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Solar Cooling Task 48 Quality Assurance and Support Measures for Solar Cooling Solar Cooling Position Paper September 2015 Contents Aim of the Position Paper ................................................................. 3 Executive Summary .......................................................................... 3 Introduction and Relevance ............................................................. 4 Status of the Technology/Industry ................................................... 5 Technical maturity ............................................................................................. 5 Energy performance .......................................................................................... 6 Economic viability and environmental benefits .............................................. 7 Market status ...................................................................................................... 8 Potential ............................................................................................ 9 Technical potential ............................................................................................ 9 Costs and economics ...................................................................................... 10 Market opportunities ....................................................................................... 11 Current Barriers .............................................................................. 12 Actions Needed .............................................................................. 13 This document was prepared by Daniel Mugnier, Operating Agent of Task 48: Quality Assurance and Support Measures for Solar Cooling of the IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme. © IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme Task 48: Quality Assurance and Support Measures for Solar Cooling Solar Cooling – Position Paper Aim of the Position Paper The purpose of this document is to provide an inside view for energy policy makers to understand why and how solar cooling systems should be supported and promoted. Executive Summary Increasing demand for refrigeration and air conditioning has led to a dramatic increase in peak electricity demand in many countries. In addition to increasing cost of electricity, brownouts in summer have been attributed to the large number of conventional air conditioning systems running on electrical energy. The increasing use of vapor compression cooling machines (more than 100 million units sold per year in 2014) also leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions, both from direct leakage of high GWP refrigerant, such as HFCs, and from indirect emissions related to fossil fuel derived electricity consumption. An obvious possibility to counter this trend is to use the same energy for generation of cooling that contributes to creating the cooling demand—solar energy. The distinct advantage of cooling based on solar energy is the high coincidence of solar irradiation and cooling demand (i.e., the use of air conditioning is highest when sunlight is abundantly available). This coincidence reduces the need for energy storage, as the cooling produced from solar energy is almost immediately used. While many professionals, such as architects and installers, think of photovoltaic systems in combination with conventional vapor compression cooling machines as the most obvious solar option, the alternative option of using solar thermal systems in combination with thermally driven sorption chillers is now a market ready technology. The IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Program (IEA SHC) provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of available technologies and markets. And, it identifies the barriers and remaining shortcomings and how to overcome them. More than 1,200 cooling systems have been installed in recent years, based on solar thermal collectors and thermally driven chillers. And the interest in these products continues to increase. This is most evident where solar thermal collectors can be used for cooling in summer and for heating in winter. As high prices for (peak) electricity and more frequent electricity outages occur, the attractiveness of solar thermally driven cooling systems will continue to grow. The components for solar thermally driven cooling have reached a high level of maturity. Instead, the main technical problems today lie at the system level in the proper design and operational control of fully integrated systems. Both, public and private R&D efforts are needed to further improve solar thermally driven cooling at the system level. Research and development should focus on pre- engineered systems for the medium capacity range, which minimize design and planning effort, and the risk of installation errors. Specific focus on quality procedures for design, commissioning, monitoring and maintaining solar cooling Task 48: Quality Assurance and Support Measures for Solar Cooling systems, developed by SHC Task 48 experts, will enable a sustainable market for solar thermally driven cooling technologies to develop. Unfortunately, economies of mass production have not yet been achieved for solar cooling. In order to fulfill it’s environmental and electricity system cost reduction potential, solar cooling will likely require some form of Government policy support in the short term. Policy mechanisms should include both thermal (both heating and cooling) and electrical energy flows, so that solar heating and cooling can share support mechanisms with Solar PV on a level playing field basis. Regardless of the concrete support scheme (e.g., direct grants, tax incentives, minimum building renewable energy content), it is most important to avoid stop-and-go support, which usually hurts the market more than it helps. Introduction and Relevance Solar energy can be converted into cooling using two main principles: • Electricity generated with photovoltaic modules can be converted into cooling using well-known refrigeration and air-conditioning technologies that are mainly based on vapor compression cycles. • Heat generated with solar thermal collectors can be converted into cooling using thermally driven refrigeration or air-conditioning technologies. Most of these systems employ the physical phenomena of sorption in either an open or closed thermodynamic cycle. Other technologies, such as steam jet cycles or other cycles using a conversion of heat to mechanical energy and of mechanical energy to cooling are less significant. Principles for solar driven cooling (source: Fraunhofer ISE) Solar PV driven air conditioning (the first principle) is beginning to emerge through the small size segment (split air conditioners) in Asia. However, if such a system allows PV generated electricity to export to the grid then this would not normally be considered a “solar cooling system” since such a system is not materially different from most photovoltaic plants that are connected to the electric grid and are operated completely independent from the HVAC&R installation. Conversely, self- consumption-only solar PV driven air conditioning offers potential benefits to the electricity system and should be investigated further. This is particularly favorable in Task 48: Quality Assurance and Support Measures for Solar Cooling countries where photovoltaic system energy price is lower than the price that has to be paid for electricity from the grid. Separately, SHC Task 48 focuses on the still more dominant technology for solar cooling in 2014, using the second principle – heat driven air-conditioning and refrigeration systems using solar thermal energy as the main driving energy. The main arguments for solar assisted cooling (SAC) originate from both energy saving and electricity infrastructure cost saving perspectives: • Application of SAC saves electricity and thus conventional primary energy sources. • SAC also leads to a reduction of peak electricity demand, which is a benefit for the electricity network and could lead to additional cost savings of the most expensive peak electricity when applied on a broad scale. • SAC technologies use environmentally sound materials that have no ozone depletion and no (or very small) global warming potential. Other arguments originate from a more technical perspective: • Solar energy is available almost at the same time as when cooling is needed, reducing the need for storage. • Solar thermal systems used for production of sanitary hot water and heating (solar combi-systems) have large collector areas that are not fully used during summer. They can be used for SAC and thereby reduce risk of stagnation situations of the solar collector system. • Comparatively low noise and vibration-free operation of thermally driven chillers. After fifteen years of activity in the field of SAC, in particular within the IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme but also in many other national and European R&D projects, the market penetration of SAC remains small. Therefore, it is important to take a look at the achievements and the recent position of solar cooling technology. It is also important to understand the future prospects for this technology and formulate the needs related to both R&D and market stimulation in order to exploit its potential. It is also crucial to understand the potential for solar heating and cooling technologies (SHC) to contribute to the achievement of politically set targets for the reduction of energy consumption. The 20-20-20-targets of the European Commission are an example and it is important to identify the role of SHC within the suite of activities
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