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Ecology of the Riffle Insects of the Firehole River, Wyoming

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Ecology of the Riffle Insects of the Firehole River, Wyoming View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by KU ScholarWorks VOL. 39 OCTOBER, 1958 No. 4 ECOLOGY OF THE RIFFLE INSECTS OF THE FIREHOLE RIVER, WYOMING KENNETH B. ARMITAGE Department of Zoology, University of Kansas, Lawrence I NTRODUCTION Robert W. Pennak, University of Colorado, gave Most of the early work in stream biology was advice and help in making some of the identifica- concerned with qualitative studies. Some studies tions. have emphasized adaptations of stream organisms I wish to thank Dr. Arthur D. Hasler, under to their environment (Pearse 1939, Muttkowski whose direction this work was done, for his critical 1939); others have considered community struc- evaluation of the work in progress and for the ture (Allee and Schmidt 1951) or stream zonation generous use of his time. (Macan and Worthington 1951). Several biolo- This paper is based on parts of a thesis sub- gists made faunal and zoogeographic studies mitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of (Behning 1929, Berg 1948, Thienemann 1950). the Ph.D. degree at the University of Wisconsin. Most quantitative studies were made considering the bottom fauna as fish food and have mainly been GEOLOGY surveys to attempt to evaluate the pounds per acre The central area of Yellowstone National Park of fish food available. is a plateau composed of Tertiary rhyolite lava While working as a ranger naturalist in Yellow- about 2000 feet thick at a mean elevation of 8000 stone National Park, I became curious as to the feet (Hague 1887). Rhyolite lava is composed effect waters from hot springs would have on the mainly of silica and aluminum oxide associated fauna of the Firehole River. My interest in with other components in lesser amounts (Allen quantitative ecology was stimulated because the and Day 1935). Firehole River appeared to offer the opportunity Hot spring basins lie along zones of faulting in of studying rapidly changing environmental con- the lava flows. The faulting has not had any ap- ditions and their effect on the qualitative and preciable effect on the general topography. How- quantitative composition of fauna. ever the alteration of the lava by the hydrothermal This research was made possible by a National activity has made it much less resistant to erosion the Science Foundation fellowship which enabled by streams flowing through the major geyser author to spend several months in the field in early basins (Bauer 1948). spring and late fall. A grant from the Gans Fund, The Firehole River rises in Madison Lake and defray some of Bethany College, W. Va., helped flows in an essentially northerly direction until its involved in the field operations. the expenses junction with the Gibbon River at Madison Junc- The author owes a great debt to the National tion (Figure 1). For about twelve miles it flows Park Service and to the personnel of Yellowstone successively through the Upper, Midway and National Park for their cooperation in establishing Lower Geyser Basins. From the Upper Geyser this study and for providing facilities during the Basin alone the river receives sixty-eight tons of late fall and early spring. Special thanks are due matter every twenty-four hours (Bauer to Park Naturalist David de L. Condon for his mineral From this it can be inferred that the river efforts in making the study possible and for his 1948). of easy erosion and that its chemical continued cooperation and aid whenever needed. follows a path are profoundly affected. Dr. Gerard A. Rohlich and Dr. Gerald W. and thermal characteristics has occurred in the Firehole Lawton of the College of Engineering of the Uni- Some glaciation of this has been versity of Wisconsin performed a valuable service Valley, but no thorough study at this time to evaluate in analyzing water from the Firehole River. Dr. made. It is not possible This content downloaded from 129.237.46.100 on Thu, 28 Aug 2014 16:47:20 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 572 KENNETH B. ARMIITAGE F'cologv, Vol. 39, No. 4 sinter, which covers the soil and which apparently decomposes slowly. The locations of the stations Park Highway are indicated in Figure 1 and the station types are illustrated in Figure 2. BELOW e reek NEZ PERCGEL Sentinel I GEYSER i / CALENTt BASIN Fairy i Tangled Creek Creek MIDWAY /1 Mi WAYGEYSER BASIN FOUNTAINFREIGHT " Rabbit Creek BRIDGE" Littt Biscuit BISCUIT Frehole v Basin 'BELOW . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ABOVE BISCUIT 'RIVERSIDE UPPER 'LION GROUP GEYSER BASIN o~c print Creek _ i~~~~~~~~e~** - *- !- LONE STAR SCALE = 2 miles MadisonLake FIG. 2. (a) The Firehole River at Fountain FIG. 1. Map of the Firehole River showing the loca- Freight Bridge. At the left where the fisherman is tions of the sampling stations. Each station is named standing the river bank is sedge covered. The bank in the upper third for a nearby geographical feature; where possible, the of the is covered with name is taken from Nez picture geyserite. The stream bank a hydrothermalfeature. Perce, conditions are similar to this at Lion Sentinel, Fairy, Tangled, Rabbit, and Iron Creeks all Group, Riverside, receive large amounts of runoff water from hot springs. Above Biscuit, Midway and Ojo Caliente. This figure was traced from the Topographic Map of (b) The Firehole River at Below Nez Perce. Yellowstone National Park, edition of 1930. This sec- Here the trees reach the water's edge. A narrow band of sedges is present along the shore. These conditions tion extends from about 440 20' to 440 40' North Latitude are also found Lone and 1110 00' to 1100 40' West Longitude. at Star and Below Biscuit stations. the contribution of glaciation to the geochemistry The physical nature of the stream bottom is of the river. generally variable within each sampling station. The rubble and gravel designations follow the gen- DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING STATIONS eral lse of these terms (Needham 1938). How- All sampling stations were located in riffle areas ev er, there does not seem to be any parallel for the to establish as uniform a set of ecological condi- bedrock formation in the Firehole River. This tions as possible. The banks of the stream at Lone bedrock is lava which is very irregular, has many Star, Below Biscuit, and Below Nez Perce stations cracks and crevices, and often has projections or are forested. The most abundant tree is lodgepole humps about the size of a piece of rubble. Thus pine (Pinus contorta). A few scattered alpine fir there can be great variation in the amount of (Abics lasiocarpa) and Engelmann spruce (Picea surface available for habitation in any two bedrock cngelhiannii) are present. The banks of the re- samples. maining stations are either devoid of vegetation or covered with sedges and grasses. Plant life is METHODS absent because of the activity of the hot springs. The nine sampling stations were established in The thermal waters deposit geyserite. a silicious riffle areas above and below major influxes of This content downloaded from 129.237.46.100 on Thu, 28 Aug 2014 16:47:20 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions October, 1958 ECOLOGY OF THE RIFFLE INSECTS 573 thermal water into the river. It was possible to The Gardiner River presents a situation similar collect from all the stations during a single day, to that of the Firehole River. Located in north- except for a few instances in the late fall and western Yellowstone National Park, it drains spring when because of inclement weather two or Terrace Mountain, a travertine formation built three successive days were needed to visit all of through hot spring-activity (Bauer 1948). This the sampling areas. One sample was collected from mountain serves as one alkalinity source; another each station during each trip. source is the Mammoth Hot Spring Terraces. In any qualitative or quantitative study of this Most of the run-off water from these springs kind, one of the basic problems is the method of enters the Gardiner via Hot River. Hot River, collecting a sample. The Petersen dredge (Peter- only 145 yards long, emerges from a fracture in sen 1911), the Ekman dredge (Ekman 1911), the travertine close to the Gardiner. Its tempera- and various square-foot samplers (Needham 1928, ture is about 50'C and bicarbonate alkalinity Surber 1936, Hess 1941) are commonly used. Ide averages 575 ppm (Allen and Day 1935). Samples (1940) introduced a cage-trap method whereby were collected about 5 miles above the junction Ide's method the emerging adults are caught. of the Hot and Gardiner Rivers and about 1 mile for the quantity of appears to give a higher value below the junction. area than any one of bottom fauna present in an Lava Creek lies east of the Gardiner area. It But it is not always the samplers described above. does not drain any hot spring areas. It was erect permanent traps in a river practicable to chosen as a cold water stream which freezes and one of the bottom fauna samplers still seems over in winter and which might furnish evidence to be the most practical method for sampling. on the influences of alkalinity on standing crop in All the samples from the Firehole River were cold water. The samples from these rivers were collected with a modified square-foot sampler collected and processed in the same manner as for (Hess 1941). The physical nature of the sub- the Firehold River. strate was determined. When there was a mixture of bottom types, they were listed in order of abun- RESULTS dance. These data are entirely subjective, no Physical and Chemical Data means having been devised for exact (quantitative Stream gradient was computed from the Topo- measuring the amount of each bottom type in a graphic map of Yellowstone National Park, edi- The collected material was emptied into sample.
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