Green Belt Development Plan

The plantation and green belt development in the project area not only serves as foreground and background landscape features but also results in harmonization and amalgamation of the physical structures of the project with surrounding environment. Plantations also contribute towards environmental improvement in the following ways:

 Prevent spreading of particulates to the nearby areas;

 Provide vegetative cover;

 Increase the aesthetics of the surrounding; and

 Provide nesting, feeding and breeding sites for fauna.

Greenbelt should be developed in the following areas:

 Plantation along the Full Reservoir Level;

 Plantation at downstream of the dam and near KT weirs

 Plantation along approach roads; rehabilitation village area

Greenbelt Development Program

The detailed program for green belt is suggested below:

A. Criteria for Selection of

The choice of vegetative species for planting should be based on studies of the natural vegetation in the area and on the environmental conditions.

species which shows higher adaptability to local climatic conditions

 Preferably indigenous, endemic and rare species

 Plant that serves as nesting, feeding and breeding site for fauna

 Plant that enhances the aesthetics of the surrounding areas

species having importance in soil binding  Plant species with different height, growth habits and bole shapes

 Economically important plant species.

B. Additional Information about Plantation

To undertake plantation on site for different purposes, following steps will be involved:

 Raising seedlings in nursery, as being presently followed;

 Preparation of pits and preparing them for transfer of seedlings as being practiced at present; and

 After-care and monitoring

Plantation:

 According to the habit of plant, distance between two pits can be decided. For habitat 10 m x 10 m, and for shrubs 5 m x 5 m is preferred. A triangular arrangement of plants is frequently prescribed;

 Pit size for should be 1 m x 1 m x 1 m, and for shrubs 0.9 m x 0.9 m x 0.9 m;

 The pits should be filled by using good loamy / red soil (3 parts) and farmyard manure (1 part); and

 Sapling should be planted in the center by providing proper support.

Plantation along the Full Reservoir Level (FRL)

Two meters area within FRL should be taken in to consideration for green belt. Selection of species will be based upon species reported during ecological survey and having soil binding properties.

Plantation along Approach Roads & Rehabilitated Villages

Both sides of each approach road should be considered for plantation. Selection of species should be according to road width and habit of plant.

Compensatory Afforestation

Table No.9.1. List of Plant Species for Plantations Sr. No. Name of Species Habit Family Common Name 1. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Tree Leguminosae Khair 2. Achyranthes aspera L. Herb Amaranthaceae Aghada 3. Anacardium occidentale L. Tree Anacardiaceae Kaju 4. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Tree Phans 5. Bombax ceiba L. Tree Bombaceae Shemal 6. Bombax insigne Wall. Tree Bombaceae 7. Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. Tree Euphorbiaceae Katak 8. Careya arborea Roxb. Tree Lecithidaceae Kumbha 9. Carissa congesta Wight Shrub Asclepiadaceae Karavand 10. Cissus elongata Roxb. Shrub Vitaceae 11. Cocos nucifera L. Tree Arecaceae Naral 12. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Tree Fabaceae Shisavi 13. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Tree Poaceae Bambu 14. amplissima J.E.Sm. Tree Moraceae Payar 15. Ficus hirsuta L.f. Tree Moraceae Kala Umbar 16. Ficus racemosa L. Tree Moraceae Umbar 17. Gloriosa superba L. Climber Liliaceae Kallavi 18. Gmelina arborea Roxb. Tree Lamiaceae Shivan 19. Grewia asiatica L. Tree Tiliaceae 20. Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale Tree Rubiaceae Haldu 21. Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) Tree Bignoniaceae Waras K.Shum. 22. Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. Shrub Malvaceae 23. Homonoia riparia Lour. Shrub Euphorbiaceae 24. Ixora coccinea L. Shrub Rubiaceae Ishvari 25. Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Tree Lythraceae Nana 26. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr Shrub Leeaceae Dinda 27. Mangifera indica L. Tree Anacardiaceae Amba 28. Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham. Shrub Rubiaceae Bhutkes 29. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Tree Bignoniaceae Tetu 30. Pavetta indica L. var. tomentosa (Roxb. Shrub Rubiaceae Phapat ex Sm.) Hook. f. 31. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Tree Fabaceae Karanj 32. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Tree Combretaceae Beheda 33. Terminalia chebula Tree Combretaceae Hirda 34. Terminalia elliptica Willd. Tree Combretaceae Ain 35. Terminalia paniculata Roth. Tree Combretaceae Kinjal 36. Vitex negundo L. Tree Lamiaceae Nirgudi 37. Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. Tree Rutaceae Cherphal Maintenance of the Plantation

Once a plantation has been established, the survival ratio of the seedlings planted should be monitored. It is necessary to protect established plantation against weather, fire, insects and fungi, and animals. A variety of cultural treatments also may be required to meet the purpose of the plantation.

Weather Phenomena: The occurrence of damaging weather phenomena is usually unpredictable. Little can be done to protect forest plantations against the damage caused by weather, except to grow tree and shrub species known to be resistant to the detrimental effects of local weather patterns.

Fire: Damage by fire imposes a serious threat to plantations. Fire risk should be a major consideration from the early stages of plantation development.

A main principle in protecting plantations against fire is removing dried undergrowth especially the grass regularly.

Insects and Fungi: Care taken in establishment and maintenance operations during the early years of a plantation (resulting in healthy vigorous young trees or shrubs) can help to make a plantation more resistant to insects and fungi. Regular monitoring will be helpful for management in pest, insect attack. Various control measures are available; these may be silvicultural, chemical, biological, or mechanical.

Biological control of insects has been employed with success in some situations; in most instances, the introduction of a parasite to control the insects is required.

Mechanical control- either by physically removing and destroying the pests or by eliminating the alternative hosts, can be effective.

Domestic Animals: Grazing or browsing by , and can be a menace to young plantations. Live hedges and fences can be used to prevent intrusion by domestic animals in opens space plantations, nursery etc. Tree guards can be useful for roadside plantation.

Watering: Plantations in arid regions needs periodic watering during the first growing season to obtain a satisfactory survival rate. Watering should begin after the cessation of rains, when the moisture content of the soil has fallen to near the wilting coefficient; then watering should be repeated at intervals until the onset of the next rainy season. Before each watering, the area around the tree should be cleared of weeds, and a shallow basin should be made around the stem of each tree or shrub to collect as much water as possible. Frequency of watering can be minimize by mulching practice, i.e. by covering of soil by plant residues that will help to retain soil moisture.