indicators are utilized in an economic valuation study surveys/ Montana/ Conservation Reserve Program approximating welfare estimates from increased This citation is from AGRICOLA. forest fire protection. The omission of scenic beauty indicators from the economic valuation of 68. Correlates of plant nutrient use among Ohio environmental resources produces biased and farmers: Implications for water quality initiatives. overestimated welfare measures. Combining Napier TL and Sommers DG economic and environmental indicators significantly Journal of Rural Studies 10 (2): 159-171; improves the explanatory power of economic 34 ref. (1994) valuation models and of the produced welfare NAL Call #: HT401.J68 measures. Such a combination, however, is only This citation is provided courtesy of CAB possible when carried out by interdisciplinary International/CABI Publishing. research teams. The results of such research are significant to environmental and natural resource 69. Cost-effectiveness of conservation and policy makers and planners. nutrient management practices in Pennsylvania. © Thomson ISI Epp, D. J. and Hamlett, J. M. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 51 (6): 486-494. (1996) NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 Descriptors: River basins/ agricultural practices/ cost analysis/ nutrients/ agricultural runoff/ sediment 17 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project erosion/ conservation/ environmental policy/ water NAL Call #: SB317.5.H68; ISSN: 1063-0198 pollution control/ economics/ pollution control/ Descriptors: vegetables/ farms/ cover crops/ Pennsylvania/ Susquehanna River/ Water quality surveys/ farmers' attitudes/ information needs/ control/ Freshwater pollution/ Prevention and extension/ technology transfer/ farm size/ erosion control/ Management/ United States control/ soil organic matter/ harvesting/ tillage/ Abstract: We evaluated changes in field costs and New York revenues with each of seven conservation best Abstract: Surveys of vegetable growers in a six- management practices (BMP) and two nutrient county region in western New York were conducted management programs (NMP) for three sites in the in 1997 to determine which cover cropping practices Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania. Field were being used on commercial vegetable layouts, rotation selection, BMP design, and operations; to identify producers' needs for further CREAMS modeling of sediment and nutrient losses research and information, and to assess the impact are reported elsewhere. BMP implementation costs, of cooperative extension programs in this area. In a field operation costs, and crop revenues were broad survey, 118 responses were returned out of calculated with each BMP as well as the baseline 315 surveys sent (37%). Respondents represented condition representing present practices. The > 37,000 acres (14974 ha) of vegetable production, present value of net field revenue over a 10-year or approximately equal to 53% of the vegetable period for each BMP/NMP combination is compared acreage in the region. Vegetable acreage per to that of the baseline. The BMP/NMP combinations operation ranged from 1 to 4000 acres (0.4 to 1619 are compared for cost-effectiveness in reducing ha). Sixty-nine percent responded that they grew sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus losses. cover crops on a total of 15,426 acres (6243 ha). Nonstructural BMPs (no-till, contour, contour with Oats (Avena sativa L.), rye (Secale cereale), clover waterways, strip crop with waterways, filter strips) (Trifolium pratense), and wheat (Triticum vulgare) produced less reduction in net field income than did were the most commonly used cover crops. structural BMPs (terraces with waterways, parallel Seventy-six percent of the reported cover-cropped tile outlet terraces, sediment basins). In some acres were planted to small grains, and 19% to instances nonstructural BMPs increased net field legumes, almost entirely clovers. In open ended income relative to the baseline even without questions, the most important benefits of cover including cost sharing. When combined with the cropping identified by respondents were erosion improved NMP (improved manure storage and control (46% of respondents) and organic matter nutrient application matched to crop needs), additions (42%). The most important problems nonstructural BMPs produced higher net field associated with cover crops were that they interfere incomes than did structural BMPs. The most cost- with spring field work or fall harvest (26%), and that effective BMP /NMP combinations were no-till, filter they are difficult to incorporate or plow under (24%). strip, and strip crop with waterways. At one of the A targeted survey of nineteen onion (Allium cepa L.) sites, the most cost-effective combination included producers in the same region measured the recent the improved NMP. At the other two sites, a BMP adoption of sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Piper) without improved NMP was more cost-effective. and sorghum-sudan hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L. x S. © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) sudanense) cover crops, the focus of the several years of extension research and educational 70. Cost-share incentives and best management programs. Nine of the onion producers had adopted practices in a pilot water quality program. the practice, and six of these had done so since the Houston, J. E. and Sun, H. beginning of these extension programs. The Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics implications of these results for research and 24 (1): 239-252. (July 1999) extension are discussed. NAL Call #: HD1750.W4; ISSN: 1068-5502 This citation is from AGRICOLA. Descriptors: farm management/ simulation/ incentives/ pollution/ crop yield/ returns/ uncertainty/ 72. The CRP Decision Process. weather/ markets/ water quality/ program evaluation/ Amosson, S. H.; Smith, J.; Outlaw, J.; and crop production/ innovation adoption/ watersheds/ Smith, E. G. coastal plains/ nitrogen fertilizers/ risk/ equations/ College Station, TX: Texas Agricultural Georgia/ Gum Creek Watershed Extension Service, 1997. This citation is from AGRICOLA. http://agecoext.tamu.edu/commodity/crp/three/crpste va.pdf 71. Cover-cropping practices of vegetable Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ producers in western New York. State conservation programs/ Texas Stivers Young, L. J. and Tucker, F. A. Abstract: Outlined the decision process a landowner HortTechnology 9 (3): 459-465. must making in deciding to enroll or re-enroll land in (July 1999-Sept. 1999) CRP. 18 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 73. Cultural evolution and water management in Descriptors: cattle/ water pollution/ farm the Salinas River Valley. management/ waste disposal/ / case Thompson, J. G. and Reynolds, R. studies/ water quality/ regulations/ decision making/ Journal of the American Water Resources animals/ Utah/ bacterial pollution/ waste Association 38 (6): 1661-1677. (2002) management NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X Abstract: This decision case study involves a dairy Descriptors: United States, California, Salinas River/ (Box taurus) operation that contributed bacterial Water Management/ Case Studies/ Planning/ Social pollution to a nearby water-way in northern Utah. Change/ Groundwater Irrigation/ Saline Water Students must use whole-farm management and Intrusion/ Institutional Constraints/ Groundwater/ waste management design criteria in the decision Irrigation/ Case study/ River valleys/ River basin process. A solution requires balancing the current management/ Water resources/ Resource crop and livestock management philosophies of the management/ Water use/ Agriculture/ Irrigation owners with water quality standards mandated by water/ Water supply/ Environmental effects/ Saline the state. The method has been used successfully in intrusion/ Sociological aspects/ Regional planning/ three courses. Chet and Todd Benson are currently Policies/ Environmental legislation/ River basins / operating a dairy in Wellsville, UT, which has been Irrigation/ Economics/ Historical account/ Sociology/ found to be a major contributor of water pollution in environmental policy/ United States, California, the Little Bear River. The state of Utah and the Salinas River/ United States, California, Salinas USEPA have hoped that an educational effort will River Valley/ Groundwater management/ Water allow for voluntary measures to mitigate the Resources and Supplies/ Conservation, wildlife pollutants leaving the dairy. To date, the Utah management and recreation/ Environmental action/ Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) has Water & Wastewater Treatment/ Evaluation process issued few citations in the state and are hoping to Abstract: This article reports the findings of a case continue on a voluntary compliance basis. The study of a major California water management primary operator of the dairy, Todd, must decide district's effort to change its management approach. what course of action to take related to their family The following key findings and factors have dairy operation. It is a delicate issue because his influenced the Salinas basin management plan father, Chet, feels that the state is meddling into (BMP) and its progress: (1) the Salinas Valley is an their business. Todd must also take into account the economy dominated by highly sophisticated irrigated future of the dairy because the voluntary compliance agriculture dependent on ground water; (2) a program has some attractive incentives to persistent pattern of agricultural overdraft of ground encourage participation, namely, cost-sharing for water has hurt growers primarily in the north end of improvements. If they choose not to participate, it is the valley via induced saline intrusion of irrigation likely that they will be ineligible for future USDA cost- wells; (3) a complex set of water institutions, sharing arrangements. The Key issues in the case property and water rights, and land lease practices involve voluntary vs. involuntary participation in offer little incentive for good stewardship of land and government programs, water quality, and water; and (4) the BMP approach initially may have implications to agricultural operations, dairy waste intensified tension among growers and between management, and Western water rights. growers and other water user groups. Water rules This citation is from AGRICOLA. and practices in the Salinas Valley and Monterey County have evolved through a long historical 75. Dairy manure and plant nutrient management process of adaptations. Therefore, any significant issues affecting water quality and the dairy changes in local water use practices need to be industry. understood in terms of cultural change, that is, Lanyon, L. E. changes in deeply held values, beliefs, and Journal of Dairy Science 77 (7): 1999-2007. assumptions. We believe the BMP and the MCWRA (July 1994) are succeeding when evaluated from this NAL Call #: 44.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-0302 [JDSCAE] evolutionary perspective. The fact that both still exist Descriptors: cattle manure/ water pollution/ pollution relatively intact testifies that they are working, albeit control/ dairy farms/ cattle feeding/ production costs/ slowly. environmental policy/ United States © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Abstract: Specific requirements for dairy manure management to protect water quality from nutrient 74. The dairy dilemma: A decision case for water pollution depend on the organization of individual quality. farms. Further, the management requirements and Miller, B. E.; Farrell Poe, K. L.; and Egelund, J. options are different for point (farmstead) and Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences nonpoint (field-applied) sources of pollution from Education 27: 42-48. (1998) farms. A formal management process can guide NAL Call #: S530.J6; ISSN: 1059-9053 [JRLEEJ] decisions about existing crop nutrient utilization 19 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project potential, provide a framework for tracking nutrients information technology, and about their expectations supplied to crops, and identify future requirements regarding the rate and nature of change in the for dairy manure management to protect water future. They identified possible responses and quality. Farm managers can use the process to plan solutions during discussion periods. Some of the daily activities, to assess annual nutrient themes that emerged during the workshop had to do management performance, and to chart future with the growing value of data, the increased interest requirements as herd size increases. Agronomic by private industry in this value, the need to create a measures of nutrient balance and tracking of inputs climate of trust among agricultural producers, the and outputs for various farm management units can need for better communication and new provide the quantitative basis for management to partnerships, and the growing importance of allocate better manure to fields, to modify dairy information in distinguishing more successful rations, or to develop alternatives to on-farm manure producers from less successful ones. The workshop application. Changes in agricultural production since did not reach closure on these themes for agriculture World War II have contributed to a shift from land- generally or for natural resource conservation. This based dairy production to a reliance on capital group left development of recommendations for factors of production supplied by the dairy industry. future gatherings. Meanwhile, management of dairy manure to meet increasingly stringent water quality protection 77. Decomposing the size effect on the adoption requirements is still a land-based activity. Involving of innovations: Agrobiotechnology and precision the dairy industry and off-farm stakeholders as agriculture. participants in the management process for field, Fernandez Cornejo, J.; Daberkow, S.; and farm, and regional dairy production can be the basis McBride, W. D. for decision-making to reconcile the sometimes Agbioforum 4 (2) (2001) conflicting demands of production and water quality NAL Call #: HD9999.B442A33; ISSN: 1522-936X. protection. Notes: Publisher: Curators of the This citation is from AGRICOLA. University of Missouri Descriptors: zea mays / glycine max/ biotechnology/ 76. Data and Information About Natural genetic engineering/ site specific crop management/ Resources on Agricultural Land: No Rules, innovation adoption/ crop production/ farm size/ Just Rights. decision making/ farm surveys/ probabilistic models/ Zinn, J. A.; Congressional Research Service (CRS). comparisons/ two limit Tobit model National Arbor Day Foundation (NADF) [Also Abstract: This paper examines the factors that available as: Privacy and Natural Resources influence the adoption of two emerging agricultural Workshop White Paper; 1998], 2000 (text/html) technologies, genetically engineered crops and http://www.arborday.org/programs/papers/PrivacyW precision agriculture in corn and soybean paper.html production, and contrasts the relative influence of Descriptors: databases/ data collection/ information various factors on the adoption decision for these technology/ legal rights/ natural resource policy / two technologies, with special emphasis on the role agricultural policy/ landowners/ private lands/ laws of farm size. and regulations This citation is from AGRICOLA. Abstract: The National Arbor Day Foundation (NADF), supported by the Natural Resources 78. The delicate balance: Decision-making, Conservation Service (NRCS), convened a diverse rights, and nature. group of about 60 invited participants - landowners Schulkin, Jay. as well as representatives of , interest Lanham, Md.: University Press of America; xvii, groups, and government agencies - to discuss 174 p. (1996) evolving relationships between the rapidly increasing Notes: Includes bibliographical references volume of valuable natural resource data and (p. [141]-171) and index. information in agriculture and growing concerns NAL Call #: HD30.23.S378--1996; ISBN: about confidentiality. Farmers, ranchers, and other 0761804323 (alk. paper); 0761804331 landowners often characterize these relationships as (pbk.: alk. paper) a debate between public access to data and Descriptors: Decision making---Moral and ethical information that could be used to regulate their aspects/ Natural resources---Management--- production activities and the protection of personal Decision making/ Uncertainty privacy, but the relationships are far more This citation is from AGRICOLA. complicated, as this workshop demonstrated. Participants shared their knowledge about the laws and rules that govern disclosure and confidentiality, about recent changes in data collection and 20 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 79. Desert riparian areas: Landscape perceptions of landscape values and attitudes about appropriate and attitudes. uses for these landscapes; and third, was the Zube, Ervin H and Sheehan, Michele R assessment of landscape change, both perceived Environmental Management 18 (3): 413-421. (1994) and physical, in the same landscapes. Together, the NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X three phases span 15 years, from 1981 to 1996. Descriptors: human (Hominidae)/ animals/ Case studies of two riparian areas that represent chordates/ humans/ mammals/ primates/ diverse contextual settings are discussed. vertebrates/ agriculture/ farmers/ land use/ local © Thomson decision makers/ management/ natural area preservation/ realtors/ resource managers/ Safford/ 81. Determinants of Farmer Behavior: Adoption socioeconomics/ Upper Gila River/ of and Compliance with Best Management wildlife preservation Practices for Nonpoint Source Pollution in the Abstract: The perceptions and attitudes of residents Skaneateles Lake Watershed. and special interest groups along the Upper Gila Welch, E. W. and Marc-Aurele, F. J. River in the vicinity of the town of Safford, Arizona, Lake and Reservoir Management 17 (3): USA, were studied with a primary focus on 233-245. (2001) descriptions of the riparian landscape and attitudes NAL Call #: TC401.L3; ISSN: 0743-8141 towards planning and management in and around Descriptors: United States, New York, Skaneateles the riparian area. Special interest groups included Lake/ Lakes/ Water Pollution Prevention/ Nonpoint farmers, resource managers, realtors, and local Pollution Sources/ Agriculture/ Watershed decision makers. Attention was directed to Management / Case Studies/ Best Management differences between resource managers and other Practices/ Public Participation/ Compliance/ groups. Findings from this study are compared with Attitudes/ Communication/ Watersheds/ Catchment those from a previous study along the Upper San area/ Environmental protection/ Water quality Pedro River. Notable differences between the two control/ Sociological aspects/ Agricultural pollution/ areas included perceptions of appropriate land uses, Water management/ Water supply/ Pollution control/ with a greater emphasis on agriculture and related Nonpoint pollution/ Communications/ United States, activities in the Upper Gila River area and on wildlife New York, Skaneateles Lake/ best management and natural area preservation in the Upper San practices / Water quality control/ Prevention and Pedro area. Relationships of perceptions and control/ Environmental action/ Lakes attitudes with the socioeconomic contexts of the two Abstract: Policy makers and public managers have study areas are explored. recently implemented a wide range of watershed © Thomson management programs designed to reduce nonpoint pollution from agriculture. This paper focuses on the 80. Desert riparian landscapes: Values and progress of one such program. Skaneateles Lake, change, 1981-96. New York is the drinking water supply of Syracuse Zube, Ervin H; Simcox, David; and City. Granted "filtration avoidance" under the Friedman, Steven Surface Water Treatment Rules-allowance of Landscape and Urban Planning 42 (2-4): unfiltered water supply conditional upon heightened 81-89. (1998) source protection activities - the City, in cooperation NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046 with other agencies, established the Skaneateles Descriptors: desert riparian landscapes: change, Lake Watershed Agricultural Program (SLWAP) in values/ landscape architecture: education, research 1994 as one element of a broader watershed Abstract: This paper presents first, a brief overview protection plan. The SLWAP is a 5-10 member of research activities in the Landscape Architecture interagency pollution prevention program designed Program at the University of Arizona. Included is to work cooperatively and independently with both the pedagogical foundation for the research watershed farmers to develop Whole Farm Plans emphasis and a brief summary of research topics that incorporate pollution minimizing best pursued by faculty and graduate students during the management practices. The program is voluntary past 15 years. The second and major part of the and not all farmers have agreed to opt in. Using a paper summarizes selected components of a long- modified behavioral model, this paper examines term research project in which graduate students in adoption and compliance behavior of farmers in the Landscape Architecture and Renewable Natural Skaneateles Lake Watershed in New York State. Resources Studies played significant roles. Primary Findings indicate two stages of adoption. Early emphasis is on riparian landscapes located in adopters have lower incomes, indicate that farming southeastern Arizona. The research was developed is their primary source of income, perceive fairer and in three phases. First was an exploration of people- more equitable treatment by regulators, believe the landscape relationships via open-ended interviews; Best Management Practices (BMP) will have the second, was survey research to explore perceptions desired effect, and are more fearful of regulatory 21 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project consequences if the Whole Farm Planning effort chemical risk. Findings show that farmers in the fails. We call this first stage "regulatory push." Late three watersheds do not view agricultural chemical adopters are more environmentalist and more use as a serious health or environmental hazard. influenced by other farmers and the community. We Regression findings provide partial support for the call this second stage "community pull." In addition, theoretical model. The statistical models explained findings regarding compliance indicate that farmers from 30 to 37%. of the variance in farmers' risk and the management team diverge in their perceptions in the three study watersheds. Findings assessments of progress toward implementation of are discussed in the context of developing future Best Management Practices, indicating some education/information programs in the three potentially significant communication problems. watersheds. Concluded recommendations for management of This citation is from AGRICOLA. voluntary programs for farmers include: (1) initial implementation efforts should seek out those 83. Developing monitoring programs for community leaders are more likely to be cooperative, livestock producers. (2) regulatory threat may be useful during the initial Rasmussen, G Allen implementation period, and (3) evaluation criteria Arid Land Research and Management 17 (4): must be developed cooperatively with and clearly 479-483. (2003) communicated to farmers. NAL Call #: S592.17.A73 A74; ISSN: 1532-4982 © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Descriptors: ecosystem management/ livestock production 82. Determinants of perceived agricultural Abstract: Many official monitoring programs have chemical risk in three watersheds in the been developed, but few have been adopted by Midwestern United States. livestock producers. While these programs have Tucker, M. and Napier, T. L. relatively strong support from professionally trained Journal of Rural Studies 17 (2): 219-233. (Apr. 2001) managers, even their implementation is not NAL Call #: HT401.J68; ISSN: 0743-0167 consistent. New programs must address several Descriptors: watersheds/ agricultural chemicals/ important factors if they are going to be used. They risk/ health hazards/ farmers' attitudes/ decision must be used to help producers and managers making/ farm surveys/ regression analysis/ make current decisions relating to their objectives multivariate analysis/ Ohio/ Iowa/ Minnesota and those broader resource objectives of society. Abstract: Recent epidemiologic research on the Producers must understand how these broader relationship between agricultural chemical use and objectives relate to their specific livestock objectives. human health has focused on possible risks to both These monitoring programs must help make farmers and nonfarm publics through such avenues proactive decisions, and be cost effective. Finally as airborne chemical drift and contamination of attempts must be made to make them flexible to drinking water. While agricultural chemical use has deal with changing objectives that happen over time. been defined as a public health issue, decisions © Thomson about applying chemicals are made primarily by individual farmers who consider not only highly 84. Development of information intensive publicized health and environmental risks but also agrichemical management services in potentially severe economic risks of not using Wisconsin. chemicals for production of food and fiber. The Wolf Steven A and Nowak Peter J critical decision-making role played by farmers Environmental Management 19 (3): 371-382. (1995) relative to agricultural chemical use creates a need NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X for accurate information on their perceptions of Abstract: This paper examines opportunities to various chemical-related hazards and the factors improve the environmental and economic that may influence such judgments. Understanding performance of cropping systems through intensified farmers' perceptions toward agricultural chemical application of information in agrichemical risk is essential to formulate effective risk-mitigation management. Through intensified application of programs and policies and to target educational and information, both net farm income and technical assistance programs that encourage environmental quality may increase through more sound chemical practices at the farm level. This closely matching the specific needs of the crop with paper reports findings from a study of 1011 farm the type, timing, and volume of chemical inputs used operators in three Midwestern watersheds in Ohio, in crop production. This study examines the current Iowa, and Minnesota to assess their perceptions of status and future prospect of agrichemical dealers risk associated with use of agricultural chemicals. A offering information intensive agrichemical theoretical model developed from components of management services to producers. Agrichemical social learning, risk perception, and farm structure dealers are the focus of this study because: (1) theories is used to identify predictors of agricultural farmers are perceived as ill-prepared to substantially 22 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives upgrade the sophistication of their agrichemical bin/pdf%5Fview.pl?paperid=9200 management without off-farm support, and (2) Descriptors: farmland preservation/ agricultural dealers enjoy a close relationship with farmers, land/ agricultural programs and projects/ which potentially could be expanded to include a conservation programs/ governmental programs and variety of information-based services. A mail survey projects/ property tax/ econometric models/ was conducted of all agrichemical Delaware/ Maryland/ New York/ New Jersey/ suppliers/applicators in Wisconsin. The response Pennsylvania/ Virginia/ farmland loss rate was 76% (172 of 225). Substantial numbers of This citation is from AGRICOLA. services were found to be offered by many dealers. The majority of these services were related to 88. Do Farmers Understand Their Soils? A Non- traditional yield-enhancement functions. Services Pastoral Look at a Fundamental Challenge to that have a greater potential to mitigate the negative Conservation. environmental impacts of inefficient agrichemical use McCallister, B.; Nowak, P.; and Leitner, J. and have higher on-farm data requirements were In: Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the found to be less widely offered by dealers. Analysis Soil and Water Conservation Society. (Held 6 Aug of constraints to further development of information- 1995-9 Aug 1995 at Des Moines, IA.) intensive services indicates that dealers offering Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation significant numbers of services are concerned with Society; 1995. constraints external to the dealership, while dealers Descriptors: Wisconsin/ education/ agricultural offering relatively few services perceive internal practices/ soil properties/ surveys/ soil profiles/ soil constraints as most limiting. This relationship conservation/ farm management/ best management indicates that efforts to accelerate dealerships practices/ Education extramural/ Conservation in development of information-intensive agrichemical agricultural use/ United States management services should focus on specific Abstract: Soil knowledge that is strictly results- constraints operating on targeted dealerships. oriented hides potential soil capabilities and may © Thomson hinder the long-term quality of the soil resource. Can BMP programs about tillage and nutrients have long- 85. Development of more effective conservation term success if farmers are unclear about their soils' farming systems through participatory on-farm textures? How well are farmers prepared to follow research. the growing number of soil-based regulations about Wuest, S. B.; McCool, D. K.; Miller, B. C.; and chemical use? Is soil knowledge one more Veseth, R. J. information component that the farm-supply industry American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 14 (3): will capture through its sale of site-specific 98-102. (1999) technologies? The 700+ farmers in this Wisconsin NAL Call #: S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 study completed a site-specific mail survey with This citation is provided courtesy of CAB accompanying airphoto. Results show that many International/CABI Publishing. farmers do not have a solid understanding of the soil at familiar airphoto locations on their farms. Most 86. Differences between farmer and agency commonly, their most important source of soils attitudes regarding policies to reduce knowledge is working the soil with implements. phosphorus pollution in the Minnesota River Thereby, farmers do notice changes in soil surfaces. basin. Yet, when compared to county soil survey data for McCann, L. M. J. and Easter, K. W. that site, farmer soil knowledge drops off significantly Review of Agricultural Economics 21 (1): with depth into the soil profile. Responses to basic 189-207. (1999) questions about soil texture, soil depth, and other NAL Call #: HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 0191-9016 factors reveal that many farmers did not answer This citation is provided courtesy of CAB within a generous range of reasonable responses. International/CABI Publishing. The pragmatic way farmers understand their soils suggests that public agencies and private 87. Do agricultural preservation programs and consultants need to convey ideas about soils and preferential property tax programs affect conservation in a manner more attainable to them. farmland conservation? Soil information for farmers needs reinterpretation so Lynch, L. that basic soil concepts from soil science are not American Agricultural Economics Association, 2003. abandoned, but explained in relation to the jobs of Notes: In: Selected papers from the annual meeting crop management. of the American Agricultural Economics Association; © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) July 27-30, 2003; Montreal, Canada (application/pdf) NAL Call #: HD1405 .A44 http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/cgi- 89. Documenting the status of dairy manure 23 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project management in New York: Current practices and soil properties: alternative management practice willingness to participate in voluntary programs. yield response, susceptibility to degradation, yield Poe, Gregory L. and New York State College of sensitivity/ nutrient depletion/ overall farm Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural, management implications/ soil degradation: optimal Resource and Managerial Economics. management response/ soil erosion/ soil Ithaca, N.Y.: Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, and productivity/ soil profile depth depletion Managerial Economics, Cornell University; 24 p.: ill.; Abstract: Physical scientists have presented a Series: Staff paper (New York State College of wealth of evidence regarding the effects of cropland Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural, soil degradation. Because soil degradation has both Resource, and Managerial Economics) on-site and off-site effects, public policies have often SP 99-03. (1999) tried to increase rates of conservation over privately Notes: "September 1999." Includes bibliographical optimal rates. Where private incentives leave off and references (p. 23-24). Funding for this project was public incentives start up is somewhat controversial, provided by Cornell University's Statewide Program however. Physical evidence, while necessary, is not Committee grants, the Cornell University Water sufficient to predict conservation actions by farmers Resources Institute, and Hatch Project # 121-416, in response to the threat of degradation. This paper and USDA Regional Project W-133. provides a partial explanation for why farmers may NAL Call #: HD1407-.C6-no.-99-03 adopt differing conservation strategies, even though Descriptors: Dairy cattle---Manure---Handling--- they share similar preferences. A model is New York State constructed that divides soil degradation into This citation is from AGRICOLA. reversible and irreversible components. We portray nutrient depletion as a reversible facet of soil 90. A dynamic analysis of the impact of water degradation and soil profile depth depletion as an quality policies on irrigation investment and crop irreversible facet of soil degradation. Predictions of choice decisions. optimal management response to soil degradation Wu, J. J.; Mapp, H. P.; and Bernardo, D. J. are accomplished using a closed-loop model of Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics fertilizer applications and residue management to 26 (2): 506-525. (Dec. 1994) control future stocks of soil nutrients and soil profile NAL Call #: HD101.S6; ISSN: 1074-0708 depth. Our model is applied to degradation data Descriptors: maize/ sorghum/ wheat/ irrigation from nine soils in the north central United States. water/ irrigated farming/ investment/ water quality/ Three principal findings result: First, due to farm management/ decision making/ crop differences in initial soil properties, susceptibility to enterprises/ dynamic models/ cost analysis/ soil degradation, sensitivity of yield to soil depth, and types/ innovation adoption/ economic impact/ yield response to alternative management practices, irrigation technology dynamically optimal economic strategies cannot be Abstract: A dynamic model is developed to analyze inferred directly from physical results but are inferred farmers irrigation investment and crop choice from the associated economic implications. Second, decisions under alternative water quality protection optimal residue management is more variable with policies. The model is applied to an empirical respect to soil type than to the erosion phase of the example in the Oklahoma High Plains. The choices soil, implying that substantial gains to targeting are of crops and irrigation systems and the resulting possible. Third, nutrient depletion is a more levels of irrigation, income, and nitrogen runoff and compelling motivator for adopting residue percolation are simulated over a ten-year period. An management than soil profile depth depletion. This effluent tax on nitrogen runoff and percolation is implies that motivating residue management shown to be effective in reducing nitrate pollution. requires programs that pay even greater attention to The efficacy of cost sharing in adopting modern reversible degradation, and therefore the overall irrigation technologies and restrictions on irrigation farm management implications, rather than strictly to water use depends on soil type. A tax on nitrogen protect topsoil from irreversible degradation. use is shown to be the least effective policy. © Thomson This citation is from AGRICOLA. 92. The dynamics of soil erosion in U.S. 91. Dynamic economic management of soil agriculture. erosion, nutrient depletion, and productivity in Uri, Noel D and Lewis, James A the north central USA. Science of the Total Environment 218 (1): Hopkins, J W; Lal, R; Wiebe, K D; and Tweeten, L G 45-58. (1998) Land Degradation and Development 12 (4): NAL Call #: RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697 305-318. (2001) Descriptors: land productivity/ sediment transport: NAL Call #: S622.L26; ISSN: 1085-3278 estuary degradation, lake degradation, stream Descriptors: nutrients/ fertilizer application/ initial degradation/ soil conservation policies/ soil depth/ 24 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives soil erosion dynamics: off farm impacts, on farm and forest management decisions. impacts/ Federal Agriculture Improvement and Sohngen, B.; Alig, R.; and Choi, S. Reform Act of 1996 [FAIR of 1996]/ United States In: The potential of U.S. forest soils to sequester Abstract: Soil erosion has both on-farm and off-farm carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect/ impacts. Reduction of soil depth can impair the Kimble, J. M. land's productivity, and the transport of sediments Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, 2003; pp. 395-407. can degrade streams, lakes, and estuaries. To Notes: ISBN: 1-56670-583-5 address this problem, soil conservation policies have This citation is provided courtesy of CAB existed in the United States for over 60 years. International/CABI Publishing. Initially, these policies focused on the on-farm benefits of keeping soil on the land and increasing 95. An economic analysis of vegetative buffer net farm income. Beginning in the 1980s, however, strip implementation: Case study: Elkhorn policy goals increasingly included reductions in off- Slough, Monterey Bay, California. site impacts of erosion. The Food Security Act of Rein, F. A. 1985 was the first major legislation explicitly to tie Coastal Management 27 (4): 377-390. (1999); eligibility to receive agricultural program payments to ISSN: 0892-0753 conservation performance. The Federal Agriculture Descriptors: Coastal zone management/ Water Improvement and Reform Act (FAIR) of 1996 quality control/ Marine pollution/ Pollution control/ modifies the conservation compliance provisions by Erosion control/ Agricultural runoff/ Buffers/ providing farmers with greater flexibility in Vegetation cover/ Cost analysis/ United States, developing and implementing conservation plans. As California/ INE, USA, California, Elkhorn Slough/ a consequence of conservation efforts, total soil Models/ Coastal zone management/ Prevention and erosion between 1982 and 1997 was reduced by control/ Pollution Control and Prevention 42% and the erosion rate fell from 8.0 tons per acre Abstract: Vegetative buffer strips (VBS) are being in 1982 to 5.2 tons per acre in 1997. Still, soil proposed as a tool to protect water quality from erosion is imposing substantial social costs. In 1997 nonpoint pollution nationwide, yet no studies have these costs are estimated to have been approx. investigated the economics of implementing VBS. $29.7 billion. To further reduce soil erosion and This study evaluates environmental costs and thereby mitigate its social costs, there are a number benefits of implementing VBS, both to the grower of policy options available to induce farmers to adopt and to society as a whole, as a means of capturing conservation practices including, education and nonmarket ecosystem values and informing technical assistance, financial assistance, research decision-making. Results indicate a net economic and development, land retirement, and regulation benefit to the grower for installing VBS within the and taxes. first year, if the economic costs of erosion are © Thomson considered. The installation of VBS also has extensive economic benefits to society, including in 93. An Economic Analysis of Riparian areas such as tourism, commercial fisheries, long- Landowners' Willingness to Participate in term road maintenance, and harbor protection. Oregon's Conservation Reserve Enhancement These results support installing VBS as a Program. management strategy in an erosion-prone Kingsbury, L. and Boggess, W. watershed to protect water quality and preserve soil In: Annual Meeting of the American Agricultural fertility, as well as to protect economic interests. A Economics Association. (Held 8 Aug 1999-11 Aug number of policy tools to encourage VBS 1999 at Nashville, Tennessee.) implementation are discussed, including tax Ames, IA: American Agricultural Economics incentives and legislative policies. Government Association; 1999. intervention through incentive-based programs is http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/cgi- advocated due to the clear economic and ecologic bin/pdf_view.pl?paperid=1312&ftype=.pdf benefits to society. Descriptors: State conservation programs/ © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program/ Oregon 96. Economic and Conservation Tradeoffs of Abstract: A survey was used to model the Regulatory vs. Incentive-Based Water Policy in probability of participation in Oregon's CREP as a the Pacific Northwest. function of the economic incentives and Schaible, G. D. expectations, environmental regulation and International Journal of Water Resources preferences, personal characteristics; and prior Development 16 (2): 221-238. (2000) knowledge about USDA programs. NAL Call #: TD201.I56; ISSN: 0790-0627. Notes: Special issue: Water and agriculture in the 94. Economic analysis of soil carbon in American West; DOI: 10.1080/07900620050003134 25 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project Descriptors: United States, Pacific Northwest/ Protection: No-till and Conservation Buffers in Economic Aspects / Water Rights/ Water the Midwest. Conservation/ Agriculture/ Irrigation Water/ Water Conservation Technology Information Center. Policy/ Treaties/ Economic analysis/ Water use/ Conservation Technology Information Center, Water quality/ Economics/ Rights/ United States, 2002 (application/pdf) Pacific Northwest/ Pacific Northwest/ Evaluation http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/ctic/FINAL.pdf process/ Applied economics/ Water Resources Abstract: This 32-page publication from the CTIC and Supplies examines the adoption of no-till and conservation Abstract: In this paper, onfarm water conservation buffers in the Midwest. Farmers and the environment and agricultural economic tradeoffs between in the Great Lakes watershed and North Central selected regulatory and conservation-incentive region, which includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, water-policy choices are evaluated for the Pacific Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin, Northwest. Five broad water-policy perspectives are and the western portions of New York and analysed using a total of 37 alternative policy Pennsylvania, stand to benefit from increases in no- scenarios. Policy analyses use a primal/dual-based, till practices and conservation buffers. The region, multi-product, normalized restricted-equilibrium although very productive, has millions of highly model of Pacific Northwest field-crop agriculture. erodible acres. The document explores many of the Results demonstrate that conservation-incentive challenges, opportunities, management strategies, water policy, when integrated within balanced policy and successful marketing efforts for promoting reform, can produce upwards of 1.7 million acre-feet conservation here. Soil quality benefits derived from of onfarm conserved water for the region, while also no-till practices are explained, along with techniques significantly increasing economic returns to farmers. to overcome transitional challenges producers face Producer willingness to accept water-policy change when converting from conventional systems. is lowest for regulatory policy (US$4-$18 per acre- foot of conserved water), but highest for 100. An economic evaluation of adoption of the conservation-incentive policy that increases both conservation compliance program: A stochastic irrigation efficiency and crop productivity ($67-$208 dominance approach. per acre-foot of conserved water). Conservation- Govindasamy, R. and Cochran, M. J. incentive water policy also enhances decision-maker Journal of Agribusiness 15 (1): 121-133. flexibility in meeting multiple regional policy goals (Spring 1997) (i.e. water for endangered aquatic species, water NAL Call #: HD1401.J68; ISSN: 0738-8950 quality, Native American treaty obligations, and Descriptors: erosion/ soil conservation/ innovation sustainable rural agricultural economies). adoption/ rotation/ stochastic processes/ risk/ soil © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) types/ farmers/ farmers' attitudes/ returns/ profits/ Iowa 97. Economic and environmental effects of This citation is from AGRICOLA. nitrogen testing for fertilizer management. Bosch, D. J.; Fuglie, K. O.; and Keim, R. W. 101. Economic evaluation of on-farm Economic Research Service, United States conservation practices in the Great Lakes region Department of Agriculture; Staff Report - AGES No. of North America. 9413, 1994. iv, 37 pp. Stonehouse, D. P. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Environmetrics 10 (4): 505-520. (1999); International/CABI Publishing. ISSN: 1180-4009. Notes: Conference: Environmental Statistics: 98. An economic approach to improving water Proceedings of the Conference on Environmetrics, management in waterlogged and saline areas. Innsbruck (Austria), 4-8 Aug 1997 Wichelns, D. Descriptors: North America, Great Lakes/ Soil In: Challenges facing irrigation and drainage in the Conservation/ Farms/ Cost benefit Analysis/ new millennium: Proceedings. (Held Jun 2000 at Benefits/ Economic Aspects/ Water Quality/ Fort Collins, Colorado: U.S. Committee on Irrigation Agricultural Practices/ Degradation/ Wildlife Habitats/ and Drainage; pp. 503-522; 2000. Social Aspects/ Agriculture/ Nature conservation/ ISBN: 1-887903-09-7 Economics/ Costs/ Riparian vegetation/ Pollution This citation is provided courtesy of CAB control/ Conservation/ Soil erosion/ Water quality International/CABI Publishing. control/ Environmental protection/ Socioeconomics/ North America, Great Lakes/ Conservation in agricultural use/ Law, policy, economics and social sciences/ Environmental action Abstract: Agriculture has long been regarded as a 99. Economic Benefits with Environmental major contributor to wildlife habitat despoliation, soil 26 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives degradation, and downstream watercourse pollution. disturbance, zero-tillage system to a more It would be possible to largely eliminate natural conventional direct-seeding system. At 1994 crop resource degeneration through judicious application and input prices, and a 10% yield advantage, zero- of on-farm conservation practices. Farmers have tillage systems compared favourably with little economic incentive to conserve because, conventional direct-seeding system. The relative according to previous research, most conservation crop yield and glyphosate price are key techniques have been demonstrated to be determinants to the short-run profitability of adopting unprofitable. The empirical research into three zero-tillage technologies with fuel price having a alternative types of conservation practices for this smaller influence. When the switch to zero tillage study confirms that two (conservation crops and allows a net reduction in machinery stock, this strips) provide for net costs to simultaneously increases the profitability, and farmers, and that the third (conservation soil tillage) reduces the financial risk for the producer. We is not profitable under all circumstances. At the conclude that in areas of Saskatchewan where zero- same time, the research shows that two out of the tillage systems provide a yield advantage, producers three sets of practices, namely riparian buffer strips will continue to adopt these systems as an and conservation tillage, can be economically economically viable means of sustaining their soil beneficial to society as a whole. This raises the resource. question of whether and to what extent society, as © Thomson economic gainers, should offer compensation to farmers as economic losers. This study furthermore 103. Economic incentives for coordinated establishes that not all conservation practices that management of forest land: A case study of result in reduced soil erosion will lead to decreased southern New England. sediment and phosphorus loadings into Klosowski, R.; Stevens, T.; Kittredge, D.; and watercourses; that not all reduced sediment and Dennis, D. phosphorus loadings lead to improved water quality; Forest Policy and Economics 2 (1): 29-38. (2001) and that, even where an improvement to water NAL Call #: SD1 .F6747; ISSN: 1389-9341 quality in chemical, physical, biological and aesthetic This citation is provided courtesy of CAB terms can be obtained, the costs to society of International/CABI Publishing. achieving improvement may exceed the economic benefits. Such outcomes can readily promote 104. Economic incentives reduce irrigation disagreements between environmentalists and deliveries and drain water volume. ecologists on the one hand and socio-economists on Wichelns, D.; Houston, L.; and Cone, D. the other. Irrigation and Drainage Systems 10 (2): 131-141. © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) (May 1996) NAL Call #: TC801.I66; ISSN: 0168-6291 [IRDSEG] 102. Economic factors contributing to the Descriptors: irrigated farming/ irrigation scheduling/ adoption of reduced tillage technologies in irrigation requirements/ water costs/ incentives/ central Saskatchewan. drainage water/ volume/ water quality/ water Gray, R S; Taylor, J S; and Brown, W J allocation/ irrigation equipment/ prices/ price policy/ Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76 (4): loans/ field crops/ vegetables/ California/ low interest 661-668. (1996) loans/ irrigation depth/ tiered water pricing NAL Call #: 450-C16; ISSN: 0008-4220 This citation is from AGRICOLA. Descriptors: crop (Angiospermae)/ plant (Plantae Unspecified)/ weeds (Tracheophyta)/ Plantae 105. Economic indicators to assess the (Plantae Unspecified)/ angiosperms/ plants/ sustainability of conservation farming projects: spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ agriculture/ An evaluation. biobusiness/ crop yield/ economic factors/ herbicide/ Tisdell, Clem pest/ pest management/ prices/ reduced tillage Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 57 (2-3): technology/ soil science 117-131. (1996) Abstract: The zero-tillage and minimum-tillage NAL Call #: S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 technologies, which are now being rapidly adopted Descriptors: plant (Plantae Unspecified)/ Plantae in many areas of western Canada, have made a (Plantae Unspecified)/ plants/ agriculture/ framework significant contribution to the sustainability of the soil for the evaluation of sustainable land management/ resource. As a measure of economic viability of international board for soil research and these practices this study uses the Top management/ natural resources/ Philippines Management Model to simulate the 5-yr ending Abstract: Multiple criteria for sustainability, such as equity given stochastic prices and yields for a the five pillars in the FAO/IBSRAM (International consensus farm in central Saskatchewan. Board for Soil Research and Management) Simulations are used to compare a minimum Framework for the Evaluation of Sustainable Land 27 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project Management (FESLM), raise difficult assessment studies comparing alternative crop production and evaluation problems. Economic viability is systems to identify the key criteria for system included as one of the pillars in this FELSM and is comparisons, the system characteristics important in essential for the sustained adoption of conservation designing the analysis, and the methods most suited farming projects. However, even specifying for comparing alternative systems. The four key economic viability and obtaining operational and criteria we looked for in system comparisons are predictive indicators for it is difficult because, for one expected profit, stability of profits, expected thing, the economic viability of a farming system environmental impacts, and stability of depends upon a variety of attributes. These include environmental impacts. Most economic studies of the level of economic returns, the instability and crop production focus exclusively on profitability, and uncertainty of returns, and in monetary economies, incorporate neither environmental criteria nor the the associated financial requirements for the farming dynamic characteristics inherent in alternative system, the availability of finance and its implications systems. We identify promising new approaches that for the financial liquidity of the farm. In all take account of specific environmental economies, the amount of investment required to characteristics and attempt to balance the objectives adopt a sustainable conservation farming project will of profitability and environmental risk management. be a major consideration. As a rule, economic Balanced environmental-economic analysis is most viability is also related to the sustainability of the likely to be achieved by integrating biophysical natural productivity of soils and other natural simulation models with economic optimization resources on which economic production partially methods to model the trade-offs among profitability, depends, so economic indicators depend in part on environmental impact, and system stability (both noneconomic factors, and a holistic approach is financial and environmental). needed. Taking such factors into account, as well as This citation is from AGRICOLA. the difficulty of predicting the future economic sustainability of conservation projects, this paper 107. Economic risk and water quality protection critically reviews suggestions made in the literature in agriculture. for developing appropriate indicators of Bosch, D. J. and Pease, J. W. sustainability, such as those of Lynam and Herdt Review of Agricultural Economics 22 (2): (1989), as well as break-even analyses and the 438-463. (2000) scope for applying various forms of cost-benefit NAL Call #: HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195 analysis. Illustrations are drawn from the This citation is provided courtesy of CAB IBSRAM/ACIAR project investigating land International/CABI Publishing. management on vertisols and on sloping lands, e.g. in Australia and The Philippines. 108. Economic risk, returns and input use under © Thomson ridge and conventional tillage in the northern Corn Belt, USA. 106. Economic methods for comparing Archer, David W; Pikul, Joseph L Jr; and alternative crop production systems: A review of Riedell, Walter E the literature. Soil and Tillage Research 67 (1): 1-8. (2002) Roberts, W. S. and Swinton, S. M. NAL Call #: S590.S48; ISSN: 0167-1987 American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 11 (1): Descriptors: Glycine max [soybean] (Leguminosae): 10-17. (1996) oil crop/ Zea mays [corn] (Gramineae): grain crop/ NAL Call #: S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 Angiosperms/ Dicots/ Monocots/ Plants/ [AJAAEZ] Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants Descriptors: alternative farming/ cropping systems/ Abstract: Ridge tillage (RT) has been proposed as comparisons/ evaluation/ economic analysis/ an economically viable conservation tillage environmental impact/ stability/ profitability/ risk/ alternative for row crop production; however the sustainability/ North America/ alternative versus long-term economic viability of RT in the northern conventional cropping systems Corn Belt of the USA is largely unknown. Economic Abstract: New crop production technologies returns, risk and input use were compared for RT developed in response to growing concern over and conventional tillage (CT) in a corn (Zea mays L.) environmental contamination from agriculture may and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation with be neither more profitable nor higher yielding than high, medium and low nitrogen treatments. The the systems they replace, but they often reduce analysis was based on 10 years of experimental environmental contamination or improve soil and data from Brookings, SD on a Barnes clay loam (US water quality. Systems designed with environmental soil taxonomy: fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid objectives cannot be evaluated fairly just by Calcic Hapludoll; FAO classification: Chernozem). productivity, which is what often is done in economic Economic returns were significantly higher at the studies of alternative systems. We review 58 recent highest nitrogen treatment levels. Highest average 28 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives net returns to land and management were $78 per 110. Economics of conservation tillage in the hectare for RT at the high nitrogen treatment level semiarid prairie. (RT-H) followed by $59 per hectare for CT at the Zentner, R P; McConkey, B G; Campbell, C A; high nitrogen treatment level (CT-H). Risk, Dyck, F B; and Selles, F measured as the standard deviation of net returns, Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76 (4): was the lowest for CT at the medium nitrogen 697-705. (1996) treatment level (CT-M) followed by RT-H and CT-H. NAL Call #: 450-C16; ISSN: 0008-4220 However, net returns were substantially lower under Descriptors: crop (Angiospermae)/ durum wheat CT-M at $32 per hectare. Average yields and (Gramineae)/ plant (Plantae Unspecified)/ wheat average operating costs were not significantly (Gramineae)/ Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ different for RT-H and CT-H. Reduced equipment Triticum aestivum (Gramineae)/ Triticum turgidum operating costs for CT-H were offset by increased (Gramineae)/ angiosperms/ monocots/ plants/ herbicide costs for RT-H. Equipment ownership spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ agronomy/ costs were significantly lower for RT-H than CT-H. biobusiness/ conservation tillage/ economics/ hard There were no significant differences in fertilizer use red spring/ production costs/ semiarid prairie/ soil for RT and CT. Pesticide use was significantly higher science/ soil texture/ yield for RT-H than CT-H. Fuel use was 18-22% lower Abstract: Concerns about environmental and labor use was 24-27% lower for RT-H than CT- sustainability and economic survival have changed H. Despite continued low adoption rates for RT in tillage practices significantly in western Canada. This the northern Corn Belt, our analysis shows that RT is study examined the effects of conventional (CT), an economically viable alternative to CT. minimum (MT), and no-tillage (NT) management on © Thomson the economic performance of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or durum wheat (Triticum 109. Economically efficient watershed turgidum L.) production when grown in fallow-wheat management with environmental impact and (F-W) and continuous wheat (Cont W) rotations, income distribution goals. over a period of up to 12 yr (1982-1993) on three Oenal, H.; Algozin, K. A.; Iik, M.; and soil textures in southwestern Saskatchewan. Our Hornbaker, R. H. results show little short-term economic incentive for Journal of environmental management 53 (3): producers to adopt NT management practices. 241-253. (1998) Production costs were similar on the three soil NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 textures, averaging 141 ha-1 for F-W and 224 ha-1 Descriptors: Watersheds/ Catchment area/ Water for Cont W. Total costs for Cont W systems management/ Environmental impact/ Economic averaged 10 to 13% higher for NT compared to CT. analysis/ Pollution control/ Agricultural pollution/ For F-W systems, total costs for NT averaged 29% Erosion control/ Costs/ Environment management/ higher than for CT on the silt loam, and 14% higher Agriculture/ United States, Illinois/ Watershed on the heavy clay. Also for F-W systems, costs for Management/ Environmental Effects/ Soil Erosion/ NT averaged 23, 12, and 17% higher than for MT on Agricultural Watersheds/ Farms/ Economic Aspects/ silt loam, sandy loam, and heavy clay soils, United States, Illinois/ Prevention and control/ respectively. Although conservation tillage (MT and Watershed protection NT) provided savings in labor, fuel and oil, machine Abstract: This paper presents a methodology for repair, and machine overhead (compared to CT), incorporating environmental impacts and income these savings were more than offset by greater distribution goals in economic analysis of watershed expenditures for herbicides. On the silt loam, net management policies. Empirical results on a small returns were highest for Cont W (CT) and lowest for Illinois, USA, watershed indicate that farm costs are F-W (NT) at wheat prices greater than 147 t-1; at increased notably by restricting agricultural pollution lower wheat prices, F-W (CT) and Cont W (CT) and soil erosion. The income distribution constraint provided the highest and about equal net returns. also reduces economic efficiency, but the efficiency On the sandy loam, F-W (MT) consistently earned loss due to implementing this constraint is less than the highest net return; F-W (NT) ranked second 10% of the costs resulting from environmental highest, while Cont W systems ranked lowest. On regulations. An ex post comparison of these results the heavy clay, F-W (MT) and Cont W (CT) provided with the actual payments offered to farmers under the highest net return at wheat prices greater than the incentive program currently in place in the 147 t-1, while at lower wheat prices F-W (MT) watershed reveals that these payments are ranked highest. In our study, the relatively poor approximately equal to the losses estimated by the economic performance of conservation tillage, analysis when the burden of environmental control is particularly NT, for monoculture wheat production shared equally among the farmers. © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

29 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project was due to a combination of higher input costs and rotation will have a smaller compliance cost, but it the lack of significant yield advantages with MT and will not eliminate the excess application of nitrogen NT management. fertilizer under a relatively low nitrogen fertilizer to © Thomson corn price ratio. An explicit limitation on nitrogen fertilizer use would be needed to achieve this 111. Economics of residue management in objective. Limiting nitrogen fertilizer use on cropland agricultural tillage systems. susceptible to a high potential for leaching will have Harman, W. L. a smaller compliance cost than on cropland with a In: Managing agricultural residues/ Unger, P. W. moderate potential for leaching. Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers, 1994; © Thomson pp. 377-423. Notes: ISBN: 0-87371-730-9 115. Effect of risk perspective on fertilizer choice This citation is provided courtesy of CAB by sharecroppers. International/CABI Publishing. Paudel, K. P.; Lohr, L.; and Martin, N. R. Agricultural Systems 66 (2): 115-128. (2000) 112. The economics of risk, uncertainty and This citation is provided courtesy of CAB learning in the adoption of new agricultural International/CABI Publishing. technologies: Where are we on the learning curve? 116. Efficacy of standards vs. incentives for Marra, M.; Pannell, D. J.; and Ghadim, A. A. managing the environmental impacts of Agricultural Systems 75 (2/3): 215-234. (2003) agriculture. NAL Call #: HD1.A3; ISSN: 0308-521X Weaver, R. D.; Harper, J. K.; and Gillmeister, W. J. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Journal of Environmental Management 46 (2): International/CABI Publishing. 173-188. (Feb. 1996) NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 113. Economics of water quality protection from [JEVMAW] nonpoint sources: Theory and practice. Descriptors: water quality/ field crops/ farming Ribaudo, Marc.; Horan, Richard D.; Smith, Mark systems/ agricultural production/ environmental Eugene; and United States. Dept. of Agriculture. impact/ taxes/ regulations/ farm management/ Economic Research Service. incentives/ standards/ simulation models/ Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Pennsylvania/ biophysical models/ Economic Research Service; iii, 106 p.: ill., economic incentives col. maps. (1999) This citation is from AGRICOLA. Notes: Cover title. "November 1999"--P. [i]. Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-106). 117. An efficiency approach to managing SUDOCS: A 1.107:782. Mississippi's marginal land based on the NAL Call #: A281.9-Ag8A-no.-782 Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer782/ Hamdar, B. Descriptors: Water quality---United States/ Nonpoint Resources, Conservation and Recycling 26 (1): source pollution---United States/ Agricultural 15-24. (1999) pollution---United States/ Water Pollution--- NAL Call #: TP156.R38R47; ISSN: 0921-3449 Economic aspects---United States This citation is provided courtesy of CAB This citation is from AGRICOLA. International/CABI Publishing.

114. The effect of farming practices on reducing 118. Emerging agricultural water conservation excess nitrogen fertilizer use. price incentives. Huang, Wen Yuan and Uri, Noel D Michelsen, A. M.; Taylor, R. G.; Huffaker, R. G.; Environment International 19 (2): 179-191. (1993) and McGuckin, J. T. NAL Call #: TD169.E54; ISSN: 0160-4120 Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics Descriptors: nitrogen/ corn (Gramineae)/ soybean 24 (1): 222-238. (July 1999) (Leguminosae)/ angiosperms/ dicots/ monocots/ NAL Call #: HD1750.W4; ISSN: 1068-5502 plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ cropland/ Descriptors: irrigation/ water costs/ water policy/ ground water leaching water conservation/ prices/ incentives/ water use/ Abstract: This paper studies the effects of crop federal government/ government organizations/ rotation and a limitation on the application of water allocation/ United States/ U.S. Bureau of nitrogen fertilizer on the reduction of excess nitrogen Reclamation available for potential leaching into the ground This citation is from AGRICOLA. water. For a farmer initially planting corn continuously, the adoption of a soybean-corn 30 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 119. An empirical analysis of Louisiana small land diversion/ Minnesota/ agricultural drainage and farmers' involvement in the Conservation pesticide transport model/ coolwater stream/ Reserve Program. warmwater stream/ Wells Creek Watershed/ McLean Meyinsse, P. E. Chippewa River Watershed/ Minnesota Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics This citation is from AGRICOLA. 26 (2): 379-385. (Dec. 1994) NAL Call #: HD101.S6; ISSN: 1074-0708 122. Enrolling conservation buffers in the CRP. Descriptors: land diversion/ federal programs/ Loftus TT and Kraft SE program participants/ small farms/ farm income/ Land Use Policy 20 (1): 73-84; many ref. (2003) returns/ tenants/ probabilistic models/ willingness to NAL Call #: HD101.L35 participate/ Franklin Parish, Louisiana/ Richland This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Parish, Louisiana/ West Carroll, Louisiana International/CABI Publishing. Abstract: The study examines Louisiana small farmers' reasons for not participating in the 123. Enrollment of filter strips and recharge Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), their areas in the CRP and USDA easement programs. awareness of the program, and their willingness to Lant, C. L.; Kraft, S. E.; and Gillman, K. participate in the program. The results suggest that: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50 (2): farmers do not participate in the CRP if revenues 193-200. (1995) from cropland are an important source of income, or NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 if they are tenants; awareness is significantly related Descriptors: United States, Midwest/ easements/ to education, income, race, and average return per groundwater recharge/ soil conservation/ economic acre; willingness is positively influenced by payment aspects/ farms/ cropland/ wetlands/ governmental per acre, age, and farm status. Participation interrelations/ conservation/ property rights/ depends on whether payments per acre are Conservation Reserve Program/ Wetland Reserve comparable to the opportunity costs of removing Program/ Watershed protection cropland from production. Abstract: Two related contingent valuation surveys This citation is from AGRICOLA. were conducted in ten Cornbelt counties to estimate the potential enrollment in the Conservation Reserve 120. An empirical analysis of the relative Program (CRP) and a 30-year easement program of efficiency of policy instruments to reduce nitrate filter strips and cropland in areas vulnerable to water pollution in the U.S. Southern High Plains. groundwater contamination. It was found that Wu, J.; Teague, M. L.; Mapp, H. P.; and potential CRP enrollment climbs dramatically in the Bernardo, D. J. range $90-140/acre/year. Filter strip enrollments are Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics / Revue greater than recharge area enrollments at any given Canadienne d'Economie Rurale 43 (6): 403-420. rental rate. Thirty-year easements receive (Nov. 1995) substantially less enrollment than CRP when a lump NAL Call #: 281.8-C16; ISSN: 0008-3976 sum of 10 times the CRP rate is offered. Tree Descriptors: nitrate/ water pollution/ water quality/ planting is a low percentage of CRP enrollments, but water policy/ environmental protection/ nitrogen is a higher percentage of 30-year easement fertilizers/ application rates/ regulations/ taxes/ water enrollments. Allowing enrollments to be used for set- use/ irrigation water/ incentives/ irrigation systems/ aside requirements improves enrollments in the CRP mathematical models/ simulation/ southern plains by 32% for filter strips and by 6% for recharge areas; states of USA/ epic pst crop growth/ chemical these differences are most marked at lower annual transport model/ mathematical programming model rental rates. Farmland owners who indicated they This citation is from AGRICOLA. would not enroll gave primarily financial reasons for making that decision, further indicating that 121. Encouraging farmers to produce enrollment is very responsive to rental rates for the environmental benefits from agriculture. CRP and lump sums for easements. However, Westra, J.; Zimmerman, J.; and Vondracek, B. allowing variable time periods for contracts, Selected papers from the annual meeting of the adjusting rental rates for inflation or local cropland American Agricultural Economics Association rental rates, publicizing maximum annual rental rates (May 2002) (MARRs), and simplifying the enrollment process NAL Call #: HD1405 .A44. could increase enrollments. Notes: Supplemental online access through © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) http://agecon.lib.umn.edu. Descriptors: farm management/ environmental protection/ social benefits/ externalities/ water quality/ fisheries/ farm income/ streams/ watersheds/ simulation models/ computer simulation/ land use/ 31 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 124. Environmental and economic tradeoffs of aspects/ Environmental engineering/ Decision alternative cropping systems. making---Environmental aspects/ Koo SeungMo; Williams, J. R.; Schurle, B. W.; and Decision making---Ethics Langemeier, M. R. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 15 (4): 35-58. (2000) 127. Environmental Education and Outreach: NAL Call #: S494.5.S86S8; ISSN: 1044-0046 Experiences of a Federal Agency. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Newton, B. J. International/CABI Publishing. Bioscience 51 (4): 297-299. (2001) NAL Call #: 500 Am322A; ISSN: 0006-3568 125. The environmental consequences of the Descriptors: Government policy/ Education/ United conservation tillage adoption decision in States/ Aquatic environment/ Governments/ Policies/ agriculture in the United States. Resource management/ Natural resources/ United Uri, Noel D States/ aquatic ecosystems/ Education/ Water, Air and Soil Pollution 103 (1-4): 9-33. (1998) Environmental Advocacy, Education and NAL Call #: TD172.W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 Awareness/ Protective measures and control/ Descriptors: agricultural production/ conservation General Environmental Engineering tillage/ corn production/ environmental impact/ Abstract: Conservation of natural resources is fertilization/ pesticide applications/ soil erosion/ inextricably bound to public attitudes and opinions. water runoff Other articles in this issue of BioScience argue for Abstract: The environmental consequences of greater involvement by the scientific community in conservation tillage practices are an important issue public education and outreach. This one addresses concerning the impact of agricultural production on the effectiveness of various outreach and education the environment. While it is generally recognized techniques, based on the experiences of the Natural that water runoff and soil erosion will decline as no Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), a US tillage and mulch tillage systems are used more Department of Agriculture nonregulatory agency that extensively on cropland, what will happen to is responsible for helping farmers, ranchers, and pesticide and fertilizer use remains uncertain. To landowners conserve natural resources on private gain some insight into this, the conservation tillage lands. adoption decision is modelled. Starting with the © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) assumption that this decision is a two step procedure - the first is the decision whether or not 128. Environmental farm planning in Ontario: adopt a conservation tillage production system and Exploring participation and the endurance of the second is the decision on the extent to which change. conservation tillage should be used - appropriate Smithers, J. and Furman, M. models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) Land Use Policy 20 (4): 343-356. (2003) type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on NAL Call #: HD101.L35; ISSN: 0264-8377 corn production in the United States for 1987, the This citation is provided courtesy of CAB profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was International/CABI Publishing. adopted is that cropland had above average slope and experienced above average rainfall, the farm 129. The environmental implications of soil was a cash grain enterprise, and it had an above erosion in the United States. average expenditure on pesticides and a below Uri, Noel D average expenditure on fuel and a below average Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 66 (3): expenditure on custom pesticide applications. 293-312. (2001) Additionally, for a farm adopting a no tillage NAL Call #: TD194.E5; ISSN: 0167-6369 production practice, an above average expenditure Descriptors: agriculture/ conservation policies/ was made on fertilizer. conservation tillage/ economic losses/ © Thomson ecotoxicology/ education/ environmental degradation/ environmental implications/ 126. Environmental dilemmas: Ethics and environmental legislation/ financial assistance/ land decisions. productivity/ land retirement/ research and Berry, R. J. development/ sediment transport/ social costs/ soil London; New York: Chapman & Hall; xxii, 271 p.: ill., depth: reduction/ soil erosion/ taxes/ maps. (1993) technical assistance Notes: 1st ed.; Includes bibliographical references Abstract: Soil erosion has both on-farm and off-farm and index. impacts. Reduction of soil depth can impair the NAL Call #: GF80.E58-1983; ISBN: 0412398001 land's productivity, and the transport of sediments Descriptors: Human ecology---Moral and ethical can degrade streams, lakes, and estuaries. Since 32 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 1933, soil conservation policies have existed in the aspects---United States/ Water quality management- United States. Originally they focused on the on- --United States/ Urban runoff---United States/ Urban farm benefits of keeping soil on the land and runoff---United States---Management/ Automobiles-- increasing net farm income. Beginning in the 1980s, -Motors---Exhaust gas---Environmental aspects--- however, policy goals increasingly included United States reductions in off-site impacts of erosion. As a This citation is from AGRICOLA. consequence of conservation efforts associated with explicit U.S. government policies, total soil erosion 133. Equilibrium effects of agricultural between 1982 and 1992 was reduced by 32% and technology adoption: The case of induced the sheet and rill erosion rate fell from an average of output price changes. 4.1 tons per acre per year in 1982 to 3.1 tons per Caswell, Margriet F.; Shoemaker, Robbin; and acre in 1992 while the wind erosion rate fell from an United States. Dept. of Agriculture. average of 3.3 tons per acre per year to 2.4 tons per Economic Research Service. acre per year over the same period. Still, soil erosion Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, is imposing substantial social costs. These costs are Economic Research Service; viii, 15 p.: ill.; Series: estimated to be about $37.6 billion annually. To Technical bulletin (United States. Dept. of further reduce soil erosion and thereby mitigate its Agriculture) no. 1823. (1993) social costs, there are a number of policy options Notes: Cover title. "September 1993"--P. [iii]. available to induce farmers to adopt conservation Includes bibliographical references (p. 13). practices including education and technical NAL Call #: 1-Ag84Te-no.1823 assistance, financial assistance, research and Descriptors: Agricultural innovations---Economic development, land retirement, and regulation and aspects---United States/ Agricultural innovations--- taxes. Government policy---United States/ Agricultural © Thomson pollution---Economic aspects---United States/ Agricultural pollution---Government policy---United 130. Environmental payments to farmers: Issues States/ Equilibrium---Economics of program design. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Claassen, R. and Horan, R. D. Agricultural Outlook (AO) (No. 272): 15-18. (2000) 134. Estimating transaction costs of alternative NAL Call #: aHD1751.A422 policies to reduce phosphorus pollution in the This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Minnesota River. International/CABI Publishing. McCann, L. and Easter, K. W. Staff Paper - Department of Applied Economics, 131. Environmental policy and swine manure University of Minnesota (No. P98-7): 30 pp. (1998) management: Waste not or want not? This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Hoag, D. L. and Roka, F. M. International/CABI Publishing. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 10 (4): 163-166. (1995) 135. Ethnic diversity and the patterned adoption NAL Call #: S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 of soil conservation in the strawberry hills of This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Monterey, California. International/CABI Publishing. Mountjoy, D. C. Society and Natural Resources 9 (4): 339-357. 132. Environmental protection: Federal (July 1996-Aug. 1996) incentives could help promote land use that NAL Call #: HC10.S63; ISSN: 0894-1920 [SNREEI]. protects air and water quality. Notes: Special Section: Cultural Diversity in Natural United States. General Accounting Office. Resource Use. Includes references. Washington, D.C.: GAO. (2001) Descriptors: farmers/ ethnic groups/ soil Notes: Report to Congressional Requesters; Title conservation/ erosion control/ innovation adoption/ from web page. "October 2001." "GAO-02-12." land management/ ethnicity/ farmers' attitudes/ Description based on content viewed April 14, 2003. California Includes bibliographical references. This citation is from AGRICOLA. NAL Call #: TD171-.E68-2001 http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0212.pdf Descriptors: Environmental protection---United States/ Environmental protection---United States--- Management/ Land use---Planning---Environmental

33 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 136. Evaluating barriers to participation by knowledge of soil quality by comparing their fertilizer and agricultural chemical dealers in a perceptions of soil conditions for "good" and federal water quality project. "problem" soils on their farms with values of soil Lanyon, L. E.; Kiernan, N. E.; and Stoltzfus, J. H. quality indicators as determined by established Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences assessment protocol. Twenty-four conventional and Education 25 (2): 160-165. (1996) organic farmers throughout eastern Nebraska were NAL Call #: S530 .J6; ISSN: 1059-9053 paired within regions of similar climate, topography, This citation is provided courtesy of CAB and soil type and their perceptions of soil quality International/CABI Publishing. indicators were queried using a written questionnaire. Questionnaire data were compared 137. Evaluation of a stream-bank fencing directly to values of soil quality indicators and program in Pennsylvania. perception accuracy indices were calculated. Hafner, Christine L and Brittingham, Margaret C Overall, perception accuracy of soil quality indicators Wildlife Society Bulletin 21 (3): 307-315. (1993) did not differ between conventional and organic NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 farmers. Farmers' perceptions of soil quality Descriptors: Aves (Aves Unspecified)/ Hominidae indicators tended to be more accurate for "good" (Hominidae)/ Plantae (Plantae Unspecified)/ soils as compared to "problem" soils. Indicators that animals/ birds/ chordates/ humans/ mammals/ were incorrectly estimated at a frequency greater nonhuman vertebrates/ plants/ primates/ than 33% included available nitrogen and vertebrates/ farmers attitudes/ summer resident phosphorus, soil color, degree of compaction, and birds/ vegetation infiltration rate. Despite this, farmers' perceptions Abstract: Sixty summer resident bird species were were correct or nearly-correct over 75% of the time recorded on 3 fenced and 3 unfenced riparian areas for the majority of indicators evaluated in the study. located in grazed pastures in Lancaster County, Evaluation of social and managerial factors indicated Pennsylvania. The greatest impact of fencing was that perception accuracy of soil quality indicators on nest density and nest success. Nest density was declined as the time of on-farm tenure increased. higher on fenced than control sites, but nest success Results from this study indicate that was lower on fenced compared to control sites. should seek out farmers' knowledge of soil Although nest success was lower, overall characteristics as a first iteration to point-scale productivity (no. of successful nests/ha) did not differ evaluation of soil quality. between fenced and control sites. Reducing stream- This citation is from AGRICOLA. bank erosion, improving water quality, and the belief that fencing would become mandatory in the future 139. Evaluation of policy tools to establish were the primary reasons landowners gave for forests and protect water quality in cornbelt participating in the fencing program. After joining the watersheds. program, the major concerns or complaints Lant, C. and Kraft, S. E. landowners had about fencing involved weeds, Urbana, Ill.: Water Resources Center, University of fence maintenance, and loss of pasture. These Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Rept No: issues will need to be addressed to maintain high UILUWRC93217, USGSG201706, 1993. 27 p. levels of voluntary participation in fencing programs. Notes: "Research report."; "May 1993." "... © Thomson supported in part by funds provided by the United States Department of the Interior as authorized 138. Evaluation of farmers' perceptions of soil under the Water Resources Act of 1984." "Project quality indicators. no. G-2017-06." "UILU-WRC-93-217."--Cover. Liebig, M. A. and Doran, J. W. Includes bibliographical references (p. 19-20). American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 14 (1): NAL Call #: TC424.I3I4--no.217 11-21. (1999) Descriptors: Soil conservation projects---Illinois--- NAL Call #: S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 Central Region/ Water resources development--- [AJAAEZ] Illinois---Central Region/ Watershed management--- Descriptors: farmers/ / soil texture/ Illinois---Central Region/ Water quality management- knowledge/ technology transfer/ monitoring/ --Illinois---Central Region/ Groundwater---Illinois--- evaluation/ techniques/ / Central Region---Quality questionnaires/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ nutrient Abstract: The 1990 Farm Bill provides a number of availability/ soil color/ soil compaction/ infiltration/ incentives to farmers and farmland owners to farmers' attitudes/ Nebraska improve water quality by retiring critical croplands Abstract: Understanding farmers' knowledge of soil through the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) quality and health is essential to ensure transfer of and the Agricultural Wetland Reserve Program appropriate technology for on-farm assessments. (AWR), and by controlling chemical use through the The objective of this study was to evaluate farmers' Water Quality Incentives Program (WQIP). The 34 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives study utilizes two contingent valuation regarded the conservation benefits of hedge methodologies on 770 mail surveys and 157 management more likely to be true and value them personal interviews in 10 cornbelt counties to more highly than other farmers do. Such farmers estimate potential participation in these programs as also felt under greater social pressure to manage a function of financial incentives offered. It also their hedges. This use of the Theory of Planned identifies possible barriers to increased enrollment Behaviour suggests that it can provide a useful and presents farmers' attitudes toward these insight into farmers' decision-making processes and programs as well as toward Swampbuster. The their conservation behaviour. results show that potential enrollments in the WQIP © Thomson are low; only 17.5 percent of respondents indicated an interest in participating. In contrast, potential 142. Explaining irrigation technology choices: A enrollments of filter strips, recharge areas, and microparameter approach. farmed wetlands in the CRP respond strongly to Green, G.; Sunding, D.; Zilberman, D.; annual rental rates, particularly in the range and Parker, D. $90 -140/acre. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 78 (4): This citation is from AGRICOLA. 1064-1072. (Nov. 1996) NAL Call #: 280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 140. Evaluation of the experimental Rural Clean [AJAEBA] Water Program: Barriers and Incentives. Descriptors: irrigation water/ water costs/ Gale, Judith A. and United States. Environmental technology/ soil properties/ innovation adoption/ Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands, Oceans irrigation systems/ decision making/ probability/ and Watersheds probabilistic models/ multivariate analysis/ California/ Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental San Joaquin Valley/ California Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Abstract: Water price reforms are increasingly being Watersheds, Nonpoint Source Control Branch, used to encourage improvements in irrigation 1993. 559 p. efficiency through technology adoption. A Notes: "May 1993." "National Water Quality microparameter approach based on field-level data Evaluation Project." "EPA-841-R-93-005"--Cover. is used to assess the effect of economic variables, Includes bibliographical references. Sponsor: Rural environmental characteristics, end institutional Nonpoint Source Control Water Quality Evaluation variables on irrigation technology choices. The and Technical Assistance (Project). results show that water price is not the most NAL Call #: TD370.E92--1993 important factor governing irrigation technology http://h2osparc.wq.ncsu.edu/info/rcwp/index.html adoption; physical and agronomic characteristics Descriptors: Rural Nonpoint Source Control Water appear to matter more. The results demonstrate the Quality Evaluation and Technical Assistance Project/ importance of using micro-level data to determine Water quality---United States/ Water quality the effects of asset heterogeneity and crop type on management---United States technology adoption. This citation is from AGRICOLA. This citation is from AGRICOLA.

141. Explaining farmers' conservation behaviour: 143. Facilitating User Participation in Irrigation Why do farmers behave the way they do? Management. Beedell, J D C and Rehman, T Kolavalli, S. and Brewer, J. D. Journal of environmental management 57 (3): Irrigation and Drainage Systems 3: 249-273. (1999) 165-176. (1999) NAL Call #: TC801 .I66; ISSN: 0168-6291. NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 Notes: DOI: 10.1023/A:1006211725291 Descriptors: human (Hominidae): farmer/ Animals/ Descriptors: Water Users/ Cost benefit Analysis/ Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ Irrigation Systems/ Organizations/ Cost Vertebrates/ Theory of Planned Behavior/ attitudes/ effectiveness / Irrigation water/ Cost allocation, cost / decision making processes / sharing, pricing/ Underground Services and hedges/ landscape management/ social pressure/ Water Use social psychology/ wildlife management Abstract: This paper examines various factors which Abstract: This paper attempts to illustrate the use of contribute to performance of water user a structured social psychology methodology, the associations. The capability of collective Theory of Planned Behaviour, in explaining how and organizations such as WUAs to develop appropriate more crucially why farmers manage the existing rules and to enforce them while keeping the level of wildlife and landscape features on their holdings. conflict low is considered to be the core of The hedge management behaviour of Bedfordshire organizational performance. We focus on the farmers is studied to illustrate the theory and it was processes in collective organizations with greater found that the more 'conservation minded' ones 35 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project attention to costs of working together. Four factors as a producer becomes more risk averse; and (2) representing benefits and costs, the rights held by when environmental risk is introduced into the the WUAs, magnitude of expected benefits, external decision-making process, nitrogen demand is more assistance received and leadership explain most of elastic than when environmental risk is excluded. the differences in performance. The prospect of The findings support the hypothesis that producers benefits is a necessary condition for individuals to when provided with information regarding the act collectively. But it is not sufficient. Expected potential environmental effects of production organizational costs need to be low. The prospect of strategies, may choose those that are more costs being low or being absorbed by one or more environmentally benign. individuals - either external agents or internal This citation is from AGRICOLA. leaders - provides an encouraging environment. Effective internal leadership appears to be essential 145. Factors affecting attitudes toward as it can lead to greater congruence in interests and groundwater pollution among Ohio farmers. greater possibility of mutual assurances which are Napier, T. L. and Brown, D. E. critical for collective action. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 48 (5): © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) 432-438. (1993) NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 144. Factor-input demand subject to economic This citation is provided courtesy of CAB and environmental risk: Nitrogen fertilizer in International/CABI Publishing. Kansas dryland corn production. Carriker, G. L. 146. Factors affecting conservation practice Review of Agricultural Economics 17 (1): 77-89. behavior of CRP participants in Alabama. (Jan. 1995) Onianwa, O.; Wheelock, G.; and Hendrix, S. NAL Call #: HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195 Journal of Agribusiness 17 (2): 149-160. (1999); Descriptors: zea mays/ nitrogen fertilizers/ crop ISSN: 0738-8950 production/ dry farming/ cost analysis/ farm inputs/ This citation is provided courtesy of CAB risk/ environmental impact/ farm management/ International/CABI Publishing. decision making/ demand/ returns/ equations/ Kansas/ external costs 147. Factors affecting environmental impacts: Abstract: Factor-input demand should be affected The effect of technology on long-term trends in when a producer considers environmental risks in cropland, air pollution and water-related the decision-making process; this is a straight diseases. forward application of the LeChatelier Principle. The Goklany, Indur M two-fold purpose of this study is to develop a model Ambio 25 (8): 497-503. (1996) to estimate environmental costs arising from excess NAL Call #: QH540.A52; ISSN: 0044-7447 factor inputs and to examine how firm-level factor- Descriptors: agriculture/ conservation/ input demand is affected by economic and environmental impact assessment/ global food environmental risk. Nitrogen fertilizer use in demand/ pollution/ water related diseases northeast Kansas dryland corn production is used as Abstract: Long-term trends for cropland harvested, an example. Weather and corn growth simulation air emissions and deaths due to water-related models were used to generate 50-year distributions diseases (selected as indicators of land, air and of dryland corn yields and potential environmental water pollution, respectively) are analyzed primarily damage (surplus nitrogen). A model for for the US from the early 1900s onward. Due to approximating external environmental costs of technological change, the increases in these surplus factor inputs was developed. Private indicators are generally less than those for (environmental costs not included) and social population (P), affluence (A) or their product (PA) - (environmental costs included) net returns sometimes by an order of magnitude. Technological distributions were generated for 1991 Farm Bill change resulted from secular improvements in program participation and non-participation. technologies which were adopted voluntarily - owing Stochastic dominance analysis with respect to a to greater affluence and other economic factors - or function was used to identify the risk-efficient because of national environmental laws. While fertilizer strategies from among the 24 private and environmental impacts had diminished substantially 24 social net returns distributions. Constrained even before their enactment, these laws, whose very (private) and unconstrained (social) nitrogen fertilizer stringency may depend on affluence, consolidated demand schedules were then approximated on a and extended those gains. The analysis suggests per-pound of fertilizer basis as measures of the that fostering economic growth and technological incremental value of nitrogen fertilizer. As expected, the results suggest that: (1) in the absence of environmental risk, nitrogen demand is more elastic 36 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives change will help reduce adverse environmental 152. Factors affecting the adoption of impacts, including further losses of habitat and conservation tillage on clay soils in biodiversity, as new cropland is created to meet southwestern Ontario, Canada. future global food demand. Wandel, J. and Smithers, J. © Thomson American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 15 (4): 181-188. (2000) 148. Factors affecting farmers' use and rejection NAL Call #: S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 of banded pesticide applications. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Rikoon, J. S.; Constance, D. H.; and Geletta, S. International/CABI Publishing. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 51 (4): 322-329. (July 1996-Aug. 1996) 153. Factors affecting the adoption of productive NAL Call #: 56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3] pastures by participants in a paired-paddock Descriptors: water quality/ water resources/ extension program. environmental protection/ farm management/ Trompf, J. P.; Sale, P. W. G.; and Graetz, B. herbicides/ band placement/ innovation adoption/ Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture decision making/ change/ farmers' attitudes/ 40 (8): 1089-1099. (2000) constraints/ assessment/ surveys/ methodology/ NAL Call #: 23-Au792; ISSN: 0816-1089 best management practices Descriptors: pastures / extension/ innovation This citation is from AGRICOLA. adoption/ grasslands/ surveys/ farmers' attitudes/ stocking rate/ phosphorus fertilizers/ application 149. Factors affecting initial use and decision to rates/ farm management/ rain/ South Australia/ New abandon banded pesticide applications. South Wales/ Victoria/ Tasmania Rikoon, J. S.; Vickers, R.; and Constance, D. This citation is from AGRICOLA. In: Agricultural research to protect water quality: Proceedings of the conference. (Held 21 Feb 1993- 154. Factors affecting use of conservation 24 Feb 1993 at Minneapolis, Minnesota.) farming practices in east central Ohio. Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society; Camboni SM and Napier TL pp. 335-337; 1993. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 45 (1-2): NAL Call #: TD427.A35A49-1993 79-94; 26 ref. (1993) Descriptors: pesticides/ band placement/ farmers/ NAL Call #: S601 .A34 United States/ innovation adoption/ decision making/ This citation is provided courtesy of CAB regional surveys/ water pollution/ water quality/ low International/CABI Publishing. input agriculture This citation is from AGRICOLA. 155. Factors influencing best management practice implementation in Virginia's 150. Factors affecting NIPF landowner Chesapeake Bay drainage basin. participation in management programs: A Lowery, James B. Massachusetts case study. Blacksburg, Va.: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Stevens, T. H.; White, S.; Kittredge, D. B.; and State University, 1996. Dennis, D. Notes: Report (M.S.); Bibliography: leaves 207-208. Journal of Forest Economics 8 (3): 169-184. (2002); NAL Call #: ViBlbV LD5655.V851-1996.L694 ISSN: 1104-6899 Descriptors: agriculture/ best management This citation is provided courtesy of CAB practices/ cost share/ nonpoint source pollution/ International/CABI Publishing. survey This citation is from AGRICOLA. 151. Factors affecting nutrient application rates within three Midwestern watersheds. 156. Factors influencing farmer participation in Napier, T. L. and Tucker, M. the environmentally sensitive areas scheme. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 56 (3): Wilson, Geoff A 220-228. (2001) Journal of Environmental Management 50 (1): NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 67-93. (1997) This citation is provided courtesy of CAB NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 International/CABI Publishing. Descriptors: agri-environmental schemes/ conservation/ decision making behavior/ environmentally sensitive areas scheme/ ESA scheme/ farmer participation/ remnant wildlife habitat Abstract: This study investigates factors influencing farmers' motivations for participation in the Cambrian Mountains ESA scheme (Wales, U.K.). Emphasis is 37 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project placed on analysing whether significant correlations which cropping system to use, pests that will be exist between ESA participation and specific factors. encountered, fertility status of the field, other A behavioural approach is used for analysis, largely nontraditional options, and the economics of based on Brotherton's classification into 'scheme bringing land back into production after CRP factors' (e.g. payments) and 'farmer factors' (e.g. contract expiration. age of farmer), but which expands this classification by including the 'information environment' of a 159. Family Factors Affecting Adoption of farmer and 'dynamics within the farm district' - Sustainable Farming Systems. variables which this study shares with some actor- Salamon, S.; Farnsworth, R. L.; Bullock, D. G.; and network approaches. While size and existence of Yusuf, R. remnant wildlife habitats were strongly correlated Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 52 (4): with overall participation, payments offered by the 265-271. (Aug. 1997) scheme, information provided by ADAS, scheme NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 flexibility, the 'successors factor' and dynamics Descriptors: United States, Illinois/ comparison within the district were of particular importance for studies/ farming/ attitudes/ decision making/ social participation on farms of marginal ESA eligibility (i.e. aspects/ education/ agricultural practices/ family small farms lacking substantial semi-natural factors/ Evaluation process habitats). Age, education and length of residency Abstract: A paired comparison of 60 Illinois farm were important for explaining differential entering of families was employed, 30 using sustainable specific habitats (especially broadleaved woodlands) systems and 30 using conventional systems, to into the ESA scheme, while scheme duration, determine factors affecting adoption of sustainable dependence on the farm for income, tenure and the farming systems. The groups do not diverge general information environment of the farmer did significantly along dimensions typically accounting not influence overall participation. The paper for farming contrasts, but are distinctive socially. concludes by arguing that a behavioural approach Families using sustainable systems have traditions offers a valuable insight into farmers' decision- of environmentalism, systematically do on-farm making behaviour with regard to participation in agri- experimentation, and are prudent about resources. environmental schemes, and that this study may be Rather than making a paradigm shift to seen as a starting point that could be expanded environmentally sensitive farming, families who through the use of related methodologies. adopt have a predisposition toward sustainable © Thomson practices in all aspects of their lives. Adoption of sustainable systems is therefore as much for 157. Factors influencing farmer's participation in efficiency or financial motives as it is for agri-environmental measures: A Belgian case environmental reasons. Families farming study. conventionally but sharing many characteristics Vanslembrouck, Isabel; Van Huylenbroeck, Guido; identified with sustainable families, potentially are and Verbeke, Wim those best targeted for educational programs. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent 65 (4): 99-104. (2000) 160. Farm*a*Syst/Home*a*Syst: A Framework for Descriptors: Belgian agri environmental Voluntary Action That Is Both Effective and management/ agricultural policy/ environmental Replicable. quality/ farmer participation/ farmer's participation Castelnuovo, R. associated influences/ non market service reward Water Science and Technology 39 (12): development/ resource management 315-322. (1999) © Thomson NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. Notes: Conference: IAWQ 3, International 158. Factors to Consider when Bringing Conference on Diffuse Pollution, Edinburgh (UK), Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Land or 21 Aug-4 Sep 1998 Idle Land Back into Production. Descriptors: Canada/ Australia/ United States/ North Murdock, L.; Herbek, J.; Townsend, L.; Hershman, America/ Education/ Risk/ Behavior/ Interagency D.; Martin, J.; Rasnake, M.; Hill, D. B.; Clark, B.; and Cooperation/ Evolution/ Water Pollution Prevention/ Trimble, R. L. University of Kentucky, College of Water Pollution Control/ Public Participation/ Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service; Nonpoint pollution/ Pollution prevention/ Agriculture/ ID-124, 1997. Environment management/ Farm*A*Syst/ http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id124/id124.htm Home*A*Syst/ Water quality control/ Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ Environmental action United States Abstract: Farm*A*Syst/Home*A*Syst has developed Abstract: Looked at factors to consider, such as an applied approach to education that results in 38 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives voluntary actions effective in preventing pollution. shows that the cost-share payments offered for Easy-to-use assessment worksheets are a key grass buffers might not be in line with the relative innovation that enable landowners to identify reduction in nitrogen emission offered by this BMP. pollution risks on their property and develop plans to © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) correct problems. This active learning process produces high levels of awareness that translate into 162. Farm management and protection of natural changes in behavior. Farm*A*Syst/Home*A*Syst resources: Analysis of adaptation process and supports voluntary action by landowners with a dependence relationships. unique structure that emphasizes interagency Gafsi, M. and Brossier, J. cooperation and local program delivery. The Agricultural Systems 55 (1): 71-97. (Sept. 1997) program's capacity for replication is demonstrated by NAL Call #: HD1.A3; ISSN: 0308-521X [AGSYDS] its evolution in the United States as well as its Descriptors: mineral waters/ farm management/ adoption in North America and beyond. Examples of natural resources/ environmental protection/ international use include the Environmental Farm adaptation/ contracts/ farming systems/ innovation Plan developed in Canada and a cotton- specific adoption/ resource management/ case studies adaptation in Australia. As a result of the ongoing Abstract: In the new farming context, farms are expansion of this common sense approach to under considerable pressure from their socio- pollution prevention, Farm*A*Syst/Home*A*Syst economic and administrative environment to adhere offers many options to involve and motivate farmers to service or management contracts, which create and other non-industrial audiences whose voluntary new constraints regarding production systems, participation is needed to reduce diffuse pollution. leading farmers to modify their farming practices with © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) a highly limiting effect on their manoeuvring power. Using the example of protection of a mineral water 161. Farm Economics to Support the Design of perimeter, we analyse in this paper: (i) the techno- Cost-Effective Best Management Practice (BMP) economic results of the adaptation process on the Programs to Improve Water Quality: Nitrogen farms; and (ii) the question of dependence of farms Control in the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina. with regard to the other party involved in the Wossink, G. A. A. and Osmond, D. L. contract. The methodological approach used is Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 57 (4): crucial to the reliability of this analysis. We have 213-220. (2002) used the physical and monetary flow method to NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 carry out detailed studies of the farms based on the Descriptors: United States, North Carolina, Neuse case-study method. Results after the changes show River/ Watershed Management/ Nonpoint Pollution a trend to specialise and extensify production Sources/ Water Pollution Control/ Nitrogen/ Best systems, and also positive economic results with a Management Practices/ Public Participation/ new source of farm revenue (bonuses). The analysis Economic Aspects/ Cost Analysis/ Cost Sharing/ shows that pressure to change leads to several Water quality control/ Water Pollution: Monitoring, types of external control on farms, and also that Control & Remediation farmers are able to react in a number of ways. The Abstract: This paper shows how farm economics success of such programmes can be put down to a information that is widely available can be used to certain number of factors which are examined here. help guide local resource managers and watershed This citation is from AGRICOLA. groups in their efforts to design cost-effective programs to improve water quality. The focus is on 163. Farm Operators' Preferences for Soil the economic elements driving farmer and Conservation Service Information: Results From landowner decisions and how those compare with Three Tennessee Watersheds. incentive payments to alter these decisions. The Pompelli, G.; Morfaw, C.; English, B. C.; Bowling, R. approach is illustrated for the case of Best G.; Bullen, G. S.; and Tegegne, F. Management Practices (BMPs) mandated for Journal of Production Agriculture 10 (3): nitrogen control in the Neuse River Basin in North 472-476. (1997) Carolina. The empirical research shows that the NAL Call #: S539.5.J68; ISSN: 0890-8524 economics of the BMPs are very different for the Descriptors: United States, Tennessee/ Soil three regions in the basin as distinguished by Conservation/ Watersheds/ Attitudes/ Farms/ physiographic conditions. Economic differences in Regional Analysis/ Information Systems/ Prediction/ implementing BMPs should be taken into account by Legislation/ Water quality/ Agriculture/ state and federal authorities when they are Environmental information/ Human factors/ determining cost-share programs. The research also Information exchange/ Watershed protection/ Environmental action/ Conservation in agricultural use Abstract: Recent water quality legislation requires 39 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project that the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) reach a NAL Call #: S631.F422; ISSN: 1385-1314 more diverse range of farm operators, especially [NCAGFC]. small farm operators. With few, if any, additional Notes: In the special issue: Resource management resources, the effectiveness of the SCS's efforts to in rice systems: nutrients / edited by V. communicate soil conservation information to new Balasubramanian, J.K. Ladha, and G.L. Denning. audiences is critical. Thus, a better understanding Includes references. about farm operators' predispositions toward SCS Descriptors: oryza sativa/ crop management/ information may help SCS personnel reach these farmers' attitudes/ innovation adoption/ soil new audiences more efficiently. This study examines management/ climatic factors/ nitrogen/ use the extent to which farm and farm operator efficiency/ irrigation/ weeds/ agricultural research/ characteristics can be used to predict farm spatial variation/ temporal variation/ soil fertility/ operators' attitudes about the usefulness of soil nutrient balance/ drainage/ soil degradation/ soil conservation information supplied by the SCS. The compaction/ flooding/ rain/ drought/ solar radiation/ results of this study indicate that farm operators stress/ tolerance/ farming systems/ technology contacted by SCS and extension personnel, who transfer/ literature reviews also participate in government commodity programs This citation is from AGRICOLA. have an increased likelihood of considering SCS information useful. Although regional influences 167. Farmer evaluation of precision farming negatively affect the likelihood that farm operators technologies. will consider the SCS soil conservation information Batte, M. T. and Arnholt, M. W. useful, farm size, gross sales, years of education, Journal of the American Society of Farm Managers and other farm and farm operator characteristics and Rural Appraisers: 78-89. (2002) were not found to be significant factors. NAL Call #: 281.8-Am32; ISSN: 0003-116X © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Descriptors: site specific crop management/ farmers' attitudes/ perception/ innovation adoption/ 164. Farm organization and resource use. probit analysis/ farm surveys/ Campbell, M. B. and Dinar, A. cost benefit analysis/ Ohio Agribusiness 9 (5): 465-480. (Sept. 1993) This citation is from AGRICOLA. NAL Call #: HD1401.A56; ISSN: 0742-4477 Descriptors: farm management/ decision making/ 168. Farmer irrigation scheduling: A case study resource utilization/ farm inputs/ labor/ irrigated in Arizona. farming/ drainage/ innovation adoption/ Lamacq, S.; Gal, P. Y. le; Bautista, E.; and classification/ organization of work/ Clemmens, A. J. farm comparisons/ California/ In: Evapotranspiration and irrigation scheduling: San Joaquin Valley, California Proceedings of the International Conference. (Held 3 This citation is from AGRICOLA. Nov 1996-6 Nov 1996 at San Antonio, Texas.) Camp, C. R.; Sadler, E. J.; and Yoder, R. E. (eds.); 165. Farm production systems of Mennonite and pp. 97-102; 1996. ISBN: 0-929355-82-2 non-Mennonite land owner-operators in Ohio. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Napier, T. L. and Sommers, D. G. International/CABI Publishing. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 51 (1): 71-76. (Jan. 1996-Feb. 1996) 169. Farmer participation in irrigation: 20 years NAL Call #: 56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3] of experience and lessons for the future. Descriptors: farming systems/ farm structure/ Meinzen Dick, R. comparisons/ social differentiation/ religion/ ethnicity/ Irrigation and Drainage Systems 11 (2): 103-118. farmers/ cultural behavior/ farmers' attitudes/ (May 1997) innovation adoption/ technical progress/ NAL Call #: TC801.I66; ISSN: 0168-6291 [IRDSEG] environmental protection/ resource conservation/ Descriptors: irrigated farming/ irrigation/ farmers/ educational programs/ technology transfer/ diffusion organizations/ farmers' associations/ irrigation water/ of information/ rural sociology/ Ohio irrigation scheduling/ farmers' attitudes/ participation/ This citation is from AGRICOLA. water policy/ water allocation/ Philippines/ Sri Lanka/ Pakistan/ Senegal/ Mexico/ western states of USA/ 166. Farmer adoption of improved nitrogen water users' associations/ Columbia Basin area of management technologies in rice farming: USA Technical constraints and opportunities for This citation is from AGRICOLA. improvement. Balasubramanian, V. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 53 (1): 93-101. (Jan. 1999) 40 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 170. Farmer perspectives on the Wetlands farmland management/ habitat destruction/ habitat Reserve Program: A series of focus groups restoration/ hedgerow/ non productive habitats conducted by the Soil and Water Conservation Abstract: Using questionnaires circulated in 1981 Society, October 1993-February 1994. and 1998, we assess the extent to which wildlife Soil and Water Conservation Society (U.S.). habitats were lost from English farms during the Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water Conservation 1970s and 1990s, and attempt to identify the forces Society. (1994) which motivated farmers to act as they did. We Descriptors: Wetlands Reserve Program U.S/ investigate how farmers' professed interest in wildlife Wetlands---Law and legislation---United States/ and involvement with different leisure activities, Wetland conservation---Law and legislation--- particularly field sports, was related to their actions, United States and how these patterns had changed between the This citation is from AGRICOLA. two surveys. These patterns are of some interest in assessing how the availability of subsidies, and 171. Farmer rationality and the adoption of changes in the legal framework surrounding environmentally sound practices; a critique of farmland management, may effect the behaviour of the assumptions of traditional agricultural farmers. There were large regional differences extension. between farmers in their reported strategies with Vanclay, F. and Lawrence, G. respect to unproductive land in both surveys, which European Journal of Agricultural Education and could be at least partially related to regional variation Extension 1 (1): 59-90. (Apr. 1994) in cultivation types. While economic reasons were NAL Call #: S530.E97; ISSN: 1381-2335 predominant in motivating farmers to remove Descriptors: extension/ sustainability/ low input hedgerows and other habitats in the 1970s, a large agriculture/ farmers' attitudes/ innovation adoption/ proportion of farmers then also professed positive environmental protection/ social benefits/ economic attitudes to wildlife and stated that they would be impact/ Australia/ United States/ Europe/ barriers to willing to co-operate with schemes for habitat innovation adoption restoration if subsidies were available. In the 1990s This citation is from AGRICOLA. subsidies have become available, and many of the 1990s respondents had made use of the various 172. Farmer's willingness to pay for groundwater schemes recently in place to encourage habitat protection. restoration and preservation. There was some Lichtenberg, E. and Zimmerman, R. evidence that fieldsport involvement was influential; Water Resources Research 35 (3): 833-841. (1999) hunting farmers reported least hedgerow destruction NAL Call #: 292.8 W295; ISSN: 0043-1397 in both decades and shooting farmers reported This citation is provided courtesy of CAB creating more new woodland in the 1990s than did International/CABI Publishing. other farmers. © Thomson 173. Farmers' and experts' opinion on no-tillage in Western Europe and Nebraska (USA). 175. Farmers' attitudes about farming and the Tebrügge, F. and Böhrnsen, A. environment: A survey of conventional and In: : Environment, farmers organic farmers. experiences, innovations, socio-economy, policy/ Sullivan, Shannon; McCann, Elizabeth; De Young, García-Torres, L.; Benites, J.; Martínez-Vilela, A.; Raymond; and Erickson, Donna and Holgado-Cabrera, A. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 9 (2): 123-143. (1996) 2003; pp. 69-78. NAL Call #: BJ52.5 .J68; ISSN: 1187-7863 Notes: ISBN: 1-4020-1106-7 Descriptors: human (Hominidae)/ animals/ NAL Call #: S604.5 .C64 2003 chordates/ humans/ mammals/ primates/ This citation is provided courtesy of CAB vertebrates/ agriculture/ conservation/ conventional International/CABI Publishing. farming/ environmental attitudes/ farmer/ farming attitudes/ human ecology/ organic farming 174. Farmers and the custody of the countryside: Abstract: Farmers have been characterized as Trends in loss and conservation of non- people whose ties to the land have given them a productive habitats 1981-1998. deep awareness of natural cycles, appreciation for Macdonald, D W and Johnson, P J natural beauty and sense of responsibility as Biological Conservation 94 (2): 221-234. (2000) stewards. At the same time, their relationship to the NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207 land has been characterized as more utilitarian than Descriptors: human (Hominidae): farmers/ Animals/ that of others who are less directly dependent on its Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ bounty. This paper explores this tension by Vertebrates/ conservation policy/ cultivation type/ comparing the attitudes and beliefs of a group of 41 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project conventional farmers to those of a group of organic effects/ agri environmental management/ attitudes/ farmers. It was found that while both groups reject community participation/ crop residues maintenance/ the idea that a farmer's role is to conquer nature, economic compensation/ farm structures/ financial organic farmers were significantly more supportive of subsidies/ hunting permits/ intensive agricultural the notion that humans should live in harmony with areas/ livestock breeding/ outsourcing/ payment nature. Organic farmers also reported a greater levels/ set aside lands/ socio economics/ wildlife awareness of and appreciation for nature in their damage/ wildlife habitat improvement actions relationship with the land. Both groups view [WHIAs] independence as a main benefit of farming and a Abstract: The research aims at estimating farmers' lack of financial reward as its main drawback. willingness to carry out selected measures for Overall, conventional farmers report more stress in creating or improving wildlife habitat on their farms. their lives although they also view themselves in a We have surveyed almost all farmers of one caretaker role for the land more than do the organic agricultural province (Ravenna) in Northern Italy, by farmers. In contrast, organic farmers report more sending 9,500 questionnaires enclosed in three satisfaction with their lives, a greater concern for major farm publications. The questionnaire was living ethically, and a stronger perception of elaborated on the basis of the results of previous community. Finally, both groups are willing to have interviews with several farmers, hunters, public their rights limited (organic farmers somewhat more functionaries and managers of agri-environmental so) but they do not trust the government to do so. and wildlife sectors. The questionnaire was © Thomson organised by dividing it into two main sections: the first covers socio-economic information about 176. Farmers' attitudes to the benefits and farmers and farm structures, while the second asks barriers of adopting automation for surface respondents about their willingness to carry out irrigation on dairy farms in Australia. some selected wildlife habitat improvement actions Maskey, R.; Roberts, G.; and Graetz, B. (WHIA). Four main measures were proposed, Irrigation and Drainage Systems 15 (1): involving: game crops, crops residues maintenance, 39-51. (2001) management of set-aside land for wildlife and NAL Call #: TC801.I66; ISSN: 0168-6291 [IRDSEG] management and reclamation of abandoned fields. Descriptors: dairy farms/ farmers' attitudes/ surface Different payment levels were proposed for each irrigation/ automation/ automatic irrigation systems/ measure. A telephone survey of 100 farmers factor analysis/ irrigated pastures/ innovation revealed that only 10% of them were aware of the adoption/ Victoria questionnaires. We collected a total of 303 valid Abstract: The study reports farmers' attitudes and questionnaires (3.2% of the total, and 31.9% of the perceptions towards the "barriers" and "benefits" of examined questionnaires); they arrived partly by mail automatic irrigation systems. Factor analysis was and partly through agricultural extension agents. 128 used to identify perceived "barriers" and "benefits" of such farmers (42%) expressed a general and the impact of these on farmers' priority to adopt willingness to carry out actions in favour of wildlife in automation was examined. Results suggest that the case of economic compensation; only 36 (12%) farmers' attitudes, particularly with respect to "cost" were willing to carry out the proposed intervention if and "lifestyle" influenced the priority given to a low level of subsidy were involved (the level adopting automatic irrigation systems. The area actually proposed in agri-environmental and/or under pasture cultivation was also an important wildlife habitat measures in the Ravenna province). determinant in the farmers' priority for adopting Variables correlating positively with participation in automatic irrigation systems. the WHIA program are: farm size, certain types of This citation is from AGRICOLA. farm (mixed, with prevalence of arable crops, and with pasture, woodland and set-aside fields), 177. Farmers' attitudes toward the carrying out previous participation in agri-environmental of wildlife habitat improvement actions (WHIA) in programmes, presence of hunting permits in the intensive agricultural areas of Northern Italy. family, absence of wildlife damage experience, Genghini, M; Spalatro, Fiorenza; and Gellini, S farmers' age (in upland areas), etc. Variables Zeitschrift fuer Jagdwissenschaft 48 ([supplement]): correlating negatively with participation in the WHIA 309-319. (2002); ISSN: 0044-2887 program are: fruit crops, livestock breeding, absence Descriptors: human (Hominidae): farmer, hunter, of outsourcing, farmers' age (on the plain), etc. manager, public functionary/ livestock (Mammalia): © Thomson commercial species/ plant (Plantae): fruit crop, game crop/ wildlife (Animalia)/ Animals/ Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman Vertebrates/ Plants/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ abandoned fields: reclamation / age 42 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 178. Farmers' Choices: Management Practices to related to farmers' initial adoption and their Reduce Nutrient Leakage Within a Swedish commitment to continued use of one such kit, Catchment. marketed in Iowa as N-Trak. Early adopters of the N- Bratt, A. Trak had many of the same personal and farm Journal of Environmental Planning and Management operation characteristics as farmers who have been 45 (5): 673-689. (2002); ISSN: 0964-0568. early adopters of other farming innovations. Further, Notes: DOI: 10.1080/0964056022000013066 the principal factors in differentiating between Descriptors: decision making/ Agriculture/ various levels of commitment to continued use of the Catchments/ Water quality control/ Eutrophication/ kit were perceptions of technological attributes of the Nutrients/ Sweden/ Water Quality Management/ kit and, to a much lesser extent, farmer attitudinal Nonpoint Pollution Sources/ Catchment Areas/ factors and personal characteristics. These results Agricultural Practices/ Best Management Practices/ suggest that perceived attributes of the technology, Public Participation/ Attitudes/ Pollution (Nonpoint especially its returns to time, effort, and financial sources)/ Decision theory/ Sweden/ Freshwater investment, were critical in the decision to adopt and pollution/ Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & continue to use the N-Trak kit. Early adopters' Remediation/ Water quality control/ Water Quality decisions to continue using it focused primarily on Abstract: This paper analyses farmers' strategies on cost, profitability, and technological issues, to the management practices for the reduction of nutrient exclusion of water quality concerns measured by releases, within a Swedish catchment. The main attitudinal items. These findings suggest that objective of the European Union water framework providing information that shows the kit's ease, directive is to obtain good ecological water quality, compatibility, and advantages, would be more and the approach is specifically stipulated to be persuasive than marketing it as a tool to enhance catchment-based. Eutrophication is generally stated water quality. as the main environmental problem in water This citation is from AGRICOLA. management and agricultural production is the major cause of nutrient leakage. The analysis concentrates 180. Farmers' decision processes and adoption on current agricultural management practices to of conservation tillage. reduce nutrient leakage. Farmers are beginning to Westra, John.; Olson, Kent D.; and University of experience a new awareness about nutrient use and Minnesota. Dept. of Applied Economics. see manure as a resource instead of a waste St. Paul, MN: Dept. of Applied Economics, University product. Further, those factors that are decisive for of Minnesota; 35 p.; Series: Staff paper (University decision making are investigated, including of Minnesota. Dept. of Applied Economics) information sources. The farm economy, the level of P97-9. (1997) ecological knowledge and regulations illustrate the Notes: "June 1997." "Research sponsored by the main obstacles linked to decision making. Twin Cities Water Quality Initiative of the Professional magazines and informal discussions Metropolitan Council." Includes bibliographical are considered the most esteemed information references (p. 23). sources. Farmers' disposition to change, and co- NAL Call #: HD1761.A1M5-no.97-9 operation, are also discussed, both of which are of http://agecon.lib.umn.edu/mn/p97-09.pdf vital importance for the development of new official This citation is from AGRICOLA. administrative procedures. © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) 181. Farmers' incentives to conserve soil resources: A dynamic model applied to the 179. Farmers' commitment to continued use of North-Central United States. the late spring soil nitrogen test. Hopkins, J. W.; Schnitkey, G. D.; Miranda, M. J.; Contant, C. K. and Korsching, P. F. Sohngen, B. G.; and Tweeten, L. G. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 12 (1): In: Land quality, agricultural productivity, and food 20-27. (1997) security: Biophysical processes and economic NAL Call #: S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 choices at local, regional, and global levels/ Wiebe, [AJAAEZ] K., 2003; pp. 305-318. Descriptors: soil testing/ nitrogen/ nutrient Notes: ISBN: 1-84064-752-3 availability/ determination/ spring/ tests/ technical This citation is provided courtesy of CAB progress/ new products/ utilization/ farmers' International/CABI Publishing. attitudes/ opinions/ innovation adoption/ decision making/ crop management/ nutrient management Abstract: Within the past decade, low cost and convenient soil tests have been developed and marketed to permit better matching of soil nitrogen levels with crop needs. We explore the factors 43 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 182. Farmers' information sources, problem characteristics of farming operations and their recognition and the adoption of water quality- managers; and (3) which groups are in greater need related management practices. of environmental awareness and knowledge. Data O'Keefe, G.; Rursch, J.; Anderson, S.; and analysis revealed that the majority of farmers Nowak, P. ignored the environmental impact of modern In: Agricultural research to protect water quality: agriculture. Wetland farmers were more ignorant and Proceedings of the conference. (Held 21 Feb 1993- practised a more intensive form of agriculture than 24 Feb 1993 at Minneapolis, Minnesota.) those on the Plain. Prespa farmers were the most Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conseravation Society; intensive farmers and were also the most ignorant pp. 252-253; 1993. with regards to water quality, soil and landscape and NAL Call #: TD427.A35A49-1993 the use of pesticides and herbicides. This is Descriptors: farmers/ decision making/ farm particularly important since Prespa is a National management/ water quality/ diffusion of information Park. Kerkini farmers showed less environmental This citation is from AGRICOLA. awareness and farmed more intensively, compared to their adjacent counterparts on the Plain. Those 183. Farmers' landscape decisions: more 'knowledgeable' concerning environmental Relationships between farmers' values and impacts of high input agriculture are those younger landscape practices. crop farmers with higher formal education and Busck, A. G. training. The findings of the study call for immediate Sociologia Ruralis 42 (3): 233-249. (2002); action to implement specifically designed training ISSN: 0038-0199 programmes for wetland farmers, primarily of This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Prespa, so that they become more environmentally International/CABI Publishing. aware and eventually change their behaviour in a pro-environmental direction. This study highlights 184. Farmers' motivations for adopting the necessity to build a conservation consensus conservation practices along riparian zones in a among farmers in environmentally sensitive areas by mid-western agricultural watershed. educating them to conserve natural resources, Ryan, R. L.; Erickson, D. L.; and de Young, R. training them to practise sustainable agriculture and Journal of Environmental Planning and Management rewarding the most environmentally friendly 46 (1): 19-37. (2003); ISSN: 0964-0568 agriculture. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB © Thomson International/CABI Publishing. 186. Farms adaptation to changes in flood risk: A 185. Farmers' needs for nature conservation management approach. education in Greece. Pivot, J. M.; Josien, E.; and Martin, P. Pyrovetsi, M and Daoutopoulos, G Journal of Hydrology 267 (1/2): 12-25. (2002) Journal of environmental management 56 (2): NAL Call #: 292.8 J82; ISSN: 0022-1694 147-157. (1999) This citation is provided courtesy of CAB NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 International/CABI Publishing. Descriptors: herbicides: herbicide/ pesticides: pesticide/ human (Hominidae): farmer/ Animals/ 187. Flexible incentives and water quality control Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ technologies for the Everglades Agricultural Vertebrates/ environmental awareness/ farming Area. practices: environmental impact/ landscape/ nature Lee, Donna J. and Milton, J. Walter. conservation education/ soil/ sustainable agriculture/ Gainesville: University of Florida, Institute of Food water quality/ wetlands: conservation and Agricultural Sciences, Food and Resource Abstract: Impact of farming practices on the Economics Dept.; 26 p.: ill.; Series: Staff paper environment and on wetlands is determined, to a (University of Florida. Food and Resource great extent, by the level of farmers' environmental Economics Dept.) SP98-11. (1998) awareness. Effective conservation of wetlands Notes: Includes bibliographical references cannot depend merely on prohibitions but instead it (p. 25-26). is necessary to investigate users' knowledge and NAL Call #: FU S49.S7-SP98-11; attitudes towards these vulnerable resources and HD1751.A1S73-no.98-11 then inform and encourage sustainable use. In the Descriptors: Water quality---Florida---Everglades/ present study we examine: (1) farmers' knowledge Agriculture---Florida---Everglades/ Water quality of the environmental impact of modern agriculture management---Florida---Everglades practised adjacent to two Ramsar wetlands, Lakes This citation is from AGRICOLA. Kerkini and Prespa, and on the Plain of the Serres Basin, (2) absence of knowledge associated with 44 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 188. Forest owner incentives to protect riparian personnel, farmers, and private consultants about habitat. the use of biological controls in pest management. Kline, J. D.; Alig, R. J.; and Johnson, R. L. The details of this model program are discussed. Ecological Economics (Amsterdam) 33 (1): The paper concludes with a discussion of the 29-43. (2000) educational constraints that must be overcome to NAL Call #: QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009 successfully increase the adoption of biological This citation is provided courtesy of CAB control. International/CABI Publishing. © Thomson

189. A framework for evaluating the economic 191. From science to technology adoption: The benefits, costs, and trade- offs associated with role of policy research in improving natural riparian-area management practices and resource management. strategies. Hazell, Peter and Wood, Stanley Obermiller, F. W. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 82 (1-3): Natural Resources and Environmental Issues 385-393. (2000) 1: 53-64. (1994); ISSN: 1069-5370 NAL Call #: S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Descriptors: food production/ global climate change/ International/CABI Publishing. natural resource management: policy research/ technology adoption 190. From researcher to farmer: The use of Abstract: GCTE3 science seeks to predict the extension programs to transfer biological control effects of global change on agriculture, forestry and technology in developed countries. soils. Better understanding the response of these Mahr, D L ecological systems, it is argued, will enable society Entomophaga 41 (3-4): 387-404. (1996) to better ameliorate, adapt to, and even benefit from, NAL Call #: 421 EN835M; ISSN: 0013-8959 the forces of global change. The argument Descriptors: arthropod (Arthropoda Unspecified)/ presented in this paper, however, is that the insect (Insecta Unspecified)/ invertebrate response of managed ecosystems can only be (Invertebrata Unspecified)/ Arthropoda (Arthropoda understood by treating likely human response to Unspecified)/ Insecta (Insecta Unspecified) / global change as an integral part of the research animals/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/ agenda. Linking science and policy research matters biobusiness/ biological control/ biological control because the adoption of technologies for improved agent/ education/ extension programs/ integrated natural resource management, or of other pest management/ pest/ pest control method/ pest interventions that scientific research may help management/ technology transfer design, is conditioned by socio-economic factors Abstract: Effective use of biological control by the that policy research is better equipped to articulate. pest manager requires knowledge of the biologies of The paper first discusses how natural resource the pests and natural enemies, and their interactions management and technology adoption are with their environment and agronomic practices. influenced by policy factors. It then explores why Manufacturers provide information for products such science - including GCTE - research needs to be as microbial pesticides and entomophagous linked to policy research. The reasons include: (a) arthropods used in augmentative biological control. that understanding biophysical processes is However, information about process-oriented necessary but insufficient to understanding the methods such as classical importation biological socio-economic consequences of global change; (b) control and conservation of natural enemies is not that the design of interventions to ameliorate often available to the farmer. Governmental negative and foster positive change at a global scale extension programs are one method for providing depends on gauging the likely human behavioral practical biological control information, but responses to change; (c) that although global availability in developed countries varies impacts arise from an accumulation of local considerably. Examples of transfer of biological changes, interventions are often best coordinated in control information are provided for New Zealand, an international forum where the interests of Canada, and Australia. In the United States, the potential "winners" and "losers" can best be Extension Service, a branch of the U.S. Department matched. Different (winner and loser) nations have of Agriculture, provides partial funding and different policy stances on the underlying promoters coordination for pest management educational of change, e.g., population growth, carbon programs conducted at the national, regional, state emissions, biodiversity loss, etc. Failure to and local levels. In a twelve-state region of the North understand the (often economic) incentives Central United States, university extension and underlying the "business-as-usual" position of many research entomologists have developed a countries can hamper progress, even if the scientific coordinated program to educate county extension arguments are compelling. The paper also assesses 45 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project how best to link GCTE science research and policy that created a coastal NPS program should be research. Researchers need to be: (a) concerned at subsumed into the CWA. The CWA should many scales, from local to global; (b) able to predict reemphasize use of receiving water quality criteria and allow for the influences of technical change; (c) and standards and should allow states flexibility to able to model biophysical processes and behavioral tailor basin-scale NPS program implementation to norms and responses in an integrated way. local needs. Implementation should involve targeting Interactive models in which biophysical processes of NPS pollution control efforts to critical land impact on human behavioral response and vice treatment areas and use of systems of best versa are increasingly required. Even where land management practices to address these targeted use and socio-economic models are not formally water quality problems. The 1995 Farm Bill should linked, significant gains may be made from reorient production incentives toward water quality to multidisciplinary approaches and information support the collaborative framework, implementing exchange that develop common scenarios under ecologically sound source reduction principles. The which biophysical and economic analyses are made Farm Bill and the CWA should contain interrelated separately, but at least in complementary ways. provisions for voluntary, incentive-assisted producer © Thomson participation and fallback regulatory measures. Such coordinated national water quality and Farm Bill 192. Future land use decisions of North Dakota legislation that recognizes the need for flexibility in Conservation Reserve Program participants. state implementation is supported as the most Gustafson, Cole. and Hill, Chester Lewis. rational and cost-effective means of attaining water Fargo, ND: Dept. of Agricultural Economics, quality goals. Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State This citation is from AGRICOLA. University; v, 43 p.: map. ( 1993) Notes: Cover title. "August 1993." Includes 194. A group incentive program for farmer bibliographical references (p. 29-31). adoption of best management practices: An NAL Call #: 281.9-N814A-no.302 application to the nitrate pollution problem in Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program--- central Illinois. United States/ Agricultural Conservation Program--- Ipe, V. C. and DeVuyst, E. A. North Dakota/ Soil conservation projects--- Selected papers from the annual meeting of the North Dakota American Agricultural Economics Association (1999) This citation is from AGRICOLA. NAL Call #: HD1405-.A44. Notes: Supplemental online access through 193. Goal-oriented agricultural water quality http://agecon.lib.umn.edu. Meeting held August 8- legislation. 11, 1999 in Nashville, Tennessee. Gannon, R. W.; Osmond, D. L.; Humenik, F. J.; Includes references. Gale, J. A.; and Spooner, J. Descriptors: farm management/ pollution control/ Water Resources Bulletin 32 (3): 437-450. nitrate/ farmers' attitudes/ innovation adoption/ (June 1996) incentives/ program participants/ Illinois/ best NAL Call #: 292.9-Am34; ISSN: 0043-1370 management practices [WARBAQ] This citation is from AGRICOLA. Descriptors: agriculture/ water quality/ water pollution/ pollution control/ legislation/ nonpoint 195. Growers' perceptions and acceptance of source pollution/ 1995 Farm Bill/ Clean Water Act/ soil quality indices. Coastal Zone Management Act Andrews, S. S.; Flora, C. B.; Mitchell, J. P.; and Abstract: While significant nonpoint source (NPS) Karlen, D. L. pollution control progress has been made since Geoderma 114 (3/4): 187-213. (2003) passage of Section 319 in the 1987 Water Quality NAL Call #: S590.G4; ISSN: 0016-7061 Act, existing federal legislation does not provide for This citation is provided courtesy of CAB the most timely and cost-effective NPS pollution International/CABI Publishing. reduction. In this paper, we use findings from the Rural Clean Water Program and other nationwide 196. A hedonic analysis of herbicides: Do user agricultural NPS pollution control programs, building safety and water quality matter? on legislative history, to recommend a coordinated Beach, E. D. and Carlson, G. A. and efficient direction for agricultural water quality American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75 (3): legislation. A collaborative framework should be 612-623. (1993) established to accomplish the goals of the Clean NAL Call #: 280.8 J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 Water Act (CWA), Coastal Zone Management Act This citation is provided courtesy of CAB (CZMA), and the Conservation Title of the Farm Bill. International/CABI Publishing. Valuable elements of the 1990 CZMA amendments 46 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 197. How do growers deal with regulatory 200. How to organise nature production by induced change? farmers. Matthews, Charles H Jr and Botts, Daniel A Slangen, L. H. G. Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida: European Review of Agricultural Economics Proceedings 55: 74-76. (1996) 24 (3/4): 508-529. (1997); ISSN: 0165-1587 NAL Call #: 56.9 So32; ISSN: 0096-4522 This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Descriptors: agriculture/ best management International/CABI Publishing. practices/ hazardous analysis and critical control points techniques/ regulatory induced change/ 201. Identification of farmer characteristics and silviculture/ water disposal farm strategies explaining changes in Abstract: Florida fruit and vegetable growers environmental management and environmental continue to face a myriad of regulatory challenges. and economic performance of dairy farms. These challenges result in constant changes for Ondersteijn, CJM.; Giesen, GWJ.; and Huirne, RBM. growers. This paper discusses how growers deal Agricultural Systems 78 (1): 31-55. (2003) with regulatory induced changes, including NAL Call #: HD1.A3; ISSN: 0308-521X. examples of 1) the adoption of silviculture BMPs for Notes: Number of References: 49; surface-water protection during forest-related Publisher: Elsevier Sci Ltd operations, 2) the development of BMPs dealing Descriptors: Agriculture/ Agronomy/ strategic with water disposal from tomato packinghouse dump management/ environmental management change/ tanks, and 3) the application of Hazardous Analysis environmental performance change/ farmer and Critical Control Points (HACCP) techniques to characteristics/ farm strategies/ dairy farming/ minimize microbiological contamination of food LISREL analysis/ conservation practices/ efficiency/ products. Florida-based scientists (i.e., academia) diversification/ behavior/ decision/ models/ goals are encouraged to avoid the adoption of far-reaching Abstract: In 1998, the Mineral Accounting System conclusions based solely on basic research and/or (MINAS) was introduced in The Netherlands. MINAS preliminary results, and to become more heavily penalises farms with a levy if the farm nutrient involved in the extension or implementation of surpluses exceed a certain threshold. The threshold research findings to the point of grower-ready is strict, meaning that most farmers need to change techniques. their environmental management and performance © Thomson to avoid high levies. Since MINAS is designed to leave ample room for farmers to follow the course of 198. How does water price affect irrigation change of their choice, it is crucial to know whether technology adoption. or not different farmers and different farm strategies Green, G.; Parker, D.; Sunding, D.; Trotter, C.; lead to different environmental results. A strategic Ziberman, D.; and Collup, S. management framework is used to model changes California Agriculture (California Agricultural in implementation and performance on specialised Experiment Station) 50 (2): 36-40. dairy farms. Financial and nutrient bookkeeping data (Mar. 1996-Apr. 1996) of 114 farms, collected over the period 1997-1999 NAL Call #: 100-C12Cag; ISSN: 0008-0845 are combined with survey data on farmer [CAGRA3] characteristics and farm strategies. Results of Linear Descriptors: irrigation systems/ innovation adoption/ Structural Equation Analysis (LISREL) showed that decision making/ irrigation water/ water costs/ crops/ the main farmer characteristic explaining change in agricultural soils/ permeability/ slope/ field size/ environmental management was education. Better- probabilistic models/ California/ low volume irrigation educated farmers chose to increase the intensity of This citation is from AGRICOLA. the farming system, and cope with the corresponding increase in environmental pressure 199. How economic incentives for growers can by improving the production capacity of the herd and benefit biological diversity. improving operational management. Farm strategies Howitt, R. E. explain the differences in the changes in nutrient California Agriculture (California Agricultural management. A strategy of process control focuses Experiment Station) 49 (6): 28-33. on optimising tactical management, whereas a (Nov. 1995-Dec. 1995) growth strategy and a diversification strategy are NAL Call #: 100-C12Cag; ISSN: 0008-0845 strongly related to changes in farm structure. [CAGRA3] Changes in technical and environmental Descriptors: wetlands/ species diversity/ irrigated performance in addition to changes resulting from farming/ environmental impact/ economic policy/ implementation changes are positively affected by agricultural policy/ California/ education, but show no strong relationship with any biodiversity management strategy, indicating that environmental This citation is from AGRICOLA. improvements can be achieved regardless of the 47 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project way a farmer chooses to develop his farm. Finally, 204. Impact of Spring 2000 Drought Forecasts on an improvement of financial performance was shown Midwestern Water Management. to be significantly related to an improvement of Changnon, S. A. and Vonnahme, D. R. environmental performance. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. Journal of Water Resources Planning and All rights reserved. Management 129 (1): 18-25. (2003) © Thomson ISI NAL Call #: TC401.A45; ISSN: 0733-9496 Descriptors: United States, midwest/ Water 202. Impact of irrigation water use on water Management/ Weather Forecasting/ Drought/ Case quality in the central Colorado water Studies/ Management Planning/ Social Impact/ conservancy district. Economic Impact/ Surveys/ Attitudes/ Case study/ Emond, H.; Loftis, J. C.; and Podmore, T. Sociology/ Economics/ Survey/ Water resources/ Fort Collins, CO: Colorado Water Resources Droughts / Sociological aspects/ United States, Research Institute, Colorado State University, 1993. Midwest/ Evaluation process/ Water Resources Notes: COMPLETION REPORT: 179 and Supplies Descriptors: irrigation water/ water quality/ Abstract: In March 2000, the National Oceanic and environmental effects/ water management/ surface Atmospheric Administration issued forecasts of runoff/ percolation/ nitrates/ water quality standards/ spring and summer droughts for five Midwestern groundwater pollution/ fertilizers/ water conservation/ states. Summer brought heavy rains across the United States, Colorado, Greeley/ irrigation/ runoff/ Midwest, ending the drought and revealing the agriculture/ environmental impact/ groundwater forecast's failure. The uses of forecasts and the contamination/ agricultural pollution/ Sources and resulting impacts were assessed by interviewing 45 fate of pollution/ Use of water of impaired quality/ state agency water managers in the drought region Freshwater pollution/ Prevention and control plus managers of 31 community water systems Abstract: This paper presents the results of a two facing serious shortages. All state water managers year study sponsored by the Colorado Water had received the forecasts and most believed the Resources Research Institute, the United States forecast was accurate. As a result of the forecast, Geological Survey, and the United States 70% of them initiated various activities, primarily by Environmental Protection Agency on the impact of warning managers of water short communities and irrigation water use on water quality in the initiating meetings of state drought response groups. agricultural area near Greeley, Colorado. Data on Many managers of water-short local systems water management techniques, consumptive use, reported that the forecast led them to impose water irrigation application efficiency, deep percolation, use restrictions or to seek new sources of water. surface runoff and nitrate levels were collected. Most state water officials and local managers felt the Results indicated a wide range of application forecast-based actions were beneficial and created efficiencies and deep percolation percentages. few problems. State climatologists handled many Nitrate levels in the pumped ground water often complaints, primarily from agricultural interests who exceeded EPA drinking water standards, while claimed large losses resulting from use of the nitrate levels of water from the South Platte River forecast. The forecast failure led to a loss of were generally below the drinking water standards. credibility over future use of climate forecasts by There are opportunities for improving irrigation water managers. Long-range weather forecasts application efficiency in this area, but there may be issued without expressing levels of uncertainty are repercussions for downstream water users. misleading. Decreasing the quantity of nitrate going into the © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) ground water can occur through increased water conservation and through reducing the actual 205. Impacts of Voluntary Conservation amount of nitrates applied in the irrigation water or Initiatives in the Darby Creek Watershed of Ohio. fertilizers. There is currently little incentive for Napier, T. L. and Johnson, E. J. farmers to implement these measures. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 53 (1): © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) 78-84. (1998) NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 203. Impact of participation in government Descriptors: Ohio/ Darby Creek/ Watersheds/ Soil programs on tenant and landlord risk-returns for Conservation/ Water Conservation/ Public crop shared rice. Participation/ forming / Assessments/ Agricultural Parsch, L. D.; Cao, G.; and Rhoades, S. R. Practices/ volunteers/ Conservation in agricultural Research Series - Arkansas Agricultural Experiment use/ Conservation/ United States Station (No. 456): 198-205. (1997) Abstract: Land owner-operators in the Darby Creek This citation is provided courtesy of CAB watershed located in central Ohio were provided the International/CABI Publishing. opportunity to participate in a comprehensive soil and water conservation program sponsored by 48 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives several public and private conservation Nevertheless, the attitude of farmers towards nature organizations. Extensive human and economic conservation was an obstacle in the realisation of resources were appropriated by the cooperating ecological measures, even with generous economic organizations to implement a conservation effort that incentives. The method applied was adequate to emphasized information, education, and cost- show that agriculture in this area is dependent on sharing to motivate land owner-operators to adopt payments from agri-environmental programmes. It is soil and water protection practices at the farm level. proposed to strengthen the link between such Data were collected in 1991 prior to the subsidies and more effective agri-environmental implementation of the conservation program and measures. again in 1994 after conservation efforts had been in © Thomson operation for approximately 3 years. Analysis of longitudinal data revealed that conservation efforts 207. Implementing irrigation efficiency: The were not very successful in motivating land owner- energy savings incentive. operators to change production practices. While Pinkham, R. significant modifications in production practices were In: Basin planning and management: Water quantity observed over time, the changes were not uniformly and quality/ Mueller, D. K.; Fort Collins, CO: desirable from the perspective of soil and water Colorado Water Resour. Res. Inst., Colorado State conservation. The findings also revealed that land Univ. (Series: Information Series of the Colorado owner-operators within the study area become more Water Resources Institute 73), 1993. pp. 39-42 polarized in terms of the types of farm production Notes: Conference: 1993 Basin Planning and systems employed. Such findings suggest that it Management Symp., Thornton, CO (USA), may become more difficult to motivate land owner- 5 Mar 1993 operators who have resisted using conservation Descriptors: irrigation efficiency/ energy/ water production systems in the past to adopt conservation demand/ technology/ cost analysis/ environmental production systems in the future. Study findings effects/ water quality/ water resources management/ bring into serious question the utility of continuing to water conservation/ irrigation water/ water use/ implement soil and water conservation practices United States/ water resources/ water management/ using traditional voluntary approaches such as those Conservation in agricultural use/ Protective used in the Darby Creek watershed. measures and control © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Abstract: Efficient use of water in irrigation is increasingly important throughout the western 206. Implementation of landscape planning and United States. Desired crop yields can be obtained nature conservation in the agricultural using less water, and saved water can be applied to landscape: A case study from Saxony. additional fields, sold to other users, or devoted to Luetz, M and Bastian, O environmental needs and enhancement. Irrigation Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 92 (2-3): efficiency may reduce groundwater overdraft, 159-170. (2002) helping perpetuate the agricultural future of some NAL Call #: S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 regions. Reduced water applications can also Descriptors: agri-environmental measures: farm reduce leaching of salts and agricultural chemicals, income, subsidies/ agroecosystems: agriculture thereby maintaining or enhancing surface and society interface groundwater quality. These benefits of efficient Abstract: The interface between environment, irrigation are well-known. So too are the many agriculture and society needs more attention to technologies and practices that can increase on- improve nature conservation in rural landscapes. farm water efficiency. As with any good idea, the The present paper attempts to identify the conditions critical question in irrigation efficiency is how to on which ecological landscape plans can be implement it. How can farmers be motivated to implemented in agricultural practice, considering the change equipment and management techniques? prevailing conditions of agricultural policy. The case Wherever water is pumped, rather than moved by study was carried out in a local authority area in gravity, cutting the cost of energy use can be an Saxony (Germany). Calculation of variable margins important motivation for implementing water-efficient indicated that most of the measures proposed by the irrigation technologies and practices. Even where landscape plan (such as planting hedgerows, water itself has a zero or low price, irrigation reduction of land use intensity, establishment of field efficiency may provide economic payoffs by margins rich in arable weeds) can be realised reducing the pumping costs to move water to farms, without loss of farmers' income. That is 6% of the to distribute water to fields, and to pressurize water agricultural area can be withdrawn from cultivation application systems. These energy savings can be without any negative financial effect for the farmers. significant for individual farmers and for water In addition, a certain proportion of arable fields and grassland can be managed less intensively. 49 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project providers. They have also become important to institutions must be involved in resource protection, energy utilities, many of which, as this paper will or whether private incentives can be manipulated to show, are developing innovative programs to work achieve desired outcomes, this preoccupation with with farmers and water districts. either public sector or private sector solutions to the © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) problems of environmental conservation has caused a neglect of social values and community 208. Improving farmers' access to advice on land consensus. The analysis offered here seeks to management: Lessons from case studies in enlarge the debate from being two-sided to three- developed countries. cornered. By bringing in a third set of considerations, Garforth, C.; Angell, B.; Archer, J.; and Green, K.; the sociocultural, the analysis underscores that Network Paper - Agricultural Research and individual decisions are embedded in community Extension Network No.125, 2003. iv, 19 p. and local contexts. All three kinds of incentives are This citation is provided courtesy of CAB considered to be potentially of equal importance for International/CABI Publishing. resource-conserving behaviour (RCB) vis-a-vis resource-degrading behaviour (RDB). The analysis 209. Incentive payments to encourage farmer is concerned first with the strength of different adoption of water quality protection practices. incentives in favour of RCB compared to RDB, Cooper, J. C. and Keim, R. W. comparing legal and economic with sociocultural American Journal of Agricultural Economics 78 (1): considerations affecting RCB and RDB. Efforts to 54-64. (Feb. 1996) protect vulnerable resources can seek to alter in an NAL Call #: 280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 RCB direction the attitudes and incentives of people [AJAEBA] along any or all of these three dimensions of Descriptors: water quality/ farm management/ motivation, or they can seek to make a particular incentives/ innovation adoption/ probit analysis/ domain of motivation more salient if it is supportive integrated pest management/ legumes/ / of environmental conservation. This analysis is soil water/ nitrogen fertilizers/ application rates/ proposed in part to get the sociocultural domain profits/ costs/ legislation/ federal programs/ USDA/ taken more seriously alongside the legal and farmers' attitudes/ mathematical models/ legume economic domains, as well as to prompt more crediting/ manure testing/ willingness to accept systematic consideration of different kinds of Abstract: Farmers can be encouraged to voluntarily policies, investments, actions or pronouncements adopt environmentally sound management practices that could shift the net balance of incentives in through the use of incentive payments. This paper favour of RCB. While the analysis is admittedly uses both a bivariate probit with sample selection simplified, there is utility in encouraging focused model and a double hurdle model on data from a comparisons and evaluations of conservation survey of farmers to predict farmer adoption of the alternatives. Examples of efforts to promote RCB in practices as a function of the pay merit offer. The Madagascar and Costa Rica are given to illustrate five management practices addressed here are this. integrated pest management, legume crediting, © Thomson manure testing, split applications of nitrogen, and soil moisture testing. Also estimated are models that 211. Incentives for countryside management: predict the acreage on which these practices would The case of environmentally sensitive areas. be applied given the decision to accept the incentive Whitby, Martin and C.A.B. International. payments estimated. Wallingford: CAB International; ix, 286 p.: ill., This citation is from AGRICOLA. maps. (1994) Notes: Includes bibliographical references 210. Incentives for avoiding the tragedy of the (p. 273-280) and index. commons. NAL Call #: QH77.G7I53--1994; Uphoff, Norman and Langholz, Jeff ISBN: 0851988970 (pbk) Environmental Conservation 25 (3): 251-261. (1998) Descriptors: Landscape protection---Great Britain/ NAL Call #: QH540.E55; ISSN: 0376-8929 Agricultural conservation---Great Britain Descriptors: biodiversity/ common property/ This citation is from AGRICOLA. environmental protection/ incentives/ natural resources/ Tragedy of the Commons 212. Incentives in soil conservation: From theory Abstract: Efforts to protect vulnerable environmental to practice. resources have focused largely on legal prohibitions Sanders, David W. and World Association of Soil and sanctions or on economic rewards or penalties. and Water Conservation. The role and importance of social and cultural Enfield, N.H.: Science Publishers; xvii, 384 p.: ill., factors have been much less considered. While maps. (1999) theoretical arguments have addressed whether state Notes: "World Association of Soil and Water 50 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives Conservation." Includes bibliographical references Descriptors: site specific crop management/ and index. information services/ innovation adoption/ decision NAL Call #: S627.I54-I53-1999; ISBN: 1578080614 making/ farming systems Descriptors: Incentives in soil conservation This citation is from AGRICOLA. This citation is from AGRICOLA. 215. Information for policy design: Modelling 213. Information and Farmers' Attitudes About participation in a farm woodland incentive Pesticides, Water Quality, and Related scheme. Environmental Effects. Crabtree, B.; Chalmers, N.; and Barron, N. J. Lichtenberg, E. and Zimmerman, R. Journal of Agricultural Economics 49 (3): 306-320. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (1998); ISSN: 0021-857X 3: 227-236. (1999) This citation is provided courtesy of CAB NAL Call #: S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809. International/CABI Publishing. Notes: DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00053-5 Descriptors: United States, Mid Atlantic states/ 216. Innovating conservation agriculture: The Attitudes/ Surveys/ Agricultural Chemicals/ case of no-till cropping. Pesticides/ Environmental Quality/ Wildlife/ Drinking Coughenour, C. M. Water/ Information Systems/ Farms/ Agricultural Rural Sociology 68 (2): 278-304. (2003); pollution/ Sociological aspects/ Water quality/ ISSN: 0036-0112 Environmental protection/ Ecosystem disturbance/ This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Agriculture/ Agrochemicals/ Perception/ Public International/CABI Publishing. concern/ Occupational safety/ Environmental impact/ Information exchange/ United States/ farmers' 217. Integrated Land and Water Management in attitudes/ Evaluation process/ Behavior and fate the United Kingdom: Narrowing the characteristics/ Environmental action Implementation Gap. Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of Ducros, C. and Watson, N. M. information from different sources on farmers' Journal of Environmental Planning and Management attitudes regarding the effects of pesticides and 45 (3): 403-423. (2002); ISSN: 0964-0568. other agricultural chemicals on environmental quality Notes: DOI: 10.1080/09640560220133423 using a survey of 2700 farmers in three mid-Atlantic Descriptors: British Isles/ Watershed Management/ states. Farmers' beliefs are similar to those of the Riparian Land/ Environmental Policy/ Policy Making/ general public on average, but are distributed more Social Participation/ Farms/ Decision Making/ uniformly, suggesting that the farm community may Surveys/ Case Studies/ Statistical Analysis/ Water be more polarized on environmental issues than the management/ Farms and farming/ Decision theory/ general public. Farmers regard first-hand sources of Survey/ Case study/ British Isles/ riparian buffer information such as direct field observation and zones/ Water quality control/ Water Resources and pesticide labels as being the most important. Supplies/ General Environmental Engineering Chemical dealers and extension rank next in Abstract: Riparian buffer zones have been importance. Farmers who attached greater incorporated in land and water management policy importance to information from news media and for England since 1994, when the Ministry of extension expressed greater environmental concern. Agriculture, Fisheries and Food introduced a Water Farmers who found information from chemical Fringe Option (WFO) as part of a broader habitat dealers more important expressed greater concern conservation scheme. Whilst natural scientists have about injury to wildlife and pesticides in drinking examined the functioning of riparian buffer zones, water but less concern about general environmental understanding of farmers' decision making regarding quality problems associated with agricultural the adoption or non-adoption of voluntary buffer chemicals. zone policies is very limited. This paper examines © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) the factors influencing the decision making of farmers who were eligible to join the WFO in three 214. Information and the adoption of precision river catchments. Quantitative and qualitative farming. information was collected from farmers using semi- Daberkow, S. G. and McBride, W. D. structured interviews and was supplemented with in- Selected papers from the annual meeting of the depth interviews with representatives of public American Agricultural Economics Association (2001) agencies, agricultural groups and independent NAL Call #: HD1405-.A44. experts. Data analysis was completed using the Notes: Supplemental online access through 'Framework' analytical approach and the Statistical http://agecon.lib.umn.edu. Meeting held August 5-8, Package for the Social Sciences 8.0 computer 2001, in Chicago, Illinois. Includes references. software. The research revealed that decisions to participate in the WFO were influenced by a mix of 51 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project situational, psychological and sociological Moscow, Idaho. Includes references. characteristics, which suggests that policy makers Descriptors: crop production/ animal production/ dry must attach greater importance to implementation farming/ farming systems/ integrated systems/ conditions and farmers decision making if riparian integration/ sustainability/ Pacific Northwest states of buffer zones are to play a more prominent role in the USA/ ecological integration/ economic integration management of land and water in rural catchments. Abstract: The demand for more ecologically and Tightly structured schemes will only appeal to a economically sustainable agriculture arises because narrow segment of the farming population and will we currently integrate products economically in a not lead to widespread re-creation of riparian fashion that distorts ecological relationships. Early habitats. A more flexible and collaborative style of farms were ecologically integrated through feeding policy development is needed in order for riparian of forage crops and crop residues to livestock, with buffer zone policies to meet the circumstances and livestock contributing draft power and manure for needs of the diverse UK farming community. crops. Today we have almost entirely uncoupled © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) plant and animal production, eliminating the contribution that each can make to the productivity 218. Integrated pest management systems: Back of the other. Barriers to integrating farming systems to basics to overcome adoption obstacles. include the large volume of information needed for Herbert, D. A. sophisticated production systems and the lack of Journal of Agricultural Entomology 12 (4): infrastructure. Also, many chemicals used on crops 203-210. (1995) have not been evaluated for their safety in food NAL Call #: SB599.J69; ISSN: 0735-939X. animals. Winter feeding and calving may conflict with Notes: Conference: Symposium: The Crisis in IPM: crop production cycles; balancing year-round forage Is There a Solution to the Gap Between Theory and supplies is another obstacle. Opportunities include Practice?, at Annual Meeting of the Entomological using the Conservation Reserve Program to shift Society of America, Indianapolis, IN (USA), land to livestock production. Domestic demand for Dec 1993 meat is changing, and range livestock production is Descriptors: integrated control/ agricultural seen by some people as more humane than practices/ Agricultural & general applied entomology confinement. Animals fed less grain may be more Abstract: Adoption of Integrated Pest Management acceptable in some markets. As agriculture (IPM) practices into agricultural programs and the responds to changes in society, ecological constraints affecting adoption are topics that have integration may become more compatible with been addressed since the mid-1970s when the economic integration. implementation of agricultural IPM programs began. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Adoption has never occurred at the levels hoped for and the constraints slowing this process have been 220. An interactive and participative approach to well reviewed by many authors. The purpose of this water quality management in agro-rural work is to highlight the primary obstacles to IPM watersheds. adoption and discuss solutions that could bring Mtetwa, S and Schutte, C F about positive change. As the title implies, these Water SA (Pretoria) 28 (3): 337-344. (2002); solutions are not new, but basic to implementation of ISSN: 0378-4738 any innovative system or change. With a new focus Descriptors: agro rural watershed/ environmental on these basic solutions, it is hoped that those degradation / farming/ land use practices/ river/ rural involved with IPM may be reminded of their community/ stakeholder participation/ water importance and reemphasize them in the planning, pollution/ water quality development, and implementation phases of Abstract: An interactive and participative approach programs. to involve and mobilise rural communities in water © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) quality control programmes was investigated. Agro- rural watersheds are experiencing serious 219. Integrating crop and livestock production in environmental degradation mainly because of Inland Northwest farming systems. inappropriate land use practices due to various Hardesty, L. H. and Tiedeman, J. A. competing and opposing priorities in the community. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 11 (2/3): The communities tend to concentrate on availability 121-126. (1996) of land and water for their activities regardless of the NAL Call #: S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 state of that resource. The methodology is designed [AJAAEZ]. to bring awareness to the rural farmers of the Notes: Paper presented at the U.S.-Middle East amounts of pollutants they contribute to a river Conference and Workshop on " system and the benefits of adhering to good land- Systems and Technologies for a more Sustainable use and farming practices both in terms of Agriculture" held October 18-23, 1993, production and environmental protection. It is based 52 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives on a pilot project, dealing with an argo-rural indications are derived pointing at options for a watershed in a semi-arid developing area. A strong coherent system of agro-landscape values, emphasis was put on stakeholder participation, an especially when seen in the perspective of area neglected by many researchers. It became sustainable land use. A table showing the various clear that pollutant flushes from the catchments are agro-landscape quality aspects is presented. influenced by many factors, of which agricultural Throughout this paper, the agro-landscape is practices is only one. perceived as an integrated product of human © Thomson actions, of agro-technical, political and mental (ethical) character. 221. An interdisciplinary approach to integrate a © Thomson range of agro-landscape values as proposed by representatives of various disciplines. 222. Interrelationship between conservation Van Mansvelt, J D tillage and energy and other input use in U.S. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 63 (2-3): agriculture. 233-250. (1997) Uri, Noel D NAL Call #: S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 Energy Sources 18 (8): 917-940. (1996); Descriptors: aesthetics/ agriculture/ agro landscape ISSN: 0090-8312 values/ biobusiness/ biotope diversity/ conservation/ Descriptors: agronomy/ conservation/ conservation eco coherence/ ethics/ humane development/ tillage adoption decision/ corn production/ pesticide interdisciplinary approach/ landscape development/ application/ rainfall/ tillage practices philosophy and ethics/ resource efficiency/ rural Abstract: An important issue with regard to the conditions/ system integration overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices Abstract: A Concerted Action has been initiated to in reducing the impact of agricultural production on discuss the assessment of sustainable agro- the environment concerns what happens to energy, landscape values in the EU. The objective is to find pesticide, and fertilizer use as these practices are out how criteria and parameters can be defined that more extensively adopted To gain some insight into would help farmers, authorities and politicians to this, the conservation tillage adoption decision is manage the agro-landscape towards sustainability modeled. Starting with the assumption that the and socio/cultural appreciation. Such parameters conservation tillage adoption decision is a two-step should most probably consist of a general procedure-the first is the decision whether or not to mainframe with compatible regional specifications. adopt a conservation tillage production system and They could eventually be a base for income the second is the decision on the extent to which support/cross-compliance type of payments that conservation tillage should be used-appropriate farmers receive for their landscape management models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) performance. Referring to the papers presented in type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on this special issue, an effort is made to integrate the corn production in the United States for 1987, the values proposed by the wide range of participating profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was disciplines into a consistent and knowledgeable adopted is that the cropland had above average system. This is done by linking the different values slope and experienced above average rainfall, the as mentioned by the participants to the human farm was a cash grain enterprise, and it had an motivations, phrased according to Maslow, that they above average expenditure on pesticides, a below are meant to serve. The disciplines present have average expenditure on energy, and a below been provisionally clustered into three areas with average expenditure on custom pesticide two main issues: (1) environment (resource applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting a no- conditions) and ecology (biological relations); (2) tillage production practice, an above average economy (flows of finances and services) and expenditure was made on fertilizer. sociology (participative procedures); (3) psychology © Thomson (appreciation and aesthetics) and anthropology (history and ethics). In these three realms, they are 223. Iowa prairie: Original extent and loss, perceived as representing a double hierarchy of preservation and recovery attempts. priorities: from the environment onward they Smith, Daryl D represent the evolutionary option of basic human Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 105 (3): needs, evolving from sheer survival to the 94-108. (1998) development of the individual potentials (food first, NAL Call #: Q11.J68; ISSN: 0896-8381 then ethics). From the cultural aspect of ethics to the Descriptors: ecosystem recovery/ grassland/ environmental conditions they represent a more history/ natural resources/ original land surveys/ humanistic (humane), immaterial priority of ethical prairie demise/ prairie reconstruction/ prairie values, leading social and economic priorities to restoration/ savanna/ settlement their environmental impacts. From this effort, Abstract: Iowa's prairie has to be assessed in the 53 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project context of the pre- and post-agriculturally dominated 224. IPM implementation and acceptance by ecosystem in which it now exists. This requires an cucurbit growers over a 5 year period in the understanding of prairies and of society's Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. perspective of prairies. Therefore, the attitudes of Anciso, Juan R; Trevino, Gloria E; and people through time have to be considered; (1) Torres, Norma those who were involved in the demise of the prairie, Subtropical Plant Science 53: 40-43. (2001) (2) those who helped saved the pieces of the prairie Descriptors: cucurbit (Cucurbitaceae): vegetable and (3) those who may be called upon to recover the crop/ whitefly (Homoptera): pest/ Angiosperms/ prairie ecosystem. of Iowa prairie to agriculture was Animals/ Arthropods/ Dicots/ Insects/ Invertebrates/ rapid and extensive. Most of the Iowa prairie was Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ alternative settled and much of it converted to agriculture techniques implementation/ cucurbit growers/ Prairie preservation was recommended in the current practices/ economic/ action thresholds/ Twenty-Five Year Conservation Plan 14 years after educational meetings/ perceptions/ spring crop it was first suggested by Hayden in 1919. A Abstract: Questionnaires mailed to cucurbit growers committee chaired by Shimek proposed a 5000 acre in two Texas counties (Cameron and Hidalgo) in preserve in NW Iowa as a part of a continental plan 1995 and 1999 were used to assess perceptions to conserve the North American prairie. During the and current practices regarding integrated pest 1940s, Hayden emerged as a leader of a major management (IPM). A total of 32 of the 79 surveys effort of the Iowa Academy of Science to identify and (41%) solicited from potential cucurbit growers in the preserve prairies. These preservation efforts two county area were returned in 1995. However, culminated in the dedication of Iowa's first prairie IPM concepts in general were not widely accepted in preserve in 1947. Hayden's information also was 1995 since only 44% were willing to participate or valuable in subsequent preservation of prairies by practice IPM strategies even if improved conservation organizations and governmental recommendations were proven with sound field or agencies. In the past two decades, interest in grower experience. In 1999, a post-questionnaire locating and protecting prairie remnants has was mailed to 78 cucurbit producers in the two increased. Remaining prairie is best represented in county area to determine whether the adoption of western Iowa's Loess Hills and in the northwestern IPM practices had increased due to the response pan of the state. Many prairie remnants have effort of educational meetings and implementation of survived because they were used as hay fields. In alternative techniques through the various grower spite of increased efforts to preserve prairie, demonstrations. This questionnaire was conducted remnants are still being degraded or lost to during the fall of 1999 after the spring crop of agriculture and urban sprawl. Within the past decade cucurbits to determine any changes in attitudes, there has been increased recognition of the knowledge, or practices as compared to 1995. A importance of ecosystem recovery. Iowa's roadsides total of 45 of the 78 surveys (58%) mailed and are now acknowledged as a valuable natural solicited from potential cucurbit growers in the two resource for establishment and restoration of prairie. county area were returned in 1999. Of the 45 that This recognition has led to the development of a responded, 96% answered that IPM strategies were program of integrated roadside vegetation important in their cucurbit production system in management chat utilizes native prairie as a means 1999. The use of economic/action thresholds and of controlling weeds, reducing soil erosion, monitoring is fundamental to the practice of IPM. improving aesthetics and reducing costs. The Respondent's attitudes about the use of action 580,000 acres of primary and secondary roadsides thresholds and monitoring were assessed in 1995 in the state have the potential of becoming a and the majority used them (77%) but this did not statewide network of prairie corridors. Furthermore, increase in 1999 since 77% still practiced them. The three large-scale prairie recovery projects are in results indicated that the growers perceptions have various stages of development (1) Walnut Creek not changed on the use of action thresholds and National Wildlife Refuge by the U. S. Fish and monitoring mainly because some distrust them but Wildlife Service, (2) Waterman Creek Project by the the majority use these practices. However, a Iowa Department of Natural Resources and (3) the dramatic increase occurred in practicing or Loess Hills Landscape Conservation Plan by the participating in IPM strategies from 44% in 1995 to Nature Conservancy. All prairie recovery projects 96% in 1999. The IPM strategies identified as face numerous challenges, but such attempts are important did not solely depend on monitoring and essential if we hope to recover a vanishing action thresholds but were quite varied from planting ecosystem. earlier, spraying earlier for the whitefly, © Thomson awareness/conservation of beneficials and increasing fertility. © Thomson

54 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 225. IPM: Overcoming conflicts in adoption. minimum willingness to accept for the adoption of a Trumble, J. T. practice conditional on the cost share offers for Integrated Pest Management Reviews 3 (4): other practices. 195-207. (Dec. 1998) © Thomson ISI NAL Call #: SB950.9.I572; ISSN: 1353-5226 [IPMRF5] 229. Knowledges in action: An actor network Descriptors: integrated pest management/ analysis of a wetland agri-environment scheme. innovation adoption/ economics/ literature reviews Burgess, J.; Clark, J.; and Harrison, C. M. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Ecological Economics 35 (1): 119-132. (2000) NAL Call #: QH540.E26 226. Irrigation scheduling revisited: Historical This citation is provided courtesy of CAB evaluation and reformulation of the concept. International/CABI Publishing. Clyma, W. In: Evapotranspiration and irrigation scheduling: 230. Land allocation, soil quality, and the Proceedings of the International Conference. (Held 3 demand for irrigation technology. Nov 1996-6 Nov 1996 at San Antonio, Texas.) Green, G. P. and Sunding, D. L. Camp, C. R.; Sadler, E. J.; and Yoder, R. E. (eds.); Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics pp. 626-631; 1996. ISBN: 0-929355-82-2 22 (2): 367-375. (Dec. 1997) This citation is provided courtesy of CAB NAL Call #: HD1750.W4; ISSN: 1068-5502 International/CABI Publishing. Descriptors: citrus/ vineyards/ crop production/ irrigation systems/ water use/ innovation adoption/ 227. Joint adoption of multiple technologies: A land resources/ resource allocation/ land evaluation/ dual, latent demand approach. water costs/ decision making/ mathematical models/ Lichtenberg, E. and Strand, I. E. probability/ elasticities/ California/ discrete choice College Park, MD: Department of Agricultural and models/ low pressure technology adoption Resource Economics, University of Maryland; 00/14, This citation is from AGRICOLA. 2000 . 28 p. Working Papers: Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 231. Land application of sewage sludge: University of Maryland. Perceptions of New Jersey vegetable farmers. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Krogmann, U.; Gibson, V.; and Chess, C. International/CABI Publishing. Waste Management and Research 19 (2): 115-125. (2001) 228. A joint framework for analysis of agri- NAL Call #: TD896.W37; ISSN: 0734-242X environmental payment programs. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Cooper, J. C. International/CABI Publishing. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85 (4): 976-987. (2003) 232. Land tenure and the adoption of NAL Call #: 280.8 J822; ISSN: 0002-9092. conservation practices in the United States. Notes: Number of References: 23 Soule, M. J. and Tegene, A. Descriptors: Agriculture/ Agronomy/ Economics/ In: Land quality, agricultural productivity, and food best management practices/ EQIP/ incentive security: Biophysical processes and economic payments/ multinomial probit/ simulated maximum choices at local, regional, and global levels/ likelihood estimation/ simulated multivariate normal / Wiebe, K., 2003; pp. 319-336. WTA/ quality protection practices/ contingent Notes: ISBN: 1-84064-752-3 valuation/ water quality/ farmer adoption/ This citation is provided courtesy of CAB simulation/ choice International/CABI Publishing. Abstract: This article presents an approach for simultaneously estimating farmers' decisions to 233. Land Use Characteristics and Water Quality: accept incentive payments in return for adopting a A Methodology for Valuing of Forested Buffers. bundle of environmentally benign best management Basnyat, P.; Teeter, L.; Lockaby, B. G.; and practices. Using the results of a multinomial probit Flynn, K. M. analysis of surveys of over 1,000 farmers facing five Springer-Verlag [Also available as: Environmental adoption decisions in a voluntary program, we show Management Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 153-161; DOI: how the farmers' perceptions of the desirability of 10.1007/s002670010078], 2000 (application/pdf) various bundles change with the offer amounts and http://web6.duc.auburn.edu/academic/forestry_wildlif with which practices are offered in the bundle. We e/forest_policy_ctr/teeter/env-mgt-value.pdf also demonstrate an estimator for the mean Descriptors: water quality/ economics/ models

55 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 234. Land-Use Dynamics in a Southern Illinois Descriptors: landowners/ farmland/ rent/ farm (USA) Watershed. management/ decision making/ participation/ Lant, C.; Loftus, T.; Kraft, S.; and Bennett, D. pesticides/ United States/ water quality/ tenure Environmental Management 28 (3): 325-340. (2001) systems/ trends/ sociology/ Missouri NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X Abstract: The need to better understand landlord Descriptors: Watersheds/ Land use/ Agriculture/ involvement in decision-making related to pesticide Environmental economics/ Hydrology/ decision use and water quality issues is evidenced by several making/ environmental policy/ Resource trends. These trends include the increasing management/ Environment management/ documentation of water pollution by farm pesticides, Agricultural land/ Crop production/ Government the changing characteristics of farm ownership and policy/ United States, Illinois/ Crops/ Farms/ operator tenure, and evolutions in resource policy Cultivated Lands/ Sediment Load/ Nonpoint and protection planning. This paper utilizes a Pollution Sources/ Agricultural Runoff/ Watershed theoretical approach to the sociology of land tenure Management/ United States, Illinois, Cache River/ to interpret results from an investigation of landlord United States, Illinois/ Environmental action/ involvement in environmental decision making Planning and development/ Ecological impact of regarding pesticide selection on rented land. Eight water development counties with high susceptibility of water Abstract: The Cache River of southernmost Illinois contamination by pesticides were selected for study. is used as a case study for developing and Structured, in-person interviews were administered demonstrating an approach to quantitatively link (1) to in-county landlords, and a mail survey was used national agricultural policy and global agricultural to poll out-of-county landlords. Results indicate that markets, (2) landowner's decisions on land use, (3) participation is generally low with very little spatial patterns of land use at a watershed scale, difference between landlord groups. Renters make and (4) hydrologic impacts, thus providing a basis to most of the organizational and operational decisions predict, under a certain set of circumstances, the on rented farmland. Landlord participation is environmental consequences of economic and predominantly based on economic, rather than on political decisions made at larger spatial scales. The social or environmental, factors. Furthermore, while heart of the analysis is an estimation, using logistic economic variables are important predictors of regression, of the affect of crop prices and participation for both groups, gender and social ties Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) rental rates to the renter tend to increase local landlord on farmland owner's decisions whether to reenroll in involvement, but not absentee involvement. These the CRP or return to crop production. This analysis results have important implications for both federal shows that reasonable ranges for crop prices (80%- programs and further research on land tenure and 150% of 1985-1995 values) and CRP rental rates (0- environmental stewardship. 125% of 1985-1995 rates) result in a range of 3%- This citation is from AGRICOLA. 92% of CRP lands being returned to crop production, with crop prices having a slightly greater 236. Landowner decision making about riparian effect than CRP rental rates. Four crop price/CRP buffers. rental rate scenarios are used to display resulting Lynch, L. and Brown, C. land-use patterns, and their effect on sediment Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics loads, a critical environmental quality parameter in 32 (3): 585-596. (Dec. 2000) this case, using the agricultural non point source NAL Call #: HD101.S6; ISSN: 1074-0708 (AGNPS) model. These scenarios demonstrate the Descriptors: land types/ landowners/ decision importance of spatial pattern of land uses on making/ agricultural land/ land use/ land diversion/ hydrological and ecological processes within environmental policy/ federal programs/ simulation/ watersheds. The approach developed can be mathematical models/ riparian buffers / Conservation adapted for use by local governments and Reserve Enhancement Program watershed associations whose goals are to improve This citation is from AGRICOLA. watershed resources and environmental quality. © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) 237. Landowner perceptions and the adoption of practices in southern Ontario, 235. Landlord involvement in environmental Canada. decision-making on rented Missouri cropland: Matthews, S.; Pease, S. M.; Gordon, A. M.; and Pesticide use and water quality issues. Williams, P. A. Constance, D. H.; Rikoon, J. S.; and Ma, J. C. Agroforestry Systems 21 (2): 159-168. (1993) Rural Sociology 61 (4): 577-605. (Winter 1996) NAL Call #: SD387.M8A3; ISSN: 0167-4366 NAL Call #: 281.28-R88; ISSN: 0036-0112 This citation is provided courtesy of CAB [RUSCA] International/CABI Publishing.

56 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 238. Legal, institutional and economic indicators 242. Livestock and poultry producers' waste of forest conservation and sustainable management practices and attitudes in North management: Review and evaluation of available Carolina. information in the United States. Hoban, T. J. and Clifford, W. B. Ellefson, Paul V. In: Animal waste and the land-water interface. St. Paul Minn,: College of Natural Resources and Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers, 1995; Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 441-448. University of Minnesota; xi, 64 p. (2002) Notes: ISBN: 1566701899 Notes: "September 2002." NAL Call #: TD930.A55-1995 Includes bibliographical references. Descriptors: animal wastes/ management/ attitudes/ NAL Call #: SD144.M6-S72-no.-163 pollution control/ North Carolina/ http://www.cnr.umn.edu/FR/publications/staffpapers/ best management practices Staffpaper163.pdf This citation is from AGRICOLA. This citation is from AGRICOLA. 243. Livestock waste management: Watershed 239. The link between local participation and approach in Italy, Florida and Texas. improved conservation: A review of issues and Frarey L; Mennella V; Abbozzo P; and Macellari E experiences. Rivista di Ingegneria Agraria 29 (3): 180-191; Little, Peter D. 25 ref. (1998) Airlie, Va.: Liz Claiborne Art Ortenberg Foundation; This citation is provided courtesy of CAB 34 p. (1993) International/CABI Publishing. Notes: Cover title. "Prepared for the Liz Claiborne Art Ortenbreg Foundation Community Based 244. Local groundwater management Conservation Workshop, Airlie, Virginia, 18-22 effectiveness in the Colorado and Kansas October 1993." Includes bibliographical references Ogallala region. (p. 28-32). White, S. E. and Kromm, D. E. NAL Call #: S944.5.C57-L57-1993 Natural Resources Journal 35 (2): 275-307. (1995) Descriptors: Conservation of natural resources--- NAL Call #: HC79.E5N3 Citizen participation This citation is provided courtesy of CAB This citation is from AGRICOLA. International/CABI Publishing.

240. Linking land quality, agricultural 245. Local perceptions and values for a productivity, and food security. Midwestern river corridor. Wiebe, K. Economic Research Service, US Ryan, Robert L Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Economic Landscape and Urban Planning 42 (2-4): Report No.823, 2003. iii, 60 p. 225-237. (1998) http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer823/ NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046 This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Descriptors: landscape architecture: education, International/CABI Publishing. research/ river corridor: local perceptions, values/ rural landscape planning 241. A literature review on the adoption and Abstract: Rivers are vital natural corridors under diffusion of management practices in increasing environmental pressure from rural agriculture. development. This study addressed rural resident's Hill, W. Lee.; Mezzatesta, R.; Long, G.; New South perceptions and values, including their preferences Wales. Dept. of Land and Water Conservation. for and attitudes toward riparian landscapes. Study Technical Services Directorate; and New South participants were 120 rural property owners living in Wales. Dept. of Land and Water Conservation. two communities near the River Raisin of Water Quality Services Unit. southeastern Michigan. They completed a mailed Parramatta, N.S.W.: Dept. of Land & Water survey which included a schematic diagram to Conservation, Technical Services Directorate; iv, determine their perceptions of those landscapes 43 p. (1995) which form the river corridor, a photo-questionnaire Notes: "October 1995" "TS 95.152" "Public to measure preference for scenes typical of the river document" Includes bibliographical references corridor, and written questions to assess perceptions (p. 34-39). of both positive and negative characteristics of NAL Call #: S562.A8-H56-1995; ISBN: 0731023404 riverfront land. The results showed that local Descriptors: Farm management---Australia---New residents see the river corridor as four inter- South Wales/ Agricultural conservation---Australia--- connected zones: the river, woods, farms and built New South Wales areas. New residents showed significantly higher This citation is from AGRICOLA. 57 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project preference for more natural areas, such as woods skills is being put at the core of new programmes. and river zone, than did long-time residents. This involves a major focus on building farmers' Farmers, by contrast, had a higher preference for capacity to innovate and develop technologies less natural landscapes such as farms and built appropriate to their own conditions. Local areas. Residents' landscape preference related organizations are strengthened through participatory more to their surrounding landscape-type than to the processes, this participation being interactive and actual distance between their home and the river, empowering. Recent evidence is indicating that although water quality problems were felt more these new interactions between professionals and strongly by those living near the river. The results farmers are producing considerable productive and point to the need to consider the riparian corridor as sustainable benefits. For widespread impact, a series of inter-connected landscapes in planning enabling policy frameworks are still needed to efforts. Decisions about protection and development encourage the spread of more sustainable practices in these zones require not only an ecological for agriculture. understanding of these resources but an © Thomson appreciation of the residents' values as well. © Thomson 248. Making Watershed Partnerships Work: A Review of the Empirical Literature. 246. Making conservation tillage conventional: Leach, W. D. and Pelkey, N. W. Building a future on 25 years of research -- Journal of Water Resources Planning and Research and extension perspective. Management 127 (6): 378-385. (2001) Derpsch, R. NAL Call #: TC401.A45; ISSN: 0733-9496 In: Making conservation tillage conventional: Descriptors: Water Resources Management/ Building a future on 25 years of research -- Watershed Management/ Organizations/ Literature Proceedings of 25th Annual Southern Conservation Review/ Public Policy/ Theoretical Analysis/ Tillage Conference for Sustainable Agriculture. (Held Institutional Constraints/ Remedies/ Factor Analysis/ 24 Jun 2002-26 Jun 2002 at Auburn, AL.) Water management/ Catchment areas/ Public Santen, E. van (eds.); pp. 25-29; 2002. opinion/ Water policy/ Economics/ Water law and This citation is provided courtesy of CAB institutions/ Water Resources and Supplies International/CABI Publishing. Abstract: Two main goals are achieved in this review of the empirical literature on factors affecting 247. Making soil and water conservation conflict resolution in watershed partnerships. The sustainable: From coercion and control to first is an assessment of two public policy theories partnerships and participation. relevant to partnership structure and function. The Pretty, J N and Shah, P second is a set of practical suggestions for Land Degradation and Development 8 (1): designing successful partnerships. The 37 available 39-58. (1997) studies collectively identified 210 "lessons learned," NAL Call #: S622.L26; ISSN: 1085-3278 which were grouped into 28 thematic categories. Descriptors: conservation/ conservation program/ The most frequently recurring themes are the erosion/ rural development policy/ soil conservation/ necessity of adequate funding (62% of the studies), sustainable agriculture/ sustainable conservation/ effective leadership and management (59%), water conservation interpersonal trust (43%), and committed Abstract: For close to a century, rural development participants (43%). Exploratory factor analysis was policies and practice have taken the view that used to search for patterns in the lessons. Four farmers are mismanagers of soil and water. This factors were identified, which together explain 95% paper reviews the history of farmers being advised, of the variance in the 28 themes. The first two paid and forced to adopt new soil and water factors emphasize the importance of (1) balancing conservation measures and practices. Many have the partnership's resources with its scope of done so, and environments and economies have activities; and (2) employing a flexible and informal benefitted in the short term, but ill-conceived policies partnership structure. The third and fourth factors and badly designed programmes and projects have offer modest support for two theoretical perspectives undermined these efforts in the name of on collaborative resource management--the conservation. Most efforts have been remarkably alternate dispute resolution framework and the unsuccessful, often resulting in more erosion. They institutional analysis and development framework. have undermined the credibility of conservation and © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) wasted huge sums of money. For a new era of soil and water conservation, new initiatives are showing how to make conservation sustainable. Farmers are now considered the potential solution rather than the problem, and so the value of local knowledge and 58 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 249. Managing agricultural resources at the http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer824/aer824. urban-rural interface: A case study of the Old pdf Mission Peninsula. Descriptors: agricultural economics/ animal manure Westphal, Joanne M management/ animal manures/ nutrients/ nitrogen/ Landscape and Urban Planning 57 (1): phosphorus/ water quality/ concentrated animal 13-24. (2001) feeding operations/ animal feeding operations / NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046 Chesapeake Bay/ land application/ Clean Water Act/ Descriptors: agricultural resource management/ manure management/ livestock waste/ CAFOs/ land use/ landscape planning/ urban rural interface AFOs/ manure hauling/ ERS Abstract: Despite the vast landmass of the United Abstract: Nutrients from livestock and poultry States, resource managers, landscape architects, manure are key sources of water pollution. Ever- and planners are becoming increasingly aware of growing numbers of animals per farm and per acre the difficulty in protecting natural resources at the have increased the risk of water pollution. New urban-rural interface. Because of the legal Clean Water Act regulations compel the largest framework of the United States, individual states confined animal producers to meet nutrient retain the rights to regulate and manage the affairs application standards when applying manure to the of land use within their jurisdictions. Each state, in land. The additional costs for managing manure turn, has transferred portions of this right to county have implications for feedgrain producers and and local bodies of government through "enabling consumers as well. This report's farm-level analysis legislation". Because each of these layers of examines onfarm technical choice and producer government has different agenda, oftentimes, a costs across major U.S. production areas. A regional coordinated, effective land use planning effort that analysis focuses on off-farm competition for land to could protect natural resources, especially at the spread surplus manure, using the Chesapeake Bay urban-rural interface, is impossible to develop. This region as a case study. Finally, a sectorwide paper examines one local community's effort to analysis addresses potential long-term structural preserve farmland and open space at the urban- adjustments at the national level and ultimate costs rural interface. As a case study, it presents some of to consumers and producers. the historic land use management tools in Michigan that have been used to protect farmland. It also 252. Market-based incentives for addressing discusses the political and economic factors that non-point water quality problems: A residual determine the success or failure of these tools. nitrogen tax approach. Because of the inadequacies of some of the tools to Huang, W. and LeBlanc, M. protect open space and farmland, the township Review of Agricultural Economics 16 (3): 427-440. adopted an alternative land use planning strategy. It (Sept. 1994) appears that this strategy has successfully NAL Call #: HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195 integrated the best of the old planning tools with Descriptors: zea mays/ nitrogen fertilizers/ water some of the newer alternatives to curb urban sprawl quality/ taxes/ groundwater/ economic impact/ farm in a rapidly growing area in Michigan, USA. income/ incentives/ profits/ case studies/ Corn Belt © Thomson States of USA Abstract: This study analyzes the implications of a 250. Managing material transfer and nutrient flow nitrogen tax for agricultural producers. A tax scheme in an agricultural watershed. is examined that penalizes farmers for applying Nord, E. A. and Lanyon, L. E. nitrogen in excess of a crop's nitrogen uptake. Journal of Environmental Quality 32 (2): Farmers are taxed for the potential leaching of 562-570. (2003) residual nitrogen into groundwater and are rewarded NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 for growing crops that capture and utilize residual This citation is provided courtesy of CAB soil nitrogen. Corn production is used to illustrate the International/CABI Publishing. differential impacts of a residual nitrogen tax on farm income in Corn Belt States. 251. Manure Management for Water Quality: This citation is from AGRICOLA. Costs to Animal Feeding Operations of Applying Manure Nutrients to Land. 253. Maxims for the Third Resource Ribaudo, Marc; Gollehon, Noel; Aillery, Marcel; Conservation Act Appraisal. Kaplan, Jonathan; Johansson, Robert; Agapoff, Shogren, J. F. and Johnson, S. R. Jean; Christensen, Lee; Breneman, Vince; and Ecological Economics 10 (2): 113-123. (1994) Peters, Mark; Economic Research Service. NAL Call #: QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009 U. S. Department of Agriculture [Also available as: Descriptors: conservation/ agricultural practices/ Agricultural Economic Report No. 824; AER824], government policy/ United States/ economics/ 2003 (application/pdf) Legislation/ Conservation 59 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project Abstract: The paper explores three issues in the encourage compliance. The results of a logistic development of an ecological economics approach regression analysis suggest that farmers are more to the USDA's Third Resource Conservation Act likely to expect at least a 50-50 probability of (RCA) Appraisal. First, profit-maximizing farmers detection if they have relatively frequent contact with respond to incentives provided by both the USDA local U.S. Department of Agriculture offices and also and the EPA, implying that explicit interagency if they believe that monitoring makes use of aerial policy strategies are critical. Second, evaluating photography. (Author's abstract) sustainable agriculture options with the Appraisal © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) can improve our understanding of the attractiveness of widespread adoption, but only if systematic 256. The Missouri MSEA Project: A model for operational systems are developed to evaluate the "the partnership approach" to water quality economic and environmental trade-offs. Third, the concerns. Appraisal policy options should be evaluated in light Smith, M. of the argument that preferred policies often only In: Proceedings National Watershed Water Quality resolve a problem by transferring the problem to Project Symposium / National Watershed Water another time or location. The Appraisal offers a Quality Project Symposium. (Held 22 Sep 1997-26 unique opportunity to address these and other Sep 1997 at Washington, D.C.) issues. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Water; pp. 9-14; 1997. 254. Microcatchment water harvesting for NAL Call #: TD223.N386-1997 agricultural production: Socio-economic Descriptors: low input agriculture/ pollution control/ considerations. water pollution/ atrazine/ herbicide residues/ Renner, H. F. and Frasier, G. management systems evaluation area/ best Rangelands 17 (3): 79-82. (June 1995) management practices NAL Call #: SF85.A1R32; ISSN: 0190-0528. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Notes: Subtitle: [Part] II. Descriptors: water harvesting/ cost benefit analysis/ 257. Mitigating climate change by planting trees: semiarid zones/ sustainability/ innovation adoption The transaction costs trap. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Kooten, G. C. van; Shaikh, S. L.; and Suchánek, P. Land Economics 78 (4): 559-572. (2002) 255. Midwestern Farmers' Perceptions of NAL Call #: 282.8-J82; ISSN: 0023-7639 Monitoring for Conservation Compliance. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Esseks, J. D. and Kraft, S. E. International/CABI Publishing. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 48 (5): 458-465. (1993) 258. Mitigation options for diffuse phosphorus NAL Call #: 56.8 J822 [JSWCA3] loss to water. Descriptors: Erosion control/ Soil conservation/ Withers, P J A and Jarvis, S C Compliance/ Monitoring/ Rural areas/ Attitudes/ Soil Use and Management 14 (supplement): Agricultural runoff/ Agricultural watersheds/ Midwest/ 186-192. (1998) Regulations/ Public opinion/ Watershed protection/ NAL Call #: S590.S68; ISSN: 0266-0032 Evaluation process Descriptors: phosphorus: loss mitigation/ Abstract: By 1995, more that 1.2 million producers eutrophication/ land management/ are supposed to have fully implemented approved surface water pollution conservation plans that collectively have the Abstract: Agriculture contributes significant loads of potential for substantially reducing soil erosion in the P to surface waters. The reductions in these diffuse U.S. Studies of other regulatory programs suggest P inputs necessary to help prevent eutrophication that implementation of these plans will depend on problems and/or assist in the restoration of water various conditions: (1) an assessment of the quality will require controls over both nutrient inputs legitimacy of the regulations; (2) the perception of and their subsequent transport in land runoff. the net benefits of compliance; (3) the likelihood of Specific mitigation options include nutrient noncompliance being detected; and (4) the penalties budgeting, input management, soil conservation, for not complying. In six diverse Midwestern sites, land use management and the establishment of operators of farms with highly erodible land were riparian, and other buffer zones. The variable nature interviewed about conservation compliance. In all of diffuse P loss suggests that the best approach to sites the majority of the respondents believed in at control is through integrated management at a range least a medium probability (50-50 chance) of of scales. Critical control concepts at the farm level noncompliance being detected. The majority also include targeting source areas adequately, believed that a 50-50 chance was sufficient to maintaining P input loading rates within 60 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives recommended limits and avoiding high-risk Abstract: A multinomial probit (MNP) model is management actions. Since eutrophication is a applied to the modeling of adoption decisions by natural phenomenon and with potential conflicts with farmers facing multiple technologies which can be the need to meet production targets and/or minimize adopted in various combinations. This model allows loss of other nutrients (N), some assessment of for full investigation of the interactions between acceptable levels of P loss, of cost effectiveness of decisions to adopt or not adopt several technologies. options and some prioritization of goals are Estimation is carried out in a Bayesian framework necessary to find optimal solutions. As the employing Gibbs sampling to circumvent past requirements of individual waterbodies differ, these difficulties encountered in maximum likelihood solutions need to be site specific and their estimation of the MNP model. The model is successful adoption requires an appreciation by estimated for a sample of U.S. apple growers with farmers of the importance of minimizing agricultural four possible sustainable production technology P loss both as individuals and collectively within a bundles. The results show that adoption decisions catchment. are most significantly influenced by off-farm labor © Thomson supply. This citation is from AGRICOLA. 259. A model of investment under uncertainty: Modern irrigation technology and emerging 261. Modifying the neo-classical approach to markets in water. technology adoption with behavioral science Carey, J. M. and Zilberman, D. models. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 84 (1): Lynne, G. D. 171-183. (Feb. 2002) Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics NAL Call #: 280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 27 (1): 67-85. (July 1995) [AJAEBA] NAL Call #: HD101.S6; ISSN: 1074-0708. Descriptors: irrigation water/ irrigated farming/ Notes: Paper presented at the meeting of the technology/ innovation adoption/ investment/ Southern Agricultural Economics Association, uncertainty/ dynamic models/ farm management/ January 30, 1995, New Orleans, Louisiana. profit functions/ decision making Includes references. Abstract: This article develops a stochastic dynamic Descriptors: water conservation/ technology/ model of irrigation technology adoption. It predicts innovation adoption/ neoclassical economics/ that farms will not invest in modern technologies mathematical models/ Florida/ behavioral economics unless the expected present value of investment Abstract: The dualistic nature of humans has been exceeds the cost by a potentially large hurdle rate. recognized for centuries. The intriguing question is The article also demonstrates that, contrary to the extent to which the human being with her/his common belief, water markets can delay adoption. display of concern for others can simultaneously act The introduction of a market should induce farms as an egoist, the latter being descriptive of the homo with abundant (scarce) water supplies to adopt oeconomicus rendition of the human. Multiple utility earlier (later) than they would otherwise. This article theory suggests a way to approach research on was motivated by evidence that, contrary to NPV such issues. A test case of water conserving predictions, farms wait until random events such as technology adoption behavior by Florida growers is drought drive returns significantly above costs examined. Empirical evidence supports moving before investing in modern irrigation technologies. toward an expanded version of the mono-utility or I- This citation is from AGRICOLA. utility model to include a We-utility. This citation is from AGRICOLA. 260. Modeling multiple adoption decisions in a joint framework. 262. Money talks: But to whom? Financial versus Dorfman, J. H. nonmonetary motivations in land use decisions. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 78 (3): Koontz, T. M. 547-557. (Aug. 1996) Society and Natural Resources 14 (1): 51-65. (2001) NAL Call #: 280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 NAL Call #: HC10.S63; ISSN: 0894-1920 [AJAEBA] This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Descriptors: apples/ innovation adoption/ farm International/CABI Publishing. management/ irrigation/ integrated pest management/ technology/ decision making/ Bayesian theory/ multivariate analysis/ probabilistic models/ probit analysis/ California/ Michigan/ New York/ North Carolina/ Oregon/ Pennsylvania/ Virginia/ Washington/ multinomial probit model/ technology bundles 61 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 263. Moral hazard, risk aversion and compliance monitoring/ group process/ Management Systems monitoring in agri-environmental policy. Evaluation Areas/ United States/ Hydrologic Unit Ozanne, A.; Hogan, T.; and Colman, D. Area/ HUA/ MSEAs/ 319 National Monitoring European Review of Agricultural Economics 28 (3): Program/ BMPs 329-347. (Sept. 2001) Abstract: The lessons learned from watershed NAL Call #: HD1401.E92; ISSN: 0165-1587 projects addressing nonpoint source problems are [ERAEDA] recorded in these proceedings of the National Descriptors: environmental policy/ innovation Watershed Water Quality Project Symposium, held adoption/ efficiency/ costs/ farmers' attitudes/ risk/ September 22-26, 1997, in Washington, D.C. The social welfare/ simulation models/ monitoring/ symposium featured accomplishments of local United States projects funded under EPA's Section 319 (Clean This citation is from AGRICOLA. Water Act) National Monitoring Program and USDA's Demonstration, Hydrologic Unit Area 264. A multiple utility approach to understanding Programs, and Management Systems Evaluation conservation technology adoption: Application Areas. to the Florida tomato industry. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Casey, C. Franklin University of Florida, 1996. Notes: Thesis (Ph. D.); Includes bibliographical 267. Nature provision by farmers and the references (leaves 140-147). principal agent framework: How to achieve NAL Call #: FU LD1780-1996.C338 environmental improvements in agriculture Descriptors: Conservation of natural resources--- through improved payment schemes. Florida/ Tomato industry---Florida/ Tomatoes--- Nuppenau, E. A. and Slangen, L. H. G.; Forum, Irrigation/ Water conservation---Economic aspects Reports on Current Research in Agricultural This citation is from AGRICOLA. Economics and Agribusiness Management No. 24, 1998. 49 p. 265. National Perspectives on Management Notes: ISBN: 3-8175-0284-2 Options for Lands Concluding Their Tenure in This citation is provided courtesy of CAB the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). International/CABI Publishing. Schumacher, T. E.; Lindstrom, M. J.; Blecha, M. L.; and Langdale, G. W. 268. New federal support for priority watershed In: Crop Residue Management To Reduce Erosion management needs. and Improve Soil Quality: Southeast, Conservation Ogg CW and Keith GA Research Report Number 39 United States Journal of the American Water Resources Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Association 38 (2): 577-586; many ref. (2002) Service, 1995. NAL Call #: GB651.W315 Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Regional conservation programs/ Southeastern International/CABI Publishing. United States Abstract: Addressed the options for post-CRP land 269. Nonchemical pest and nutrient management related to ground cover, grass types, long-tern soil practices: Limitations to adoption and policy improvement, and management strategies in the options. Southeast portion of the U.S. Ferguson, W.; Yee, J.; and Fitzner, M. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 7 (4): 266. National Watershed Water Quality Project 45-56. (1996) Symposium: Proceedings. NAL Call #: S494.5.S86S8; ISSN: 1044-0046 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Water and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, International/CABI Publishing. Office of Research and Development; U. S. Department of Agriculture. 270. North Carolina producers' adoption of waste U. S. Environmental Protection Agency [Also management practices. available as: EPA625-R-97-008], 1997 (image/tiff) Hoban, T. J.; Clifford, W. B.; Futreal, M.; and NAL Call #: TD223 N386 1997 McMillan, M. http://www.epa.gov/cgi-bin/claritgw?op- Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 52 (5): Display&document=clserv:ORD:2084;&rank=4&tem 332-339. (Sept. 1997-Oct. 1997) plate=epa NAL Call #: 56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3] Descriptors: watershed management/ water quality/ Descriptors: intensive livestock farming/ animal nonpoint source pollution/ governmental programs wastes/ management/ farm management/ decision and projects/ pollution control/ innovation adoption/ making/ innovation adoption/ resistance to change/ best management practices/ environmental waste utilization/ application to land/ environmental 62 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives protection/ water quality/ farmers' attitudes/ opinions/ 275. On-farm water conservation practices in surveys/ North Carolina southern Alberta. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Johnston, T. R. R.; Kromm, D. E.; and Byrne, J. M. Journal of the American Water Resources 271. Nutrient management planning: Association 37 (3): 737-750. (June 2001) Justification, theory, practice. NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X Beegle, D. B.; Carton, O. T.; and Bailey, J. S. [JWRAF5] Journal of Environmental Quality 29 (1): Descriptors: water conservation/ on farm 72-79. (2000) conservation/ irrigated farming/ irrigation/ NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 innovation adoption/ diffusion of information/ This citation is provided courtesy of CAB farm surveys/ Alberta International/CABI Publishing. Abstract: In southern Alberta, as elsewhere, pressures on limited water supplies are increasing. 272. On-farm adaptation of knowledge-intensive Not surprisingly, a great deal of attention has been nitrogen management technologies for rice focused on irrigated agriculture, which accounts for systems. the largest share of water consumed in the region. In Balasubramanian, V.; Morales, A. C.; Cruz, R. T.; order to meet broadly accepted water conservation and Abdulrachman, S. goals, some commentators have suggested that Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 53 (1): irrigation water use should be metered and that 59-69. (Jan. 1999) irrigators should be charged based on the amount of NAL Call #: S631.F422; ISSN: 1385-1314 water used. An alternative proposal would have [NCAGFC]. water management authorities rely upon the Notes: In the special issue: Resource management perceived adaptability of irrigators. This paper offers in rice systems: nutrients / edited by V. a perspective on the willingness of irrigators to Balasubramanian, J.K. Ladha, and G.L. Denning. conserve water. Based on a survey of 183 irrigation Includes references. farmers conducted over the summer and early fall of Descriptors: oryza sativa/ nitrogen/ crop 1998, we found that irrigators are generally aware of management/ leaves/ use efficiency/ chlorophyll/ the need to conserve water and soil moisture, and color/ application rates/ technology transfer/ nitrogen that a variety of water conserving strategies were content/ nutrient availability/ meters/ decision being employed. Water saving technologies specific making/ cultivars/ diagnostic techniques/ literature to irrigation agriculture were less widely adopted. reviews/ fertilizer requirement determination/ The findings suggest that there is considerable chlorophyll meter potential to reduce the amount of water consumed This citation is from AGRICOLA. by the irrigation sector through increased efficiency, but that change will be limited if current economic 273. On-farm adoption of conservation practices: circumstances and institutional arrangements The role of farm and farmer characteristics, persist. perceptions, and health hazards. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Traoré, N.; Landry, R.; and Amara, N. Land Economics 74 (1): 114-27. (1998) 276. Optimal adoption strategies for no-till NAL Call #: 282.8-J82; ISSN: 0023-7639 technology in Michigan. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Krause, M. A. and Black, J. R. International/CABI Publishing. Review of Agricultural Economics 17 (3): 299-310. (Sept. 1995) 274. On-farm system performance in the NAL Call #: HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195 Maricopa-Stanfield Irrigation and Drainage Descriptors: maize/ soybeans/ no-tillage/ farm District area. machinery/ replacement/ decision making/ learning Clemmens, A. J.; Dedrick, A. R.; Clyma, W.; and ability/ farmers' attitudes/ risk/ innovation adoption/ Ware, R. E. dynamic models/ profits/ Michigan/ learning curves Irrigation and Drainage Systems 14 (1/2): Abstract: Adjustment costs and risk aversion are 93-120. (2000) hypothesized to delay adoption of no-till technology NAL Call #: TC801 .I66; ISSN: 0168-6291 on representative corn and soybean farms in This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Michigan. The relevant adjustment costs include: (1) International/CABI Publishing. the cost of replacing the conventional planter already in use; and (2) the cost of learning how to obtain high crop yields with no till technology. Previous economic analyses of no-till adoption have not considered adjustment costs and risk aversion together. This analysis uses dynamic programming 63 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project models to evaluate the effects of machinery integrates external expertise, inputs, and replacement, risk aversion, a learning curve, and expectations with the unique character of a crop yield expectations on adoption strategies by particular farming system. It focuses on improving representative profit-maximizing and risk-averse, the processes of the farm and farmer rather than on expected utility-maximizing farmers in Michigan. the traditional interests of "outsiders" such as Mean net revenues for the no-till technology are disciplinary researchers, industry sales people, higher than net revenues for conventional tillage government regulators, consumers, or when mean crop yields are assumed to be equal for environmental interest groups. As an alternative to the two technologies. The estimated mean corn and transfer of technology, it promotes learning both by soybean yields are higher for the no-till system than the farmer and by specialists from academia, for conventional tillage, but the differences are not industry, government, and the public. Participatory statistically significant. The representative risk- assistance can promote innovations in the operation averse farmer waits until both the conventional of farms, in the conduct of research and education, planter and the current tractor have aged many in the development of products and services, in the years before adopting the no-till technology when formulation of policy, and in the involvement of the equal mean yields and a learning curve are public in agriculture. The outcome is not assumed to assumed. The representative profit-maximizing be the adoption of the "best" technology, but may be farmer replaces this machinery and adopts the no-till found in the emerging properties that result from technology more quickly, especially when no innovations. Assessing the improvement that follows learning curve is considered. Both representative each innovation will require clear specification of the farmers adopt the no-till technology much more relevant performance criteria, provision of quickly when the estimated mean crop yields are appropriate technical support, and reinforcement by assumed than when equal mean crop yields are the appropriate incentives. Reconciling today's assumed. Crop price expectations also exert a large farming with water quality protection illustrates the influence on the optimal adoption strategy for the potential of the PA approach. risk-averse farmer. The results support efforts to This citation is from AGRICOLA. promote no-till technology by demonstrating superior to yields and lowering learning costs. 279. Participatory landscape ecology: A basis for This citation is from AGRICOLA. acceptance and implementation. Luz, Frieder 277. Oregon's Conservation Reserve Landscape and Urban Planning 50 (1-3): Enhancement Program: Likely Participation and 157-166. (2000) Recommendations for Implementation. NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046 Kingsbury, L. Descriptors: participatory landscape ecology: Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, 1999. acceptance, implementation Notes: M.S. Thesis Abstract: Until recently, participation by local actors Descriptors: State conservation programs/ (decision-makers, lobbyists, farmers or Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program/ representatives of various interest groups) played Oregon little or no role in landscape ecology and planning in Abstract: Assessed the willingness of private Germany. Research in southern Germany between riparian landowners to participate in Oregon's CREP 1990 and 1996 and other more recent studies under various contract provisions. demonstrate how a lack of communication between scientists, planners, administrators and local 278. Participatory assistance: An alternative to stakeholders hinder acceptance and implementation transfer of technology for promoting change on of landscape planning projects. As part of farms. practically-oriented research project, measures to Lanyon, L. E. improve communication were applied in several American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9 (3): communities and the effects measured over several 136-142. (1994) years. Participatory and communicative methods NAL Call #: S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 such as round tables, workshops, marketing of [AJAAEZ] regional products and information campaigns Descriptors: farming systems/ change/ caused significant acceleration of the farm management/ decision making/ implementation, suggesting that landscape ecology innovation adoption/ farmers/ participation/ can be holistic only if public awareness and technology transfer/ comparisons participation play an equal role with the expert views Abstract: Participatory assistance (PA) is a of natural scientists and planners. proposed approach for promoting change that © Thomson involves both the biophysical processes of farms and the management processes of farmers. It 64 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 280. Past investments in conservation research. different among groups. Weed densities were higher Napier, T. L. (P=0.065) in noncertifiable fields than in certifiable Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 52 (1): fields. Most farmers reported manageable weed 32-33. (Jan. 1997-Feb. 1997) densities in the year following PFP. Soil NAL Call #: 56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 conservation practices were used on a high [JSWCA3]. proportion of PFP fields. Management practices Notes: Commentary. associated with PFP included the use of delayed Descriptors: soil conservation/ water conservation/ seeding, forages in rotation, and increased seeding programs/ farmers' attitudes/ participation/ rates. Agronomic and demographic characteristics of resistance to change/ innovation adoption/ participating fields and farmers were typical for incentives/ disincentives/ decision making/ social Manitoba. Pesticide Free Production demonstrates sciences/ research considerable potential to be successfully adopted by This citation is from AGRICOLA. mainstream farmers. © Thomson 281. Perceptions of risk associated with use of farm chemicals: Implications for conservation 283. Policy prospects for brush control to initiatives. increase off-site water yield. Tucker, M. and Napier, T. L. Thurow, T. L.; Thurow, A. P.; and Garriga, M. D. Environmental Management 22 (4): 575-587. (1998) Journal of Range Management 53 (1): 23-31. NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X (Jan. 2000) This citation is provided courtesy of CAB NAL Call #: 60.18-J82; ISSN: 0022-409X International/CABI Publishing. [JRMGAQ] Descriptors: watershed management/ brush control/ 282. Pesticide free production of field crops: water yield/ cost analysis/ ranching/ farm surveys/ Results of an on-farm pilot project. wildlife management/ game animals/ decision Nazarko, Orla M; Acker, Rene C van; Entz, Martin H; making/ hunting/ leases/ farm income/ range Schoofs, Allison; and Martens, Gary management/ Texas Agronomy Journal 95 (5): 1262-1273. (2003) Abstract: Water yield from rangeland on the NAL Call #: 4-AM34P; ISSN: 0002-1962 Edwards Plateau, Texas is significantly greater if a Descriptors: Avena sativa [oat] (Gramineae): grain site is dominated by grass instead of brush. Brush crop/ Hordeum vulgare [barley] (Gramineae): grain control programs are being considered by policy- crop/ Linum usitatissimum [flax] (Linaceae): fiber makers as a way to relieve water shortages in the crop/ Triticum aestivum [wheat] (Gramineae): grain region. This research analyzed ranchers' willingness crop/ Angiosperms/ Dicots / Monocots/ Plants/ to participate in a publicly-funded brush control cost- Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ on farm pilot sharing program that would be -revenue project/ pesticide free crop production: organic neutral. A survey instrument was mailed to 226 production transition, weeds, yield ranchers, 119 were completed and returned (53%). Abstract: Existing strategies for pesticide use The cost sharing program required that brush on reduction in the northern Great Plains have suffered enrolled land be cleared and maintained at 3% cover from limited adoption. A novel approach, Pesticide for a 10-year period. Respondents estimated that Free Production (PFP), was recently developed in current brush cover on their land averaged 41%, Manitoba, Canada. A participatory, on-farm study which contrasted with their preference that brush was conducted to assess the potential of PFP to be cover average 27%. This expression of preferred implemented on typical farms and the level of brush cover was similar to an independent estimate success farmers experienced with PFP. Pesticide by a panel of experts in the region which indicated Free Production prohibits the use of in-crop ranch livestock and deer-hunting lease value would pesticide and seed treatments during one crop year be maximized at 30% brush cover. These estimates as well as prior use of residual pesticides. Synthetic indicate that a program designed to increase water fertilizer use is permitted, as are pre-emergent yield by reducing brush cover to 3% would likely applications of nonresidual pesticides. A total of 71 require a financial incentive to offset the cost of farmers, representing 120 fields and 11 crops, brush control that exceeded the preference of the participated in the study. Fields and farmers were owner. Sixty-six percent of respondents indicated a grouped based on whether or not fields (i) achieved willingness to enroll some portion of their land in the PFP certification and (ii) were in transition to organic cost-sharing program described in the survey production. Certification was achieved for 83% of the instrument. Ranch size, the percentage of ranch participating area. Spring cereals were the most income earned from deer-hunting leases and likely crops to achieve PFP certification. Yields in all livestock, and whether or not ranchers indicated that groups were slightly lower than conventional expense limited past brush control efforts were the averages in Manitoba but were not significantly variables measured by the survey instrument which 65 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project best explained the probability of participation and the management/ decision making/ innovation adoption/ amount of land the owner was willing to enroll. resistance to change/ sociological analysis This citation is from AGRICOLA. This citation is from AGRICOLA.

284. A policy simulation of the Wetlands Reserve 287. Precision farming adoption and use in Ohio: Program. Case studies of six leading-edge adopters. Parks, P. J. and Kramer, R. A. Batte, M. T. and Arnholt, M. W. Journal of Environmental Economics and Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 38 (2 ): Management 28 (2): 223-240. (1995); 125-139. (Feb. 2003) ISSN: 0095-0696 NAL Call #: S494.5.D3C652; ISSN: 0168-1699 Descriptors: agricultural practices/ government [CEAGE6] policy/ wetlands/ environmental restoration/ costs/ Descriptors: site specific crop management/ models/ United States/ agriculture/ government variable rate application/ data collection/ innovation policies/ economics/ ecosystem disturbance / land adoption/ farmers' attitudes/ information technology/ use/ environmental protection/ urbanization/ cost case studies/ interviews/ farm management/ analysis/ land reclamation/ Modeling/ mathematics/ evaluation/ geographical information systems/ computer applications/ Reclamation/ Environmental diffusion of information/ technology transfer/ Ohio action/ Protective measures and control/ Evaluation Abstract: Precision farming (PF) has the potential to process/ Freshwater/ United States help farmers improve input allocation decisions, Abstract: Farmer participation in wetlands thereby lowering production costs or increasing restoration practices is explained using land outputs, and, potentially, increasing profits. benefits, land attributes, and owner attributes. The However, little is known about how farmers use PF probability of participation is estimated using county- technologies to support managerial decision-making, level data, and used to calculate the expected or about the relative magnitude of benefits and costs acreage restored. National restored wetlands of PF technologies on individual farms. An reserves are simulated by sorting counties on embedded, multiple-case study approach was used government cost and enrolling acreage into the to collect information about PF from six farms. The reserve until the acreage target is reached. Total objective was to collect information about adoption government cost for a million-acre reserve ranges and use of PF from early adopters to glean from $1736 million to $1869 million, depending on information that would be useful to those considering the administrative strategy used. Using estimated adoption of this farming system. Results suggest participation rates in place of hypothetical rates that farmers credit benefits to PF for a wide variety suggests that achieving acreage targets may be of decision types. The case study farmers appear to more expensive than previously thought. derive more value from information gathering © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) technologies (e.g. yield monitors and mapping) than from variable rate application technologies. 285. The potential of the 1990 Farm Bill to This citation is from AGRICOLA. conserve and restore wetlands in cornbelt watersheds. 288. Predicting Drip Irrigation Use and Adoption Lant CL; Kraft SE; and Campbell KL. in a Desert Region. In: Versatility of wetlands in the agricultural Skaggs, R. K. landscape: Hyatt Regency, Tampa, Florida, USA, Agricultural Water Management 51 (2): 17-20 September, 1995.; pp. 295-303; 1995. 125-142. (2001) This citation is provided courtesy of CAB NAL Call #: S494.5.W3A3; ISSN: 0378-3774 International/CABI Publishing. Descriptors: United States, New Mexico/ Irrigation Practices/ Drip Irrigation/ Crop Production/ Farms/ 286. Practical considerations in assessing Surveys/ Attitudes/ Regression Analysis/ Model barriers to IPM adoption. Studies/ Conservation in agricultural use Nowak, P.; Padgett, S.; and Hoban, T. J. Abstract: The possibility that drip irrigation In: Proceedings of the Third National IPM technology could increase yields, reduce the Symposium and Workshop: Broadening support for incidence of crop diseases, and improve fruit quality 21st century IPM. (Held 27 Feb 1996-1 Mar 1996 at has been identified as a critical research issue for Washington, D.C.) the New Mexico chile pepper industry. Numerous Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, hypotheses have been expressed regarding the low Economic Research Service; pp. 93-114; 1997. incidence of drip irrigation usage among New Notes: Miscellaneous publication (United States. Mexico farmers. A survey of farmers was conducted Dept. of Agriculture) no. 1542 in 1999 to assess commercial chile pepper NAL Call #: 1-Ag84M-no.1542 producers' attitudes toward and knowledge of drip Descriptors: integrated pest management/ crop irrigation technology. The survey data were used in 66 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives logistic regression models that predict current high- predictive capacity, explaining from 1 to 29% of the tech irrigation system usage, drip irrigation usage, total variance in source use. The variability noted and plans for future drip irrigation adoption by chile among farmers' information-use patterns and pepper producers. The results of this research perceptions across the three study areas casts provide information useful to extension personnel, doubt on the value of broad-based or "shotgun" other researchers, and chile industry members. approaches for delivering agricultural information. Results also raise questions about the impact of The use of factor analysis has promise in future widespread drip irrigation adoption on multi-user studies as a valuable tool for developing empirical irrigation systems, such as those found in New measures of information use and improving Mexico. measurement of key theoretical constructs in © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) agricultural communication. This citation is from AGRICOLA. 289. Preferred sources and channels of soil and water conservation information among farmers 290. A Preliminary Analysis of Texas Ranchers' in three Midwestern US watersheds. Willingness to Participate in a Brush Control Tucker, M. and Napier, T. L. Cost-Sharing Program to Improve Off-Site Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 92 (2/3): Water Yields. 297-313. (Nov. 2002) Thurow, A. P.; Conner, J. R.; Thurow, T. L.; and NAL Call #: S601-.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 Garriga, M. D. [AEENDO] Ecological Economics 37 (1): 139-152. (2001) Descriptors: farmers/ farmers' attitudes/ soil NAL Call #: QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009 conservation/ water conservation/ information Descriptors: Environmental economics/ Public services/ information needs/ diffusion of information/ concern/ Cost benefit analysis/ Agriculture/ watersheds/ decision making/ prediction/ data Perception/ Regional planning/ Water resources/ analysis/ Iowa/ Ohio/ Minnesota Ecology/ United States, Texas/ Water Yield/ Water Abstract: This research examines farmers' use of Supply/ Farming/ Economic Aspects/ Water various sources and channels of conservation Management/ Arid environments/ Environment information in three Midwestern US watersheds. A management/ Socioeconomic aspects/ United primary objective was to determine perceptual and States, Texas, Edwards Plateau/ brush control/ farm structure factors influencing the use of Environmental action/ Water yield improvement/ particular information sources for farm-level General Environmental Engineering/ Freshwater decision-making. Data were collected from 1011 Abstract: Brush cover of 30% is estimated to be farm operators, the Maquoketa River watershed in economically optimal for on the Edwards east-central Iowa, the Lower Minnesota River Plateau, Texas. This contrasts with a regional watershed in southeast Minnesota, and the Darby objective to increase off-site water yield, which is Creek watershed in central Ohio. Respondents were maximized if brush cover is removed. Survey asked to indicate frequency of use for 22 sources of research was conducted to assess ranchers' conservation information identified from the literature willingness to enter a 10-year easement contract to and to rank the perceived importance of 11 of the clear brush to 3%, for a fixed cost-share payment to most common communication channels for offset their opportunity costs of participation. Sixty- accessing agricultural information. Factor analysis six percent of the 119 ranchers surveyed were was used to reduce the number of information willing to enroll. Ranch size, income from livestock sources to a smaller set of variables that explained and deer-hunting enterprises, and perceptions about much of the variance of the original data set. brush control costs were important explanatory Selected elements of diffusion, risk communication, variables in statistical analysis using probit and and farm structure theories were used to interpret Cragg models. the factor loadings and to identify predictors of © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) information use. Regression analysis was used to test the communication source models developed 291. Private farmer's attitudes to land, work and for the overall data set and for each state. landscape: Interpretation of a case study in Descriptive findings revealed that farmers use landscape ecological framework. multiple sources and channels when accessing soil Lapka, Miloslav and Cudlinova, Eva and water conservation information. Substantial Ekologia Bratislava 18 (4): 401-412. (1999); differences in information-use patterns were noted ISSN: 1335-342X among the study watersheds. The results of the Descriptors: human (Hominidae): farmer/ Animals/ factor analysis showed that the 22 information Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ sources could be categorized into six overarching Vertebrates/ rural landscapes: ecological framework groups based on their intercorrelation. The Abstract: This paper looks at the private farmer's regression models were shown to vary widely in their attitudes to their land, their own work and 67 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project surrounding landscape. We employed a data coming 295. Public marginal willingness to trade off from the socio-ecological research of family farmers among water quality programs: Estimates of in the South Bohemian landscape of the Czech statewide and watershed-specific budget values. Republic. Using farmer's attitudes to land, work and Blomquist GC; Newsome MA; and Stone DB to landscape, the paper charts the ecological Water Resources Research 36 (5): 1301-1313; consequences of our cases in context with 12 ref. (2000) sustainable agriculture as so as in more theoretical NAL Call #: 292.8 W295 context of landscape ecology. Farmer's attitudes This citation is provided courtesy of CAB mentioned above contains the potential to be a International/CABI Publishing. positive (from an ecological point of view) driving force for landscape preservation and land use. 296. Public policies and private decisions: Their However, the application of these ecological positive impacts on Lake Erie water quality and farm attitudes is not a task only the farmer's internal economy. factors. There are playing also great role external Forster, D. L. factors like agriculture policy, subsidies and last, but Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 55 (3): not least understanding of co-existence of natural 309-322. (2000) and social patterns in rural landscape. NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 © Thomson This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing. 292. Program participation behavior of non- industrial forest landowners: A probit analysis. 297. Publicly-provided information in Nagubadi, V.; McNamara, K. T.; Hoover, W. L.; and environmental management: Incorporating Mills, W. L. Jr. groundwater quality goals into herbicide Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics treatment recommendations. 28 (2): 323-336. (1996); ISSN: 0081-3052 Liu, W; Moffitt, L J; Lee, L K; and Bhowmik, P C This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Journal of environmental management 55 (4): International/CABI Publishing. 239-248. (1999) NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 293. Property tax distortions and participation in Descriptors: herbicide: treatment recommendations/ federal easement programs: An exploratory environmental management/ groundwater quality analysis of the Wetlands Reserve Program. goals / publicly provided information Poe, G. L. Abstract: Use of publicly-provided information to Agricultural and Resource Economics Review promote environmental quality has received 27 (1): 117-124; 40 ref. (1998) somewhat less attention in the environmental NAL Call #: HD1773.A2N6 management literature than use of other This citation is provided courtesy of CAB environmental policy tools based on economic International/CABI Publishing. incentives such as emissions taxes, subsidies and marketable permits. Yet publicly-provided 294. Property taxation and participation in information may have potential as an environmental Federal easement programs: Evidence from the policy tool, especially in managing problems of 1992 Pilot Wetlands Reserve Program. agricultural pollution, due in large part to the existing Poe, Gregory L. and New York State College of capability of public information agencies associated Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural, with the agricultural research community. Resource and Managerial Economics. Information provided by these agencies is known to Ithaca, N.Y.: Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, and be an important factor in decision making in Managerial Economics, Cornell University; 15 p.; agriculture and may have potential for influencing Series: Working paper (New York State College of decisions that relate directly to preserving the Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural, integrity of environmental resources. Moreover, this Resource, and Managerial Economics) potential may have particular relevance for WP 96-06. (1996) protecting groundwater quality from agricultural Notes: "May 1996"--Cover. Includes bibliographical production since the results of contamination are references (p. 15). often at least partially internal to the farm decision NAL Call #: HD1751.W67--no.96-06 maker. This paper develops an empirical model to Descriptors: Conservation easements---United formulate publicly-provided herbicide treatment States/ Real property and taxation---United States/ recommendations designed to protect both the Wetland conservation---Economic aspects--- quality of groundwater and the income of farmers. United States An economic and statistical model of a crop-pest This citation is from AGRICOLA. system is used in conjunction with a groundwater loading model to derive the trade-off relationship 68 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives between producer income and movement of 301. Recruiting the new conservationists: herbicide material through the root zone. The trade- Farmers' adoption of agri-environmental off relationship can provide the basis for formulating schemes in the United Kingdom. herbicide treatment recommendations and can also Morris, C. and Potter, C. shed light on appropriate groundwater quality goals. Journal of Rural Studies 11 (1): 51-63. (Jan. 1995) © Thomson NAL Call #: HT401.J68; ISSN: 0743-0167 Descriptors: conservation/ land diversion/ land 298. The pursuit of efficiency and its unintended management/ farmers' attitudes/ innovation consequences: Contract withdrawals in the adoption/ environmental policy/ contracts/ program environmental quality incentives program. participants/ incentives/ farm surveys/ south east Cattaneo, A. England/ environmentally sensitive areas program/ Review of Agricultural Economics 25 (2): agri environmental policy 449-469. (2003) Abstract: Financial incentives available to farmers NAL Call #: HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195. under the Government's relaunched agri- Notes: Number of References: 11; Publisher: environmental policy (AEP) promise to recruit more Amer Agricultural Economics Assoc farmers into conservation schemes than ever before. Descriptors: Agriculture/ Agronomy/ Economics/ The success of these voluntary schemes, which water quality/ moral hazard offer payments in return for farmers agreeing to Abstract: This article analyzes why the USDA's desist from certain damaging operations or carry out Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) environmentally sensitive ones, is widely proclaimed, experiences contract withdrawals. Among approved chiefly with reference to the promising levels of contracts, 17% withdrew one or more conservation enrolment that have already been achieved under practices. After presenting a model of producers' the Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) behavior, a logit model is used to examine the programme. Increasingly, however, attention is withdrawal phenomenon. Withdrawals are linked to focusing on the environmental benefits that are producers having an incentive to include low cost- being achieved on the ground and their longer-term share payments and practices in the conservation durability. This paper reports on a survey of 101 plan that increase the probability of approval, but farmers in South East England conducted with a may not be profitable. These results are discussed view to investigating the level of engagement of in light of the changes to EQIP that have been those currently enrolled in such schemes. Focusing introduced by the 2002 Farm Act. on the motivational aspects, it points to wide © Thomson ISI variations in the level of commitment and sympathy with the wider objectives of AEP schemes and 299. Qualitative Evaluation of the Continuous places farmers on a participation spectrum ranging Sign-Up Program: Results of Five Focus Groups. from the most resistant nonadopters at one end to Applied Research Systems Natural Resource the most active adopters at the other. The policy Conservation Service, 1996. implications of this categorisation are explored and Notes: Prepared for Natural Resource recommendations made for pushing more farmers Conservation Service. towards the active end of the spectrum. Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ United This citation is from AGRICOLA. States/ Continuous CRP Abstract: Presented the results of five focus groups 302. Relationships among farm operators' water comprised of farmers to a promotional campaign for quality opinions, fertilization practices, and buffer strips and continuous CRP. cropland potential to pollute in two regions of Virginia. 300. Reallocating water from agriculture to the Pease, J. and Bosch, D. environment under a voluntary purchase Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49 (5): program. 477-483. (1994) Isé, S. and Sunding, D. L. NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 Review of Agricultural Economics 20 (1): This citation is provided courtesy of CAB 214-226. (1998) International/CABI Publishing. NAL Call #: HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 0191-9016 This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

69 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 303. Relevance of scale dependent approaches have to be made in a world of resource scarcity in for integrating biophysical and socio-economic order to achieve a sustainable agroecosystem. information and development of agroecological Analyzing these choices in an integrated framework indicators. is a central component of modern economic Dumanski, J.; Pettapiece, W. W.; and analysis. McGregor, R. J. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 50 (1/3): 13-22. (Mar. 1998) 307. A review of the socio-economic analysis of NAL Call #: S631.F422; ISSN: 1385-1314 soil degradation problems for developed and [NCAGFC]. developing countries. Notes: In the special issue: Soil and water quality at Thampapillai, D. J. and Anderson, J. R. different scales / edited by P.A. Finke, J. Bouma and Review of Marketing and Agricultural Economics M.R. Hoosbeek. Proceedings of a workshop held 62 (3): 291-315. (Dec. 1994) August 7-9, 1996, Wageningen, The Netherlands. NAL Call #: 286.8-N47M; ISSN: 0034-6616 Includes references. Descriptors: soil degradation/ soil conservation/ Descriptors: sustainability/ growth/ technology topsoil/ farm inputs/ agricultural production/ transfer/ innovation adoption/ indicators/ ecology/ renewable resources/ non renewable resources/ agriculture/ ecosystems/ costs/ natural resources/ resource utilization/ costs/ economic impact/ income/ environmental degradation/ socioeconomics/ soil innovation adoption/ optimization methods/ chemistry/ soil physical properties/ soil fertility/ water developing countries/ common property resources/ quality/ literature reviews user costs This citation is from AGRICOLA. This citation is from AGRICOLA.

304. Research experience with tools to involve 308. Risk of public disclosure in environmental farmers and local institutions in developing more farm plan programs: Characteristics and environmentally friendly practices. mitigating legal and policy strategies. Noe, E. and Halberg, N. Yiridoe, E. K. In: Environmental co-operation and institutional Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics change: Theories and policies for European 13 (1/2): 101-120. (2000) agriculture/ Hagedorn, K. NAL Call #: BJ52.5 .J68; ISSN: 0893-4282 Cheltenham, UK: Edw. Elgar Publ., 2002; This citation is provided courtesy of CAB pp. 143-161. International/CABI Publishing. Notes: ISBN: 1-84064-841-4 This citation is provided courtesy of CAB 309. Role of farmers' attitudes in adoption of International/CABI Publishing. irrigation in Saskatchewan. Kulshreshtha, S. N. and Brown, W. J. 305. Results of irrigation management transfer in Irrigation and Drainage Systems 7 (2): 85-98. (1993) the Columbia Basin Project, USA. NAL Call #: TC801 .I66; ISSN: 0168-6291 Svendsen, M. and Vermillion, D. L. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation International/CABI Publishing. Management Institute; Short Report Series on Locally Managed Irrigation No. 15, 1996. v, 16 p. 310. The role of integrating concepts in This citation is provided courtesy of CAB watershed rehabilitation. International/CABI Publishing. Hilden, M. Ecosystem Health 6 (1): 39-50; 48 ref. (2000) 306. A review and evaluation of agroecosystem This citation is provided courtesy of CAB health analysis: The role of economics. International/CABI Publishing. Yiridoe, E. K. and Weersink, A. Agricultural Systems 55 (4): 601-626. (Dec. 1997) 311. The role of on-farm demonstrations in NAL Call #: HD1.A3; ISSN: 0308-521X [AGSYDS] addressing constraints to the adoption of Descriptors: ecosystems/ resource utilization/ remedial practices. sustainability/ economic evaluation/ opportunity Nowak, P. and Hakanson, K. costs/ systems approach In: Agricultural research to protect water quality: Abstract: A conceptual framework for evaluating Proceedings of the conference. (Held 21 Feb 1993- sustainable agroecosystems based on economic 24 Feb 1993 at Minneapolis, Minnesota.) theory is presented. Agroecosystem sustainability Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society; embraces human socioeconomic and bioecological pp. 344-346; 1993. aspects. There are tradeoffs, complementarities, and interrelationships among alternative choices that 70 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives NAL Call #: TD427.A35A49-1993 Abstract: A group incentive program to encourage Descriptors: demonstration farms/ adoption/ farmer adoption of best management practices is assessment/ farmers simulated for a typical watershed in central Illinois. This citation is from AGRICOLA. The incentive payments, program costs and environmental impacts of the program are simulated. 312. The role of planting flexibility and the The results show that the best management acreage reduction program in encouraging practices may not actually reduce farm profits but sustainable agriculture practices. may increase farm profits and reduce environmental Huang, W. Y. and Daberkow, S. G. pollution. The sponsor in most cases may not have Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 7 (1): to pay anything under the incentive contract. This 63-79. (1995) may bring about a win-win situation for the sponsor, NAL Call #: S494.5.S86S8; ISSN: 1044-0046 the farmer participating in the program, and society [JSAGEB] as a whole. The program could be implemented as Descriptors: farm management/ decision making/ an educational effort to demonstrate the benefits of agricultural policy/ federal programs/ land diversion / sound management practices. participation/ deficiency payments/ crop mixtures/ © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) diversification/ mathematical models/ sustainability/ farming systems/ case studies/ Corn Belt States of 316. Site-specific management: The application USA/ normal flex acres/ commodity programs of information technology to crop production. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Plant, R. E. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 30 (1/3): 313. Selection and sustainability of land and 9-29. (Feb. 2001) water resource management systems. NAL Call #: S494.5.D3C652; ISSN: 0168-1699 Prato, T. and Hajkowicz, S. [CEAGE6]. Journal of the American Water Resources Notes: In the millennium special issue: Past Association 35 (4): 739-752. (1999) Developments and Future Directions. Part I. NAL Call #: GB651.W315 Precision Agriculture and Information Technology / This citation is provided courtesy of CAB edited by D.L. Schmoldt. Includes references. International/CABI Publishing. Descriptors: site specific crop management/ crop production/ crop yield/ spatial variation/ 314. Sequential adoption of site-specific measurement/ data analysis/ information technologies and its implications for nitrogen technology/ technology transfer/ innovation productivity: A double selectivity model. adoption/ economic evaluation/ reviews Khanna, M. Abstract: Site-specific management (SSM; also Selected papers from the annual meeting of the called, precision agriculture) is the management of American Agricultural Economics Association (1999) agricultural crops at a spatial scale smaller than that NAL Call #: HD1405-.A44. of the whole field. Widespread farmer adoption of Notes: Supplemental online access through SSM practices is contingent on its economic http://agecon.lib.umn.edu. Meeting held August 8- advantage. Three criteria that must be satisfied in 11, 1999 in Nashville, Tennessee. order for SSM to be justified are, (1) that significant Includes references. within-field spatial variability exists in factors that Descriptors: site specific crop management/ influence crop yield, (2) that, causes of this variability nitrogen fertilizers/ soil testing/ variable rate can be identified and measured, and (3) that, the application/ farm management/ decision making/ information from these measurements can be used innovation adoption/ soil fertility/ probit analysis/ to modify crop management practices to increase Illinois/ Iowa/ Indiana/ Wisconsin profit or decrease environmental impact. The This citation is from AGRICOLA. objective of this paper is to review the state of SSM at the turn of the millennium and to offer some 315. Simulation of a Group Incentive Program for speculation as to its future course. The review is Farmer Adoption of Best Management Practices. organized around the essential components of SSM Ipe, V. C.; Devuyst, E. A.; Braden, J. B.; listed above, i.e. measuring spatial variability, and White, D. C. analyzing the data obtained from these Agricultural and Resource Economics Review measurements, using information gained from this 30 (2): 139-150. (2001) analysis to effect changes in management practices, NAL Call #: HD1773.A2N6; ISSN: 1068-2805 and determining whether the resulting benefits are Descriptors: United States, Illinois/ Watershed worth the costs. The discussion section considers Management/ Agricultural Watersheds/ Best some potential effects of large-scale adoption of Management Practices/ Farms/ Environmental SSM, should this adoption occur. Policy/ Economic Aspects/ Watershed protection This citation is from AGRICOLA. 71 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 317. Social and economic challenges in the 319. Social issues related to soil specific crop development of complex farming systems. management. Pannell, D. J. Nowak PJ. Agroforestry Systems 45 (1/3): 393-409. (1999) In: Proceedings of soil specific crop management: NAL Call #: SD387.M8A3; ISSN: 0167-4366 A workshop on research and development issues, [AGSYE6]. April 14-16, 1992, Minneapolis, MN. (Held 14 Apr Notes: In the special issue: Agriculture as a mimic of 1992-16 Apr 1992 at Minneapolis, MN.) Robert PC; natural ecosystems / edited by E.C. Lefroy, R.J. Rust RH; and Larson WE (eds.); pp. 269-285; 1993. Hobbs, M.H. O'Connor and J.S. Pate. Paper This citation is provided courtesy of CAB presented at a workshop held September 2-6, 1997, International/CABI Publishing. Williams, Western Australia, Australia. Includes references. 320. Socio-economic methods in natural Descriptors: farming systems/ agroforestry/ resources research. agroforestry systems/ social values/ economic Farrington, J. analysis/ technology transfer/ sustainability/ farmers/ London, UK: Overseas Development Institute; ODI ecosystems/ profitability/ farmers' attitudes/ Natural Resource Perspectives No. 9, 1996. 4 p. literature reviews This citation is provided courtesy of CAB This citation is from AGRICOLA. International/CABI Publishing.

318. A social exchange explanation of 321. Socioeconomic and institutional constraints participation in the U.S. Farm Program. on the adoption of soil conservation practices in Thomas, J. K. and Thigpen, J. the USA: Implications for sustainable Southern Rural Sociology 12 (1): 1-23. (1996) agriculture. NAL Call #: HT401.S68; ISSN: 0885-3436 Napier TL; Krecek J; Rajwar GS; and Haigh MJ Descriptors: farmers' attitudes/ agricultural policy/ In: Hydrological problems and environmental federal programs/ program participants/ farm management in highlands and headwaters, 1996; income/ environmental protection/ environmental pp. 185-196 policy/ conservation/ farm management/ Texas This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Abstract: Passage of the 1990 Food, Agriculture, International/CABI Publishing. Conservation, and Trade Act resulted from the political influence of many environmental interest 322. Socioeconomic pressure, demographic groups and, consequently, included many pressure, environmental loading and conservation provisions. As agricultural policy has technological changes in agriculture. increasingly reflected the environmental concerns of Giampietro, M. the public, farmers who participate in the Farm Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 65 (3): Program have adjusted their production practices to 201-229. (Nov. 1997) conserve land and water resources, minimize use of NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO] agrichemicals, and control animal wastes. Social Descriptors: farming/ farming systems/ exchange theory was used to examine personal and sustainability/ agricultural production/ technology/ farm characteristics that could affect technical progress/ innovation adoption/ decision agroenvironmental attitudes, Farm Program making/ socioeconomics/ population pressure/ land participation, and conservation practices of Texas productivity/ environmental factors/ ecological farmers (n = 1,063 farmers) in 1991. One in four balance/ farmers' attitudes/ opinions farmers did not participate in a federal This citation is from AGRICOLA. commodity/conservation program. Less than 8 percent of the variation in regulatory and 323. Socioeconomic profiles of early adopters of environmental attitudes was explained by personal precision agriculture technologies. and farm characteristics, compared to 30 percent of Daberkow, S. G. and McBride, W. D. the variation in Farm Program participation and 14 Journal of Agribusiness 16 (2): 151-168. (Fall 1998) percent in use of conservation practices. NAL Call #: HD1401.J68; ISSN: 0738-8950 Agroenvironmental attitudes and most background Descriptors: maize/ crop enterprises/ farming characteristics were poor predictors of farm-related systems/ innovation adoption/ technology/ decision behaviors. Level of gross farm income was the best making/ socioeconomic status/ farm size/ farm predictor of farmers' attitudes and behaviors. income/ crop yield/ probability Implications of these findings are discussed. This citation is from AGRICOLA. This citation is from AGRICOLA.

72 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 324. The socioeconomics of groundwater tangible benefits of soil and water conservation to protection in the Scioto River watershed of Ohio. farmers (production, income, risk-minimization); and Napier, T. L. 4) avoiding a narrow focus on soil and water In: Agricultural research to protect water quality: conservation-alternatives are 'better land husbandry' Proceedings of the conference. (Held 21 Feb 1993- or 'sustainable rural livelihoods' approaches. A 24 Feb 1993 at Minneapolis, Minnesota.) number of areas are identified as priorities for further Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society; research which would aid the successful adoption of pp. 242-243; 1993. sustainable agricultural techniques and which should NAL Call #: TD427.A35A49-1993 guide future research, development and extension, Descriptors: watershed management/ groundwater bringing more sustained benefits to farmers, pollution/ farming systems/ profitability/ Ohio particularly in humid and subhumid hillside regions. This citation is from AGRICOLA. © Thomson

325. Soil and water conservation behaviors 328. 'Stinking, disease-spreading brutes' or 'four- within the upper Mississippi River Basin. legged landscape managers'? Livestock, Napier, T. L. pastoralism and society in Germany and the Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 56 (4): USA. 279-285. (2001) Bieling, Claudia and Plieninger, Tobias NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 Outlook on Agriculture 32 (1): 7-12. (2003) This citation is provided courtesy of CAB NAL Call #: 10 Ou8; ISSN: 0030-7270 International/CABI Publishing. Descriptors: human (Hominidae): farmer/ livestock (Mammalia)/ Animals/ Chordates/ Humans/ 326. Soil and water conservation policies and Mammals/ Nonhuman Mammals/ Nonhuman programs: Successes and failures. Vertebrates/ Primates/ Vertebrates/ cultural Napier, T. L.; Napier, S. M.; and Tvrdon, J. contexts/ political contexts/ rangeland pastoralism: Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 640 p. (2000) ecological aspects, economical aspects/ societal Notes: Proceedings of an international conference contexts/ society pastoralist interactions: historical convened at the Czech Agriculture University in course/ sustainable farming practices Prague, Czech Republic in September of 1996. Abstract: Comparisons between the Black Forest NAL Call #: S622.2-.S63-2000; ISBN: 0849300053 region of Germany and the Sierra Nevada foothills in (alk. paper) the USA show considerable parallels in the Descriptors: Soil conservation---Government policy- relationship between livestock raisers and society. --Congresses/ Water conservation---Government This becomes evident by sketching the historic policy---Congresses course of interactions between society and This citation is from AGRICOLA. pastoralism as well as the present situation. The authors emphasize that purely economic or 327. Soil and water conservation projects and ecological studies of pastoralism are not sufficient to rural livelihoods: Options for design and explain the characteristic features of livestock research to enhance adoption and adaptation. farmers. In both countries a specific livestock McDonald, M and Brown, K farming culture can be characterized by team spirit, Land Degradation and Development 11 (4): a desire for independence from the outside world, 343-361. (2000) ranch fundamentalism, and a special relationship NAL Call #: S622.L26 S622.L26; ISSN: 1085-3278 with nature. This set of values and attitudes should Descriptors: farming/ hillside regions/ land be considered whenever dealing with pastoralism, husbandry/ natural capital/ project evaluation/ whether in a scientific, political or everyday context. rural livelihoods/ social capital/ soil conservation/ © Thomson water conservation Abstract: This paper synthesizes the findings of a 329. Stochastic technology, risk preferences, workshop which sought to consider the issues of and adoption of site-specific technologies. poor uptake, adoption and adaptation of soil and Isik, M. and Khanna, M. water conservation techniques by farmers post- American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85 (2): project by examining the experiences of projects 305-317. (2003) which had research and extension elements. Critical NAL Call #: 280.8 J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 factors contributing to the adoption and adaptation of This citation is provided courtesy of CAB soil and water conservation techniques by farmers International/CABI Publishing. are identified as 1) a more flexible approach and which enables learning within projects; 2) a process rather than output driven approach to soil and water conservation; 3) demonstration of immediate and 73 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 330. Strategies for encouraging the use of 334. A Summary of the SWCS Wetlands Reserve organic wastes in agriculture. Program Survey. Oshins, C. Despain, W. In: Agricultural utilization of urban and industrial by- Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50 (6): products: Proceedings of a symposium. (Held 7 Nov 632-633. (1995) 1993-12 Nov 1993 at Cincinnati, Ohio.) NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 Madison, Wis.: American Society of Agronomy/ Crop Descriptors: USA/ wetlands/ conservation/ surveys/ Science Society of America/ Soil Science Society of public participation/ water policy/ public opinion/ America; pp. 73-86; 1995. farming/ Wetlands Reserve Program/ Conservation Notes: Sponsors: Divisions S-6 and S-7 of the Soil in agricultural use Science Society of America and A-5 of the American Abstract: The Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) is Society of Agronomy a relatively new conservation program offered by the NAL Call #: 64.9-Am3-no.58; ISBN: 0891181237 federal government. In 1992, farmers in nine states Descriptors: waste utilization/ organic wastes/ were given the opportunity to offer tracts of land for municipal refuse disposal/ refuse/ agricultural enrollment in the pilot program which would later be wastes/ composting/ sustainability/ farmers' expanded to all 50 states. As a new program, the attitudes/ innovation adoption/ refuse compost/ WRP involved several new elements and untested social barriers/ regulations procedures. The Soil and Water Conservation This citation is from AGRICOLA. Society, in a project directed by Max Schnepf, SWCW' director of public affairs, tried to find out 331. Strategies to overcome impediments to farmers' reaction to the new program, and define adoption of conservation tillage. ways that it could be improved. Farmers in seven of Carter, Martin R. the nine pilot states were brought together ill focus In: Conservation tillage in temperate groups to discuss their experience with the WRP agroecosystems/ Carter, M. R. and gather suggestions. The results of these focus Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1994; pp. 3-19. groups were brought together in the book, available Notes: ISBN: 0873715713 from the SWCS, "Farmer Perspectives on the Descriptors: Angiospermae (Angiospermae)/ Wetlands Reserve Program: A series of Focus angiosperms/ plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular Groups." Three focus groups were organized, in plants/ / minimum tillage/ rotational each of seven pilot states-California, Iowa, tillage/ sustainable agriculture/ tillage timing/ zone Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, New York, and tillage/ Agronomy (Agriculture)/ Conservation/ North Carolina. A total of 120 farmers were involved Soil Science overall. Each focus group meeting was tape © Thomson recorded, and extensive notes were taken on the proceedings. Participants in each meeting were 332. A study of farmer attitudes towards riparian asked the same series of questions, to determine management practices. their feelings about wetlands and wetland issues. Parminter, T. G.; Tarbotton, I. S.; and Kokich, C. Then they were asked a series of specialized Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland questions to find out their feelings about their Association 60: 255-258. (1998); ISSN: 0369-3902 experience with the WRP. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) International/CABI Publishing. 335. A survey of water management practices of 333. Suggestions to States Interested in California rice growers. Developing Conservation Reserve Enhancement Hill, J E; Brouder, S M; Roberts, S R; Williams, J F; Programs. Scardaci, S C; and Wick, C M Environmental Defense Fund, 1998 Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences http://web.archive.org/web/20030609041025/http://w Education 23 (2): 119-124. (1994) ww.fb-net.org/CREP-EDF.htm NAL Call #: S530 .J6; ISSN: 1059-9053 Descriptors: State conservation programs/ Descriptors: Hominidae (Hominidae)/ Oryza sativa Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (Gramineae)/ angiosperms/ animals/ chordates/ Abstract: Offered past state's suggestions on the humans/ mammals/ monocots/ plants/ primates/ issues an applying state would want to address, if spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ vertebrates/ they chose to pursue a CREP program of their own. extension education Abstract: Conventional, continuous flood management for rice (Oryza sativa L.) irrigation in California has resulted in off-site movement of rice herbicides and other pesticides. In 1991, the University of California Cooperative Extension and 74 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives the Soil Conservation Service surveyed rice growers plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ in conjunction with the initiation of a 5-yr project agrichemical use/ conservation/ economics/ low designed to demonstrate and evaluate several input production feasible, alternative water management systems Abstract: The sustainability of agriculture is of great (alternative WMS). The objective of the survey was concern and controversy, but there is little to collect baseline information on current water information on operational measurements and management practices and to identify grower- definitions of sustainability. This article examines the perceived problems and concerns that may pose implications of defining and measuring agricultural barriers to adoption of alternative WMS. Grower sustainability. Two sets of variables were used to respondents accounted for 35% of total California indicate sustainability: (i) changes in agricultural rice hectarage in production in 1991. Fifty-six chemical use, and (ii) use of alternative production percent of growers reported exclusive use of practices. Factor analysis revealed that it would be conventional WMS, while 23% have tried alternative inappropriate to construct a single sustainability WMS on a portion of their hectarage. Twenty-one scale that included both sets of variables. Two percent of respondents have converted their entire separate scales were constructed. The types of rice production hectarage to alternative WMS. Only producers viewed as 'sustainable' on each scale had 43% of conventional WMS growers described very different characteristics. On the scale that themselves as being highly satisfied with their examined changes in agricultural chemical use, current practice; the same percentage reported that producers in the sample reporting zero or declining stricter future water quality regulations will force use tended to have smaller farms, lower investments them to change to an alternative WMS. Growers in machinery, and lower gross and net incomes than already fully converted to alternative WMS producers at the other end of this scale. The use of expressed the highest degree of satisfaction, and alternative practices, reflected in the second scale, 60% classified themselves as being well satisfied showed that producers using a greater number of with their current system. The primary concern of alternative management practices had larger farms, growers anticipating change to an alternative WMS more investment in machinery, and larger gross and was the cost of constructing and operating the net incomes than producers at the other end of this improved system. Secondary concerns were water scale. Producers classified as sustainable on either availability and the future cost of water. The survey of the two scales differed little from other producers results demonstrate that there is a large audience with regard to economic impacts on the community, for extension education efforts focused on cost- organizational involvement, or attitudes about effective, alternative WMS that improve water farming. In general, more useful comparisons were conservation and quality of drainage water. made among producers classified by structural © Thomson variables such as farm size and principal occupation of operator. These findings suggest that policies 336. A survey on the planning and adoption of should take into account the structural factors that zero runoff subirrigation systems in greenhouse influence the adoption of sustainable practices. operations. © Thomson Uva, W. F. L.; Weiler, T. C.; and Milligan, R. A. HortScience 33 (2): 193-196. (Apr. 1998) 338. Sustainable agricultural practices for weed NAL Call #: SB1.H6; ISSN: 0018-5345 [HJHSAR] management: Implications to agricultural Descriptors: crop production/ greenhouse culture/ extension education. subsurface irrigation/ runoff/ runoff water/ surveys/ Kotile, D. G. and Martin, R. A. environmental management/ decision making/ Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 16 (2): innovation adoption/ cost benefit analysis/ 31-51. (2000) businesses/ size/ United States/ ebb and flow NAL Call #: S494.5.S86S8; ISSN: 1044-0046 systems/ flood benches/ flood floor systems/ trough/ This citation is provided courtesy of CAB bench systems International/CABI Publishing. This citation is from AGRICOLA. 339. Sustainable agriculture in the Corn Belt: 337. Sustainability of Pacific Northwest Production-side progress and demand-side horticultural producers. constraints. Cordray, Sheila M; Lev, Larry S; Dick, Richard P; Lighthall, D. R. and Murray, Helene American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 11 (4): Journal of Production Agriculture 6 (1): 168-174. (1996) 121-125. (1993) NAL Call #: S605.5.A43; ISSN: 0889-1893 NAL Call #: S539.5.J68; ISSN: 0890-8524 [AJAAEZ] Descriptors: plant (Plantae Unspecified)/ Descriptors: low input agriculture/ ridging/ Angiospermae (Angiospermae)/ angiosperms/ pesticides/ United States/ no-tillage/ alternative 75 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project farming/ farming/ sustainability/ farm structure/ farm Abstract: In light of the large number of empirical size/ marketing/ innovation adoption/ resistance to studies of agroforestry adoption published during the change/ structural change/ farmers' attitudes/ Corn last decade, we believe it is time to take stock and Belt States of USA/ conventional farming identify general determinants of agroforestry Abstract: This paper explores the constraints to adoption. In reviewing 120 articles on adoption of sustainable agriculture in the Corn Belt stemming agricultural and forestry technology by small holders, from the trend toward increased farm size and the we find five categories of factors that explain continued dependence of the region on technology adoption within an economic framework: undifferentiated farm commodities produced for preferences, resource endowments, market regional, national, and international markets. It is incentives, biophysical factors, and risk and based on a three-county comparison of 14 full-time uncertainty. By selecting only empirical analyses farmers who have embraced sustainable principles that focus on agroforestry and related investments, and practices, and a randomly sampled group of 25 we narrow our list down to 32 studies primarily from farmers. An encouraging finding was the substantial tropical areas. We apply vote-counting based meta- progress made towards lower-input production of analysis to these studies and evaluate the inclusion corn and soybeans by the nine farmers who had and significance of the five adoption factors. Our adopted the ridge tillage system, which uses analysis shows that preferences and resource elevated seedbeds, banded herbicides, and post- endowments are the factors most often included in plant nitrogen application to reduce both sod erosion studies. However, adoption behavior is most likely to and synthetic chemical inputs while maintaining be significantly influenced by risk, biophysical, and yields. However, operators of large farms that resource factors. In our conclusion, we discuss depend on hired labor and highly dispersed field specific recommendations for the next generation of sites regarded these practices as too risky at their adoption studies and meta-analyses that include scale of production despite their short-term considering a fuller menu of variables, reporting key economic and long-tenn environmental benefits. The statistics and marginal probabilities, and conducting region's commercial farmers appear split between weighted meta-regressions. family farmers who wish to avoid the headaches of © Thomson scale expansion and hired labor, and therefore, embrace more efficient low-input systems such as 341. A targeted policy approach to inducing ridge tillage versus those who reject the increased improved rates of conservation compliance in management intensity and risks of lower-input agriculture. systems in favor of scale expansion via more Stonehouse, D. P. chemical-intensive no-till systems. Although ridge Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics / Revue tillage represents movement toward low-input cash Canadienne d'Economie Rurale 44 (2): 105-119. grain production, low-input production systems alone (July 1996) are not sufficient to improve the underlying social NAL Call #: 281.8-C16; ISSN: 0008-3976 welfare of rural areas. Arresting the trend towards Descriptors: soil conservation/ soil degradation/ fewer and larger farms will also require development farm management/ decision making/ resource of more specialized or more localized markets for utilization/ innovation adoption/ factor analysis/ sustainably produced commodities. renewable resources/ Canada/ United States/ This citation is from AGRICOLA. cultural factors/ technical factors This citation is from AGRICOLA. 340. Taking stock of agroforestry adoption studies. 342. Technical efficiency and farmers' attitudes Pattanayak, Subhrendu K; Mercer, D Evan; Sills, toward technological innovation: The case of the Erin; and Yang, Jui Chen potato farmers in Quebec. Agroforestry Systems 57 (3): 173-186. (2003) Amara, N.; Traore, N.; Landry, R.; and Romain, R. NAL Call #: SD387.M8A3; ISSN: 0167-4366 Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics / Revue Descriptors: tree (Spermatophyta)/ Plants/ Canadienne d'Economie Rurale 47 (1): 31-43. Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ agricultural (Mar. 1999) technology: small holder adoption/ agroforestry NAL Call #: 281.8-C16; ISSN: 0008-3976 adoption determinants/ agroforestry adoption Descriptors: potatoes/ farmers' attitudes/ technical studies/ contour hedgerows/ economic framework/ progress/ innovation adoption/ efficiency/ forestry technology: small holder adoption/ resource conservation/ technology/ farm comparisons/ farm endowments/ soil conservation/ technology adoption surveys/ production functions/ mathematical models/ factor categories: biophysical factors, market Quebec incentives, preferences, resource endowments, risk This citation is from AGRICOLA. and uncertainty/ tropical areas/ water conservation/ Meta analysis 76 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 343. Technology adoption in agriculture: 345. Testing producer perceptions of jointly Implications for ground water conservation in beneficial best management practices for the Texas high plains. improved water quality. Arabiyat, Talah S; Segarra, Eduardo; and Amacher, G. S. and Feather, P. M. Johnson, Jason L Applied Economics 29 (2): 153-159. (1997); Resources, Conservation and Recycling 32 (2): ISSN: 0003-6846 147-156. (2001) This citation is provided courtesy of CAB NAL Call #: TP156.R38R47; ISSN: 0921-3449 International/CABI Publishing. Descriptors: advanced irrigation technologies/ agriculture: technology adoption/ biotechnological 346. A Theoretical Analysis of Economic advances/ ground water conservation Incentive Policies Encouraging Agricultural Abstract: The impact of technology adoption Water Conservation. (advanced irrigation technologies and anticipated Huffaker, R. and Whittlesey, N. biotechnological advances) on the sustainability of International Journal of Water Resources agricultural activities in the Texas High Plains of the Development 19 (1): 37-53. (2003) US is evaluated in this study. Specifically, a county- NAL Call #: TD201.I56; ISSN: 0790-0627. wide dynamic optimization model is used to (a) Notes: Special Issue: Water Management and determine optimal ground water use levels and Irrigated Agriculture in the Western U.S.; DOI: cropping patterns, and (b) evaluate the impacts of 10.1080/0790062032000040764 irrigation technology and biotechnology adoption on Descriptors: Water Management/ Water ground water use. The results indicate that current Conservation/ Irrigation Efficiency/ Economic cropland allocation and levels of advanced irrigation Aspects/ Water Costs/ Subsidies/ Comparison technology adoption are not close to optimal. Studies/ Theoretical Analysis/ Model Studies/ Approaching the issue of sustainability, the results Irrigation/ Economics/ Charges/ Finance/ show that the net present value of returns trade-off Comparative studies/ Conservation in agricultural to achieve ground water conservation, in terms of use/ Underground Services and Water Use/ what producers would have to give up to achieve Water & Wastewater Treatment/ Cost allocation, ground water supply stability, would be relatively cost sharing, pricing small. Abstract: A conceptual model of a representative © Thomson irrigated farm is formulated to study farm responses to two economic policies commonly suggested to 344. Technology adoption in the presence of an encourage agricultural water conservation, and to exhaustible resource: The case of groundwater characterize the hydrological and economic extraction. circumstances in which these responses provide the Shah, F. A.; Zilberman, D.; and Chakravorty, U. desired conservation. The economic policies studied American Journal of Agricultural Economics 77 (2): are to increase the irrigator's cost of applied water 291-299. (May 1995) and to subsidize the irrigator's cost of investing in NAL Call #: 280.8-J822; ISSN: 0002-9092 improved on-farm irrigation efficiency. Comparative [AJAEBA] statics results demonstrate that increasing the cost Descriptors: groundwater/ resource utilization/ water of applied water may be a more effectual water conservation/ technology/ mathematical models/ conservation policy than subsidizing the cost of water costs/ irrigation/ land/ innovation adoption/ improved on-farm irrigation efficiency. land quality © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Abstract: In this paper we integrate technology diffusion within Hotelling's exhaustible resource 347. Tillage method and crop diversification: model. The modern technology is a conservation Effect on economic returns and riskiness of technology such as drip irrigation used with cropping systems in a Thin Black Chernozem of groundwater. Resource quality heterogeneity and the Canadian Prairies. rising water prices are responsible for the gradual Zentner, R P; Lafond, G P; Derksen, D A; and adoption of the modern technology, and under Campbell, C A reasonable conditions the diffusion curve is an S- Soil and Tillage Research 67 (1): 9-21. (2002) shaped function of time. Without intervention, the NAL Call #: S590.S48; ISSN: 0167-1987 diffusion process will be slower than is socially Descriptors: Linum usitatissimum [flax] (Linaceae): optimal, and optimal resource use tax will accelerate oil crop/ Pisum sativum [field pea] (Leguminosae): the diffusion of the conservation technology and vegetable crop/ Triticum aestivum [winter wheat] slow down excessive resource depletion caused by (Gramineae): grain crop/ Angiosperms/ Dicots/ market failure due to open access conditions. Monocots/ Plants/ Spermatophytes/ Vascular Plants/ This citation is from AGRICOLA. Thin Black Chernozem: prairie soil/ cropping system risk 77 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project Abstract: Producers throughout the Canadian The primary reason for higher profits with Prairies have begun to extend (reducing conservation tillage systems is the difference in summerfallow frequency) and diversify their operating costs. This study also found that it is not traditional cereal-based rotations by devoting more always true that conservation tillage uses more areas to oilseeds and pulses, and by managing chemicals than PL. Ridge-till is very attractive in these newer cropping systems with conservation terms of profit and the expenditures on chemicals tillage practices. This study examined the economic per acre. This indicates that, other than conservation performance and relative riskiness of monoculture compliance, economic benefits may be another cereal, cereal-oilseed, and cereal-oilseed-pulse major reason that farmers are adopting conservation rotations, each managed under conventional-, tillage systems. minimum-, and zero-tillage practices over a 12-year © Thomson period (1987-1998) in the sub-humid Black soil zone of Saskatchewan. These crop rotations included: 349. Timing nitrogen fertilizer application to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-spring wheat- reduce nitrogen losses to the environment. winter wheat (T. aestivum L.)-fallow (Ws-Ws-Ww-F), Huang, W. Y.; Heifner, R. G.; Taylor, H.; and spring wheat-spring wheat-flax (Linum usitatissimum Uri, N. D. L.)-winter wheat (Ws-Ws-Fx-Ww), and spring wheat- Water Resources Management 14 (1): 35-58. flax-winter wheat-field pea (Pisum sativum L.) (Ws- (Feb. 2000) Fx-Ww-P). Annual production costs for the complete NAL Call #: TC401.W27; ISSN: 0920-4741 rotation systems increased with cropping intensity [WRMAEJ] and cropping diversity (monoculture cereal ($249 Descriptors: nitrogen fertilizers/ application date/ ha-1)

79 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project were asked to indicate their frequency of use for 18 354. Use of soil and water protection practices agricultural production practices that could be among farmers in the North Central Region of adopted on Midwestern farms at the time of the the United States. study. Responses to the 18 items were summed to Napier, T. L. form a composite variable, termed "conservation Journal of the American Water Resources production index," for use as the dependent variable Association 36 (4): 723-735. (Aug. 2000) in multivariate analysis. Eleven independent NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X variables were identified from the theory as likely [JWRAF5] predictors of conservation adoption, including Abstract: Data were collected in the fall of 1998 and respondents' perceptions about production costs, the winter of 1999 from 1,011 land owner-operators output and risks, and perceived importance of within three watersheds in the North Central Region access to subsidies, technical assistance, and of the United States to assess adoption of soil and informational/educational programs. Regression water protection practices. Farm owner-operators analysis was used to assess the performance of the were asked to indicate how frequently they used 18 independent variables in explaining variance in the different agricultural production practices. Many conservation production index. Explained variance in farmers within the three watersheds had adopted the three regression models ranged from 2% in the conservation protection practices. However, they Minnesota watershed to 19% in the Ohio watershed. also employed production practices that could The researchers concluded that the model had negate many of the environmental benefits limited utility in predicting adoption of conservation associated with conservation practices in use. production systems within the three study Comparison of adoption behaviors used in the three watersheds. Findings are discussed in the context of watersheds revealed significant differences among conservation programs within the three areas. the study groups. Respondents in the Iowa and Ohio © Thomson watersheds reported greater use of conservation production systems than did farmers in Minnesota. 356. Using case-based reasoning methodology However, there were no significant differences to maximise the use of knowledge to solve between Ohio and Iowa farmers in terms of use of specific rangeland problems. conservation production practices. This was Bosch, O J H; Gibson, R S; Kellner, K; and surprising, since farmers in the Ohio watershed had Allen, W J received massive amounts of public and private Journal of Arid Environments 35 (3): investments to motivate them to adopt and to 549-557. (1997) continue using conservation production systems. NAL Call #: QH541.5.D4J6; ISSN: 0140-1963 These findings bring into serious question the use of Descriptors: case based reasoning methods/ traditional voluntary conservation programs such as rangeland management/ terrestrial ecology those employed in the Ohio watershed. Study Abstract: This paper describes a participatory findings suggest that new policy approaches should research process designed to gather and structure be considered. It is argued that "whole farm community knowledge (local and scientific) into a planning" should be a significant component of new single accessible decision support system, based on agricultural conservation policy. case-based reasoning methodologies. Special This citation is from AGRICOLA. reference is made to the continuous enhancement of the knowledge base through research (by 355. Use of soil and water protection practices scientists), and implementation and monitoring of among farmers in three Midwest watersheds. management action outcomes (by land managers). Napier, Ted L and Tucker, Mark © Thomson Environmental Management 27 (2): 269-279. (2001) NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 357. Using Insurance to Enhance Nitrogen Descriptors: human (Hominidae): farmers/ Animals/ Fertilizer Application to Reduce Nitrogen Losses Chordates/ Humans/ Mammals/ Primates/ to the Environment. Vertebrates/ agricultural production practices/ Huang, Wen-Yuan; Heifner, R. G.; Taylor, H.; and nonpoint source pollution/ social learning/ soil Uri, N. D. protection/ water protection/ watersheds Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 68 (3): Abstract: Data were collected from 1011 farmers in 209-233. (2001) three Midwestern watersheds (Ohio, Iowa, and NAL Call #: TD194.E5; ISSN: 0167-6369 Minnesota) to assess factors that influence the use Descriptors: Agriculture/ Nitrogen/ Fertilizers/ of conservation production systems at the farm level. Insurance/ Environment management/ Water The "vested interests" perspective used to guide the Pollution Control/ Agricultural Practices/ Best investigation was derived from elements of social Management Practices/ Social Participation/ learning and social exchange theories. Respondents Economic Aspects/ Iowa/ Environmental action/ 80 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives Water quality control/ United States 361. Utility-consistent discrete-continuous Abstract: The advantage of using insurance to help choices in soil conservation. a farmer adopt a best nitrogen management plan Lohr, L. and Park, T. A. (BNMP) that reduces the impact of agricultural Land Economics 71 (4): 474-490. (Nov. 1995) production on the environment is analytically and NAL Call #: 282.8-J82; ISSN: 0023-7639 [LAECAD] empirically demonstrated. Using an expected value Descriptors: soil conservation/ program participants/ analysis, it is shown that an insurance program can federal programs/ decision making/ econometric be structured so as to reduce a farmer's cost of models / acreage/ opportunity costs/ farm surveys/ bearing the adoption risk associated with changing utility functions/ Michigan/ Illinois/ Conservation production practices and, thus, to improve the Reserve Program/ filter strip program/ discrete farmer's certainty equivalent net return thereby continuous choice model/ acreage enrollment promoting the adoption of a BNMP. Using the This citation is from AGRICOLA. adoption of growing-season only N fertilizer application in Iowa as a case study, it is illustrated 362. Voluntary Incentives for Reducing how insurance may be used to promote the adoption Agricultural Nonpoint Source Water Pollution. of this practice to reduce N fertilizer use. It is shown Feather, P. M. and Cooper, J. that it is possible for a farmer and an insurance U. S. Department of Agriculture [Also available as: company both to have an incentive to develop an Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 716 (AIB-716)], insurance adoption program that will benefit both the 1995 (text/html) farmer and the insurance company, increasing net NAL Call #: 1 Ag84Ab no.716 social welfare and improving environmental quality http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib716/AIB716. in Iowa. pdf © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Descriptors: best management practices/ nonpoint source pollution/ economic analysis/ agricultural 358. Using social-psychology models to policy/ motivation/ social benefit/ agricultural understand farmers' conservation behaviour. education/ environmental education/ United States/ Beedell, J. and Tahir Rehman incentives/ Water Quality Demonstration Project Journal of Rural Studies 16 (1): 117-127. (2000) Areas/ BMPs NAL Call #: HT401.J68; ISSN: 0743-0167 Abstract: Agricultural chemicals and sediment from This citation is provided courtesy of CAB cropland may reduce the quality of America's International/CABI Publishing. surface and ground water resources. The Clean Water Act stipulates that individual States are 359. Using voluntary approaches to reduce responsible for controlling agricultural nonpoint environmental damages: Evidence from a survey source pollution. Most State plans rely chiefly on of New York dairy farms. education and technical assistance to promote the Bills, N. L.; Poe, G. L.; and Wright, P. adoption of less polluting practices. Because Japanese Journal of Rural Economics profitability drives production decisions, these 5: 35-50. (2003) programs tend to be most successful when they This citation is provided courtesy of CAB promote inexpensive changes in existing practices. International/CABI Publishing. This report presents research findings on the success of incentive programs to control agricultural 360. Utah's vegetable growers: Assessing nonpoint source pollution. sustainable agriculture. This citation is from AGRICOLA. Drost, D.; Long, G.; and Hales, K. HortTechnology 7 (4): 445-450. 363. Voluntary versus mandatory agricultural (Oct. 1997-Dec. 1997) policies to protect water quality: Adoption of NAL Call #: SB317.5.H68; ISSN: 1063-0198 nitrogen testing in Nebraska. Descriptors: vegetables/ crop production/ growers/ Bosch, D. J.; Cook, Z. L.; and Fuglie, K. O. sustainability/ surveys/ cultural methods/ farmers' Review of Agricultural Economics 17 (1): 13-24. attitudes/ integrated pest management/ plant (Jan. 1995) nutrition/ site preparation/ planting/ harvesting/ NAL Call #: HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195 rotations/ fertilizers/ tillage/ farm inputs/ irrigation/ Descriptors: groundwater/ water quality/ irrigation technology transfer/ Utah/ nutrient management/ water/ nitrogen/ soil testing/ innovation adoption/ field operations agricultural policy/ environmental protection/ farm This citation is from AGRICOLA. management/ Nebraska Abstract: Agriculture is an important source of nonpoint source pollution and potential damage to water quality. Voluntary incentives and regulatory policies are followed by both the states and the 81 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project federal government to reduce water quality damage 365. What does objectivity mean for analysis, from agricultural practices. Policy makers are valuation and implementation in agricultural concerned about the relative effectiveness of each landscape planning? A practical and approach for protecting water quality. The epistemological approach to the search for effectiveness of regulation versus a combination of sustainability in 'agri-culture'. voluntary incentive approaches are evaluated for an Bosshard, Andreas area in central Nebraska. Policy effectiveness is Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 63 (2-3): measured in two parts: (1) whether farmers receiving 133-143. (1997); ISSN: 0167-8809 incentives are more likely to conduct soil or tissue NAL Call #: S601 .A34 nitrogen (N) tests; and (2) whether farmers use the Descriptors: agricultural landscape planning/ test results as the most important factor in N agriculture/ biobusiness/ conservation/ epistemology management decisions. Personal interview surveys of validation process/ guiding model/ leitbild/ of Nebraska farmers were analyzed to determine objectivity/ principle of subsidiary regulations/ farmers' use of soil and/or tissue testing to help regionally adapted solutions/ sustainability make N fertilizer decisions on fields planted to corn. Abstract: On the basis of summarized experiences The effects of regulation and voluntary programs on in agricultural landscape planning of the few last the use of N testing were evaluated. The effects on years in Switzerland the landscape evaluation and adoption of farmers' education and experience; type, the implementation process are analysed; the size, and tenure status of the farm; irrigation; and principles of a 'holistic' approach are outlined. It is soil characteristics of the sample field were also shown that, epistemologically, objectivity in valuation considered. The results show that while regulation and priority-setting emerges out of a dialectic leads to higher levels of N test adoption, it does not cognition process between different poles have an "educational" effect on adopters. Voluntary (complementary aspects of different landscape incentive policies appear to be more effective in scales, different viewpoints on respective interests, encouraging farmers to use information from N tests. different hierarchy levels in project organization Regulation to enforce adoption of practices to structure). Each sphere of complementarity needs its protect water quality may not induce the desired adapted methods and approaches, which are behavioral changes. Educational programs may be presented and discussed on referring to participative needed to complement regulations to insure that planning project examples. The results of such farmers change their behavior to achieve the goals projects so far, compared with conventional of water quality protection programs. approaches, have turned out encouragingly-both This citation is from AGRICOLA. from the point of view of local people and of planners/governmental authorities. Nevertheless, 364. Watershed Success Stories: Applying the several crucial conditions, challenges and obstacles Principles and Spirit of the Clean Water Action have to be taken into account. Plan. © Thomson U. S. Department of Agriculture and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 366. When stakeholders choose: Process, U. S. Department of Agriculture; U. S. Environmental knowledge, and motivation in water quality Protection Agency, 2000 (application/pdf) decisions. http://www.cleanwater.gov/success/watershed.pdf Burroughs, R. Descriptors: case studies/ watershed management/ Society and Natural Resources 12 (8): 797-809. water quality/ governmental programs and projects/ (Dec. 1999) Clean Water Act/ water pollution/ pollution control/ NAL Call #: HC10.S63; ISSN: 0894-1920 [SNREEI] environmental protection/ citizen participation/ Descriptors: water quality/ planning/ social ecological restoration/ estuaries/ urban participation/ community involvement/ decision development/ nonpoint source pollution/ wildlife making/ estuaries/ Rhode Island/ habitats/ best management practices/ biodiversity/ Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island acid mine drainage/ riparian buffers/ erosion control/ This citation is from AGRICOLA. mining/ agricultural land/ aquatic habitat/ floodplain management/ issues and policy/ 367. Who should manage the High Plains United States/ BMPs aquifer? The irrigators' perspective. Abstract: Presents 30 success stories in watershed White, S. E. and Kromm, D. E. restoration. Water Resources Bulletin 31 (4): 715-727. (Aug. 1995) NAL Call #: 292.9-Am34; ISSN: 0043-1370 [WARBAQ]

82 Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives Descriptors: irrigation/ aquifers/ groundwater/ water 371. Why Targets of Regulations Do Not Comply: management/ attitudes/ surveys/ Colorado/ Kansas/ The Case of Conservation Compliance in the groundwater management/ locus of control Corn Belt. Abstract: A state-local partnership exists in Esseks, J. D.; Kraft, S. E.; and Furlong, E. J. Colorado and Kansas with respect to management Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 52 (4): of the High Plains aquifer. This paper examines 330 259-264. (Aug. 1997) irrigators' attitudes about the locus-of-control for NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 different management activities in the High Plains- Descriptors: USA/ Corn Belt/ compliance/ Ogallala region. Local control was preferred by most regulations/ surveys/ regression analysis/ soil irrigators. The local district was most supported for conservation/ cropland/ attitudes/ agricultural 19 active management activities, whereas the state practices/ enforcement/ Watershed protection was favored for eight specific activities, primarily Abstract: This article employs survey data to test research efforts and water rights administration. hypotheses about Corn Belt farmers' intentions to Eight activities that had the potential for restricting apply conservation compliance plans. The data water use were rejected in that irrigators indicated came from winter 1995 telephone interviews with a that no agency should be involved. Kansas and random sample of 839 farmers in that five-state Colorado exhibited statistically significant preference region who had USDA-approved plans for their differences for only five management options. A highly erodible cropland. For ethical and practical significantly higher percentage of those irrigators reasons noncompliance was measured indirectly - who preferred local control believed in sustainable the respondents' estimates of the percentage of their management of the aquifer and aggressive peers in the county who would "not apply their plans groundwater management, and that their district to any meaningful extent in 1995." Regression served their interests. analysis found that, as predicted by deterrence This citation is from AGRICOLA. theory, farmers who believed in high probabilities of violations being detected or penalized were more 368. A whole-farm economic analysis of no- likely to expect relatively low percentages of their tillage and tilled cropping systems. peers out of compliance in the coming crop season. Triplett, GB; Robinson, JRC; Dabney, SM; and Other findings suggest that respondents were Santen, E van. projecting their own farming situations onto their In: Making conservation tillage conventional: peers when making estimates of noncompliance. Building a future on 25 years of research -- For example, relatively low estimates were more Proceedings of 25th Annual Southern Conservation likely if the respondents had participated the Tillage Conference for Sustainable Agriculture. (Held previous year in either a federal commodity program 24 Jun 2002-26 Jun 2002 at Auburn, AL.); or a federal crop insurance program. They tended to pp. 48-52; 2002. be lower also if the interviewees had either no till or This citation is provided courtesy of CAB contour farming practices in their plans. International/CABI Publishing. © Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA)

369. Whose watershed is this? A decision case 372. Will voluntary and educational programs study of agricultural drainage in the Midwestern meet environmental objectives? Evidence from a USA. survey of New York dairy farms. Dovciak, A. L. and Perry, J. A. Poe, G. L.; Bills, N. L.; Bellows, B. C.; Crosscombe, Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences P.; Koelsch, R. K.; Kreher, M. J.; and Wright, P. Education 29: 95-101. (2000) Review of Agricultural Economics 23 (2): NAL Call #: S530 .J6; ISSN: 1059-9053 473-491. (2001) This citation is provided courtesy of CAB NAL Call #: HD1773.A3N6; ISSN: 1058-7195 International/CABI Publishing. This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing. 370. Why it pays to make conservation part of the farm enterprise. Curry, N. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 158: 144-152. (1997) NAL Call #: 10 R81; ISSN: 0080-4134 This citation is provided courtesy of CAB International/CABI Publishing.

83 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project 373. Willingness of Ohio land owner-operators to benefits in the Midwestern (USA) landscape, where participate in a wetlands trading system. they are undergoing rapid change. An increasingly Napier, T. L.; McCarter, S. E.; and McCarter, J. R. diverse farm and non-farm population owns these Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50 (6): non-industrial private forests (NIPFs). It is essential 648-656. (Nov. 1995-Dec. 1995) to understand what motivates NIPF landowners to NAL Call #: 56.8-J822; retain and manage their forests. We describe a ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]. study of NIPF owners in an agricultural watershed Notes: Special issue on wetlands. where forest cover is increasing. What motivations Includes references. and management practices might be contributing to Descriptors: land use/ conversion/ wetlands/ this increase? The results of a survey of 112 NIPF construction/ landowners/ attitudes/ owners suggest that aesthetic appreciation is the participation/ Ohio strongest motivator for retaining woodlots, especially This citation is from AGRICOLA. by non-farmers. Protecting the environment also seems to be important for both farmers and non- 374. Woodlots in the rural landscape: Landowner farmers, while economic motivations are significantly motivations and management attitudes in a less important. Landowners indicated that they are Michigan (USA) case study. primarily taking a "hands-off" approach to Erickson, Donna L; Ryan, Robert L; and management. This study provides insights for those De Young, Raymond interested in understanding NIPF landowners' Landscape and Urban Planning 58 (2-4): motivations and for developing effective programs. 101-112. (2002) © Thomson NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046 Descriptors: aesthetic appreciation/ agricultural 375. WQIP: An assessment of its changes for watershed: increasing forest cover/ economic acceptance by farmers. motivations/ environment protection/ hands off Kraft, S. E.; Lant, C.; and Gillman, K. management approach/ landowner motivations/ Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 51 (6): management attitudes/ non industrial private forests/ 494-498. (1996) rural landscape/ woodlots: environmental benefits, NAL Call #: 56.8-J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 farm population owners, non farm population owners This citation is provided courtesy of CAB Abstract: Woodlots provide important environmental International/CABI Publishing.

84 Subject Index

1980 Groundwater Management Act 7 Agricultural pollution---Economic aspects--- 1995 Farm Bill 193 United States 133 319 National Monitoring Program 266 Agricultural pollution---Government policy--- abandoned fields: reclamation 177 United States 133 acid mine drainage 364 Agricultural pollution---United States 113 acreage 361 agricultural practices 47, 53, 69, 88, 101, 159, acreage enrollment 361 178, 205, 218, 253, 284, 357, 371 action thresholds 224 agricultural production 11, 23, 49, 60, 112, 116, adaptation 162 125, 130, 216, 240, 250, 307, 322 adoption 10, 311 agricultural production practices 355 adoption insurance program 349 agricultural programs and projects 87 advanced irrigation technologies 343 agricultural regions 50 advisory support 57 agricultural research 85, 166, 320 aesthetic appreciation 374 agricultural resource management 249 aesthetics 221 Agricultural Runoff 24, 66, 69, 95, 234, 255 afforestation 94, 117, 257 agricultural soils 198 AFOs 251 Agricultural subsidies---United States 25 age 18 agricultural sustainability 56 age effects 177 : small holder adoption agri environmental management 177 340 agri environmental measures: farm income, agricultural wastes 330 subsidies 206 agricultural water management 6 agri environmental policy 301 agricultural watershed: increasing forest cover agri-environmental schemes 156 374 agrichemical use 337 Agricultural Watersheds 109, 255, 315 agricultural chemicals 82, 213, 273, 281 agriculture 1, 29, 47, 53, 59, 62, 73, 79, 81, 96, Agricultural chemicals---Environmental aspects-- 101, 102, 105, 109, 129, 147, 155, 160, 163, -United States 22 175, 178, 193, 197, 201, 202, 213, 221, 228, Agricultural conservation---Australia---New 234, 284, 290, 295, 298, 303, 321, 353, 357, South Wales 241 365 Agricultural conservation---Great Britain 211 Agriculture and state---United States 22, 25 Agricultural Conservation Program---North Agriculture---Environmental aspects---United Dakota 192 States 25 Agricultural conservation---United States 58 Agriculture---Florida---Everglades 187 agricultural drainage and pesticide transport agriculture: technology adoption 343 model 121 agro landscape values 221 agricultural economics 251 agro rural watershed 220 agricultural education 362, 372 agrochemicals 9, 53, 213 Agricultural & general applied entomology 218 agroecosystems: agriculture society interface agricultural households 26 206 Agricultural innovations---Economic aspects--- agroforestry 237, 317 United States 133 agroforestry adoption determinants 340 Agricultural innovations---Government policy--- agroforestry adoption studies 340 United States 133 agroforestry systems 237, 317 agricultural intensity 34 agronomy 110, 201, 222, 228, 298, 348 agricultural land 36, 40, 50, 52, 87, 117, 128, 183, Agronomy (Agriculture) 20, 331 234, 236, 257, 364 Alabama 36, 146 agricultural landscape planning 365 Alberta 275 Agricultural pests---Integrated control---United alternative farming 106, 339 States 14 alternative techniques implementation 224 Agricultural pests---Integrated control---United alternative versus conventional cropping States---Technological innovations 17 systems 106 Agricultural policy 26, 76, 130, 146, 157, 181, anaerobic digestion 27 199, 203, 267, 312, 318, 321, 349, 362, 363, Angiospermae (Angiospermae) 331, 337 372 Agricultural pollution 53, 81, 109, 202, 213 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project angiosperms 57, 97, 102, 108, 110, 114, 115, best management practices 32, 46, 81, 88, 148, 124, 172, 196, 203, 224, 273, 282, 331, 335, 155, 161, 178, 194, 197, 228, 242, 256, 266, 337, 347 315, 357, 362, 364 animal feeding operations 251 best nitrogen management plan 349 animal manure management 251 biobusiness 102, 110, 190, 221, 348, 365 animal manures 27, 251 biodiversity 21, 43, 210, 332, 364 animal production 219 biodiversity decline 44 animal wastes 242, 243, 270 biodiversity management 199 Animals 23, 28, 32, 34, 37, 44, 57, 74, 79, 137, biogas 27 141, 174, 175, 177, 185, 190, 224, 269, 273, biological control 190 291, 328, 335, 355 biological control agent 190 Appalachian States of USA 131, 216, 302 biophysical models 116 apples 260 biotechnological advances 343 application 172 biotechnology 77 application date 349 biotope diversity 221 application rates 50, 68, 97, 115, 120, 151, 153, bird (Aves) 37 209, 272, 302, 345 bird conservation: behavioral intentions, farmer application to land 231, 270 attitudes 37 Applied economics 96 birds 23, 37, 47, 137 appropriation 33 BMPs 266, 362, 364 Aquatic birds 47 Breeding sites 47 aquatic ecosystems 127 British Isles 63, 208, 215, 217, 229, 271, 358, 370 Aquatic environment 127 brush control 283, 290 aquatic habitat 364 Buffers 95 aquifers 98, 244, 367 businesses 336 Arid environments 290 CAFOs 251 arid zones 111 California 48, 61, 104, 135, 142, 164, 195, 198, Arizona 7, 168, 274 199, 230, 260 Arkansas---Environmental policy 352 Canada 111, 128, 152, 160, 237, 257, 273, 308, arthropod (Arthropoda Unspecified) 190 309, 341 Arthropoda (Arthropoda Unspecified) 190 capsicum annuum 46 arthropods 190, 224, 269, 273 carbon sequestration 94 assessment 148, 281, 311 case based reasoning methods 356 Assessments 205 Case Studies 24, 73, 74, 81, 103, 150, 162, 183, atrazine 256 204, 208, 217, 252, 287, 312, 364, 369 attitude 44 Case study 73, 204, 217 attitudes 33, 39, 43, 64, 81, 141, 150, 159, 163, Catchment area 81, 109 177, 178, 204, 213, 229, 242, 255, 285, 288, Catchment areas 178, 248 304, 358, 367, 371, 373 catchment hydrology 243, 310 Australia 160, 171 catchment management 350 automatic irrigation systems 176 Catchments 178 automation 176 cattle 74 Automobiles---Motors---Exhaust gas--- cattle feeding 75 Environmental aspects---United States 132 cattle manure 75, 359, 372 Avena sativa [oat] (Gramineae): grain crop 282 change 148, 278 Aves 47 Charges 346 Aves (Aves Unspecified) 137 chemical transport model 120 bacterial pollution 74 Chesapeake Bay 251 band placement 148, 149 Chesapeake Farms 53 barriers to innovation adoption 171 Chippewa River Watershed 121 Bayesian theory 260 chloride 46 Behavior 44, 160, 201 chlorophyll 272 Behavior and fate characteristics 213 chlorophyll meter 272 behavioral economics 261 choice 228 behaviour 115, 358 choice contingent valuation 65 Belgian agri environmental management 157 Chordates 23, 28, 32, 34, 37, 44, 57, 79, 137, 141, bench systems 336 174, 175, 177, 185, 291, 328, 335, 355 beneficial use 33 citizen participation 24, 364 Benefits 101 86 Subject Index citrus 230 conservation tillage adoption decision 222 classification 164 conservation tillage system 348 clay soils 152 Conservation, wildlife management and Clean Water Act 193, 251, 364 recreation 47, 73 climate 60 constraints 43, 112, 136, 148, 152, 269, 308 climatic change 257 construction 373 climatic factors 166 contingent valuation 65, 228 coastal areas 39 Continuous CRP 299 coastal plains 70 continuous replacement 20 Coastal zone management 95 contour hedgerows 340 Coastal Zone Management Act 193 contracts 162, 301 color 272 control 111, 136, 269, 273 Colorado 244, 367 controversial practice adoption 20 Columbia Basin area of USA 169 conventional farming 175, 339 commodity programs 312 conventional tillage system 348 Common Agricultural Policy [CAP] 57 conversion 373 common property 210 coolwater stream 121 common property resources 307 cooperation 39 communication 43, 81 Corn 66 Communications 81 Corn Belt 371 community education 350 Corn Belt States of USA 131, 145, 252, 262, 281, community involvement 5, 304, 366 292, 296, 312, 325, 329, 338, 339 community participation 177 corn (Gramineae) 114 Comparative studies 346 corn production 125, 222 Comparison Studies 159, 346 cost 62 comparisons 77, 106, 165, 278 Cost allocation, cost sharing, pricing 143, 346 Compliance 81, 255, 371 cost analysis 69, 90, 95, 144, 161, 207, 283, 284 composting 330 cost benefit analysis 101, 107, 111, 143, 167, computer applications 284 189, 254, 290, 336 computer simulation 121 Cost effectiveness 58, 143 concentrated animal feeding operations 251 cost share 155 conceptual models 42 Cost Sharing 161 confidence intervals 65 costs 101, 109, 172, 173, 209, 227, 263, 284, 303, conservation 1, 20, 44, 47, 49, 50, 56, 59, 69, 307, 353 101, 123, 146, 147, 156, 175, 200, 205, 221, cotton 7 222, 229, 247, 253, 273, 301, 318, 331, 332, cover crops 71, 246 334, 337, 342, 358, 365 cows 27 conservation areas 64 crop (Angiospermae) 102, 110 conservation attitudes 34 crop enterprises 90, 323, 368 conservation behavior 141 crop management 12, 16, 46, 50, 166, 179, 272, Conservation easements---United States 294 286, 319, 368 Conservation in agricultural use 88, 101, 163, crop mixtures 312 205, 207, 288, 334, 346 crop production 12, 70, 77, 144, 216, 219, 230, Conservation of natural resources---Citizen 234, 271, 288, 316, 336, 360, 368 participation 239 crop residues 111 Conservation of natural resources---Florida 264 crop residues maintenance 177 conservation policies 129 crop rotation 331 conservation policy 174 crop yield 9, 16, 46, 70, 102, 250, 316, 323 conservation practices 9, 201, 351 cropland 1, 114, 123, 371 conservation program 247 croplands 23 conservation programs 87 cropping system risk 347 Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program cropping systems 16, 106, 124, 216, 302, 368 31, 93, 236, 277, 333 Crops 198, 234, 269 Conservation Reserve Program 1, 30, 67, 72, cucurbit (Cucurbitaceae): vegetable crop 224 123, 158, 265, 299, 361 cucurbit growers 224 Conservation Reserve Program---United States cultivars 16, 272 58, 192 Cultivated Lands 234 conservation tillage 60, 61, 86, 107, 110, 111, cultivation 216 125, 129, 134, 152, 232, 246, 296 cultivation type 174 87 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project cultural behavior 165 Drip Irrigation 288 cultural contexts 328 drought 166, 204 cultural control 269 Droughts 204 cultural factors 341 dry farming 144, 219 cultural methods 269, 360 durum wheat (Gramineae) 110 current practices 224 dwarf cultivars 16 current recommended practices 350 dynamic models 90, 259, 276 Dairy cattle---Manure---Handling---New York easements 1, 123 State 89 ebb and flow systems 336 dairy farming 74, 201, 359, 372 eco coherence 221 dairy farms 75, 176, 359, 372 ecological balance 322 Darby Creek 205 Ecological impact of water development 234 Darwinian evolution 42 ecological integration 219 data analysis 289, 316 ecological restoration 364 data collection 15, 76, 287 ecology 290, 303 data collection method 28 econometric models 9, 87, 361 databases 76 economic 224 decision 201 economic analysis 9, 94, 96, 106, 109, 117, 200, decision analysis 349 246, 257, 317, 349, 362, 368 Decision Making 5, 8, 13, 30, 49, 50, 74, 77, 82, economic aspects 96, 101, 109, 123, 161, 290, 90, 112, 117, 142, 144, 146, 148, 149, 150, 315, 346, 357 159, 164, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 196, 198, economic attitudes 23 214, 217, 230, 234, 235, 236, 259, 260, 262, economic compensation 177 267, 270, 271, 272, 273, 276, 278, 280, 283, economic evaluation 27, 111, 306, 316 286, 289, 295, 304, 308, 312, 313, 314, 322, economic factors 102 323, 329, 336, 341, 349, 351, 361, 366, 369 economic framework 32, 340 decision making behavior 156 economic impact 8, 50, 90, 171, 203, 204, 252, Decision making---Environmental aspects 126 307, 319, 329 Decision making---Ethics 126 economic incentives 116 Decision making---Moral and ethical aspects 78 economic integration 219 decision making processes 141 economic losses 129 decision support systems 24 economic motivations 374 Decision theory 178, 217 economic policy 199 deficiency payments 312 economics 27, 53, 69, 73, 96, 98, 101, 110, 196, deficit irrigation 46 204, 225, 228, 233, 248, 253, 271, 284, 295, Degradation 101 298, 321, 337, 346, 348 Delaware 87 ecosystem disturbance 1, 213, 284 demand 144, 227 Ecosystem management 47, 83 demography 5, 38, 64 ecosystem recovery 223 demonstration farms 311 ecosystems 4, 39, 303, 306, 317 Denmark 183, 304 ecotoxicology 129 desert riparian landscapes: change, values 80 education 18, 32, 44, 49, 56, 61, 88, 127, 129, determination 179 134, 159, 160, 190, 273, 274, 338 developing countries 307 Education extramural 88 development 325 educational meetings 224 diagnostic techniques 272 educational programs 165 dicots 108, 114, 224, 282, 347 effects 10 diffusion of information 40, 165, 182, 208, 275, efficiency 97, 201, 263, 342 287, 289, 320 elasticities 230 discrete choice models 230 electricity 27 discrete continuous choice model 361 endangered species 21 diseases 269 energy 207 disincentives 280 energy sources 27 diversification 201, 312 enforcement 371 diversification activities 34 enforcement capabilities 32 double cropping 368 England 229, 358 drainage 164, 166, 274 environment 130, 136, 358 drainage water 104 Environment management 53, 109, 160, 234, drinking water 172, 213 290, 357 88 Subject Index environment protection 374 ESA Management Agreement [Environmentally Environmental action 1, 53, 66, 73, 81, 101, 160, Sensitive Area Management Agreement] 34 163, 213, 234, 284, 290, 357 ESA scheme 156 Environmental Advocacy, Education and estuaries 364, 366 Awareness 127 ethical accounting 3 environmental assessment 128 ethical matrix 3 environmental attitudes 57, 175 ethics 43, 44, 221, 304 environmental awareness 185 ethnic groups 135 environmental degradation 35, 129, 220, 273, ethnicity 36, 135, 165 303, 359 Europe 63, 171, 173, 183, 186, 200, 208, 215, Environmental economics 66, 234, 290 229, 271, 304, 358, 370 environmental education 362 eutrophication 178, 250, 258 Environmental effects 73, 109, 202, 207 evaluation 35, 106, 134, 138, 287, 320, 375 Environmental engineering 126 Evaluation process 73, 96, 159, 204, 213, 255, environmental factors 172, 271, 322 284 environmental impact 1, 35, 50, 53, 60, 106, 109, Evolution 160 116, 125, 144, 183, 196, 199, 202, 213, 243, expected value variance analysis 349 271, 281, 308, 329 extension 49, 71, 122, 153, 171, 208, 246, 338 environmental impact assessment 147 extension education 335 environmental implications 129 extension programs 190 Environmental information 163 external costs 144 Environmental legislation 48, 73, 129 externalities 48, 121 environmental management 4, 39, 49, 124, 130, factor analysis 176, 248, 341 200, 229, 267, 297, 308, 336 family factors 159 environmental management change 201 Farm*A*Syst 160 environmental monitoring 266 farm comparisons 164, 342 environmental perception 29 farm environmental improvement 34 environmental performance change 201 farm income 16, 119, 121, 130, 252, 267, 283, environmental performance measures 34 296, 318, 323 Environmental Policy 12, 24, 49, 66, 69, 73, 75, farm inputs 16, 144, 164, 307, 360 86, 130, 131, 134, 136, 146, 181, 217, 234, farm machinery 276 236, 263, 267, 269, 293, 296, 301, 315, 318, farm management 7, 13, 15, 26, 50, 51, 70, 74, 372 88, 90, 116, 121, 144, 146, 148, 153, 162, 164, environmental protection 21, 26, 43, 47, 49, 51, 182, 194, 200, 209, 235, 259, 260, 270, 278, 53, 81, 101, 120, 121, 122, 148, 162, 165, 171, 287, 312, 314, 318, 332, 341, 345, 358, 363 188, 200, 210, 213, 270, 284, 293, 304, 318, Farm management---Australia---New South 359, 363, 364, 372 Wales 241 Environmental Protection Agency 24 farm results 349 Environmental protection---United States 132 farm size 34, 71, 77, 152, 323, 339 Environmental protection---United States--- farm strategies 201 Management 132 farm structure 12, 68, 165, 339 Environmental quality 66, 157, 213 farm structures 177 environmental restoration 284 farm surveys 13, 15, 26, 51, 77, 82, 86, 154, 167, Environmentally Sensitive Area 34 275, 283, 301, 342, 359, 361, 372 environmentally sensitive areas program 301 farmer 175 environmentally sensitive areas scheme 156 farmer adoption 228 EPA 24 farmer characteristics 201 epic pst crop growth 120 farmer participation 156, 157 epistemology of validation process 365 farmer's participation associated influences 157 EQIP 228 farmer surveys 9 equations 70, 144, 349 farmers 18, 51, 63, 79, 85, 100, 112, 124, 130, Equilibrium---Economics 133 135, 136, 138, 149, 165, 169, 172, 182, 196, equipment 173 203, 227, 271, 278, 289, 300, 304, 305, 311, erosion 18, 36, 50, 100, 111, 124, 181, 247, 295, 313, 317, 320, 329, 358, 369 332, 353 farmers' associations 169 erosion control 29, 71, 95, 109, 117, 135, 255, 364 ERS 251

89 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project farmers' attitudes 8, 12, 13, 18, 26, 30, 38, 40, 46, forest fires 65 49, 63, 67, 71, 82, 86, 97, 98, 100, 112, 115, Forest landowners---Washington State 45 128, 131, 135, 137, 138, 145, 146, 148, 151, forest landscape 65 152, 153, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, forest management 39, 94, 103, 150, 292 172, 173, 176, 179, 183, 184, 186, 194, 195, forest management practice acceptability 3 209, 213, 215, 226, 229, 231, 237, 240, 244, forest plantations 257 250, 263, 269, 270, 273, 274, 276, 280, 281, forest policy 215 287, 289, 301, 302, 308, 309, 317, 318, 321, Forest policy---Washington State 45 322, 325, 330, 332, 338, 339, 342, 345, 353, forest recreation 103 358, 359, 360, 370, 372, 375 forest soils 94 Farmers---United States---Attitudes 54, 55 forestry technology: small holder adoption 340 farming 159, 220, 290, 304, 322, 327, 334, 339 forests 36, 39, 94, 103, 150, 184 farming attitudes 175 forming 205 farming practices: environmental impact 185 framework for the evaluation of sustainable land farming systems 10, 26, 38, 116, 162, 165, 166, management 105 186, 214, 219, 278, 312, 317, 322, 323, 324, France 173, 186 351 Franklin Parish, Louisiana 119 farmland 235 Freshwater 284, 290 farmland loss 87 Freshwater pollution 69, 178, 202 farmland management 174 fuel consumption 173 farmland preservation 87 furrow irrigation 46 Farms 1, 66, 71, 101, 109, 123, 163, 213, 217, game animals 283 234, 285, 288, 315 General Environmental Engineering 127, 217, Farms and farming 217 290 Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform genetic engineering 77 Act of 1996 [FAIR of 1996] 92 geographical information systems 287 federal government 118 geographical variation 5 federal programs 30, 64, 67, 119, 209, 236, 312, Georgia 70 318, 361 global climate change 191 fertilization 125 global food demand 147 fertilizer application 91 Glycine () 124, 172, 196 fertilizer requirement determination 97, 151, 272 glycine max 77, 172, 353 fertilizers 11, 16, 68, 97, 107, 115, 136, 151, 202, Glycine max [soybean] (Leguminosae): oil crop 250, 269, 302, 329, 345, 357, 360 108 field crops 46, 104, 116 goals 201 field operations 360 government 130 field size 198 government agencies 24 filter strip program 361 Government and Law 20 finance 215, 262, 346 government organizations 118 financial assistance 129 Government policies 66, 284 financial subsidies 177 Government policy 127, 234, 253, 284, 296 Fish and Wildlife Service 24 governmental interrelations 123 fisheries 121 governmental programs and projects 24, 87, flood benches 336 266, 364 flood control 186 Governments 127 flood floor systems 336 grassland 223 flooding 166 grasslands 36, 153 floodplain management 364 grazing 189, 229 floods 186 Great Plains States of USA 97, 124, 173, 244 Florida 261 green manures 246 follow the technology approach [FTT approach] 16 42 greenhouse culture 336 food production 191, 240 greenhouses 57 food safety 281 ground water conservation 343 food security 240 ground water leaching 114 Forest conservation---Economic aspects--- groundwater 73, 124, 145, 172, 244, 252, 281, Washington State 45 304, 344, 363, 367 Forest conservation---United States---Arkansas groundwater contamination 202 352 90 Subject Index Groundwater---Illinois---Central Region---Quality human (Hominidae): farmer, hunter, manager, 139 public functionary 177 Groundwater Irrigation 73 human (Hominidae): farmers 174, 355 groundwater management 33, 73, 367 human (Hominidae): rangeland managers, groundwater pollution 1, 46, 202, 324 rangeland scientists 32 Groundwater---Pollution---Economic aspects--- human wildlife conflicts 23 United States 22 humane development 221 groundwater quality goals 297 Humans 23, 28, 32, 34, 44, 57, 79, 137, 141, 174, groundwater recharge 1, 123 175, 177, 185, 291, 328, 335, 355 group process 266 hunting 283 growers 195, 360 hunting permits 177 growing season 349 Hydrologic Unit Area 266 growth 303 Hydrology 234 Grus canadensis tabida [greater sandhill crane] hypoxia 15 (Gruiformes) 23 Idaho 64 guidelines 63 Illinois 194, 314, 329, 361 guiding model 365 impacts 65 Gulf of Mexico 15 improvement 274 Gum Creek Watershed 70 incentive payments 228 Habitat 47 incentives 21, 39, 48, 70, 103, 104, 116, 118, 120, Habitat changes 47 124, 130, 131, 150, 181, 188, 194, 200, 203, habitat destruction 174 209, 210, 215, 252, 257, 267, 280, 292, 293, habitat restoration 174 296, 301, 362, 375 habitats 21, 188 Incentives in soil conservation 212 hands off management approach 374 income 115, 117, 130, 172, 307 hard red spring 110 Indiana 262, 292, 314 hard science 42 indicators 35, 303 harvesting 71, 188, 360 INE, USA, California, Elkhorn Slough 95 hazardous analysis and critical control points infiltration 46, 138 techniques 197 information 65, 215, 273, 308 health 281 Information exchange 163, 213 health hazards 82 information needs 71, 289 hedgerow 174 information services 208, 214, 289 hedges 141 information systems 35, 163, 213 herbicide 102 information technology 76, 287, 316 herbicide residues 256 initial soil properties: alternative management herbicide: treatment recommendations 297 practice yield response, susceptibility to herbicides 11, 148, 196 degradation, yield sensitivity 91 herbicides: herbicide 185 inland water environment 1 high yielding varieties 16 innovation adoption 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, hillside regions 327 26, 38, 46, 49, 50, 70, 77, 90, 97, 100, 112, Historical account 73 135, 142, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 162, 164, history 223 165, 166, 167, 171, 173, 176, 179, 194, 198, Home*A*Syst 160 209, 214, 216, 225, 227, 230, 232, 246, 254, Hominidae (Hominidae) 137, 335 259, 260, 261, 263, 266, 269, 270, 275, 276, Hordeum vulgare [barley] (Gramineae): grain 278, 280, 286, 287, 301, 303, 307, 309, 314, crop 282 316, 319, 322, 323, 325, 329, 330, 336, 339, horticultural crops 46 341, 342, 344, 349, 351, 363 household surveys 26 insect (Insecta Unspecified) 190 HUA 266 Insecta (Insecta Unspecified) 190 human ecology 175 Insects 190, 224 Human Ecology (Anthropology) 44 Institutional Constraints 73, 248 Human ecology---Moral and ethical aspects 126 institutional framework 32 Human factors 163 institutions 4, 257, 304 human (Hominidae) 44, 79, 175 Insurance 357 human (Hominidae): farm household members insurance premiums 349 34 integrated control 218 human (Hominidae): farmer 23, 28, 57, 141, 185, integrated natural resource management [INRM] 291, 328 42 91 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project integrated pest management 4, 11, 107, 190, land reclamation 284 209, 225, 260, 286, 360 land resources 52, 230, 262 integrated pest management [IPM]: land retirement 129 implementation, perceptions 57 land types 236, 285 integrated systems 219 land use 36, 47, 64, 66, 79, 94, 117, 121, 128, integration 219 146, 189, 215, 234, 236, 237, 249, 257, 262, intensive agricultural areas 177 284, 373 intensive livestock farming 270 Land use---Planning---Environmental aspects--- interactions 274 United States 132 Interagency Cooperation 160 land use policy 32 interdisciplinary approach 221 land use practices 220 interdisciplinary research 35 land use type 34 international board for soil research and Land utilization---Tax aspects 352 management 105 landholder management 350 interviews 287 landowner motivations 374 invertebrate (Invertebrata Unspecified) 190 landowners 12, 18, 21, 43, 52, 64, 76, 103, 122, invertebrates 190, 224, 269, 273 150, 188, 203, 235, 236, 257, 262, 292, 373 investment 90, 215, 259 landscape 39, 65, 183, 185 Iowa 15, 38, 82, 100, 131, 289, 314, 325, 338, 349, landscape architecture: education, research 80, 357 245 Iowa MAX Program 348 landscape conservation 65, 370 irrigated farming 7, 90, 104, 164, 169, 199, 259, landscape development 221 275 landscape management 141 irrigated pastures 176 landscape planning 249 irrigation 33, 46, 73, 98, 118, 166, 169, 202, 226, Landscape protection---Great Britain 211 244, 260, 274, 275, 305, 309, 344, 346, 360, laser leveling 7 367 Law, policy, economics and social sciences irrigation depth 104 101 irrigation efficiency 46, 207, 346 laws and regulations 76 irrigation equipment 104 leaching 46, 172, 196 Irrigation Practices 288 learning 4, 112, 338 irrigation requirements 104 learning ability 276 irrigation scheduling 104, 168, 169, 226, 244 learning curves 276 irrigation systems 120, 142, 143, 198, 230, 274 learning selection 42 irrigation technology 90 leases 283 irrigation water 46, 73, 90, 96, 120, 142, 143, 169, leaves 272 198, 202, 207, 259, 300, 363 legal framework 32 issues and policy 364 legal rights 76 Italy 173 legislation 1, 7, 163, 193, 209, 244, 253, 285 Kansas 124, 144, 244, 367 legume crediting 209 Kentucky 216 legumes 209 knowledge 138, 246 leitbild 365 labor 164, 368 linear programming 117 labor costs 353 Linum usitatissimum [flax] (Linaceae): fiber crop lactuca sativa 46 282 Lakes 81 Linum usitatissimum [flax] (Linaceae): oil crop land 344 347 land application 251 LISREL analysis 201 land banks 36 Literature Review 248 land degradation 44, 240 literature reviews 4, 5, 16, 35, 166, 225, 272, 303, land diversion 30, 117, 119, 121, 122, 146, 236, 317, 353 257, 301, 312 livestock 243 land evaluation 230 livestock breeding 177 land husbandry 327 livestock farming 250 land management 35, 43, 52, 86, 122, 128, 130, livestock (Mammalia) 328 135, 146, 150, 183, 200, 208, 258, 301, 369 livestock (Mammalia): commercial species 177 land ownership 39, 43, 52, 262 livestock production 83 land productivity 92, 129, 181, 322 livestock waste 251 land quality 344 loans 104 92 Subject Index local decision makers 79 monitoring 35, 138, 255, 263, 320 local government 24 monitoring capacity 32 locus of control 367 monitoring programs 32 losses 181 monocots 108, 110, 114, 282, 335, 347 losses from soil 349 Montana 67 low agricultural income: effects mitigation 34 Montreal Process Criterion 7 32 low input agriculture 149, 171, 256, 339, 349 moral hazard 298 low input production 337 motivation 128, 184, 262, 304, 362 low interest loans 104 MSEAs 266 low pressure technology adoption 230 mulch till system 348 low volume irrigation 198 multinomial probit 228 Lumber industry---Environmental aspects 352 multinomial probit model 260 maize 90, 97, 115, 124, 172, 196, 276, 285, 323 multiple indicator multiple cause model mimic Mammals 23, 28, 32, 34, 44, 57, 79, 137, 141, 30 174, 175, 177, 185, 291, 328, 335, 355 multiple objective decision support system 13 management 69, 79, 111, 189, 242, 243, 244, multivariate analysis 82, 142, 260 270, 305 municipal refuse disposal 330 management attitudes 374 Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island 366 Management Planning 204 National Marine Fisheries Service 24 management systems evaluation area 256 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Management Systems Evaluation Areas 266 Administration 24 manure hauling 251 natural area preservation 79 manure management 251 natural capital 327 manure testing 209 natural resource management 9 manures 27, 86, 131, 209, 250, 345 natural resource management: policy research marginal land 117 191 Marine pollution 95 natural resource management technologies marketing 48, 339 [NRM technologies] 42 markets 70, 300 natural resource policy 76 Maryland 31, 52, 87, 172, 227 natural resources 23, 35, 105, 127, 162, 210, Massachusetts 150 223, 303, 313 mathematical model 59 Natural resources---Management---Decision mathematical models 30, 103, 120, 209, 227, making 78 230, 236, 261, 312, 342, 344 natural selection 42 mathematical programming model 120 nature conservation 18, 21, 36, 47, 53, 101, 122, mathematics 284, 349 200, 229, 267, 370 measurement 35, 316 nature conservation education 185 Mechanical and natural changes 1 nature reserves 36 Meta analysis 340 Nearctic region 61 meters 272 Nebraska 50, 97, 138, 173, 363 methane 27 neoclassical economics 261 methane production 27 Netherlands 200 methodology 148, 274, 320 Nevada 300 Mexico 169 New England 103, 150 Michigan 184, 260, 276, 361 New Jersey 87, 231 microeconomics 64 New Mexico 46 Midwest 255 new practices 20 mine spoil 295 new products 179 mineral waters 162 New South Wales 153 minimum tillage 331 New York 71, 87, 172, 260, 359, 372 mining 364 New Zealand 332 Minnesota 15, 82, 86, 121, 134, 289, 325, 369 nitrate 120, 194 Mississippi 117 nitrate nitrogen 46 Missouri 30, 235 Nitrates 66, 202 mixed grass prairies 47 nitrification inhibitors 11 Model Studies 288, 346 nitrogen 63, 68, 97, 114, 138, 161, 166, 179, 250, Modeling 284 251, 272, 345, 349, 357, 363 models 15, 51, 95, 201, 215, 227, 233, 267, 284, nitrogen content 272 308, 313, 368 93 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project nitrogen fertilizers 50, 63, 70, 97, 120, 144, 209, organic amendments 195, 231 252, 302, 314, 349 organic carbon 94 no till system 348 organic farming 138, 175, 304 no-tillage 173, 216, 246, 276, 339, 353, 368 organic wastes 330 NOAA 24 organization of work 164 non industrial private forests 374 organizations 86, 143, 169, 248 non market service reward development 157 original land surveys 223 non productive habitats 174 oryza sativa 16, 166, 272 non renewable resources 307 Oryza sativa (Gramineae) 335 Nonhuman Mammals 177, 328 other gainful activities [OGAs] 34 Nonhuman Vertebrates 23, 37, 137, 177, 328 outreach 32 Nonpoint pollution 66, 81, 160 outsourcing 177 Nonpoint Pollution Sources 66, 81, 161, 178, overall farm management implications 91 234 Pacific Northwest 96 nonpoint source pollution 24, 155, 193, 266, Pacific Northwest States of USA 85, 188, 219 355, 362, 364 Pacific States of USA 85, 188, 195 Nonpoint source pollution---United States 113 Pakistan 169 nontarget effects 281 Papilionoidea 115, 124, 172, 196 normal flex acres 312 participation 9, 67, 85, 122, 128, 136, 146, 169, North America 21, 39, 49, 51, 52, 61, 85, 86, 97, 203, 215, 235, 267, 278, 280, 292, 293, 300, 103, 106, 111, 115, 117, 124, 128, 130, 131, 304, 305, 308, 312, 320, 373 134, 136, 145, 146, 150, 151, 152, 160, 168, participatory landscape ecology: acceptance, 172, 173, 181, 184, 188, 189, 195, 196, 203, implementation 279 208, 216, 227, 231, 232, 237, 244, 250, 257, pastures 153, 229 262, 269, 271, 273, 274, 281, 292, 296, 300, payment levels 177 302, 305, 308, 309, 325, 329, 338, 345, 359, Pennsylvania 69, 87, 116, 172, 250, 260, 271 369, 372, 375 perception 167, 213, 229, 290 North America Carolina 131 perceptions 23, 224 North America Central States of USA 86, 97, percolation 202 124, 131, 134, 145, 173, 181, 184, 244, 262, permeability 198 281, 292, 296, 325, 329, 338, 369 pest 102, 190 North America, Great Lakes 101 pest control 246, 269, 273 North Carolina 242, 260, 270 pest control method 190 Northeastern States of USA 103, 150, 172, 231, pest management 9, 102, 190, 269 250, 271, 359, 372 pesticide application 222 Northern Plains States of USA 97, 124, 173, 244 pesticide applications 125 novelty generation 42 pesticide free crop production: organic nutrient availability 138, 179, 272 production transition, weeds, yield 282 nutrient balance 166, 250 pesticide residues 136 nutrient content 250 pesticide use 59 nutrient depletion 91 pesticides 136, 149, 172, 213, 235, 269, 281, 339 nutrient management 9, 179, 360 pesticides: pesticide 185 nutrient transport 250 Pests Control---United States 17 nutrients 15, 69, 91, 178, 251, 271, 359 Pests---Integrated control---United States 14 objectives 48 Pests---Integrated control---United States--- objectivity 365 Technological innovations 17 Occupational safety 213 Philippines 105, 169 Oceania 208, 332 philosophy and ethics 44, 221 off farm employment 34 phosphorus 68, 134, 138, 250, 251 Ohio 13, 15, 40, 82, 131, 145, 165, 167, 205, 281, phosphorus fertilizers 86, 134, 153 287, 289, 296, 324, 325, 351, 373 phosphorus: loss mitigation 258 on farm conservation 275 pig manure 131 on farm pilot project 282 Pisum sativum [field pea] (Leguminosae): Ontario 128, 152, 237 vegetable crop 347 opinions 67, 173, 179, 231, 270, 322 planning 39, 73, 366 opportunity costs 306, 361 Planning and development 234 optimization methods 307 plant breeding 42 optimum productivity goal 20 plant disease control 246, 269 Oregon 93, 260, 277 plant diseases 246 94 Subject Index plant nutrition 360 profits 100, 209, 252, 276, 368 plant pathology 269 program effectiveness 40 plant pests 246 program evaluation 24, 70 plant (Plantae): crop 42 program participants 30, 64, 119, 194, 301, 318, plant (Plantae): fruit crop, game crop 177 361 plant (Plantae Unspecified) 102, 105, 110, 337 programs 40, 280 plant protection 269 project evaluation 327 Plantae (Plantae Unspecified) 102, 105, 110, 137 promulgation 42 planting 360 property rights 1, 32, 39, 123, 150 plants 42, 57, 97, 102, 105, 108, 110, 114, 115, property tax 87 124, 137, 172, 177, 196, 203, 224, 273, 282, protection 172 331, 335, 337, 340, 347 Protective measures and control 53, 127, 207, plausible promise 42 284 plowing 348 Public concern 213, 290 Policies 73, 127 public finance 24 policy 131, 172, 295, 305 public health 172 policy analysis 9 public opinion 5, 248, 255, 308, 334 policy factors 60 Public Participation 32, 81, 160, 161, 178, 205, Policy Making 20, 217 334 political contexts 328 Public Policy 248 polluted water 268 publicly provided information 297 pollution 53, 70, 86, 147, 302 quality 295 Pollution Assessment Control and Management quality protection practices 228 44 Quebec 273, 342 pollution control 46, 53, 66, 69, 75, 81, 95, 101, questionnaires 138 109, 131, 134, 193, 194, 242, 243, 256, 266, rain 153, 166 296, 310, 345, 349, 364 rainfall 222 Pollution Control and Prevention 95 ranching 283 Pollution (Nonpoint sources) 178 range management 283 Pollution prevention 160 rangeland management 356 polychotomous choice selectivity model 50 rangeland pastoralism: ecological aspects, population pressure 322 economical aspects 328 potassium 68 rangeland sustainability 32 potatoes 273, 342 Real property and taxation---United States 294 practice 351 realtors 79 prairie demise 223 reclamation 284, 285 prairie reconstruction 223 reduced till system 348 prairie restoration 223 reduced tillage technology 102 prediction 18, 163, 289, 351 refuse 330 preferences 65, 329 refuse compost 330 preplanting treatment 349 Regional Analysis 163 Prevention and control 53, 69, 81, 95, 109, 202 Regional conservation programs 265 price policy 104 regional economics 9 prices 102, 104, 117, 118, 124, 368 Regional planning 73, 290 Primates 23, 28, 32, 34, 44, 57, 79, 137, 141, 174, regional surveys 40, 64, 67, 149 175, 177, 185, 291, 328, 335, 355 regionally adapted solutions 365 principle of subsidiary regulations 365 regression analysis 7, 15, 38, 68, 82, 288, 371 private forestry 39, 150, 188, 292 regulations 74, 116, 120, 255, 330, 371 private land use 23 regulatory induced change 197 private lands 76 rehabilitation 310 private ownership 12, 39, 43 religion 165 probabilistic models 50, 77, 119, 142, 198, 260 Remedies 248 probability 142, 230, 323 remnant wildlife habitat 156 probit analysis 167, 209, 260, 314 renewable resources 307, 341 production costs 8, 75, 110 rent 94, 235 production functions 342 replacement 276 productivity 240, 368 reporting programs 32 profit functions 259 Reproduction and development 47 profitability 38, 106, 124, 317, 324, 348, 368 requirements 63 95 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project research 5, 10, 32, 61, 246, 280, 320 safety 172, 196 research and development 129 Safford 79 Research programs 53 Saline intrusion 73 reserved areas 122 Saline Water Intrusion 73 residues 136, 196 salinization 98 resistance to change 46, 270, 280, 286, 339 San Joaquin Valley 142 resource allocation 230 San Joaquin Valley, California 164 resource conservation 43, 52, 53, 122, 165, 183, Saskatchewan 26, 309 184 savanna 223 resource efficiency 221 savings 8 resource endowments 340 scenic beauty estimates 65 resource management 51, 53, 60, 73, 103, 127, seasons 349 157, 162, 189, 200, 234, 313, 320, 369 sediment erosion 69 resource managers 79 Sediment Load 234 resource utilization 164, 306, 307, 341, 344 sediment transport 129 resources management 29 sediment transport: estuary degradation, lake returns 70, 100, 119, 124, 144, 181, 203, 262, 349 degradation, stream degradation 92 reviews 27, 107, 111, 208, 246, 316, 320 semiarid prairie 110 Rhode Island 366 semiarid zones 254 rice 203 Senegal 169 Richland Parish, Louisiana 119 sequestration 257 ridge till system 348 set aside land: conservation based management, ridging 339 farmer participation 28 Rights 96 set aside lands 177 riparian buffer zones 217 settlement 223 riparian buffers 236, 364 sewage sludge 231 Riparian ecosystems 189 silviculture 117, 197 riparian forests 184 simulated maximum likelihood estimation 228 Riparian Land 217 simulated multivariate normal 228 riparian vegetation 101, 332 simulation 70, 120, 228, 236 risk 70, 82, 100, 106, 107, 112, 115, 144, 160, simulation models 16, 63, 116, 121, 203, 263 186, 263, 276, 281, 308, 329 site preparation 360 risk assessment 18, 186 site specific crop management 8, 18, 77, 167, river 220 214, 287, 314, 316 River basin management 73 size 336 River basins 69, 73 slope 198 river corridor: local perceptions, values 245 small farms 119 River valleys 73 social adaptation 42 riverbank protection 189 social aspects 101, 159 rivers 134, 184 social attitudes 23 rotation 100 social barriers 330 rotational tillage 331 social benefit 362 rotations 11, 50, 107, 246, 360 social benefits 121, 171, 189 runoff 202, 336, 353 social capital 327 runoff water 336 Social Change 73 rural areas 43, 183, 255 social costs 129 rural community 220 social differentiation 165 rural conditions 221 Social Impact 204 rural development 320 social learning 4, 355 rural development policy 247 social negotiation 42 rural landscape 374 Social Participation 40, 217, 357, 366 rural landscape planning 245 social pressure 141 rural landscapes: ecological framework 291 social psychology 141 rural livelihoods 327 social sciences 280, 320 Rural Nonpoint Source Control Water Quality social values 317 Evaluation and Technical Assistance Project social welfare 263 140 societal contexts 328 rural sociology 165 society pastoralist interactions: historical course rural technology 42 328 96 Subject Index socio economics 177 south east England 301 Socioeconomic aspects 290 Southeastern States of USA 39, 146 socioeconomic status 323 Southeastern United States 265 socioeconomics 15, 79, 101, 188, 303, 321, 322, southern plains states of USA 120 325 sowing 173 sociological analysis 286 soybean (Leguminosae) 114 Sociological aspects 53, 73, 81, 204, 213 soybeans 276 sociology 73, 154, 172, 204, 235, 244, 302, 305, spatial variation 52, 166, 316 309, 321 species diversity 199 Sociology & Anthropology 65 spermatophytes 57, 102, 108, 110, 114, 224, 282, soft science 42 331, 335, 337, 340, 347 soil 172, 185, 196 spring 179 soil biology 246 spring crop 224 soil chemistry 303 Sri Lanka 169 soil color 138 stability 106 soil compaction 138, 166 stakeholder participation 220 soil conservation 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, 40, 67, 88, stakeholders 42 100, 101, 122, 123, 135, 154, 163, 181, 205, standards 116 227, 232, 247, 255, 280, 289, 296, 307, 321, stands 65 325, 327, 340, 341, 351, 361, 371 State conservation programs 72, 93, 277, 333 Soil conservation---Government policy--- state government 7 Congresses 326 stated environmental intentions 34 soil conservation policies 92 Statistical Analysis 26, 103, 217 Soil conservation projects---Illinois---Central statistical data 64 Region 139 statistics 10, 56 Soil conservation projects---North Dakota 192 stochastic models 329 soil degradation 166, 181, 307, 341 stochastic processes 100 soil degradation: optimal management response stocking rate 153 91 strategic management 201 soil depth 92 streams 121, 188 soil depth: reduction 129 stress 166 soil erosion 29, 44, 60, 91, 101, 109, 125, 129 structural change 339 soil erosion dynamics: off farm impacts, on farm structure 10, 313 impacts 92 subsidies 329, 346 Soil erosion---United States 25 subsurface irrigation 336 soil fertility 16, 138, 166, 271, 303, 314, 329 summer resident birds 137 soil management 9, 10, 16, 166, 181, 232 support measures 130, 200, 203 soil organic matter 71 Supporting Science 19, 41 soil physical properties 303 surface irrigation 176 soil pollution 329 surface runoff 202 soil productivity 91 surface water pollution 258 soil profile depth depletion 91 Survey 155, 204, 217 soil profiles 88 survey method 28 soil properties 88, 142 Surveys 1, 9, 33, 36, 49, 52, 71, 88, 103, 122, 128, soil protection 355 148, 151, 153, 154, 184, 204, 213, 217, 227, soil quality 195 237, 269, 270, 288, 329, 334, 336, 353, 358, soil science 44, 59, 61, 102, 110, 331 360, 367, 371 soil testing 50, 97, 179, 314, 363 Susquehanna River 69 soil texture 110, 138 sustainability 12, 35, 38, 43, 85, 106, 171, 195, soil type 60 219, 254, 274, 303, 306, 312, 313, 317, 321, soil types 90, 94, 100 322, 330, 332, 338, 339, 360, 365 soil variability 319 sustainable agriculture 53, 185, 247, 331 soil water 209 sustainable conservation 247 Solanum tuberosum 273 Sustainable development 53 solar radiation 166 sustainable farming 53 sorghum 90 sustainable farming practices 328 Sources and fate of pollution 202 Sweden 178 South Australia 153 system integration 221 South Carolina 39 systems approach 306 97 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project Tasmania 153 U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 118 Tax expenditures---United States---Arkansas UK 63, 208, 215, 229, 271, 358, 370 352 uncertainty 70, 78, 107, 112, 152, 259, 329 taxes 116, 120, 129, 134, 252, 293 Underground Services and Water Use 143, 346 technical assistance 129 United States 8, 9, 21, 24, 39, 49, 51, 52, 61, 64, technical factors 341 69, 75, 85, 86, 88, 92, 97, 103, 111, 115, 117, technical progress 7, 112, 165, 179, 322, 342 118, 124, 127, 130, 131, 134, 136, 145, 146, technical support 57 149, 150, 151, 158, 160, 168, 171, 172, 173, techniques 138 181, 184, 188, 189, 195, 196, 203, 205, 207, technology 26, 62, 112, 142, 207, 227, 246, 259, 213, 216, 227, 231, 232, 235, 244, 250, 253, 260, 261, 305, 309, 319, 322, 323, 329, 342, 262, 263, 266, 269, 271, 274, 281, 284, 292, 344 296, 299, 300, 302, 305, 325, 329, 336, 338, technology adoption 191 339, 341, 345, 353, 357, 359, 362, 364, 369, technology adoption factor categories: 372, 375 biophysical factors, market incentives, United States Army Corps of Engineers 24 preferences, resource endowments, risk and United States, California 95 uncertainty 340 United States, California, Salinas River 73 technology bundles 260 United States, California, Salinas River Valley technology change: catalyzation, evaluation 42 73 technology transfer 16, 46, 71, 138, 165, 166, United States, Colorado, Greeley 202 190, 272, 278, 287, 303, 316, 317, 360 United States Geological Survey 24 temporal variation 166 United States, Great Plains 47 tenants 119 United States, High Plains, Ogallala Region 33 tenure systems 203, 232, 235 United States, Illinois 109, 159, 234, 315 terrestrial ecology 356 United States, Illinois, Cache River 234 tests 65, 179 United States, Maryland 53 Texas 72, 283, 318 United States, Maryland, Chestertown, Theoretical Analysis 248, 346 Chesapeake Farms 53 Theory of Planned Behavior 141 United States, Mid Atlantic states 213 Thin Black Chernozem: prairie soil 347 United States, Midwest 1, 123, 204 tiered water pricing 104 United States, New Mexico 288 tillage 11, 50, 59, 71, 353, 360, 368 United States, New York 66 tillage method 61 United States, New York, Skaneateles Lake 81 tillage practices 222 United States, North Carolina, Neuse River 161 tillage systems 348 United States, Pacific Northwest 96 tillage timing 331 United States---Tax policy 352 tolerance 166 United States, Tennessee 163 Tomato industry---Florida 264 United States, Texas 290 Tomatoes---Irrigation 264 United States, Texas, Edwards Plateau 290 topsoil 307 Upper Gila River 79 tracers 46 urban development 364 trade 48 Urban runoff---United States 132 Tragedy of the Commons 210 Urban runoff---United States---Management 132 transaction costs 257 urban rural interface 249 Treaties 96 urbanization 284 tree (Spermatophyta) 340 USA 334, 371 trends 235 USACE 24 Triticum 124 USDA 24, 209, 268 triticum aestivum 353 USDA Area Studies Project 9 Triticum aestivum (Gramineae) 110 use efficiency 16, 97, 166, 272 Triticum aestivum [wheat] (Gramineae): grain Use of water of impaired quality 202 crop 282 user costs 307 Triticum aestivum [winter wheat] (Gramineae): USGS 24 grain crop 347 Utah 74, 360 triticum durum 353 utility functions 361 Triticum turgidum (Gramineae) 110 utilization 179 tropical areas 340 values 32, 43, 183 trough 336 variable rate application 8, 287, 314 two limit Tobit model 77 98 Subject Index vascular plants 57, 102, 108, 110, 114, 224, 282, Water Quality Management 178 331, 335, 337, 340, 347 Water quality management---Florida---Everglades vegetable crops (Angiospermae) 57 187 vegetables 71, 104, 360 Water quality management---Illinois---Central vegetation 137 Region 139 Vegetation cover 95 Water quality management---United States 54, Vertebrates 23, 28, 32, 34, 37, 44, 57, 79, 137, 55, 132, 140 141, 174, 175, 177, 185, 291, 328, 335, 355 water quality standards 202 Victoria 153, 176 Water quality---United States 25, 113, 140 vineyards 230 water related diseases 147 Virginia 87, 260, 302 water resources 73, 148, 204, 207, 244, 268, 290, volume 104 300, 313 voluntary services 40 Water Resources and Supplies 73, 96, 204, 217, volunteers 205 248 warmwater stream 121 Water resources development---Illinois---Central Washington 260 Region 139 waste disposal 74 Water Resources Management 207, 248 waste management 74, 231, 359 Water Rights 33, 96 waste utilization 131, 231, 270, 330, 359 water runoff 125 water 136, 196 Water supply 73, 81, 290 water allocation 98, 104, 118, 169, 300 water use 73, 96, 118, 120, 207, 230, 244, 274 water conservation 7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 33, 40, 96, water use efficiency 33, 46 118, 202, 205, 207, 227, 247, 261, 268, 275, Water Users 143 280, 289, 321, 325, 327, 340, 344, 346, 351 water users' associations 169 Water conservation---Economic aspects 264 Water & Wastewater Treatment 73, 346 Water conservation---Government policy--- water yield 283, 290 Congresses 326 Water yield improvement 290 water costs 7, 48, 104, 118, 142, 198, 230, 344, waterlogging 98 346 watershed management 5, 12, 15, 24, 81, 109, water demand 207 161, 184, 217, 234, 248, 250, 266, 268, 283, water disposal 197 315, 324, 364 water harvesting 254 Watershed management---Illinois---Central Water law and institutions 33, 248 Region 139 Water management 9, 51, 73, 81, 107, 109, 184, Watershed protection 1, 29, 109, 123, 163, 255, 202, 204, 207, 217, 226, 248, 250, 268, 274, 315, 371 290, 313, 345, 346, 367, 375 watersheds 5, 9, 10, 11, 18, 40, 49, 70, 81, 82, water policy 48, 96, 118, 120, 169, 248, 300, 334, 109, 121, 151, 163, 184, 205, 234, 243, 250, 375 268, 289, 296, 313, 325, 355, 369 water pollution 24, 44, 68, 74, 75, 120, 134, 136, weather 70, 329 145, 149, 193, 220, 231, 256, 268, 296, 364 Weather Forecasting 204 Water Pollution Control 66, 69, 160, 161, 357 weed control 11, 196, 246, 269, 338 Water Pollution---Economic aspects---United weeds 11, 166, 246 States 113 weeds (Tracheophyta) 102 Water Pollution: Monitoring, Control & Wells Creek Watershed 121 Remediation 161, 178 West Carroll, Louisiana 119 Water Pollution Prevention 81, 160 Western States of USA 85, 168, 169, 188, 189, water protection 355 195, 244, 274, 300 water quality 1, 15, 18, 51, 70, 74, 86, 90, 96, 101, Wetland conservation---Economic aspects--- 104, 107, 116, 120, 121, 134, 136, 148, 149, United States 294 163, 178, 182, 185, 193, 196, 202, 207, 209, Wetland conservation---Law and legislation--- 213, 220, 228, 233, 235, 243, 250, 251, 252, United States 170 266, 268, 270, 281, 295, 296, 298, 302, 303, Wetland Reserve Program 1, 123 345, 353, 363, 364, 366, 375 wetlands 1, 47, 123, 199, 229, 284, 285, 293, 334, Water quality control 66, 69, 81, 95, 101, 160, 373 161, 178, 217, 357 wetlands: conservation 185 Water Quality Demonstration Project Areas 362 Wetlands---Law and legislation---United States Water quality---Economic aspects---United 170 States 22 Wetlands Reserve Program 334 Water quality---Florida---Everglades 187 Wetlands Reserve Program U.S 170 99 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project wheat 90, 124 willingness to participate 119 wheat (Gramineae) 110 Wisconsin 88, 314 whitefly (Homoptera): pest 224 woodlots: environmental benefits, farm Wildlife 200, 213 population owners, non farm population wildlife (Animalia) 177 owners 374 wildlife conservation 370 world 240 wildlife damage 177 WTA 228 wildlife habitat improvement actions [WHIAs] yield 110 177 yields 97, 124 wildlife habitats 101, 364 zea mays 77, 97, 115, 124, 144, 172, 196, 252, wildlife management 47, 141, 283 353 wildlife preservation 79 Zea mays [corn] (Gramineae): grain crop 108 willingness to accept 209 zone tillage 331

100 Author Index

Abaidoo, S. 26 Blecha, M.L. 265 Abbozzo P 243 Blomquist GC 295 Abdulrachman, S. 272 Boggess, W. 93 Abt, R. C. 39 Boisvert, R. N. 66 Acker, Rene C van 282 Boothroyd, D. 63 Addiscott, T. M. 63 Bosch, D. 302 Agapoff, Jean 251 Bosch, D. J. 97, 107, 363 Aillery, Marcel 251 Bosch, O J H 356 Al Jamal, M.S. 46 Bosshard, Andreas 365 Algozin, K. A. 109 Botts, Daniel A 197 Alig, R. 94 Bowling, R. G. 163 Alig, R. J. 188 Bradbury, N. J. 63 Allen, W J 356 Braden, J. B. 315 Alonge, A.J. 38 Bratt, A. 178 Amacher, G. S. 345 Breneman, Vince 251 Amara, N. 273, 342 Brewer, J. D. 143 Amosson, S. H. 72 Bridges T 11 Anciso, Juan R 224 Brittingham, Margaret C 137 Anderson, D.P. 7 Brossier, J. 162 Anderson, J.R. 307 Brouder, S M 335 Anderson, S. 182 Brown, C. 236 Andrews, S. S. 195 Brown, D. E. 145 Angell, B. 208 Brown, E. 63 Angermeier, P. L. 41 Brown, K 327 Applied Research Systems 299 Brown, W J 102, 309 Arabiyat, Talah S 343 Bullen, G. S. 163 Archer, David W 108 Bullock, D. G. 159 Archer, J. 208 Bultena, G.L. 20 Arnholt, M.W. 167, 287 Bultena, Gordon L. 20 Ascough J.C. 12 Burgess, J. 229 Babcock, B.A. 50 Burroughs, R. 366 Backhouse, G. 44 Busck, A. G. 183 Bailey, J. S. 271 Byrne, J.M. 275 Balasubramanian, V. 166, 272 Böhrnsen, A. 173 Ball, S.T. 46 C.A.B. International. 211 Barron, N. J. 215 Cahn, M D 61 Basnyat, P. 233 Camboni, S.M. 13, 351 Bastian, C. 21 Camboni SM 154 Bastian, O 206 Camp, C. R. 168, 226 Batte, M.T. 167, 287 Campbell, C A 110, 347 Bautista, E. 168 Campbell KL 285 Beach, E. D. 196 Campbell, M.B. 164 Beedell, J. 358 Cao, G. 203 Beedell, J D C 141 Carey, J.M. 259 Beegle, D. B. 271 Carlson, G. A. 196 Bellows, B. C. 372 Carriker, G.L. 144 Benites, J. 173 Carter, D. R. 39 Bennett, A. 44 Carter, M.R. 331 Bennett, D. 234 Carter, Martin R. 331 Bernardo, D.J. 90, 120 Carton, O. T. 271 Berry, R. J. 126 Cartwright, R. 63 Bhowmik, P C 297 Casey, C. Franklin 264 Bide, A. 63 Castelnuovo, R. 160 Bieling, Claudia 328 Caswell, M. 9, 49 Bills, N. L. 2, 359, 372 Caswell, Margriet F. 17, 133 Bird, E.A. 20 Cattaneo, A. 298 Black, J.R. 276 Chakravorty, U. 344 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project Chalmers, N. 215 Dovciak, A. L. 369 Changnon, S. A. 204 Draper, S. 63 Chess, C. 5, 231 Drost, D. 360 Choi, S. 94 Dubois, M.R. 36 Chorley, R. 63 Ducros, C. 217 Christensen, Lee 251 Duffy, Michael D 348 Claassen, R. 130 Dumanski, J. 303 Clark, B. 158 Dunn, M. 63 Clark, J. 229 Dyck, F B 110 Clark, T. 44 Easter, K. W. 86, 134 Clemmens, A. J. 168, 274 Economic Research Service 251 Clifford, W.B. 242, 270 Egelund, J. 74 Clyma, W. 226, 274 El Osta, H. 8 Cochran, M.J. 100 Ellefson, Paul V. 238 Collup, S. 198 Elliott, Todd 6 Colman, D. 263 Emond, H. 202 Cone, D. 104 English, B. C. 163 Congressional Research Service (CRS) 76 Entz, Martin H 282 Conner, J. R. 290 Environmental Defense Fund 333 Conservation Technology Information Center Epp, D. J. 69 99 Erickson, D. L. 184 Constance, D. 149 Erickson, Donna 175 Constance, D.H. 148, 235 Erickson, Donna L 374 Contant, C.K. 179 Esseks, J. D. 255, 371 Cook, S. 63 Fanariotu, I. 65 Cook, Z.L. 363 Farnsworth, R. L. 159 Cooper, J. 362 Farrell Poe, K.L. 74 Cooper, J.C. 51, 209, 228 Farrington, J. 320 Cordray, Sheila M 337 Feather, P. M. 345, 362 Coughenour, C. M. 216 Ferguson, W. 269 Cousins, S. 63 Fernandez Cornejo, J. 77 Crabtree, B. 215 Filson, Glen C 56 Crosscombe, P. 372 Fisher, A. 63 Crutchfield, Stephen R. 22 Fitzner, M. 269 Cruz, R.T. 272 Flanagan D.C. 12 Cudlinova, Eva 291 Flora, C. B. 195 Curry, N. 370 Flynn, K.M. 233 Curtis, Allan 350 Forman, K. J. 47 Daberkow, S. 77 Forney, D. R. 53 Daberkow, S.G. 214, 312, 323 Forster, D. L. 296 Dabney, SM 368 Fox, L. 64 Dailey, A. G. 63 Frarey L 243 Daoutopoulos, G 185 Frasier, G. 254 de Haan, Nicoline C 42 Friedman, Steven 80 De Young, Raymond 175, 184, 374 Fuglie, K. 9 Dedrick, A. R. 274 Fuglie, K. O. 97, 363 Dennis, D. 103, 150 Furlong, E. J. 371 Derksen, D A 347 Furman, M. 128 Derpsch, R. 246 Futreal, M. 270 Despain, W. 334 Gafsi, M. 162 DeVuyst, E.A. 194, 315 Gal, P. Y. le 168 Dick, Richard P 337 Gale, J.A. 193 Dickinson, H. 26 Gale, Judith A. 140 Dinar, A. 164 Gamborg, Christian 3 Dobrowolski, J. P. 189 Gammonley, James H 23 Donner, J. 21 Gannon, R.W. 193 Doran, J.W. 138 García-Torres, L. 173 Dorfman, J.H. 260 Gardner, J.C. 20 Douthwaite, Boru 42 Garforth, C. 208 102 Author Index Garriga, M.D. 283, 290 Hill, J E 335 Geletta, S. 148 Hill, W. Lee. 241 Gellini, S 177 Hoag, D. L. 131 Genghini, M 177 Hoban, T.J. 242, 270, 286 Ghadim, A. A. 112 Hogan, T. 263 Giampietro, M. 322 Hoiberg, Eric O. 20 Giasemi, Evangeli 57 Holgado-Cabrera, A. 173 Gibson, G. 5 Hoover, W. L. 292 Gibson, R S 356 Hopkins, J. W. 91, 181 Gibson, V. 231 Horan, R. D. 130 Giesen, GWJ. 201 Horan, Richard D. 113 Gillman, K. 123, 375 Hornbaker, R. H. 109 Gillman, K. R. 1 Houston, J.E. 70 Gillmeister, W.J. 116 Houston, L. 104 Glendining, M. J. 63 Howitt, R. 48 Goklany, Indur M 147 Howitt, R.E. 199 Gollehon, Noel 251 Huang, W. 252 Gordon, A. M. 237 Huang, W.Y. 312, 349 Govindasamy, R. 100 Huang, Wen Yuan 114, 357 Graetz, B. 153, 176 Huffaker, R. 346 Gray, R S 102 Huffaker, R.G. 118 Greear, J. 64 Huirne, RBM. 201 Green, G. 142, 198 Humenik, F.J. 193 Green, G.P. 230 Hurni, H. 35 Green, K. 208 Iik, M. 109 Griffith, P. 63 Ingram, C. 9 Guerin, L J 62 Ipe, V.C. 194, 315 Guerin, T F 62 Isé, S. 300 Gustafson, Cole. 192 Isik, M. 329 Guthrie JC 27 Jacobson, M. G. 39 Hafner, Christine L 137 Jacobson, Susan K 37 Hagedorn, K. 304 James, S. M. 43 Haigh MJ 321 Jans, S. 9 Hajkowicz, S. 313 Jarvis, S C 258 Hakanson, K. 311 Jiggins, J. 4 Halberg, N. 304 Johansson, Robert 251 Hales, K. 360 Johnson, E.J. 40, 205 Hamdar, B. 117 Johnson, Jason L 343 Hamlett, J. M. 69 Johnson, Kirk. 45 Hance, B.J. 5 Johnson, P J 174 Hansen, LeRoy T. 22 Johnson, R. L. 188 Hardesty, L.H. 219 Johnson, S. R. 253 Hardie, I. 31 Johnston, T.R.R. 275 Harman, W. L. 111 Jones, Gregory A 37 Harper, J.K. 116 Josien, E. 186 Harrison, C. M. 229 Kalaitzandonakes, N.G. 30 Hartmann, M. 200 Kaplan, Jonathan 251 Hattendorf, Mary 6 Karlen, D. L. 195 Hayes, C. 63 Karr, J.R. 41 Hazell, Peter 191 Kascak, C. 9 Heifner, R.G. 349, 357 Keatinge, Dyno 42 Hendrix, S. 146 Keim, R.W. 97, 209 Herbek, J. 158 Keith GA 268 Herbert, D. A. 218 Kellner, K 356 Hershman, D. 158 Khanna, M. 314, 329 Higgins, K. F. 47 Kiernan, N. E. 136 Hilden, M. 310 Kimble, J.M. 94 Hill, Chester Lewis. 192 Kingsbury, L. 93, 277 Hill, D.B. 158 Kittredge, D. 103 103 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project Kittredge, D. B. 150 Long, G. 241, 360 Kivi, P. 21 Lord, S. 63 Kline, J. D. 188 Lovell, S. J. 52 Klosowski, R. 103 Lowery, James B. 155 Kluender, R A 352 Lubben, B.D. 2 Koelsch, R. K. 372 Luetz, M 206 Kokich, C. 332 Luz, Frieder 279 Kolavalli, S. 143 Lynch, L. 31, 52, 87, 236 Koo SeungMo 124 Lynne, G.D. 261 Koontz, T. M. 262 Ma, J.C. 235 Kooten, G. C. van 257 Macdonald, D W 174 Korsching, P.F. 179 Macellari E 243 Kotile, D. G. 338 Mackay, J. 63 Kraft, S. 234 Mahr, D L 190 Kraft, S. E. 1, 123, 139, 255, 371, 375 Malone, C. 63 Kraft SE 122, 285 Manyong, Victor 42 Kramer, R. A. 284 Mapp, H.P. 90, 120 Krause, M.A. 276 Marc-Aurele, F. J. 81 Krecek J 321 Marra, M. 112 Kreher, M. J. 372 Martens, Gary 282 Krogmann, U. 231 Martin, J. 158 Kromm, D.E. 33, 244, 275, 367 Martin, N. R. 115 Kulshreshtha, S. N. 309 Martin, P. 186 Lafond, G P 347 Martin, R. A. 38, 338 Lal, R 91 Martínez-Vilela, A. 173 Lamacq, S. 168 Maskey, R. 176 Landry, R. 273, 342 Matthews, Charles H Jr 197 Langdale, G.W. 265 Matthews, Gary 6 Langemeier, M. R. 124 Matthews, S. 237 Langholz, Jeff 210 McBride, W.D. 77, 214, 323 Lant, C. 139, 234, 375 McCallister, B. 88 Lant, C. L. 1, 123 McCann, Elizabeth 175 Lant CL 285 McCann, L. 134 Lanyon, L. E. 75, 136, 250, 278 McCann, L. M. J. 86 Lapka, Miloslav 291 McCarter, J.R. 373 Larson WE 319 McCarter S. 10 Laubhan, Murray K 23 McCarter, S.E. 373 Lawrence, G. 171 McConkey, B G 110 Leach, W. D. 248 McCool, D. K. 85 LeBlanc, M. 252 McDonald, M 327 Lee, Donna J. 187 McGiffen, M 61 Lee, L K 297 McGregor, R.J. 303 Leib, Brian G 6 McGuckin, J.T. 118 Leitner, J. 88 McLean Meyinsse, P.E. 119 Lev, Larry S 337 McMillan, M. 270 Lewis, James A 92 McNally, Sandra 34 Lichtenberg, E. 19, 172, 213, 227 McNamara, K. T. 292 Liebig, M.A. 138 Meinzen Dick, R. 169 Lighthall, D.R. 339 Mennella V 243 Lindstrom, M.J. 265 Mercer, D Evan 340 Little, Peter D. 239 Meyer, N. 64 Liu, Shiping 348 Meyer, N.L. 2 Liu, W 297 Mezzatesta, R. 241 Lock, A. 63 Michelsen, A.M. 118 Lockaby, B.G. 233 Milham, N. 29 Loftis, J. C. 202 Miller, B. C. 85 Loftus, T. 234 Miller, B.E. 74 Loftus TT 122 Milligan, R.A. 336 Lohr, L. 115, 361 Mills, W. L., Jr. 292 104 Author Index Milne, Bruce 44 Onianwa, O.O. 36 Milton, J. Walter. 187 Oshins, C. 330 Miranda, M. J. 181 Osmond, D.L. 161, 193 Mishra, A. 8 Outlaw, J. 72 Mitchell, D. 63 Overman, H. 63 Mitchell, J E 32 Ozanne, A. 263 Mitchell, J. P. 61, 195 Padgett, S. 286 Mitsch, W. J. 229 Pandey, S. 16 Miyao, E M 61 Pannell, D. J. 112, 317 Moffitt, L J 297 Papadaki, Klavdianou Afroditi 57 Monson, M. 30 Park, T.A. 361 Morales, A.C. 272 Parker, D. 31, 142, 198 Morfaw, C. 163 Parkhurst, G. M. 21 Morris, C. 301 Parks, P. J. 284 Morse D 27 Parminter, T. G. 332 Mortimer, A M 28 Parsch, L. D. 203 Mountjoy, D.C. 135 Pattanayak, Subhrendu K 340 Mtetwa, S 220 Paudel, K. P. 115 Mueller, D. K. 207 Pease, J. 302 Murdock, L. 158 Pease, J. W. 107 Murray, Helene 337 Pease, S. M. 237 Mutters R 27 Pelkey, N. W. 248 Nagubadi, V. 292 Perry, J. A. 369 Napier, S. M. 326 Peters, Mark 251 Napier T.L. 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 40, 82, 145, 151, Peterson, J. M. 66 165, 205, 280, 281, 289, 324, 325, 326, 351, Pettapiece, W.W. 303 354, 373 Pikul, Joseph L Jr 108 Napier, Ted L 355 Pinkham, R. 207 Napier TL 11, 68, 154, 321 Pivot, J. M. 186 Naugle, D. E. 47 Plant, R.E. 316 Nazarko, Orla M 282 Plieninger, Tobias 328 Nettleton, D. 63 Podmore, T. 202 Neve, P 28 Poe, G. L. 293, 359, 372 New South Wales. Dept. of Land and Water Poe, Gregory L. 89, 294 Conservation. Technical Services Pompelli, G. 163 Directorate 241 Potter, C. 301 New South Wales. Dept. of Land and Water Prato, T. 313 Conservation. Water Quality Services Unit. Pretty, J N 247 241 Putwain, P D 28 New York State College of Agriculture and Life Pyrovetsi, M 185 Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, Rajwar GS 321 and Managerial Economics. 89, 294 Rasmussen, G. A. 189 Newsome MA 295 Rasmussen, G Allen 83 Newton, B. J. 127 Rasnake, M. 158 Nicholls, D. 63 Rehman, T 141 Noe, E. 304 Rein, F. A. 95 Nord, E. A. 250 Renner, H.F. 254 Novak, J.L. 2 Reynolds, R. 73 Nowak, P. 88, 182, 286, 311 Rhoades, S. R. 203 Nowak Peter J 54, 55, 84 Ribaudo, Marc. 22, 113, 251 Nowak PJ 319 Riedell, Walter E 108 Nuppenau, E. A. 267 Rikoon, J.S. 148, 149, 235 O'Keefe, G. 182 Robert PC 319 Obermiller, F. W. 189 Roberts, G. 176 Oenal, H. 109 Roberts, S R 335 Ogg CW 268 Roberts, W.S. 106 Olson, Kent D. 180 Robertson, Alistar 350 Ondersteijn, CJM. 201 Robinson, J. 18 Onianwa, O. 146 Robinson, J.R. 15 105 USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project Robinson, JRC 368 Stevens, T. H. 150 Roka, F. M. 131 Stivers Young, L.J. 71 Roling, N. 4 Stoltzfus, J. H. 136 Romain, R. 342 Stone DB 295 Rursch, J. 182 Stonehouse, D.P. 101, 341 Rust RH 319 Strand, I. E. 227 Ryan, R. L. 184 Suchánek, P. 257 Ryan, Robert L 245, 374 Sullivan, Shannon 175 Sadler, E. J. 168, 226 Sun, H. 70 Salamon, S. 159 Sunding, D. 142, 198 Sale, P.W.G. 153 Sunding, D. L. 230, 300 Saltiel, J. 67 Svendsen, M. 305 Sammis, T.W. 46 Swinton, S.M. 106 Sanders, David W. 212 Tahir Rehman 358 Santen, E. van 246, 368 Tarbotton, I. S. 332 Scardaci, S C 335 Taylor, H. 349, 357 Schaible, G. D. 96 Taylor, J S 102 Schmitz, P.M. 200 Taylor, R.G. 118 Schnitkey, G. D. 181 Teague, M.L. 120 Schoofs, Allison 282 Tebrügge, F. 173 Schulkin, Jay. 78 Teeter, L. 233 Schumacher, T.E. 265 Tegegne, F. 163 Schurle, B. W. 124 Tegene, A. 232 Schutte, C F 220 Thampapillai, D.J. 307 Segarra, Eduardo 343 Thigpen, J. 318 Selles, F 110 Thomas, J.K. 318 Shah, F.A. 344 Thompson, G.D. 7 Shah, P 247 Thompson, J. G. 73 Shaikh, S. L. 257 Thurow, A.P. 283, 290 Sharpley, A. N. 271 Thurow, T.L. 283, 290 Sheehan, Michele R 79 Tiedeman, J.A. 219 Shoemaker, Robbin 17, 133 Tisdell, Clem 105 Shogren, J. F. 21, 253 Torres, Norma 224 Sieving, Kathryn E 37 Townsend, L. 158 Sills, Erin 340 Traore, N. 342 Simcox, David 80 Traoré, N. 273 Simons, C.J. 2 Trevino, Gloria E 224 Skaggs, R. K. 288 Trimble, R.L. 158 Skuras, D. 65 Triplett, GB 368 Slangen, L. H. G. 200, 267 Trompf, J.P. 153 Smith, Daryl D 223 Trotter, C. 198 Smith, E.G. 72 Trumble, J.T. 225 Smith, J. 72 Tsakiridou, Efthimi 57 Smith, J. U. 63 Tucker, F.A. 71 Smith, M. 256 Tucker M. 10, 18, 82, 151, 281, 289 Smith, Mark Eugene 113 Tucker, Mark 355 Smith, P. 63 Turner, R. K. 229 Smith, R. B. W. 21 Tvrdon, J. 326 Smithers, J. 128, 152 Tweeten, L. G. 91, 181 Söderqvist, T. 229 U. S. Department of Agriculture 266, 364 Sohngen, B. 94 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 364 Sohngen, B. G. 181 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Soil and Water Conservation Society (U.S.). 170 Research and Development 266 Sommers, D.G. 165 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Sommers DG 68 Water 266 Soule, M. J. 232 Unger, P. W. 111 Spalatro, Fiorenza 177 Spooner, J. 193 Stevens, T. 103 106 Author Index United States, Congress, House, Committee on Weaver, R.D. 116 Appropriations, Subcommittee on Weersink, A. 306 Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Weiler, T.C. 336 Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Welch, E. W. 81 58 Westphal, Joanne M 249 United States. Cooperative State Research, Westra, J. 121 Education, and Extension Service. 54 Westra, John. 180 United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Wheelock, G. 146 Research Service. 14, 17, 22, 113, 133 Wheelock, G.C. 36 United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Whitby, Martin 211 Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds White, D. C. 315 140 White, S. 150 United States. Extension Service 55 White, S.E. 33, 244, 367 United States. Farm Service Agency. 55 Whittlesey, N. 346 United States, General Accounting Office 58, Wichelns, D. 98, 104 132 Wick, C M 335 United States General Accounting Office, Wiebe, K. 181, 232, 240 Resources, Community, and Economic Wiebe, K D 91 Development Division 24 Williams, J F 335 United States. Natural Resources Conservation Williams, J. R. 124 Service 55 Williams, P. A. 237 University of Minnesota. Dept. of Applied Wilson, Geoff A 156 Economics. 180 Wilson, P.N. 7 University of Washington. Northwest Policy Withers, P J A 258 Center. Washington Forestry Working Wolf Steven A 84 Group. 45 Wood, Stanley 191 Uphoff, Norman 210 Woodmansee, R G 32 Uri, N D 59, 60, 349, 353, 357 World Association of Soil and Water Uri, Noel D 92, 114, 125, 129, 222 Conservation. 212 Uva, W.F.L. 336 Wossink, G. A. A. 161 Van Doorn, Annamamria 37 Wright, P. 359, 372 Van Huylenbroeck, Guido 157 Wu, J. 120 Van Mansvelt, J D 221 Wu, J.J. 50, 90 Vanclay, F. 171 Wuest, S. B. 85 Vandeman, Ann M. 14 Yang, Jui Chen 340 Vanslembrouck, Isabel 157 Yee, J. 269 Verbeke, Wim 157 Yiridoe, E.K. 306, 308 Vermillion, D. L. 305 Yoder, R. E. 168, 226 Veseth, R. J. 85 Yusuf, R. 159 Vickers, R. 149 Zentner, R P 110, 347 Vondracek, B. 121 Ziberman, D. 198 Vonnahme, D. R. 204 Zilberman, D. 142, 259, 344 Walkingstick, T L 352 Zimmerman, J. 121 Wandel, J. 152 Zimmerman, R. 172, 213 Ware, R. E. 274 Zinn, J. A. 76 Warren, S.T. 36 Zube, Ervin H 79, 80 Watson, N. M. 217

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