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Biología De Hongos / María Caridad Cepero De García… [Et Ál.] Biología de hongos / María Caridad Cepero de García… [et ál.]. -- Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas; Ediciones Uniandes, 2012. 520 pp.; 21,5 x 28 cm Otros autores: Silvia Restrepo Restrepo, Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano, Martha Cárdenas Toquica, Natalia Vargas Estupiñán. ISBN 978-958-695-701-4 1. Micología 2. Hongos I. Cepero de García, María Caridad II. Restre- po Restrepo, Silvia III. Franco-Molano, Ana Esperanza IV. Cárdenas Toquica, Martha Emiliana V. Vargas Estupiñán, Natalia VI. Universidad de los Andes (Colombia). Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. CDD 589.25 SBUA BIOLOGÍA DE HONGOS Primera edición: junio del 2012 © María Caridad Cepero, Silvia Restrepo, Ana Esperanza Franco, Martha Emiliana Cárdenas, Natalia Vargas © Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Ediciones Uniandes Carrera 1ª núm. 19-27, ediicio Aulas 6, piso 2 Bogotá, D. C., Colombia Teléfono: 339 4949, ext. 2133 http://ediciones.uniandes.edu.co/ [email protected] ISBN: 978-958-695-701-4 Corrección de estilo: María Fonseca Diseño de cubierta y diagramación: Angélica Ramos Imágenes de cubierta: María Caridad Cepero, Natalia Vargas, TEHO, LAMFU Imágenes de portadillas: Édgar Medina, Jhon Jairo Colorado, Marleny Vargas, Natalia Vargas Impresión: Panamericana Formas e Impresos S. A. Teléfono: 430 21 10 Calle 65 núm. 95-28, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia Impreso en Colombia - Printed in Colombia Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser reproducida ni en su todo ni en sus partes, ni registrada en o trasmitida por un sistema de recuperación de infor- mación, en ninguna forma ni por ningún medio sea mecánico, fotoquímico, electrónico, magnético, electro-óptico, por fotocopia o cualquier otro, sin el permiso previo por es- crito de la editorial. CONTENIDO ABREVIATURAS XV Microtúbulos 15 Microilamentos 16 AGRADECIMIENTOS XVII Microcuerpos 16 Estructuras de reproducción 16 INTRODUCCIÓN XVIII BIBLIOGRAFÍA 16 1. GENERALIDADES 1 3. ECOLOGÍA 19 ORGANISMOS QUE ESTUDIAREMOS 2 ESTRATEGIAS O HISTORIA DE VIDA DE LOS HONGOS 20 CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES 3 Modelo R-C-S 21 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 4 PAPEL DE LOS HONGOS EN LOS ECOSISTEMAS 22 HÁBITATS QUE LOS HONGOS PUEDEN OCUPAR 30 2. ESTRUCTURAS FÚNGICAS 5 Hábitats terrestres 30 Acuáticos 32 ESTRUCTURAS MACROSCÓPICAS 6 Hongos en ambientes extremos 34 Estructuras somáticas 6 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 35 Estructuras de reproducción 7 ESTRUCTURAS MICROSCÓPICAS 8 4. FISIOLOGÍA 39 Estructuras somáticas 8 Hifa-micelio-modiicaciones 8 CRECIMIENTO 40 Septos 9 Crecimiento en hongos miceliales 40 Pared 10 Zona de crecimiento apical 41 Membrana plasmática 13 Zona de absorción 43 Organelos 13 Zona de almacenamiento 43 Núcleo 13 Zona de senescencia 43 Mitocondrias 14 Crecimiento en hongos levaduriformes 44 Hidrogenosomas 14 NUTRICIÓN 45 Vesículas 14 Oxígeno e hidrógeno 45 Vacuolas 15 Carbono 45 Ribosomas 15 Nitrógeno 46 Aparato de Golgi o dictiosoma 15 Azufre 47 Retículo endoplasmático 15 Fósforo 47 VI BIOLOGÍA DE HONGOS Hierro 47 6. REPRODUCCIÓN ASEXUAL 83 Factores de crecimiento: vitaminas 48 REQUERIMIENTOS FÍSICOS PARA EL CRECIMIENTO 48 FISIÓN 84 Temperatura 48 GEMACIÓN 84 Humedad 49 FORMACIÓN DE ESPORAS ASEXUALES 85 Concentración de iones de hidrógeno 49 FORMACIÓN DE CONIDIOS 86 Luz 49 Origen del conidio 89 Aereación 50 Origen de la pared del conidio 89 Digestión 50 Orden de producción y arreglo de los conidios 90 Celulosa 51 Proceso de proliferación de la célula conidiógena 90 Lignina 51 Características adicionales de las Quitina 51 células conidiógenas y de los conidios 93 Otras enzimas 51 PARASEXUALIDAD 94 TRANSPORTE 52 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 95 Traslocación de nutrientes 52 METABOLISMO 53 7. GENÉTICA DE HONGOS 97 Metabolismo primario 54 Producción de energía 54 INTRODUCCIÓN 98 Glucólisis 54 GENÓMICA ESTRUCTURAL 98 Respiración aeróbica 55 GENÉTICA DE HONGOS 99 Fermentación 55 INTERACCIONES GENÓMICAS 99 Respiración anaeróbica 55 Fusiones de hifas 99 Gluconeogénesis: ruta anabólica 55 Tipos de apareamiento (mating types): Síntesis de lisina 56 el caso de Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen 100 Metabolismo del nitrógeno 56 Mecanismos y análisis de recombinación durante la meiosis 101 Metabolismo secundario 56 Segregación de genes durante el ciclo de división mitótico 103 Poliquétidos 56 INTRODUCCIÓN A LA BIOTECNOLOGÍA DE HONGOS 103 Péptidos no ribosomales 56 Métodos celulares y moleculares Terpenos 57 para la manipulación de hongos 103 Alcaloides 57 Aplicaciones biotecnológicas 104 DORMANCIA DE PROPÁGULOS 58 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 104 GERMINACIÓN DE PROPÁGULOS 59 DISPERSIÓN 60 8. CLASIFICACIÓN Y TAXONOMÍA 105 DIMORFISMO 60 FOTOTROPISMO 62 CLASIFICACIÓN BIOLÓGICA 106 Efecto de la luz en el esporangióforo Filogenia. Sistemática ilogenética 106 de Phycomyces blakesleeanus 62 Conceptos importantes 107 FISIOLOGÍA Y GENÓMICA 62 Sistemática ilogenética (cladística) 107 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 63 Cladograma 108 Criterios de optimización 110 5. REPRODUCCIÓN 67 Tipos de grupos 110 TAXONOMÍA Y NOMENCLATURA 110 REPRODUCCIÓN EN LOS HONGOS 68 Concepto de especie 111 REPRODUCCIÓN SEXUAL 69 Concepto morfológico de la especie 111 Tipos de esporas de reproducción sexual 69 Concepto biológico de especie 111 Ascos y ascosporas 69 Concepto ilogenético de especie 112 Basidios y basidiosporas 74 INTRODUCCIÓN A LA SISTEMÁTICA DE LOS Cigospora 77 HONGOS (REINOS HONGOS, STRAMINIPILA Oospora 78 O CHROMISTA Y PROTOZOA) 112 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 81 Reino Hongos 112 CONTENIDO VII Reino Straminipila o Chromista 115 Género Phialophora Medlar 140 Reino Protozoa 116 Género Pithomyces Berk & Broome 141 EL PROYECTO ÁRBOL DE LA VIDA: Género Rhinocladiella Nannfeldt 142 CASO ESPECÍFICO DE LOS HONGOS 116 Género Scedosporium Sacc. ex Castell. 142 CÓDIGO INTERNACIONAL DE NOMENCLATURA Género Sporothrix Hektoen & C. F. Perkins 143 Y TIPIFICACIÓN 116 Género Stachybotrys Corda 143 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 117 Género Stemphylium Wallr. 144 Género Thielaviopsis Went 145 9. HONGOS ANAMÓRFICOS, CONIDIALES, Género Ulocladium Preus 145 MITOSPÓRICOS O “DEUTEROMYCETES” 119 Género Wallemia Johan-Ols 145 Ecología de Hifomycetes 146 INTRODUCCIÓN 120 MICELIO ESTÉRIL (MYCELIA STERILIA HISTORIA DE LA CLASIFICACIÓN O AGONOMICETALES) 146 DE LOS HONGOS ANAMÓRFICOS 121 Género Rhizoctonia D.C. 147 GRUPOS DE HONGOS ANAMÓRFICOS Género Sclerotium Tode 147 TRATADOS EN ESTE TEXTO 123 Género Sclerotinia Fuckel 148 HIFOMYCETES 123 “COELOMYCETES” 148 Géneros “moniliaceos” 123 Género Cercospora Fresen. 148 Género Acremonium Link ex Fr. 123 Género Colletotrichum Corda 149 Género Beauveria Vuill. 124 Género Pestalotia De Not. Pestalotiopsis Stey. Género Chrysosporium Corda 124 y Truncatela. Stey. 149 Género Cylindrocarpon Wollenw 124 Género Pestalotiopsis 151 Géneros Clonostachys Corda y Gliocladium Corda 125 Género Truncatella 151 Género Clonostachys 125 Género Phoma Saccardo 152 Género Gliocladium Corda 126 Ecología de Coelomycetes 152 Género Chrysonilia Arx 127 LEVADURAS ANAMÓRFICAS 153 Género Fusarium Link ex Fr. 127 Ecología de levaduras anamóricas 153 Género Lecanicillium W. Gams & Zare y Verticillium Nees 129 Género Candida Berkhout 153 Género Malbranchea Sacc. 129 Género Cryptococcus Vuill. 155 Género Metarhizium Sorokin 130 Género Geotrichum Link 155 Géneros Paecilomyces Bainier e Isaria Pers. 131 Género Rhodotorula F. C. Harrison. 156 Género Scepedonium Link 132 Género Sporobolomyces Kluyver & C.B Niel. 156 Género Scopulariopsis Bainer 132 Género Trichosporon Behrend. 156 Género Trichoderma Pers. 132 USO DE CLAVES TAXONÓMICAS 157 Géneros “dematiáceos” 133 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 158 Género Alternaria Nees Von Esenb. Ex Fries 133 Género Aureobasidium Viala & G. Voyer 135 10. FILO ASCOMYCOTA 163 Géneros Bipolaris Shoemaker, Drechslera S. Ito y Exserohilum K. J. Leonard & Suggs 135 FILO ASCOMYCOTA 164 Género Botrytis P. Micheli ex Pers. 136 GENERALIDADES 164 Género Cladosporium Link 137 ESTRUCTURAS VEGETATIVAS 166 Género Curvularia Boedijn 137 REPRODUCCIÓN SEXUAl 166 Género Epicoccum Link 138 Desarrollo del asco y las ascosporas 167 Género Exophiala Carmichael 138 REPRODUCCIÓN ASEXUAL 168 Género Fonsecaea Negroni. 138 CLASIFICACIÓN TAXONÓMICA DE ASCOMYCOTA 168 Género Gilmaniella G. L. Barron 138 SUBFILO TAPHRINOMYCOTINA SYN.: ARCHIASCOMYCOTINA 170 Género Helminthosporium Link.ex Fries. 139 Clase Pneumocystidomycetes 170 Género Humicola Traaen 139 Orden Pneumocystidales 170 Género Neoscytalidium (Penz.) Crous & Slippers 140 Familia Pneumocystidaceae 170 Género Nigrospora Zimm. 140 Clase Schizosaccharomycetes 171 VIII BIOLOGÍA DE HONGOS Orden Schizosaccharomycetales 171 Género Epidermophyton Sabouraud. 189 Familia Schizosaccharomycetaceae 171 Género Microsporum Gruby. 189 Clase Taphrinomycetes 171 Género Trichophyton Malmsten. 189 Orden Taphrinales 172 Familia Ascosphaeraceae 191 Familia Taphrinaceae 172 Familia Onygenaceae 191 Género Taphrina 172 Clase Laboulbeniomycetes 192 SUBFILO SACCHAROMYCOTINA 173 Orden Laboulbeniales 192 Clase Saccharomycetes 173 Familia Ceratomycetaceae 194 Orden Saccharomycetales 173 Género Ceratomyces Thaxter 194 Familia Saccharomycetaceae 174 Familia Laboulbeniaceae 194 Género Saccharomyces Meyen ex Reess. 174 Género Laboulbenia Mont. & C.P. Robin 194 Género Kluyveromyces Van der Walt Familia Herpomycetacea 195 emend. Van der Walt. 175 Orden Pyxidiophorales 195 Familia Pichiaceae 175 Familia Pyxidiophoraceae 195 Género Pichia E.C. Hansen emend. Kurzman. 175 Género Pyxidiophora Bref. & Tavel 195 Familia Saccharomycodaceae 175 Clase Leotiomycetes 196 SUBFILO PEZIZOMYCOTINA 176 Orden Erysiphales 196 Clase Dothideomycetes 176
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