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(DIPTERA: CHLOROPIDAE) , ON GOLF COURSE TURFGRASS IN OHIO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Mike Patrick Tolley, B.S., M.S. k k k k k The Ohio State University 1987 Dissertation Committee: Approved By Dr. Harry Niemczyk Dr. David Nielsen Dr. Richard Hall U a m L ftdv is< Dr. Karl Danneberger Department of Entomology This dissertation is dedicated with love to my parents, Jack and Christa Tolley, and my dear grandmother, Cacilie Schwarz. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of my Ph.D. committee, Harry Niemczyk, David Nielsen, Richard Hall, and Karl Danneberger for their guidance of my research and educational development. Funding support for this research provided by the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation and by state and federal funds appropriated to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Special thanks is given to Harry Niemczyk for serving as my mentor. His input has been valuable in the developing of my perspectives. T Appreciation goes to Phil Williams and Gary Rasor for allowing me to pursue my research on the College of Wooster Golf Course and The Ohio State University Golf Course, respectively. I am also very grateful to Kevin Power, Mike Dunlap, Thanh Lu, Gail Hazer, Bob Hancock, Woodbridge Foster, Dave McCartney, Carl Paul, James Chatfield, and Foster Purrington for their help in many aspects of my research. Much love and appreciation go to my soul mate, Alyce Amstutz, whose support, love, and understanding have seen me through many difficult times during the course of my Ph.D. studies and research. Finally, the attainment of the Ph.D. would not have been possible without the support and love of my parents and relatives; I am truly grateful and hope I have made them proud. VITA December 9, 1957 ............ Born, Augsburg, W. Germany 1980 ......................... B.S., Biology, Roanoke College, Roanoke, Virginia 1980-1982 ................... Graduate Research Associate, Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 1982 ......................... M.S., Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 1983-1987 ................... Graduate Research Associate, Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 1987 .........................Ph.D., Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Robinson, W. H & M. P. Tolley. 1982. Sod webworms associated with turfgrass in Virginia. Am. Lawn Applicator 3: 22-25. Tolley, M. P. 1982. Understanding the complexities of sod webworm control in Virginia. In proceedings, 22nd Annual Virginia Turfgrass Conference and Trade Show. Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, Blacksburg. Tolley, M. P. 1983. Resting site preferences for sod webworm moths. Am. Lawn Applicator 4: 27-28. Tolley, M. P. & W. H Robinson. 1986. Seasonal abundance and degree-day prediction of sod webworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) adult emergence in Virginia. J. Econ. Entomol. 79: 400-404. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Entomology Urban Entomology Turfgrass Entomology Economic Entomology v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION .................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................... iii VITA ................ iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................ x LIST OF FIGURES ....................................... xii GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW ............................ 3 Taxonomy .......................................... 3 Geographic Distribution ....... 3 Morphology ........................................ 4 Eggs ......................................... 4 Larvae ....................................... 4 Pupae ........................................ 5 Adults ....................................... 5 Life Cycle and Generations ........................ 5 Egg Biology ....................................... 7 Mating Behavior .............................. 7 Oviposition Behavior ......................... 7 Fecundity .................................... 8 Oviposition Sites .......................... 9 Oviposition Hosts.. .......................... 10 Abiotic and Biotic Effects ................... 11 Host Oviposition Resistance ................. 11 Larval Biology .................................... 12 Larval Migration ............................. 12 Temperature Effects ......................... 12 Larval Feeding Behavior ..................... 13 Density Factors .............................. 14 Larval Hosts ................................. 15 Host Larval Resistance .... 16 vi l' Page Pupal Biology ..................................... 17 Pupation Sites ............................... 17 Adult Emergence Behavior .................... 17 Adult Biology ..................................... 19 Flight Behavior .............................. 19 Wind Dispersal ............................... 20 Sex Ratio .................................... 21 Weather Effects .............................. 21 Generations and Phenology ................... 22 Degree-day Relationships .................... 23 Adult Hosts .................................. 24 Density Factors and Feeding ................. 24 Parasites and Predators ........................... 24 Damage and Chemical Control ...................... 28 EXPERIMENTATION ....................................... 32 UPPER AND LOWER THRESHOLD TEMPERATURE AND DEGREE-DAY ESTIMATES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRIT FLY, Oscxnella frit, (L.) (DIPTERA: CHLOROPIDAE), AT EIGHT CONSTANT TEMPERATURES . 33 Introduction ...................................... 34 Materials and Methods ............................. 35 Data Analysis ................................ 37 Results and Discussion ............................ 38 Behavioral Observations ..................... 38 Developmental Thresholds .................... 4 0 References Cited .................................. 4 9 SEASONAL ABUNDANCE, OVIPOSITION ACTIVITY, AND DEGREE-DAY PREDICTION OF FRIT FLY, Oscinella frit (L.) (DIPTERA: CHLOROPIDAE), ADULT EMERGENCE ON TURFGRASS IN OHIO .................. 52 Introduction ...................................... 53 Materials and Methods ............................. 54 Seasonal Abundance ........................... 54 FF Oviposition Activity ..................... 55 Degree-day Prediction of FF Adult Emergence .. 5 6 Results and Discussion ............................ 58 Seasonal Abundance ........................... 58 FF Oviposition Activity ..................... 70 Degree-day Prediction of FF Adult Emergence .. 74 References Cited .................................. 91 vii Page SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FRIT FLY, Oscinella frit