DOCSLIB.ORG

Pohnpei : Household Income, Expenditure and the Role of Electricity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pohnpei : Household Income, Expenditure and the Role of Electricity POHNPEI: HOUSEHOLD INCOME, EXPENDITURE, AND THE ROLE OF ELECTRICITY by James P. Rizer August 1985 Pacific Islands Development Program Resource Systems Institute East-West Center 1777 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96848, USA JAMES P. RIZER is a Research Fellow with the Pacific Islands Development Program (PIDP) at the East-West Center. He has conducted planning studies for a number of development projects in the Pacific region. Before joining PIDP, Rizer worked for the government of Fiji and the University of the South Pacific. The Pacific Islands Development Program is publishing this report for use by Pacific island governments. To ensure maximum dissemination of the material contained in the report, it is not copyrighted and island governments are encouraged to copy the report or portions of it at will. PIDP requests, however, that organizations, Institutions, and individuals acknowledge the source of any material used from the report. I CONTENTS Page No. List of Figures v List of Tables vi Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii List of Abbreviations xiv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Chapter 1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY 5 Identifying a Site 5 Focus of the Study 5 The Questionnaires 10 Planning the Study 11 Chapter 2. POHNPEI: AN OVERVIEW 13 Location 13 Physical Characteristics 13 Flora and Fauna 14 History 14 Transportation and Communication 16 Social Services and Issues 17 Chapter 3. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION: A CONTEXT 19 Selected Data on Current Electricity Use 20 Energy Development Goals 25 Chapter 4. SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE OF STUDY HOUSEHOLDS 29 Population 30 Economic Activity, Education, and the Use of Time 33 Income and Expenditure 38 Comparison of Sokehs and Uh 47 Distribution of Income 54 Other Household Characteristics 57 Chapter 5. HOUSEHOLD ENERGY 61 Cooking 61 Lighting 64 Energy Use on Sokehs 64 Electricity Consumption on Sokehs 66 Chapter 6. POLICY QUESTIONS 71 iii Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center APPENDIXES A: The Economy 79 B: Population 89 C: The Labor Force 95 D: Selected Energy Data 101 REFERENCES 107 iv Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center LIST OF FIGURES 1.1. Map of the new Pacific 6 1.2. Map of Pohnpei Island 7 1.3. Map of Uh study area 8 1.4. Map of Sokehs study area 9 4.1. Distribution of income levels by households 41 4.2. Comparison of rural and periurban: mean weekly household income and resources 52 4.3. Mean weekly household income by location and income group 53 4.4. Lorenz Curve of income distribution • 55 5.1. Value of household possessions and kwh consumed per month by weekly household cash income 69 6.1. Impact of electricity costs on unaccounted cash expenditure by income group 75 D.l. Pohnpei State power plants—load curves 104 v Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center LIST OF TABLES 3.1. Electricity tariffs in the Pacific: 1981-82 (US^/kwh) 21 3.2. Pohnpei power production—revenue data: 1980-81 21 3.3. Number of electricity users by average kwh per month consumed and end-use classification (and % of total production per class): November 1980 - March 1981 23 3.4. Pohnpei energy development and resource assessment targeted goals: 1981-87 26 4.1. Enumerated population by area, sex, and five-year- age groups • * 31 4.2. Population distribution by major age groups (%) 32 4.3. Main occupation by study area and sex 34 4.4. Study population by educational level 36 4.5. Use of time: economically active population by study area, main occupation, and average hours per day per activity 37 4.6. Weekly household income and expenditure for the total sample 39 4.7. Comparison of Pohnpei weekly household expenditure patterns with other Pacific island surveys and indices (CPI weights and percentage weekly expenditure for various categories) 40 4.8. Mean weekly household income and expenditure by income group and amount 43 4.9. Mean weekly household income and expenditure by Income group and percentage3 44 4.10. Weekly household income and expenditure—Upper income group 46 4.11. Weekly household income and expenditure—Upper-Middle income group 48 4.12. Weekly household income and expenditure—Middle income group • 49 4.13. Weekly household income and expenditure—Lower-Middle income group 50 4.14. Weekly household income and expenditure—Lower income group 51 4.15. Distribution of cash income by income group 56 4.16. Income levels and higher education 56 4.17. Value of household possessions by income group and study area 58 4.18. Household possessions 59 4.19. Type of housing construction by income group and study area 60 5.1. Number of households by energy source for cooking 62 5.2. Energy source for cooking by income group, study area, and number of households 63 vi Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center List of Tables (cont.) 5.3. Household energy source for lighting by area and number of households 65 5.4. Sokehs energy use by income group and number of households 65 5.5. Mean monthly electricity consumption on Sokehs Island: November 1980 - March 1981 67 5.6. Electricity use by income group (kwh/month) 68 6.1. Priority community needs as perceived by study households (% of households) 72 A.l. Money income: 1980 (US$) 80 A.2. Value of consumption of the traditional-sector State of Pohnpei: 1980 82 A.3. Value of nonmarketed production—rural households: 1978-79 83 A.4. Commercial and state government imports into Pohnpei: 1982 84 A.5. Imports of selected commodities into the State of Pohnpei 85 A. 6. Summary of commercial imports Into Pohnpei State by SITC and country or area of origin: 1977 (% indicates the origin of commercial imports from each country or area) 86 B. l. Population growth 1973-80: Federated States of Micronesia, Pohnpei State, and select areas on Pohnpei Island 90 B.2. Pohnpei State and official population estimates by age group and sex: 1973-80 91 B. 3. Pohnpei State official population projections: 1973-88 (mid-year) 92 C. l. Wage and salary earners and average annual earnings by type of economic activity: 1979 96 C.2. Structure of the Pohnpei State labor force: 1973-79 97 C. 3. Structure of the village economy labor force aged 15 to 64: 1973-79 99 D. l. Petroleum imports in the Pacific: 1980 101 D.2. Commercial imports of petroleum products into Pohnpei: 1979-82 (US$f.o.b.) 102 D.3. Power generation output: FY 1975-84 (thousand kwh) 103 D.4. Pohnpei*s load growth and fuel costs: FY 1979-89 105 D.5. Revised plans for Pohnpei's energy development: FY 1981-89 106 vii Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center FOREWORD During the 19th century, the Pacific islands were net exporters of energy. Times have changed, however, as the export of whale oil has given way to the Import of fossil fuels. Although wood is commonly used for cooking and some of the larger island nations have developed hydroelectric schemes, imported fossil fuels provide the bulk of the energy used for transport, manufacturing, and electricity. With fossil fuels commonly representing 20 to 25 percent of a nation's total import bill, the devel• opment of the Pacific islands is constrained by the use of scarce finan• cial resources to the purchase of imported energy and is thus vulnerable to both its price fluctuations and basic supply. Recognizing the impact of imported fuels on their nation's economies, the need to more fully exploit indigenous resources, and the necessity of cost-effective uses of fossil fuels, Pacific island leaders at the March 1980 Pacific Islands Conference directed that a comprehensive Pacific energy program be established to provide policy advice, training, and technical assistance to regional governments. The Pacific Energy Program is supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the European Economic Community (EEC), the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Co-operation (SPEC), and the East-West Center (EWC). The EWC portion of the program is principally concerned with four policy areas: . Petroleum security . Planning and policy advice to Micronesian Governments . Rural electrification • Energy education/curriculum development Within the four areas of emphasis, the East-West Center Energy Program has two objectives: (1) to provide decision makers with infor• mation and methodological tools for analyzing domestic energy problems and (2) to assist with the formulation of energy policy alternatives that can be considered within a framework of regional cooperation. To ensure that the EWC project is responsive to the needs of the island states, liaison is maintained with other participating organizations and, through the Pacific Islands Development Program (PIDP), directly with political leaders from the region. This study of rural electrification in the State of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), is especially valuable because it describes how electricity is used by people in their overall development efforts. The Pacific island nations are experiencing considerable social changes as people migrate to urban areas and the Impact of Western culture increases. Pacific cultures, however, are based on traditional systems ix Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center of support and exchange, with their roots in rural villages. As Mr. Rizer discusses, electricity is being used largely by those with Western educa• tions and relatively high cash incomes. This type of consumption pattern can be at the expense of the traditional rural culture. The people and leaders of the Pacific islands recognize the value of electricity in improving the quality of life. But electricity cannot be a contributing factor to the growth of an urban "consumer society" that the Pacific nations can ill afford. By "consumer society," we mean the import of, for example, nonessential energy-Inefficient appliances and non-nutritious processed foods that displace traditional foodstuffs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sapwtik Marine Protected Area. Lenger Community Five Year
    Sapwtik Marine Protected Area Lenger Community Five Year Management Plan (2015 – 2020) Draft Version Date Prepared: September 08, 2015 Nett Municipality, Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia Contributors to this document: Community of Lenger Partners: Conservation Society of Pohnpei (CSP): Kesdy Ladore, Jorge Anson, Kirino Olpet, Eliza Sailas, Hector Victor PIMPAC and OneReef Micronesia: Wayne Andrew Lenger Community Vision: We envision our community having abundant of natural resources and living happily in a healthy environment. Our Mission: We will achieve our vision through an organized and active community organization that is working with local and international partners to better manage our resources and improve community living standard. Acknowledgements: The Community of Lenger together with their village Chief Lephen Lenger (Mr. Salter Lohn) would like to thank the Conservation Society of Pohnpei (CSP), Pacific Islands Managed and Protected Area Community (PIMPAC) and OneReef Micronesia for facilitating and writing up or management plan. This plan has been in our mind and our hearts since the establishment of our MPA. With CSP, PIMPAC and OneReef, we were able to undertake a community participatory process to develop this plan. This plan embodies our dream of improving our communities in a healthy environment with abundant of resources. 1. All photos within this document are by Wayne Andrew © and used with his permission. The printing of this document was funded by OneReef Micronesia and the Conservation Society of Pohnpei. For additional copies or information regarding this management plan, please contact Conservation Society of Pohnpei Office at PO Box 2461, Kolonia Pohnpei, FSM 96941; Telephone (691) 320-5409; E-mail: [email protected] or contact village Chief Lephen Lenger, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Pohnpei FSM, Conservation Enforcement Training of Trainers
    Pohnpei FSM, Conservation Enforcement Training of Trainers And Annual MPA Cross site Gathering Sept. 27- Oct. 10, 2019 ___________________________________________________________________ Background Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia has established a network of protected areas and annually the Conservation Society of Pohnpei (CSP) with other local partners facilitate a gathering of the local communities that manage these protected areas with the aim of sharing lessons learned from each community and developing work plans for the coming year. This year, the annual meeting was held at Nihco Marine Park from Sept. 27-28, 2019 and was hosted by the community of the Palikir Marine Protected Area (MPA). Palikir MPA is the most recent protected area to be legislated and added to the Pohnpei Network and by far the largest and most complex that includes mangroves, sea grass, patch reefs, inner reef, channel complexes and outer reefs. CSP requested follow up assistance from PIMPAC on conservation enforcement to support the community efforts in Pohnpei and Mr. Wayne Andrew was contracted to provide this assistance. This assistance was requested to be conducted after the Pohnpei annual cross site meeting to allow Mr. Andrew the opportunity to participate and share lessons learned in the annual cross site meeting and to work with community leaders to understand challenges in enforcement to guide the development of the enforcement training agenda for the week after the MPA meeting. The goal is to work with a group of community, municipal and state officers to form a team that can is confident and capable of delivering surveillance and enforcement training that can increase their capacity over time.
    [Show full text]
  • 310108 14 Rhodes Et Al
    Coral Reefs DOI 10.1007/s00338-007-0331-x REPORT Characterization and management of the commercial sector of the Pohnpei coral reef fishery, Micronesia K. L. Rhodes Æ M. H. Tupper Æ C. B. Wichilmel Received: 13 August 2007 / Accepted: 12 October 2007 Ó Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract Commercial coral reef fisheries in Pohnpei depressed market prices appear to be catalyzing (potential (Micronesia) extract approximately 1,521 kg of reef fish or realized) overfishing by increasing the volume of fish daily (*500 MT year-1) from 152 km2 of surrounding needed to offset rising fuel prices. These results support the reef. More than 153 species were represented during sur- need for comprehensive fisheries management that pro- veys, with 25 species very common or common within duces sustainable fishing and marketing practices and combined-gear catch. Acanthurids contributed the greatest promotes shared management and enforced responsibilities to catch volume, with bluespine unicornfish, Naso uni- between communities and the state. To be effective, cornis, and orangespine unicornfish, Naso lituratus, among management should prohibit nighttime spearfishing. the most frequently observed herbivores. Nighttime spearfishing was the dominant fishing method and inner Keywords Coral reef fishery Á lagoon areas were primarily targeted. A seasonal sales ban Precautionary management Á Spearfishing Á (March–April), intended to reduce pressure on reproduc- Marine protected areas Á Micronesia tively active serranids, significantly increased the capture volume of other families. Catch was significantly greater during periods of low lunar illumination, suggesting higher Introduction fishing success or greater effort, or both. The marketed catch was dominated by juveniles and small adults, based Many tropical Pacific communities are dependent on on fishes of known size at sexual maturity.
    [Show full text]
  • Federated States of Micronesia SBSAP
    Pohnpei State Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan September 2004 r-- Table of contents Acknowledgements 2 Acronyms 4 Introduction 5 Map of Pohnpei State (with Areas of Biodiversity Significance) .9 Mission, Vision, Strategic Goals and Actions 10 Monitoring and Evaluation . 18 Implementation .19 Financing .19 Signatures (state and municipal leaders) 21 Acknowledgements This Action (Implementation) Plan, together with the FSM National Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP), provides the framework for biodiversity conservation, resource, waste, pollution and energy management in Pohnpei State for the next five years and beyond. The plan is the result of numerous consultations over two years with input from national, state, local and resource agency/organization leaders and community representatives. This Plan includes the most relevant strategies goals and actions for Pohnpei State's priority areas in biodiversity conservation. resource. waste, pollution and energy management. The people listed below deserve special recognition for their exceptional dedication and contributions to this plan. With their exceptional knowledge and vast experience in the areas, we feel that this plan contains the state's highest priority and most relevant strategic goals and actions. Finally, this plan and the extensive efforts that went into its development were made possible by the generous financial support of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Lt. Governor Jack E. Yakana Chairman, Pohnpei Resource Management Committee (PRMC) Consultant K_ostka, CSP Executive Director Advisory Team Jack E. Vakana, Pohnpei State Lt. Governor Youser Anson, DL&R Director Herson Anson, DL&R — DF Chief Bill Raynor, TNC Micronesia Program Director !limbers Adelino Lorens, SOEA DA Chief Kcnio Frank, Sapvvuahfik Chief Representative Ausen T.
    [Show full text]
  • 006, When I Arrived Jet Lagged and Unprepared for a Field Director Position with a Teaching Non-Profit Called Worldteach
    EATING EMPIRE, GOING LOCAL: FOOD, HEALTH, AND SOVEREIGNTY ON POHNPEI, 1899-1986 BY JOSH LEVY DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2018 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Frederick Hoxie, Chair Professor Vicente Diaz Professor David Hanlon Professor Kristin Hoganson Associate Professor Martin Manalansan ABSTRACT Eating Empire, Going Local centers the island of Pohnpei, Micronesia in a global story of colonial encounter and dietary change. It follows Pohnpeians and Pohnpei’s outer Islanders in their encounters with Spain, Germany, Japan, and the United States, negotiating, adapting to, and resisting empire through food and food production. In the process, Pohnpei extended food’s traditional role as locus of political influence and used it to navigate deceptively transformative interventions in ecology, consumption, the market, and the body. Food became Pohnpei’s middle ground, one that ultimately fostered a sharp rise in rates of non-communicable diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension. The chapters draw on global commodity histories that converge on the island, of coconuts, rice, imported foods, and breadfruit. These foods illuminate the local and global forces that have delivered public health impacts and new political entanglements to the island. Eating Empire uses food and the analytic lenses it enables – from ecology and race to domesticity and sovereignty – as a tool to reimagine Pohnpei’s historical inter-imperial and contemporary political relationships from the bottom up. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The first time I saw Pohnpei was in the summer of 2006, when I arrived jet lagged and unprepared for a field director position with a teaching non-profit called WorldTeach.
    [Show full text]
  • Note Establishment of the Leaf Mining Fly, Calycomyza Lantanae Frick, On
    Micronesica 30(2):417- 419, 1997 Note Establishment of the Leaf Mining Fly, Calycomyza lantanae Frick, on the weed Lantana camara L. on Pohnpei NELSON M. ESGUERRA, l<LASTHIN J. DIOPULOS, RODASIO P. SAMUEL, AND JONAH D. WILLIAM College of Micronesia - FSM P.O. Box 159, Kolonia Pohnpei FM 96941 Abstract-Despite a number of biological control agents released a few years ago to control Lantana camara, the weed persists in thickets, par­ ticularly along roadsides and open lands on Pohnpei. A leaf mining fly, Calycomyza lantanae, was introduced from Guam and established on three release sites on Pohnpei . Blotched mines on the leaves of L. camara become evident in the release sites. C. lantanae has spread throughout most of Pohnpei. Introduction Pohnpei is one of many western Pacific islands that has widespread growth of lantana, Lantana camara L., despite a number of biological control agents that have been released to control it. L. camara is an important weed pest along road­ sides and on range land, pasture and vacant lands . L. camara poses a serious long­ term threat to the vegetation on Pohnpei. A number of biological control agents were introduced to Pohnpei to control L. camara in 1948, between 1955 to 1958, in 1963, and in 1991 (Table I) (Es­ guerra et al. 1990, Schreiner 1989, Suta & Esguerra 1993). Despite the release of a number of biological control agents, L. camara is still widespread throughout the island. A request was made to Dr. R. Muniappan, Uni­ versity of Guam College of Agriculture and Life Sciences to send us the leaf min­ ing fly, Calycomyza lantanae Frick, to further suppress L.
    [Show full text]
  • Daily Report
    Daily Report Enhanced syndromic surveillance system Pohnpei State Department of Health Service Nett, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941 Phone • 320-2215/6/7 Website • http://www.fsm.health.fm/ Date of report: 07/18/2014 (Friday) for cases presenting on: 07/17/2014 (Thursday) Summary Key findings Only 5 of the 11 (45%) sentinel sites reported for July 17, 2014. Of the 5 sentinel sites that reported, only 2 (40%) reported any syndrome. Only 2 of the 8 (25%) syndromes were reported. 2 cases of watery diarrhea and 3 cases of influenza like illness (ILI) were reported, while the rest of the syndromes had 0 cases reported. 5 out of the total 50 encounters (10%) were reported as syndromes. No unusual occurrence reported from the 5 sentinel sites. Updates The 6 non-reporting sites are currently being set-up, and will commence reporting syndromes and total encounter cases beginning Friday, July 18, 2014. 5 of the 11 sentinel sites (45%) will be closed on Saturdays and Sundays; whereas, 3 of the remaining 6 sites (50%) will be operation only for half a day on Saturdays. Conclusion and recommendations 2 cases (aged 1 and 21; female, 50%) of watery diarrhea syndrome at Lukop dispensary exceeded the daily threshold of 1 case for the state. Thus, an investigation will commence soon. Current outbreaks or public health incidents of importance occurring in the region and the globe Measles outbreak in Pohnpei. Please refer to yesterday’s (Friday, July 18) update on PacNet Coverage: 11 points of care are included in the enhanced syndromic surveillance system.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from the Field
    Lessons from the Field The Traditional Monarch of Kitti in Pohnpei Addresses the High Rates of Non-Communicable Diseases through Local Policy Johnny Hadley, Jr. BA and Evonne Sablan MPA Abstract Pohnpeian high school students used cigarettes daily and 50.1% used smokeless tobacco.3 These unhealthy lifestyle practices Almost a quarter of Pohnpei’s population is overweight or obese, a major have led to high non-communicable disease (NCD) morbidity factor influencing a 2010 non-communicable diseases (NCD) emergency and mortality rates. In fact, the life expectancy in the FSM is declaration. The Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) ten years less than in the US.5 project in Pohnpei is implementing a culturally tailored policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) intervention to reduce NCDs through healthy nutrition projects. Through collaboration with traditional leaders and using traditional The 2010 US Affiliated Pacific Islands health emergency protocols, REACH succeeded in soliciting formal approval from a Traditional declaration called for regional, national, and local agencies Monarch to serve only healthy beverages during events at all traditional houses to mobilize and respond to reduce the incidences of NCDs in in the municipality. The Governor, in turn, also supported this initiative. This the region.6 Due to the state of emergency, the Pohnpei State project cultivated relationships with traditional and government leaders to Department of Health Services (DHS) has worked on health implement a culturally appropriate healthy nutrition PSE change intervention. interventions that impact the Pohnpeian population. Previously, Pohnpei State DHS implemented public health and behavior Keywords change programs, such as health education campaigns and exercise programs, which targeted individual change and were Micronesia, Pacific Islander, traditional leaders, nutrition non-sustaining.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Integrated Water Resource Management
    Integrated Water Resource Management Demonstration Project Ridge to Reef: Protecting Water Quality from Source to Sea in the Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia 1 Table of Contents Country: Federated Sates of Micronesia (FSM) .................................................................................................. 3 Title: Ridge to Reef: protecting water quality from source to sea in the FSM ........................................... 3 A. Brief summary of Project.................................................................................................................................. 3 B. Executing Agencies ........................................................................................................................................... 3 C. Cost of Project .................................................................................................................................................. 3 D. Linkage to GEF Criteria................................................................................................................................... 3 E. Linkage to National Priorities and Programmes.............................................................................................. 4 F. G. Name and Post of Government Representative endorsing the Demonstration Activity:............................. 4 G. Project Background and Context...................................................................................................................... 4 H. Project Objectives
    [Show full text]
  • Island Towns
    Island Towns Managing Urbanization in Micronesia John Connell and John PLea Occasional Paper 40 Center for Pacific Islands Studies School of Hawaiian, Asian & Pacific Studies University ofHawai'i at Manoa Honolulu and Research Institute for Asia & the Pacific University of Sydney to 1998 by John Connell and John PLea The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of AusAID or any other body associated with it. ISSN 0897-8905 Contents Preface v Acknowledgments vii PART ONE: THE CONTEXT OF URBANIZATION IN MICRONESIA 1 1 Introduction 3 Urban Beginnings 17 2 Population Migration and Urbanization 35 The Demographic Structure 37 Migration in the Region 48 International Migration 60 3 Urban Economy and Society 80 The Urban Economy 86 Employment and Urban Society 97 Conclusion 105 PART Two: URBAN DEVELOPMENT ISSUES 109 4 Urban Management and Planning 110 Land-Use Planning Goals 114 Land-Use Planning in the Federated States of Micronesia 119 Urban Management in Kiribati 122 Urban Planning in the Marshall Islands 126 Master Planning in Palau 127 Strengthening Planning Capabilities in Micronesia 130 5 Urban Land Policy 135 Federated States of Micronesia 137 Kiribati 146 Marshall Islands 149 Palau 151 Addressing the Priorities 154 6 Housing 158 The Urban Housing Process in Micronesia 160 Housing Conditions in Micronesia 163 ,ji Housing Policy in the Micronesian Countries 169 It Accommodating Micronesia 177 7 Public Utilities 181 Water Supply, Sewage Treatment, and Waste Disposal 183 Palau 185 Power and
    [Show full text]
  • Piggery Management Assessment and Water Quality Impacts Pohnpei, FSM
    Piggery Management Assessment and Water Quality Impacts Pohnpei, FSM Glen K. Fukumoto CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT SUMMIT Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, July 22, 2013 Some thoughts before we start … • Everyone needs to take responsibility for the quality of our water resources • We are all part of the solution • Encourage environmental stewardship to strengthen our Island communities Remember to teach your children …. … they are the future !! Water = English Wai = Hawaiian Vai = Samoan Dren = Marshallese Pihl = Pohnpei Ralm = Palauan Shaaliu = Yap Kof = Kosrae Konik/Shaan = Chuuk Community Awareness of Water Quality in Pohnpei Piggery Assessments June 2011 • USDA, NIFA, National Water Program • Thanks to COM CRE, P-EPA, USDA-NRCS, Students • 15 piggeries • GPS, Water use, Number of pigs, pig weight estimates, calculated manure generation • Potential compost production and revenue Summary: Piggery Size • Average number: 15.2 pigs • Range: 3 – 31 pigs • Animal Units: Average 2.2 • Range: 0.8 – 6.2 A.U. Summary: Manure Generation • Average: 135.0 gallons/farm/year • Range = 40.6 – 357.0 gal/farm/year • 15.2 tons/farm/year • 18.1 yd3/farm/year Summary: Wastewater Generation • Wash time: Average 36.4 min/wash • range 0 – 60 min/wash • Frequency: Average 2 times/day • range 0 to 3 times/day • Effluent: Average = 85,798 gal/farm/year • range = 146.9 – 162,417 gal/farm/year Summary: Nutrients Produced • Average • Nitrogen = 277 pound/farm/year • Phosphorus = 93 pounds/farm/year • Potassium = 168 pounds/farm/year
    [Show full text]
  • Landslides Triggered by the April 1997, Tropical Storms in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia By
    Landslides Triggered by the April 1997, Tropical Storms in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia by Edwin L Harp and William Z. Savage This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-696 Denver, Colorado 80225 1997 INTRODUCTION 10:00 p.m. on the 20th and 2:00 a.m. on the 21st at the Kolonia station. The Kolonia station was the only The combined effects of Super Typhoon Isa and recording rain gauge on the island at the time of Tropical Storm Jimmy, approximately 1 week apart, these storms. The gauge is located approximately triggered over 30 landslides on the island of Pohnpei 5 km northeast of the center of the area of major during the night of April 20-21,1997. Most of these landslide concentration and may not have recorded landslides occurred in the Sokehs District, located rainfall levels that were as great as those that along the northwest coast (figs. 1 and 2 (fig. 2 in occurred near Oumoar and lohl (fig. 2). back)) and resulted in the destruction of 14 dwellings in Sokehs Municipality and 19 fatalities in the vil­ Reports of stream levels observed during the storm lages of Oumoar and lohl (fig. 2). Precipitation from indicated that maximum precipitation occurred near Super Typhoon Isa on April 11-13 saturated slopes the area of concentrated landsliding in Sokehs on the island.
    [Show full text]