ORISSA REVIEW

VOL. LXVII NO. 4 NOVEMBER - 2010

SURENDRA NATH TRIPATHI, I.A.S. Principal Secretary

BAISHNAB PRASAD MOHANTY Director-cum-Joint Secretary

LENIN MOHANTY Editor

Editorial Assistance Bibhu Chandra Mishra Bikram Maharana

Production Assistance Debasis Pattnaik Sadhana Mishra

Manas R. Nayak Cover Design & Illustration

Hemanta Kumar Sahoo Manoj Kumar Patro D.T.P. & Design

Raju Singh Manas Ranjan Mohanty Photo

The Orissa Review aims at disseminating knowledge and information concerning Orissaŏs socio-economic development, art and culture. Views, records, statistics and information published in the Orissa Review are not necessarily those of the Government of Orissa. Published by Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Orissa, Bhubaneswar - 751001 and Printed at Orissa Government Press, Cuttack - 753010. For subscription and trade inquiry, please contact : Manager, Publications, Information & Public Relations Department, Loksampark Bhawan, Bhubaneswar - 751001. E-mail : [email protected] Five Rupees / Copy [email protected] Visit : http://orissa.gov.in Contact : Ph. 0674-2394839 CONTENTS

Jagannathastakam Tr. by Praharaj S. Nanda ...1

Good Governance ...3

Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab : A Versatile Genius Dr. Bhagabat Tripathy ... 14

Role of Kalinga in the Process of Ancient Indian Colonization in South-East Asia Dr. Benudhar Patra ... 17

Orissa Through the Looking Glass of Foreigners Nikunja Bihari Sahu ... 27

Few Scientific Tips Generated for Jute Cultivation N. Ranasingh, T. Samal,

P.N. Jagadev, R.K. Paikray . . . 29

Ramayana - an Idealistic Composition K.C. Pattanaik ... 31

Karttikeya : A Unique Image of Orissan Art Kalyan Kumar Panda ... 37

The Sanskrit Kavyas and the Sarala Mahabharata Dr. Satyabrata Das ... 40

First Hexagonal Postage Stamps on Aldabra Giant Tortoise Nrusingha Dash ... 44

Registration of Geographical Indications and Orissa Dr. Baburam Singh ... 46 BIRTHDAY TRIBUTES

Laxman Naik Birsa Munda

Jayee Rajguru BIRTHDAY TRIBUTES

Jawaharlal Nehru

Nabakrushna Choudhuri H.K.Mahtab Orissa Review

JAGANNATHASTAKAM

Once you appeared in the woods On the banks of Kalindi Dancing to the tune of the sweet concert Seeking nectar from the lotus faces of cowherd women, Your feet adored by Laxmi, Siva, Indra and Ganesh O Lord, the Master of the Universe, appear in my vision.

Holding a flute in your hand Head bedecked with peacock tail And the yellow silk in the waist Glancing at your companions All the time you bask in the glory And perform leelas in Vrindavan, O Lord, the Master of the Universe, appear in my vision.

Close by the ocean on the shining blue mountain Sharing the sanctum sanctorum with the mighty Balabhadra And Subhadra seated at the centre, You offer chances to the deities for paying obeisance, O Lord, the Master of the Universe, appear in my vision.

O ocean of compassion, Whose form resembles a range of thick clouds, Who treks his way with Laxmi and Saraswati Whom Lord of the deities adore with Vedic chanting, waving of flames and reading His leelas in rhyme, O Lord, the Master of the Universe, appear in my vision.

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Ascending the chariot when you proceed Monarchs throng on your pathway, Hearing the burden of their hymn with compassion, Ocean of grace, the friend of universe, being merciful (to the ocean) You have chosen your abode ashore, Oh Lord, the Master of the Universe, appear in my vision.

Holding fast to your all-pervading self You who have lotus-petalled eyes, blissful, Reside in Niladri with your feet resting on Ananta naga, Basking in blissful love you are in ecstacy While embracing the elegant shape of Radhika, Oh Lord, the Master of the Universe, appear in my vision.

Neither do I crave for kingdom Nor for gold, ruby and wealth I do not pray for the most beautiful woman coveted by all Your leela is sung in every age by Shiva Shankar, Oh Lord, the Master of the Universe, appear in my vision.

Lord of the deities, save me from the clutches of this ephemeral world, Oh Lord of Yadus, free me from the unbearable burden of sins, You are the Lord of the sufferers Grant graciously the touch of your lotus feet, Oh Lord, the Master of the Universe appear in my vision.

Translated by Praharaja Satyanarayan Nanda

2 November - 2010

Orissa Review

CULTURE DEPARTMENT

Orissan Culture is very vibrant, unique and more than 2005 years old and the manifestation of which is now visible even today not only in present Orissa but also in South Asian and South-East Asian countries. To preserve, disseminate our culture, the Culture Department has taken several initiatives, some of which are mentioned below. Ø To make the University of Culture which is the first of its kind in the country functional Ac.45.185 dec. of land has been taken. The dispute of the villagers has been settled and with the investment of Rs.3.25 crores in 2009-10, the work is going on and the job has been assigned to IDCO from the approved estimated total cost of Rs.18.95 crores. Ø Funds to the tune of Rs.5.70 crores have been released by the Department for construction of Sanskruti Bhawan in all the district headquarters. Ø Formation of Block Level Kala Sanskruti Sangha and District Kala Sanskruti Sangha which are the federation of the artists and cultural groups is an unique experiment in the country. This has been inaugurated in the district of Ganjam by the Hon¶ble Chief Minister. Proposal to replicate the scheme in all the districts has been approved by the Hon¶ble Chief Minister. It is now in process and with Planning & Coordination Department for allocation of funds. Ø 1500 indigent artists of the State are now covered under the Pension Scheme of Rs.1000/- per month. The process to include more number of artist has started with advertisement already published to empanel such artists. Ø Infrastructure upgradation of the Government College of Art & Craft, Khallikote has been taken up with an estimated cost of Rs.1.04 crores as µCentre of Excellence¶ as per pronouncement made by Hon¶ble Chief Minister and the work is nearing completion. Ø Several Academies like Orissa Lalita Kala Akademy, Orissa Sahitya Akademy, Orissa Urdu Akademy, Odissi Research Centre have been made vibrant. The OLKA has organized the All Orissa Art Competition and National Artist Camp and Seminar in which 290 nos. of eminent artists have participated. A sum of Rs.25,000/- has been given as award to the outstanding performer and each eminent artist and in annual art examination, 4000 students have participated. Ø Kabi Chandra Kali Charan Smruti Sandhya at Cuttack and six days Classical Drama Festival at Rabindra Mandap was celebrated by OSNA. Besides making routine Jayanties and exhibitions for legendary artists, several performances and exhibitions done by several artists displaying their products. Ø Besides, Jayanties of eminent literary persons were celebrated, several publications of rare manuscripts have been published. 17 Book Fairs have been facilitated by the Orissa Sahitya Akademy in several parts of the State from Boudh-Phulbani to Nayagarh-Sambalpur. The back logs of distributing various Sahitya Akademy Awards from 2005-06, the conferment of Academi awards were in process. These will be cleared up and target has been given to confer the awards by December. Decision has been taken to have an international writers' conclave.

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Ø Several initiatives have been taken through Orissa Urdu Akademy for imparting Urdu learning at Khurda Centre and also to impart computer training under financial assistance of National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (NCPUL), New Delhi. Last year, the book written by Dr. Sitakanta Mohapatra was translated into Urdu and Persian and several seminars were organised, discussion was made with the Chairman, National Minority Commission for enhancement of grant by Govt. of India schemes, discussion was also made with the Joint Secretary, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India to give scholarship to the minority boys and girls. Ø Through Odissi Research Centre, documentation and publication were made to preserve the Orissan dance and music. Pallavi¶s notation book of late Pt. Bhubaneswari Mishra was publicized in a book form. Besides, publicizing ³Raga Sarani´, ³Champu Sarani´ and documenting/ recording ³Gita Govinda´, cultural programme at Surat, Doordarshan, Mukteswar Festival, National Women¶s Meet, Railway Meet, stipend to students on advance internee course of Odissi drama and music is provided. Proposal has been made by Culture Department to put up Orissa Dance Museum, Orissa Museum at ORC for which the proposal amounting to Rs.10 crores has been sent to Union Ministry of Culture. Under Culture Department, several activities are being taken by B.K. Art & Craft College and Khallikote Art College Now, 72 students in Khallikote Art College and 218 students in B.K.Art &Craft College, Bhubaneswar are persuing their studies. Ø 18 Jayanties of dignitaries having contribution in literary and library movement of the State have been celebrated by H.K.M. State Library, Bhubaneswar. For construction of annex building within-built transformer, a cost of Rs.2.50 crores has been sanctioned for early implementation and it is at completion stage. Ø Besides celebration of Jayanties of notable personalities in the fields of dance, music and drama by Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya, workshops and seminars have been organized. Ø Through Orissa State Archives, digitization and digital microfilm has been done for 1 lakh 9 thousand pages of records conservation of archival documents for 3 lakh 26 thousand sheets of records completed. Publication entitled µBhasa Bhitika Swatantra Odisha Pradesh Gathana- Vol-I' is completed. Besides, acquisition of private records relating to Prajamandal movement and preparation of reference media entitled ³Social Reform during 19th century´ for fellowship award has been done. A regional Archives at Sambalpur is set up. The building at the cost of Rs.50.00 lakh is at completion stage. Neglect of Central Government:

® Orissa is very rich in monument and heritage sites. 3000 monuments have been identified in the State as important monuments. Till now, ASI has declared only 78 monuments as ASI protected monuments. ASI has declared 3675 monuments as centrally protected monuments all over India in 30 States. In comparison to other States like Karnataka 507, Uttar Pradesh 743, Madhya Pradesh 292, Maharashtra 285, Gujurat 202, Andhra Pradesh 137, Tamilnadu 413, Rajasthan 162 monuments have been declared as Centrally Protected Monuments by ASI In

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Orissa, only 78 monuments have been declared as Centrally Protected Monuments which is very less in number in comparison to other States. ® Even the funds granted by the ASI is very less than other States in spite of our several requests. To provide the required funds for protection of these national monuments, the Government of India are silent over the matter and more funds have been flowing to other States. Even to protect the World Heritage Monuments at Konark, the ASI is not paying due attention despite the demands of Culture Department after discussion made by our Hon¶ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik with Hon¶ble Prime Minister who is holding the Culture portfolio. ® In spite of several communication and demands, the ASI and Government of India are not paying heed to do the museum at Lalitagiri and put the famous Casket Relics of Buddha in the Museum discovered during the excavation in 1985. The casket is now lying down in ASI Office. To preserve and document our ethnic tribal culture (Orissa is proud of having distinct 62 ethnic cultures in small geographical area) which is not found elsewhere in any other Indian State. The Government of India have been callous over the matter. ® In spite of the declaration of Union Ministry of Culture, Government of India to put a Culture Fund to develop the periphery of Konark, the World Heritage Monument for which a sum of Rs.30 crores has been estimated by the Government of India is yet to be implemented. ® The recent award of Finance Commission for Heritage Conservation in Orissa is Rs.65 crores whereas Madhya Pradesh has got 175 crores, Jharkhand has got 100 crores, Bihar has got 100 crores and Andhra Pradesh has got 140 crores. This shows the clear apathy of ASI of Government of India to preserve/protect our heritage sites. Although Orissa is having many natural heritage sites and much potential in both tangible and intangible heritage, no support has been given by Government of India for development of eco heritage site and to preserve tangible heritage of Orissa.

Government promoting Chaushathi Yogini Shakti Pitha

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

1. e-Governance Projects as per National e-Governance Programme The National e-Governance Programme (NeGP) envisions a three pillar model for delivery of ³web-enabled Anytime, Anywhere access´ to information and services in rural India. These are: (a) Orissa State Wide Area Network (OSWAN) (b) Common Services Centres (CSC) (c) State Data Centre (SDC)

The OSWAN, State Data Centre and Common Services Centres (CSC) are to be implemented by the Orissa Computer Application Centre (OCAC). SWAN and State Data Centre would act as core e-Government infrastructure of the State to deliver multiple government services through one stop shop i.e. CSCs. Under this initiative e-GRM (e-Governance Road Map) has been prepared under the guidance of NISG-WIPRO covering 15 Departments as Mission Mode Project, which would deliver 200 identified services in the first phase. Orissa State Wide Area Network (OSWA N) After evaluation of bidders the job has been awarded to M/s ITI Ltd. at a price of Rs.69,80,78,120/- out of which Government of India Share is Rs.47,87,46,200/-and State Share is Rs.21,93,31,920/-. The installation of State Headquarters (SHQ), all District Headquarters (DHQ) and 225 Block Headquarters (BHQ) PoPs (Point of Presence) have been completed. VC and IP Phone connectivity between all DHQs and SHQ have been established. Further after evaluation of bidders for Bandwidth Services of OSWAN the job has been awarded to M/s BSNL at a price of Rs.23,26,50,009/-. Till date BSNL has provided all of bandwidth connectivity across the State except 9 places for some technical reasons which will be solved soon. Common Services Centre For implementation purpose the State is divided into six zones. The scheme is being implemented in PPP mode in association with 3 private agencies i.e. M/s Zoom Developers, M/s SREI Infrastructure Finance Ltd. & M/s Bharatiya Samruddhi Finance Ltd who, in turn, are appointing Village Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs) to carry out the job. As on 31.10.2010, 5985 nos. of CSC have already been opened as reported by SCAs (Service Centre Agencies) State Data Centre State Data Centre is to be set up at State Headquarters which will be connected through OSWAN for electronic delivery government services through CSCs. After evaluation of bidders the job has been awarded to M/s SPANCO Ltd. at a price of Rs.29,86,90,196/-. SLA (Service Level Agreement) has been signed with the Operator. The implementation of the project is in progress and will be completed by the end of November 2010.

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2. Integrated Grievances Redressal System - Sanjog Help Line This project is implemented by OCAC for digital monitoring of the grievances of public to strengthen the redressal system. This is initially started for Rural Development and Panchayati Raj Department. Now the Sanjog Help Line is functioning at OCAC premises and till date the help line services are available for Information & Public Relations, Food Supplies & Consumer Welfare, Higher Education Department, Project TRIPTI, State Labour Commissioner, Panchayati Raj Department and Rural Development Department. 3. Industry Facilitation and IT Promotion Cell To attract IT entrepreneurs of the Country and from abroad, the Information Technology Department, Govt. of Orissa has set up an Industry Facilitation and IT Promotion Cell at Orissa Computer Application Centre in 2005. This will provide single window facilities to IT Company for establishment of their units at Orissa. In order to make Bhubaneswar and Orissa favourite, IT destination and attract the IT companies to set up their units at Orissa, OCAC has participated in different national and international seminars and conferences to project the opportunities available in Orissa. Major IT Companies like Wipro, TCS, Mind Tree Consulting Pvt. Ltd & Genpact have signed MoUs with the Govt. of Orissa for seting up their units at Bhubaneswar in the Infocity. 4. Student Academic Management System (SAMS) OCAC has implemented this Project as an extension of e-College Project for Higher Education Department to introduce e-Admission procedure in 60 Junior Colleges of Orissa in 2009. In 2010 e-Admission process has implemented for 53 Degree Colleges and 111 Junior Colleges. In this system the students have taken the advantage of applying online in listed colleges without visiting the colleges. 5. e-Registration Government of Orissa proposes to modernize and implement computerized registration and delivery across 176 Registration Offices of the State, which would improve administrative effectiveness and efficiency and accelerate the overall development of the State through improved Government interfaces. The project is being implemented by Orissa e-Governance Services Ltd. (A SPV of OCAC & IL & FS) in PPP mode. Hon¶ble Chief Minister of Orissa has inaugurated the e-Registration Process and the system is in operation across the State. 6. e-Municipality e-Municipality is one of the Mission Mode Projects that has significant citizen interaction, since Municipalities provide a large number of basic services for millions of citizen living in India¶s urban centres. It is envisaged that MMP for Municipalities would provide a major fillip to the Government of India¶s Ministry of Urban Development¶s urban reform agenda. The vision for the National Mission Mode project for e-Government in Municipalities is to leverage the ICT opportunities for sustained improvement in efficiency and effectiveness of delivery of municipal service to citizens. The Key Objectives of the MMP includes : Ø Provide Single Window services to citizens on any time, any where basis Ø Increase the efficiency and productivity of ULBS Ø Develop a single and integrated view of ULB information system across all ULBs in the State

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Ø Provide timely and reliable Management information relating to Municipal administration for effective decision making Ø Adopt a standard-based approach to enable integration with other related applications. This project is being implemented by Orissa e-Governance Services ( A SPV of OCAC & IL & FS) 7. Orissa Secretariat Workflow Automation System Orissa Secretariat Work Flow Automation System (OSWAS), a solution to automate all the functions and working procedures of Secretariat and provide an effective method of storing, maintaining and retrieving the huge volumes of data that is generated by integrating workflow, knowledge, security managements through core, central and departmental applications. The project is being executed through M/s Tata Consultancy Services. Implementation Plan 1. Departments to be covered in the 1st Phase -23 Departments 1. Chief Minister Office 13. Excise 2. Finance 14. G.A 3. Home 15. Higher Education 4. Housing & Urban Development 16. IT 5. Inf. & Public Relations 17. Industries 6. Law 18. Labour & Employment 7. Science & Technology 19. PGPA 8. Public Enterprises 20. Rural Development 9. Revenue & Disaster Management 21. Textiles & Handlooms 10. Women & Child Development 22. Co-operation 11. Panchayati Raj 23. Planning & Coordination 12. Food Supplies & Consumer Welfare 2. Departments identified for Pilot Implementation in 1st phase Information Technology, Excise, Law, Chief Minister¶s Office, Rural Development, Public Grievance and Pension Administration, Science & Technology and Co-operation. 3. Trial Run Test run of the OSWAS Software has been started at Chief Minister¶s Office, Rural Development, Excise, Law, Science and Technology, Co-operation, Information Technology, Panchayati Raj, Food Supplies and Consumer Welfare and General Administration (AR) Department with handholding support. Use of OSWAS in Test Environment at Public Enterprises Department has started from November, 2010. Home Department has started practising diary entry in test environment.

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4. Departments to be covered in the 2nd phase ± 16 Departments 1. Agriculture 9. SC & ST Development 2. Commerce 10. School and Mass Education 3. Culture 11. Steel and Mines 4. Energy 12. Sports and Youth Services 5. Fisheries and Animal 13. Tourism Resources Development 14. Transport 6. Forest and Environment 15. Works 7. Health 16. Water Resources 8. Parliamentary Affairs

Status of Infrastructure / Overall Progress Ø Server, Storage and Oracle Software have been procured and installed at Data Centre for OSWAS located at IT Centre, Orissa Secretariat. Ø Hardware has been procured for 23 user departments in two phases and delivered at the departments. Ø A presentation on the proposed system has been made to senior officials of Orissa. Ø Master data configuration has been completed for 35 out of 38 Government Departments. Ø The SRS (System Requirement Specification) submitted by M/s TCS to OCAC has been forwarded to the user departments for approval. Ø Core application has been demonstrated to 27 departments and tested by 21 Departments. Ø Common Applications such as Court Case Management System, RTI, Grievances Management, Asset Management and Assembly Questions have been demonstrated to 9 Departments viz. Rural Development, Excise, Co-operation, Law, Information Technology, Industries, Public Grievances and Pension Administration, Housing & Urban Development and Science & Technology Departments. Ø User Requirement Specification for department specific applications have been prepared in respect of 9 Departments. Ø M/s TCS is providing handholding support to the users of the department where trial run of the application has started and is conducting user training on the use of application. Ø A fresh requirement study has been made by TCS and OCAC team and necessary modifications have been suggested for improvement of user friendliness of the OSWAS application.

10 November - 2010 Orissa Review

8. e-Procurement In this scheme e-Tendering process has been introduced for Government Tenders. Now this facility is extended to Water Resources, Works, Housing & Urban Development, Rural Development, Sports & Culture and Agriculture Departments and some of the PSUs. Now e-Tendering process is applicable for Tenders of Rs.10.00 lakhs and above. In this process 5000 engineers and 2000 contractors are already trained. Till date Tenders of approximately Rs.30,223 Crores have been floated. 9. Development of Infocity ² II SEZ For development of Infocity-II, Bhubaneswar, a project to be implemented in PPP mode envisaging direct employment for One Lakh IT Professionals and indirect opportunity for Four lakh personnel in Service Sectors. As per ICT Policy, suitable frame work has been aimed for enabling competitive SEZ benefits. For providing external infrastructure linkages to IT SEZ viz.: Road, Water & Electricity Supply the job has been handed over to IDCO to create necessary infrastructure. IDCO has submitted an estimate of total requirement for this scheme to the tune of Rs.155.57 crores. Initially a sum of Rs.2.00 crore has been placed with IDCO for this purpose. 10. OCAC Incubation Tower To promote the BPO units in the State, Government have approved the estimate of Rs.28.97 crore for construction of an IT Tower named ³OCAC Incubation Tower´ adjacent to existing OCAC Building, Bhubaneswar. This building will provide incubating facilities to BPO Units and cater to the need of MSME software exporters, besides accommodating the ancillary activities under NeGP a training centre for VLEs will be established. This was approved in the meeting of the SLEPC on ASIDE Scheme. In the meantime the construction work of the building is in progress and the cost estimate of the building has been revised by IDCO to Rs.35.49 crore. The administrative approval of additional amount of Rs.6.52 crore by the Government is awaited. 11. e-District Ganjam and Mayurbhanj districts of Orissa have been identified for Pilot implementation of e- District Project. The µe-District¶ initiative of the Department of Information Technology (DIT), Ministry of Communication & Information Technology (MCIT), and Government of India has been identified as one of the Mission Mode Projects (MMP) at the State level. The project aims at providing support to the basic administrative unit i.e. District Administration to enable content development of G2C services, which would optimally leverage and utilize the three infrastructure pillars, the State Wide Area Network (SWAN) for connectivity, State Data Centre (SDC) for secure & fail safe data storage, and Common Service Centres (CSCs) as the primary front-ends for service delivery to deliver services to the citizens at their doorstep. The Physical Progress of the Project is as follows: ‡ Selection of Implementing Agency - M/s Sobha Renaissance Information Technology Private Ltd. (SRIT) has been selected as the Implementing agency.

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‡ Establishment of (District e-Governance Society) DeGS at District level ² Done by the respective District Administration. ‡ Supply of Hardware - Hardware procured, installation on progress at the sites of the district. Server configuration and hosting of the application will be done within one week. ‡ Site Preparation and networking - on Progress. ‡ Application Software Development - Complete. Dry Run of the software has been done at Ganjam. ‡ System Software Procurement ± Complete. ‡ Provide Connectivity to all the concerned offices - SRIT is in the process of providing BSNL connectivity. ‡ Providing Training to the officials of the concerned offices ² Training will be imparted to total 500 officials from both the districts by SRIT. One phase of Training for officials at Ganjam and Mayurbhanj is done. 12. Map Digitization Project The Project is funded by Revenue and Disaster Management Department. In this project all the cadastral maps of all districts are to be digitized. The scanning and digitization of around 40,000 maps for 8 districts have been completed and submitted to DLRS for validation. 13. Modernization of Record Room of Tehsils The Project is funded by Revenue and Disaster Management Department for modernization of Record Room of 33 Tehsils. Under this project Tehsils Record Rooms are furnished with modern movable shelves called Compactors and installed with computers for digitization of revenue records / documents stored in record room. So far site preparations of 22 Tehsils are completed and installation of compactors & computers are in progress. Site preparation of remaining 11 Tehsils is under progress. 14. Computerization Projects executed by OCAC Some other Computerization Projects executed by OCAC are as follows: Orissa Information Commission, Orissa Staff Selection Commission, Orissa Mining Corporation, Works Department, Handlooms and Textiles Department, Housing & Urban Development Department, BMC, BDA, Director, Tourism, OTDC, Labour and Employment Department, Energy Department, Advocate General, Orissa, Cuttack, High Court, Berhampur University, Higher Education Department etc. OCAC has implemented computerization of Panchayati Raj Department under TFC Grant. Till date delivery and installation of computer hardwares and peripherals are completed at all Block and GPs. 15. Training at OCAC Several training programmes are regularly being conducted by OCAC with its highly qualified and experienced staff at various levels including O and A level programmes of the DoE-ACC Society, Government of India, Computer Aided Design & Drafting using Auto CAD, STAAD Pro etc. CISCO

12 November - 2010 Orissa Review has established a Local Academy in OCAC to prepare Network engineers with CCNA certification on a non-profit basis. In order to provide wider opportunity to the students to work on export - oriented projects, OCAC conducts Japanese & French Language Courses for the Computer Professionals. OCAC has planned to start specialized training programmes in collaboration with OEMs like HP, Oracle and Tally. 16. e-Despatch

OCAC is implementing the e-Despatch system in different Govt. Departments and PSUs. Recently OCAC has signed the MoU with its software partner M/s Cybertech Software and Multimedia Pvt. Ltd. for copyright of the Software. OCAC has implemented this software in the following Departments at an average cost of Rs.6.34 lakhs each. 1. Information & Public Relations Department 2. Health Department 3. Housing & Urban Development Department 4. Food Supplies & Consumer Welfare Department 5. Energy Department 6. Excise Department Besides above some Departments / PSUs have requested to implement the e-Despatch software which are in progress. ****

Government reviewing the progress of Rural Electrification through Video Conferencing at State Secretariat.

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of Bhadrak (Orissa) he was educated in his village primary school, secondary education in Bhadrak High School and lastly his college education in the Dr. Harekrushna Ravenshaw College, Cuttack. During his school days he was Mahatab : greatly moved by Swami Vivekananda and became a A Versatile Genius revolutionary in his outlook. When he was continuing his study in the Ravenshaw College, the Non- Dr. Bhagabat Tripathy Co-operation Movement Asaf Ali, Dr. Pattabhisitaramaya started. At the clarion call of etc. for about three and half Gandhiji he discontinued his years and was released in May, study and plunged into freedom 1945. His autobiography movement and became a true Sadhanara Pathe itself is the The name of Dr. Harekrushna disciple of Gandhi. After the main source to reconstruct the Mahatab has become a untimely demise of Pandit history of freedom movement household name in Orissa. He Gopabandhu Das he became in Orissa. was a versatile genius who had the spearhead of the freedom possessed the qualities of a struggle in Orissa till India As a political leader he great man. He was in a line a achieved independence. He became the first Chief Minister freedom fighter, an astute was nominated by Subhas of independent Orissa and held politician, a prolific writer, an Chandra Bose, the then the same office in another term eloquent speaker, a social President of the Indian National in 1960. He became the scientist, a reputed journalist, a Congress to the All India Minister for Commerce and celebrated historian, a popular Working Committee of the Industries in the Central leader, an architect of modern Congress in 1938. He was the Cabinet and was the Secretary Orissa, a nation builder and only fortunate man from Orissa General of the Congress Party above all a statesman in the true who was arrested in the Ahmed in Parliament. In 1955, he was sense of the term. Pioneering in Nagar Fort along with other appointed as the Governor of multidimensional fields he top ranking politicians of India undivided state of Bombay. himself had become an who were the representatives Besides holding these offices he institution. of contemporary India like was elected to the Parliament Sardar Patel, Moulana Azad, and the Orissa Legislative Born on 21st Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Prafulla Assembly several times. November, 1899 in an Chandra Ghose, Acharya Directly or indirectly till his aristocratic noble family at Kripalini, Acharya Narendra death, he was the pivot around Agarapara, now in the district Dev, Gobinda Ballav Panth, whom the whole administrative

14 November - 2010 Orissa Review machinery of the state revolved Milan¶ which is a unique literary He not only wrote whether he was in office or not. institution in India. Taking their history but he himself became birth under this huge marquee history by his remarkable As a man of litterateur of this Visuv movement many achievement for merging the he authored many books viz. writers to-day are well Princely States taking initiative Pratibha, Tautor, Avyapara, established in their own from Nilagiri State with the Chhayapathara Yatri, respective fields and their Province of Orissa. Speaking Charichakshu, Sesha Ashru, contribution in making our of Mahatab¶s role in the merger Palasi Abasane, Chudanga- literature rich and glorious is of States Sardar Patel said, deva, Jivana Samasya, Odisha unforgettable. He was the ³He was the living spirit in that Itihasa, Nutana Dharma, guardian of modern Oriya drama. I am happy that I Atmadana, Yuga Sanketa, literature and acted as a bridge helped him to realize what was Gandhiji-O-Orissa, Sadhanara between literature and politics. not only his dream and his Pathe (Autobiography), Gan Considering all his ambition, but also the dream Majlis (1st & 2nd Vol.), Trutiya achievements we can conclude and ambition of all Oriyas. I am Parva, 1975, Anandara that he was a versatile genius. happier still that it was that Sandhana, Dasha Varshara He was the President of Orissa backward province as they call Orissa (all in Oriya) which Sahitya Academy, President of it, which led the way for the rest touched upon various branches the Orissa Sangeet Nataka of India to follow.´ He of literature comprising novel, established Hirakud Dam story, essay, drama, poem etc. Academy, Lalitakala Academy for two terms and was the Project, inaugurated the New He also authored in English, Capital at Bhubaneswar, History of Orissa, Beginning of member of the Executive Committee of the Central Kalinga Iron Works, Ferro- the End, While Serving My Manganese Work at Joda, Nation. He patronized the Sahitya Academy for two terms. He was a researcher as Cement, Steel and Aluminum upliftment of Oriya language Plants which served as the and literature. He instituted well as a historian. He wrote history of Orissa for the first milestones on the path of µPrajatantra Prachar Samiti¶ in economic progress of Orissa. 1947 through which he time in a scientific manner. established himself as a true Andhra University, Utkal According to S.C. journalist and culminated in University and Sagar University Dash, a political scientist of Jhankara. µPrajatantra¶ became have conferred on him the Orissa ³This was a wrong a laboratory where both Honorary Degree of Doctor of decision for him (Mahatab). journalism and literature were Letters, Doctor of Literature Otherwise, with his reputation experimented. His µGan Majlis¶ and Doctor of Laws as a Governor, he might have is a feature of this class. respectively. As a historian he developed just on the model of Through µGan Majlis¶ he was selected Bhubaneswar, the one of his distinguished able to mould the political and sacred land of Kharavela and contemporaries (Zakir social character of Orissa. He Kapilendra Deva, the two Hussain) who left education to became the Editor of µJhankar¶ invinicible heroes of Orissa become the Governor of Bihar since its inception in 1949. He history, as the capital of Orissa from where he ultimately was the founder of µVisuv which is an epoch making step. entered the Rashtrapati Bhavan

November - 2010 15 Orissa Review through the office of the Vice- thousands of people from all had rendered to the state, President. Had not power walks of life along with Mahatab can rightly be called hunger obsessed Mahatab the celebrities had come over there the Maker of Greater Orissa. history of Orissa would have Galaxy of writers, politicians, References : flown through a different course artists, journalists and above all and he himself would have been the Hon¶ble Governor B.N. 1. H.K. Mahatab, Sadhanara a different man.´ Pande assembled which Pathe (Oriya), Cuttack, 1987. proved that he was the real Such a great soul 2. Sunit Ghose, Orissa in representative of the state departed on 2nd January, 1987 Turmoil, Bhubaneswar, 1991. intelligentsia. creating a great vacuum in every 3. Souribandhu Kar, sphere of human life. When his Speaking highly of Harekrushna Mahatab dead body was proceeded Mahatab the Sardar said, ³A (Oriya), Orissa Sahitya from his residence Ekamra true patriot in that he loves Akademy, Bhubaneswar, 2004. Nivas to his birth place Orissa but loves India more. A 4. Souvenir, Indian History Agarapara for cremation, the practical and a born leader of Congress, Bhubaneswar whole path from Bhubaneswar men, Mahatab has carved out Session, 1978. to Agarpara was crowded by for himself a name which will the sea of humanity to pay live in Orissa¶s history. More tribute to their beloved than ten years ago he conceived departed leader which proved a future for Orissa which he had how he had won the heart of the good fortune to realise in his Dr. Bhagabat Tripathy is a Reader mass millions. When his dead own life time.´ Taking into in History, Agarapada College, body reached Agarpara account the yeomen service he Agarapada, Bhadrak.

Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik launching the Calf Rearing Scheme under Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana at Jagannathpur on 2.11.2010.

16 November - 2010 Orissa Review

picture, which seems to play an her colonists, and the zeal of her important role. India has a long missionaries, secured to India and glorious maritime heritage. the command of sea for ages, Role of Her stretchy coastline on the and helped her to attain and east, south and west, bordering long maintain her proud position Kalinga in the the Bay of Bengal, the Indian as the mistress of the Eastern Ocean and the Arabian Sea has Seas.´ In the present paper, a Process of been studded with many sincere endeavour has been flourishing ports and port towns made to analyse ancient Indian Ancient Indian since time immemorial. India¶s colonization in Southeast Asia strategic position had, thus, with specific reference to the Colonization invested her from the earliest role played by Kalinga or times with responsibilities to ancient Orissa in it. in South-East play an important role as µa Colonization in first-class maritime power¶. connection with the overseas Asia India had close contact- trade and maritime activities is commercial, cultural and an unavoidable aspect to be political with the foreign studied in its historical Dr. Benudhar Patra countries such as South-east perspective. It is a yardstick to Asian countries i.e. Java, measure the penetration and Sumatra, Bali, Borneo, Siam intensification of Indian as well (Thailand), Champa (Vietnam); as the Kalingan traits in South- Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Rome, East Asia. The connotation of Maritime activity of India which Africa etc. which has been the word colonization varied is one of the fascinating fields referred to by both indigenous from time to time. By of historical research is as old and foreign sources. The colonization it is, however, as its civilization, and as such overseas relation of India with generally understood that a set may be traced back to the far off countries, particularly of people go from one country Harappan times. Maritime with Southeast Asia is to another and permanently study comprises many aspects noteworthy, and it is recorded make it their home. In other such as the study of ancient that ancient India had words, it is the practice of maritime structure, ancient established colonies in different acquiring colonies by conquest ports, trade emporiums, trade regions of Southeast Asia. or other means and making routes, articles of import and Referring to ancient India¶s them dependant. But, the 1 export, navigation, ship- colonizing zeal R.K.Mookerji colonizing activity of the ancient building technology, direction of writes ³The early growth of her Indians was distinctive in monsoon winds, sea currents (India¶s) shipping and ship- several respects. The Indians etc. So far as ancient maritime building, coupled with the wherever they went, settled history of India is concerned; genius and energy of her down there, absorbed some of the much debated question of merchants, the skill and daring the cultural aspects of the colonization also came to the of her seamen, the enterprise of original inhabitants, and

November - 2010 17 Orissa Review adopted some traits of the coast, which with its typical connection, many important civilization of the people. In Indian culture had questions arise which are yet to spite of their superiority they predominantly influenced the be answered such as, why did never tried to dominate, rather people of South-East Asian the people of Kalinga go to they allowed the indigenous countries at a very early period. such distant places in the elements to grow. The ancient The Chinese travellers and remote past ? What prompted Indian colonists had the historians of the period have them to undertake this practical knowledge of spoken of a people in South- hazardous task ? At what point adaptability. East Asia as Kunlun (the of time did these people take After centuries of people of Kalinga) whose up seafaring and made voyages interaction both the colonists as civilizing influence might have to distant lands ? What exactly well as the original settlers created this effect. According was the share of Kalinga in the 3 formed one society, each to A.P.Patnaik, µKu-lung¶ or process of colonization and saturated with the culture and µ.¶un-lun, which was the usual Indianization of Southeast Asia? civilization of the other, though designation of the Kalinga What was the nature of the dissemination of Indian people in the Southeast Asian migration of the people of culture formed a lion¶s share. region, was gradually Kalinga ? Satisfactory answer About the Indianization, A.P. transformed to µKling¶ or to these questions is a difficult Patnaik2 says ³the expansion of µKeling¶. Besides, the Indian task. However, a moderate Indian civilization to the South- immigrants in the Malay attempt in this line has been East Asia during the early Archipelago are still called made below. 4 centuries of Christian era is one Orang Kling , which is a Different scholars have of the outstanding events in the survival of the name Kalinga, by advocated different theories on history of the world.´ As a which the inhabitants of Orissa the migration. Kautilya¶s product of this Indianization, a were once known. Arthashastra recommends series of kingdoms came into The people of Kalinga seizure of the territory of other existence like Cambodia, had a big share in the process countries and deporting surplus Champa, Burma, Siam, Java, of colonizing activities of South- population of his own, which Bali, Sumatra etc. with tangible East Asia. They indeed, were can be taken to indicate an Indian influence. Though each the pioneers. Even for several early wave of Indian of these states developed centuries, Kalinga remained in immigration to South-East Asia according to its own genius the form of µGreater Kalinga¶ and other countries6. But this through a process of interaction acquiring several islands and interpretation is so imaginative with the physical and social countries, which lay around the that it looks like a flight of environment of the respective Indian seas under its suzerainty. nationalistic fancy rather than area, their cultures never lost It is also said that long before sober historical thinking. Some the family resemblance that the Pallavas of Kanchi, the scholars, however, seek to they owed to their common people of ancient Orissa had particularize a few definite origin. This common origin laid the foundation of Indian or waves of migration from India could be India as a whole or Indianised states ³beyond the and assign causes to the same. that of Kalinga, on the eastern moving seas´5. In this They say that the Aryan

18 November - 2010 Orissa Review conquest drove the pre-Aryan conquest of Kalinga by the period, there is no evidence of settlers of India towards the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in any local resistance to their countries beyond the sea in the the third century BCE, which, arrival. The Indians also did not east and South-east and that the it is suggested, might have regard these new lands as Hindus were forced to migrate provoked an exodus8. Could it outlets for their excessive there in large numbers by be that Kalinga people population or an exclusive political events in later times. migrated, enmass to South- market for their growing trade Most of the theories, however, East Asia on the wake of the nor did they insist on the are based on disturbed life in Kalinga war of Ashoka ? There superiority of their culture. It India, which compelled the is no historical evidence of such was what as D.P.Singhal11 people to take shelter in distant a movement. Archaeological remarks, ³Whenever Indians lands. One theory advocates evidences are silent too. But it settled they gave what they that the first wave of Hindu appears indirectly in one of the had and took what they could. migration in the early centuries rock edicts of Ashoka that after Thus was evolved, by mutual of the Christian era occurred Kalinga war, the grief stricken consent, a new culture whose owing to the invasion of India emperor has not only spoken dominant note was Indian.´ The by the foreign hordes such as of the µdead and deported¶ but regions, especially the islands of the Greeks, the Shakas and the also of µthe people who were South-East Asia were so much Kushanas. Basically it is fortunate to have escaped¶ influenced by the Indian culture attributed to the pressure of the without mentioning the land to that many scholars have gone Kushana invasions of India in which they escaped. As the to the extent of declaring them the first century CE.7 This small kingdom of Kalinga was as a part of µGreater India¶, assumption, in the absence of surrounded on three sides by µIndian Colonies¶, µExtended historical proof, however, the mighty empire of Ashoka, part of India¶, µFurther India¶ seems to be unacceptable. It is thousands of young people etc. According to H. Kulke and to be remembered that the from Kalinga, experts in D. Rothermund 12 the Greater conquests of the foreigners in navigation, might have Indian theory was a by product the early centuries CE hardly preferred to escape into the of Indian Freedom Movement. affected the area beyond the distant lands through the sea According to them the Indian Gangetic plain. Further, there rather than being deported to historians smarting under the was ample space in India itself Magadha as prisoners.9 But G. stigma of their own colonial for them to take shelter. It is, Coedes10 remarks that there subjection, tried to compensate therefore, difficult and not was no mass emigration from for this by establishing the theory proper to regard the foreign India. The exodus was pre- that Indians of yore were strong conquest as a sufficient cause, eminently caused by enough to establish colonies of by itself, for a large-scale commercial considerations. It is their own. In 1926, at the migration to a distant land quite remarkable that despite initiative of Kalidas Nag, the beyond the sea. the large-scale influx of Indians µGrater India Society¶ was The migration of the including the Kalingans of established in Calcutta and in Kalingans, in particular, is various economic classes and subsequent years. R.C. attributed to the bloody intellectual levels over a long Majumdar, a doyen of Indian

November - 2010 19 Orissa Review historians published a number the very ancient times. In the activities which culminated in of books and articles on the words of A. Lamb14, ³By the the establishment of their subject what he called µAncient opening of the Christian era the political power beyond the Indian Colonies in the Far civilization of India had begun seas. The fascinating account of East¶. R.C.Majumdar13 writes, to spread across the Bay of Hindu colonial and cultural ³For nearly fifteen hundred Bengal into both island and expansion beyond India years, and down to a period mainland of South-East Asia; proper, the plantation of Hindu when the Hindus had lost their and by the fifth century A.D. colonies in Sumatra, Java, independence in their own Indianized states, that is to say Malaya Peninsula, Champa home, Hindu kings were ruling states organized along the and Kambuja and the over Indo-China and the traditional lines of Indian establishment of the kingdom of numerous islands of the Indian political theory and following Sri Vijaya (modern Palembang) Archipelago, from Sumatra to the Buddhist or Hindu religions, under the Sailendra kings New Guinea. Indian religion, had established themselves in should ever remain a glorious Indian culture, Indian laws and many regions of Burma, episode in ancient Indian Indian government moulded the Thailand, Indo-China, history.´ lives of the primitive races all Malaysia, and Indonesia. Some In this connection over this wide region (Far of these states were in time to several theories like the East), and they imbibed a more grow into great empires Vaishya theory, the Kshyatriya elevated moral spirit and a dominating the zone between theory and the Brahmana higher intellectual taste through metropolitan India and the theory have been formulated by the religion, art, and literature Chinese southern border, the scholars. The Vaishya of India. In short, the people which has sometimes been theory gives the credit of were lifted to a higher plane of described as µFurther India¶ or colonization to the Vaishyas, civilisation. A greater India was µGreater India¶. Once rooted in the Kshyatriya theory to the established by a gentle fusion South-East Asian soil, Indian Kshyatriyas and the of races , which richly endowed civilization evolved in part Brahmana theory to the the original inhabitants with the through the action of forces of Brahmanas. spiritual heritage of South-East Asia origin, and in India«..The colonial and part through the influence of The Vaishyas or the cultural expansion of India is cultural and political changes in trading communities of India one of the most brilliant, but the Indian sub-continent. Many have been given the credit of forgotten, episodes of Indian scholars have described the colonizing South-East Asia. history, of which any Indian may eastward spread of Indian Trade was the driving force for justly feel proud.´ This µGreater civilization in terms of a series the early contact. Trade in the India¶ theory, however, has of µwaves¶. B.K. Majumdar15 opinion of Romila Thaper16 led been recently refuted by many says ³From the second to the to settlements, which slowly scholars from South-East Asia. fifth centuries A.D.(CE) the developed into colonies. The The early South-East Hindus, belonging particularly Sanskrit and Pali works like the Asia remained under the to the South, north-east India, Brihat Katha, Kathakosha, influence of Indian culture from showed signs of maritime Jatakas, Milindapanho,

20 November - 2010 Orissa Review

Niddesa (Pali canonical work), parts of South-East Asia. They entities in their own might¶ J.C. Jain texts etc. refer to trading provided an important Van Lear24 has also strongly voyages between Indian ports, transmission belt for all kinds of rejected this theory. Since the and Suvarnadvipa and cultural influences. The traders belonged to the lower Suvarnabhumi.N.J.Krom17 concepts like Suvarnabhumi strata (third in rank) of Indian says that the Indian penetration (lands of gold or Indo-China), caste system they had least into South-East Asia began Suvarnadvipa (islands of gold possibility of acting as with traders who settled and or Indonesia) refers to administrators, advisors etc. married native women, thereby importance of traders who The Kshyatriya introducing Indian culture. G. considered those regions as hypothesis in connection with 18 Coedes is of the opinion that mine-house of gold or precious the colonization and the spread of Indian culture was commodities. All these suggest Indianization of the South-East a result of intensification of that trade was the primary Asia has been propounded by Indian trade with South-East concern of the Indian a host of scholars. This theory 21 Asia early in the Christian era. colonists. ascribed the transmission of According to R.C. This theory, however, Indian culture to the conquest 19 Majumdar , µas in all ages and is not free from criticism. If of South-East Asia by the countries, the prospect of merchants played a major part Indian princes and kings who acquiring wealth first tempted in the transmission of culture crossed the Bay of Bengal with the Indian traders and then the centres of Hindu all their retinue and founded merchants to explore unknown civilization would have strong µIndian¶ or µHindu¶ territories beyond their own developed on the coastal areas, kingdoms there.25 It is said that frontiers¶. The Indian traders, the areas usually frequented by the Indian culture went to while trading indirectly the traders. But in Indonesia, South-East Asia with the transmitted their customs, the these are found in interior areas activities of Indian warrior Indian religious ideas and the and mountains and in case of immigrants who captured the technical skill to the populations Java, in the almost inaccessible political power of the region. of the respective places. plains of Kedu and Prambanan. This theory further propounds Further, he also expressed that Commercial contacts are also that Indian monarchs ousted ³the merchants in India, as in inadequate for the transmission from their realms sought new other countries, must have been of the higher civilization of one lands in Indonesia. They pioneers in the exploration of people to another.22 J.F. conquered certain areas and Southeast Asia. The knowledge Cady23 who criticizes this introduced Hindu civilization and experience gained by them, assumption remarks, µSome of among the native population. must have induced not only the strongest centres of Indian Accordingly it was one of other traders, but also peoples influence, such as central Java, colonization by Indian of different categories to follow Mon Dvaravati, Cambodian monarchs, and might have in their wake´20. The Angkor, and Pagan Burma, resulted in intermarriage inscriptions also show that were not centres of seaborne between those Indian princes guilds of Indian merchants had commercial intercourse at all, and daughters of local chiefs established outposts in many but rather advanced political which further strengthened the

November - 2010 21 Orissa Review process of colonization by the organization of µBoard of religious outlook on life Kshyatriyas. However, so far Admiralty¶ under the Mauryan manifested by holy monuments as the Kshyatriya theory of emperor Chandragupta (Chandis), and Sanskrit words Indian colonization is Maurya, depiction of the figure which enriched the Indonesian concerned there exists very of sailing vessels on the coins vernaculars.28 R. Le May is of little proof of any direct political of Satavahana and Pallava the opinion that µ The beginning influence in South-East Asia. kings, Samudragupta¶s claim to of Indian colonization overseas R.C.Majumdar26 is of the have exercised suzerainty over eastward go back a very long opinion that ³we must not ³all islands´ and particularly, way in time and it is almost presume that this colonization powerful naval expeditions by certain the results seen today (Hindu colonization) was the Chola emperors (11th century were, in the main, not achieved result of any military expedition, CE) against Sumatra and by military expeditions, but by deliberately undertaken by any Malaya Peninsula indicate to peaceful trading and religious Indian king for this purpose´. the significant role played by the teaching and thereby all the F.D.K. Bosch27 has also rulers and warriors in the more permanent´29. J.C. Van criticized this theory. Bosch has process of colonization. Lear30 has given emphasis upon put forth his claim on the The third theory, the the role of the Brahmans¶ for following ground that ³A Brahmana theory seems to be the colonization of South-East conquering prince would have the most successful explanation. Asia. mentioned his success in an This theory says that the Indian It is said that the inscription, or, if not, one of his priests disseminated and transmission occurred at the descendants would have done upheld Indian culture in places court level and was the work so.´ But this practice is absent outside India, including of the Brahmanas. The in the South-East Asian islands. Indonesia. Amongst priests Brahmana priests functioned In the absence of such records, were included the Brahmins, to complete the merger with the Sanskrit names, adopted by the Buddhists and the Jain local cults, to make rulers the rulers of South-East Asia is monks. In addition to being avataras of Hindu Gods, to taken as the most important religious specialists they were concoct impressive royal evidence in this regard. But the experts in Dharmashastra genealogies, and eventually to pure Sanskrit form adopted by (religious rites), Arthashastra Hindu literature, legal code, and the South-East Asian rulers¶ (economic affairs) and governmental forms.31 Van shows that they had adopted Silpashastra (art and Lear32 says, ³the initiative for these names not from the names architecture). They must have the coming of Indian civilization of the Indian rulers but from acted as development planners emanated from the Indonesian Sanskrit language itself. and as advisors to the rulers of ruling groups, or was at least However, the role of the South-East Asia. They an affair of both the Indonesian Kshatriyas and the warriors in gradually improved their own dynasties and the Indian the process of Indian ways of administration and hierarchy. The course of events colonization in South-East Asia language. Besides, this theory amounted essentially to a cannot altogether be ruled out. is based on the fact that Indian summoning to Indonesia of Megasthenes¶s reference to the influence is mostly evident in the Brahmin priests and Indian

22 November - 2010 Orissa Review court artificers. The Indian east Indies. Many of these earlier that people of different priesthood was called eastward emigrants permanently settled castes were involved in the certainly because of its wide in these foreign lands. They trading activities. Maritime renown±for the magical, sacral married women of the localities trade was not restricted to the legitimation of dynastic interests and the influence of their Vaishyas, the traditional and the domestication of superior culture gradually traders, only. The profitability subjects, and probably for the Hinduised the society. This part of it attracted people from organization of the rulers¶ imperceptible but gradual different castes who had the territory into a state penetration, often aided by money and the mentality to take (patrimonial). In corroboration active missionary propaganda, up the trip. Hence, as to this W.F. Wertheim33, a gradually spread Hindu suggested earlier, there grew up Dutch scholar has summarized religion, art, literature and social a class of rich merchants called this view as follows: ³The so- ideas in all directions. the Sadhabas or Sadhavas in called µHindu colonisation Sometimes a military Kalinga (ancient Orissa) who process, is reduced, in the adventurer seized the political carried on this maritime trade. modern conception, to the power and established a Hindu They used ships called Boitas presence at the Javanese courts kingdom. The fusion between (the word Boita is probably of a comparatively small the Indian settlers and the derived from the Sanskrit word number of very influential Indian Hinduised local people was so Vahitra, meaning a ship or Brahmins, lending political complete that it is not always vessel) to travel to distant lands support to Javanese rulers by possible to distinguish between such as Java, Sumatra, Bali, providing them with a kind of the two. The latter assumed Borneo, Sri Lanka, Burma, investiture and with a Hindu names and adopted Siam, Champa etc. to carry out genealogic confirmation of Sanskrit or Pali language and trade and for cultural membership in a high caste, and Hindu religion, manners and expansion. Kartika Purnima acting at the same time as customs, while the Indians Day (full moon day of Kartika advisers in affairs of imbibed local habits and social falling in the months of October Government and things sacral.´ usages and merged themselves - November) was considered R.C. Majumdar34, has into the local communities. by the Sadhabas as an summed up by saying ³the zeal Thus, grew up the Indian auspicious day to begin their of the Brahmans and colonial kingdoms, which were sea voyages. They, however, Buddhists, pressure caused by constantly strengthened by did not belong to a particular increasing population and fresh streams of immigration caste but constituted a class invasion of foreign hordes, and from the motherland.´ including people from different the spirit of adventure of the Gradually, the new culture castes indulging in the maritime Kshyatriya princes and nobles spread from place to place and trade. Thus, people of all castes added to the commercial engulfed the entire region. i.e. Vaishyas, Kshyatriyas, enterprise of the merchants, and The colonization Brahmanas and even Shudras caused a steady flow of Indian process under discussion can formed the Sadhabas. emigrants to various parts of the never be the work of any single Thus, colonization was Indo-China Peninsula and the community. It has been said neither done by any caste nor

November - 2010 23 Orissa Review during a short span of time. It early Indonesia. If this view is first kingdom in the Southeast was a combined effort of to be accepted then the early Asia which was founded by a various participants over a long Indonesians were a developed Brahmana from India named period of time. Nevertheless, lot and if that be so there was Kaundinya (1st Century CE). the trading trips were carried the least chance of their Gradually, several other Hindu with them Brahmins who acted welcoming the foreigners. At the colonies were developed in as advisers because of their same time, protagonists of the Kambuja, Champa, Java, expertise over various opposite view said that the Sumatra, Bali, Borneo etc. branches of knowledge, the Indonesian people as well as The role of Kalinga in Kshyatriyas who gradually the rulers themselves invited and the process of colonization of fused their traditional welcomed the Indians in large South-East Asia and Ceylon is occupation with that of trade for numbers. Whatever may be the supported by various sources. their survival and the Vaishyas fact, source materials are very It is believed that the first who earned the title of honest scanty either way. The impulse to the colonizing businessmen µSadhu¶ or chauvinistic approach of the activity and expansion of India µSadhaba¶. modern scholars of the South- had its origin in the daring spirit Now question arises as East Asia has made them argue of Kalinga. The spirit of to what was the role of the in support of their country. But enterprise and adventure was people of South-East Asia in one thing is certain that when so remarkable among the the process of colonization? the Indians first went there Oriyas in ancient times that What sort of civilization existed probably there was no they have been referred to in there before the advent of resistance from the local the Sanskrit literature as Indian cultural elements? Were people, although whether they Kalingah Sahasikah (the they merely passive recipients welcomed them or not is a brave Kalingans). They or did they actively participate difficult story altogether. Initially cherished the ambition of in the process? The there was very good founding colonies in distant propounders of µGreater India¶ relationship between the lands. Recent researches on the theory put forward, the passive original settlers and the Indian colonization have recipient theory. But it will be foreigners, which continued to revealed that Kalinga had a wrong to think that the areas of remain so almost, till the end. major share in the over-seas Southeast Asia were merely This, however, does not mean expansion and colonization. µcultural appendages¶ of India. that the local people were The naval power of Kalinga The Dutch scholar, J.C. Van underdeveloped or backward made it possible for her to Leur35 was the first to project nor does this prove that they establish kingdoms in South- the Indonesian element in the were very developed. As stated East Asia in the early stages of process. He has highlighted the earlier, the claim of Indian colonization and finally a great great skill and courage of the scholars on µGreater India¶ empire during the middle Indonesians. Early Indonesian theory is not free from ages36. Tradition holds that inscriptions show that trade, chauvinistic approach. 20,000 families were sent from agriculture and craftsmanship According to tradition, it is Kalinga to Java by the prince had considerable progress in recorded that Fu-nan was the of Kalinga who further

24 November - 2010 Orissa Review multiplied and prospered. Kalinga. Prome, the capital of went and civilized them. The Similar traditions of colonists Burma for some time was remains of Hindu and Buddhist from Kalinga (ancient Orissa) named as Shrikshetra after the architecture in Malaysia still are preserved in the chronicles name of famous Shrikshetra indicate the cultural conquest of of Java. According to A. (modern Puri) of Orissa. The that land by Kalinga. The Bhattacharjee37³the most Sailendras, the most famous names like Talaing, Telinga, important kingdom of Java ruling dynasty of Sumatra were Kling, Keling and Kalinga still during the Tang period was not only contemporary of the continue to exist and used by Kalinga, named after the well Sailodbhavas of Kalinga but the people of Burma and known province of India. Thus, were supposed to be their Malaysia. it is quite natural that the offshoots. It is believed that the Notes and References: colonists from Kalinga Sailendras came directly from dominated Java or at least a India and were connected with 1. R.K. Mookerji, Indian Shipping, New Delhi part of it. Any way, the name the Sailodbhava kings of (Munshiram Manoharlal Kalinga and the popular belief Kalinga.41 However, it is Publishers Pvt. Ltd.), 1999, that the original colonists of difficult to ascertain the exact p.5. Java came from Kalinga share of the Kalingan people in 2. A.P.Patnaik, µKalingan Link indicate a close affinity between µGreater India¶, but it can be with Countries of South-East Java and Kalinga country´. inferred that they had a lion¶s Asia,¶ in: Orissa Review Both R.K. Mookerji38 and (hereafter OR), vol. XLVIII, share in it. Highlighting the role no.9, (April) 1992, p.25 Crawford hold the view that all of Kalinga in the colonization of 3. A.P.Patnaik, The Early the Hindu influences in Java Southeast Asia, M. N. Das42 39 Voyagers of the East, Vol. II, were from Kalinga . The said that the expansion of Delhi (Pratibha Prakashan), Buddha images of Borobudur, Kalinga, politically and 2003, p. 573. the greatest monument of the culturally, into the lands so 4. A.K.Coomaraswamy, History Sailendras in Java, are found to mentioned, was really a great of Indian and Indonesian Art, have been modeled up on the contribution of that land to the New Delhi (Munshiram Buddhas from Ratnagiri in civilization of the East. Manoharlal), 1972, p.157. Orissa40.The fact admits very Spreading Hinduism and 5. ibid. little doubt that many Kalingan Buddhism, Indian literature and 6. D.G.E.Hall, A History of South- rulers¶ ruled over Ceylon and art, and still more, infusing the East Asia, London (Macmillan established dynasties there. Indian blood into various parts and Co. Ltd.), 1955, p.14. Starting from Vijaya up to of the Asiatic hemisphere, 7. ibid, p.17. Nishanka Malla many kings of Kalinga had greatly advanced 8. ibid; Arun Bhattacharjee, Ceylon were either from the movement for µGreater Greater India, New Delhi Kalinga or had matrimonial India¶. The legacies of the past (Munshiram Manoharlal relationship with the ruling Publishers Private Ltd.), 1981, remain till to day. Even to day, p. 17. families of Kalinga. the Pacific islanders look 9. A.P.Patnaik, µKalinga There was a Hindu towards the shores of India in influence and Colonies in kingdom in central Java, which memory of a very remote age South-East Asia, OR, Vol. XLII, the Chinese called as Holing or when the people from that side no.9, 1986, p.19.

November - 2010 25 Orissa Review

10. G.Coedes, The Indianised 22. F.D.K. Bosch, Selected 36. M.N. Das, Glimpses of States of South-East Asia, Studies in Indian Kalinga History, Calcutta, Honolulu (East and West Archaeology, Hague, 1961, 1949, p.120. Centre Press), 1967, p.19. p.10. 37. A. Bhattacharjee, op. cit, p.26; 11. D.P.Singhal, India and World 23. J.F. Cady, South-East Asia, Its It is mentioned in Our Civilization, Vol. II, Calcutta Historical Development, New Merchant Seamen (Modern (Rupa and Co.), 1972, p.93. Delhi (Tata McGraw Hill Indian Series: 3, Publications Division, Govt. of India, p.6) 12. H.Kulke and D.Ruthermond, A Publishing Company Ltd.), that, ³The colonization of Java History of India, Calcutta 1964 (Reprinted), p.42. has been aptly described as (Rupa &Co.), 1991, p.152. 24. J.C. Van Lear, Indonesian one of the most glorious 13. R.C.Majumdar, µColonial and Trade and Society, Hague, achievements recorded in the Cultural Expansion¶ in: 1955, p.99. entire history of the country. R.C.Majumdar et al. (Ed.), An 25. H. Kulke, Kings and Cults About 75 A.D. it is said that a Advanced History of India, (State Formation and few Hindu navigators sailed Madras (Macmillan India from Kalinga and drifting into Legitimation in India and Limited), 1988 (Reprint of 4th the wide expanse of the Indian Southeast Asia), New Delhi Edition), pp.215-216. Ocean touched the island of (Manohar), 2001(Reprinted), Java. This and the adjacent 14. A.Lamb, µIndian Influence in p.257. islands were colonized by Ancient South-East Asia,¶ in: these men from Kalinga.´ A.L. Basham (Ed.), A Cultural 26. R.C.Majumdar, Ancient Indian History of India, Delhi (Oxford Colonisation in South East 38. R.K. Mookerji, op. cit, pp.148- University Press), 1988, p. 442. Asia, op. cit. p.6. 149. 15. B.K. Majumdar, The Military 27. F.D.K. Bosch, op. cit, pp.8-10. 39. J.F. Scheltema, Monumental System in Ancient India, 28. H. Santiko, µTechnological Java, New Delhi, 1985, p.35. Calcutta, 1960, p.86. Transfer in Temple 40. D.P.Ghosh, µRelation between 16. R. Thaper, A History of India, Architecture from India to Buddha Images of Orissa and Vol. I, London (Penguin Java,¶ in: Utkal Historical Java¶, Modern Review, Books), 1987, p. 164. Research Journal, Vol. V, 1994, Calcutta, 1933, pp.500-504. p.26. 17. Quoted by B.K.Singh, µNature 41. Quoted by A. Bhattacharjee, of Indianization of Early 29. Quoted in A. Bhattacharjee, op. cit, p.48. South-East Asia,¶ in: op.cit, pp.7 & 8. 42. M.N. Das, op. cit, p.122. Quarterly Review of 30. J.C. Van Lear, op.cit, p.99. Historical Research, vol. XVII, no.2, p.106. 31. Ibid, pp.96-98. 18. G.Coedes, op. cit, p.19. 32. Ibid, pp.103-104. 19. R.C. Majumdar, Hindu 33. W.F. Wertheim, Indonesian Colonies in the Far East, Society in Transition (A Study Calcutta (Firma KLM Private of Social Change), The Hague Limited), 1991 (Reprint), p.8. (W. Van Hoeve Ltd.), 1956, Dr. Benudhar Patra is working at P.G. Dept. of History, Post Graduate 20. R.C Majumdar, Ancient Indian p.275. Govt. College, Sector-11, Colonisation in South East 34. R.C.Majumdar, Hindu Chandigarh (UT), Pin-160011, Asia, Baroda (Oriental Colonies in the Far East, op. India. Email:dr_benudharpatra@ Institute), 1955, p.7. cit, pp.8-9. yahoo.co.in, drpatra11@ gmail. 21. Arun Bhattacharjee, op. cit, p. 35. J.C.Van Lear, op. cit, p.92. com. 18. 26 November - 2010 Orissa Review

On the way, the sight of they requested us to slow down many rivers flowing into the sea the taxi at times to take heart enthralled them. I informed full of photographs. them that those were tropical At Dhauli, they wanted rivers which receive most of to know as to why there are not Orissa their rainfall during the too many Buddhists living in monsoon. They were quick to India at present. I replied that Through the ask as to how our people store Buddhism being a difficult water from the monsoon rains. religion to practice (this may be Looking Glass We were on our way treated as my personal towards Bhubaneswar (from opinion), people might have of Foreigners Konark) when they were been attracted to other easier fascinated by the rice cultivation religions. At this point, they on either side of the road. I baffled me by asking whether Nikunja Bihari Sahu could well imagine that they Hinduism was such an easier were probably coming across religion. such plantation for the first time It was pouring down in their life. They considered the heavily when we reached the place as the rice bowl. They Lingaraj temple. We had to take It was a sultry morning when I also informed me that they were shelter under a makeshift roof. reached a seaside lodge in Puri able to purchase Indian Soon, some cows invaded the to pick up two American Basmati rice from their markets space demanding a share of tourists (a gentleman and a in Washington. The type of their own. But the people were lady) to take them around on a manual farming with bullocks quick to drive them away. The sight-seeing trip. Their first and bullock carts was a sight tourists were shocked to find reaction was of delight unbound worth seeing for them. They the cows being pushed out into and the lady was excited at the were full of sympathy for the the rains. Our next destination prospect of a day out. The hard life shouldered by the was the Mukteswar temple. trauma of confinement of the Indian farmers. They have This had a lasting impression on previous day in the hotel room hardly any explanation for the their minds not only for its was too daunting for them to sight of so many cows moving fabulous sculpture, but for its be desperate for fresh air. As around freely. They wanted to well maintained lawns as well. we sped along the Puri- know the event of a cow being They felt that Bhubaneswar Konark marine drive bordered hit by a taxi. They sought was a cleaner place compared by Casuarina trees and dusty intervention of the local to typical Indian metropolis villages they confronted me with municipal authorities for they have visited. a question as to why the local preventing the cows from left people often stare at American freely on the road. They We had our lunch at a and European tourists. I confessed that they would medium size city restaurant. The managed to answer that it was never find such scenes in their lady got disheartened to find out of only general curiosity. own country. Not surprisingly, that her request for a bottle of

November - 2010 27 Orissa Review beer was not obliged. There traditional attires carrying sea panorama of people and their was no Cocoa Cola drink shells in bamboo baskets on exotic way of life. I was not available either. Finally, they their heads. The white lady was surprised when I received an e- had to satisfy themselves with amused by the Sari clad women mail the other day from the the available Indian brands of and wanted to know whether tourists recounting their soft drinks. Indian women ever wear unforgettable moments during We wrapped up the smarter dresses for going out the brisk journey across the little day with a visit to a premier city at swimming. She was stretch of Orissa. museum. Pleased at the surprised the day before not to soothing air-conditioned find a single woman on the Puri ambience of the museum, the beach enjoying the surf with white man remarked that it was men. probably the first Indian They enjoyed every bit museum he had ever seen to of their stay in Orissa. I could have an air-conditioned facility. assert that the state has a great Nikunja Bihari Sahu, Education Officer is working in Regional Incidentally, we came across a potential for attracting foreign Science Centre, Pt. Jawaharlal portrait of the Puri sea beach tourists not just for its scenic Nehru Marg, Bhubaneswar-751013. with some local women in beauty, but for its rich Email: [email protected]

His Excellency Governor Shri Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare inaugurating a Friendly Cricket Match organised by Raj Bhawan Cricket Team at Raj Bhawan Play Ground on 10.10.2010.

28 November - 2010 Orissa Review

Olitorius ± JRO-524, KOM- Jute ± rice ± 62, S-19, JRO-7835 and vegetables JRO-8432 Capsularis ± JRC-7447, KC- 8) IPM module 1, JRC-698 and JRC-212 developed at J.R.S., Few Scientific 3. Sowing of the crop in 1st Kendrapara for controlling fortnight of April yielded 15- most of the insect pests of Jute Tips Generated 20% higher fibre over 2nd is hand weeding + seed fortnight of April sowing. treatment with Trichoderma for Jute viride @ 10 g/kg of seed along 4. Application of Quizalfop with spraying of neem oil @ 4 Cultivation ethyl @ 50 g a.i./ha at 21 DAE ml/litre of water. along with adjuvant effectively controlled the dominant grassy 9. Two sprayings of weeds. This herbicide + one endosulfan/ monocrotophos @ hand weeding reduced the cost 2 ml/litre of water at 15 days N.Ranasingh, T.Samal, of cultivation by Rs.2400/ha interval when the insect pest P.N.Jagadev, R.K.Paikray with a net profit of infestation load exceeds 10% Rs. 8,500/ha. could effectively control the major insect pests of Jute. 5. Two sprays of urea (2%) at 45-60 days at 10 days 10. Seed treatment with interval recorded good yield in carbendazim @ 2 g/kg of seed dry years. and spraying of the same fungicide @ 1.5 g/litre of water 6. Application of 80-40-40 could control major diseases of Technology generated kg N, P O and K O/ha to 2 5 2 Jute. 1. Varietal development : capsularis and 60-30-30 kg 11. JRO-66, JRO-8432, Four Jute varieties have been N, P2O5 and K2O/ha to released from this Research olitorius is superior in producing JRO-878, JRO-7835, JRO- Station out of which 2 are of Jute fibre. 524 and S-19 were found to be moderately resistant to the capsularis i.e. Baladev (JRC- 7. Cropping system 4444) and KC-1 (Jayadev); recommended. root knot nematode of Jute. and 2 are of olitorius i.e. Technology adopted and Mahadev (TJ-40) and Rebati Rain fed Irrigated benefits to the farmers of (KOM-62). Besides, 3 State capsularis varieties (KJC-7, Jute ± Jute ± rice ± KJC-9 and KJC-10) are in groundnut green gram 1. Popular Variety: Olitorius Advanced Varietal Trial and Jute -black Jute ± rice - JRO ± 524 (95%) and expected to be released shortly. gram ± potato KOM-62 (5%) 2. Varieties identified and Jute ± toria Jute ± rice ± Capsularis - JRC-4444 recommended for the State; black gram (80%)

November - 2010 29 Orissa Review

2. About 80 per cent of Thrust Areas of Research. Jute farmers are now applying 1. Broadening the genetic Quizalfop ethyl @ 50 a.i./ha at base through direct exploration 21 days crop stage to control in centre of origin and pre- the grassy weeds and thereby breeding for fibre quality reducing their cost of cultivation improvement and stress by Rs. 2400/ha. tolerance. 3. Most of the farmers are 2. Basic and strategic now sowing the crop in April research on genomic in Jute for to avoid pre-mature flowering augmenting productivity and and also to fit into a suitable improving quality of fibres and cropping system. imparting resistance to biotic JUTE VAR. KOM 62 REBATI and abiotic stress. 4. About 40-50 per cent of IN THE RESEARCH STATION the farmers are applying the 3. Fine tuning production recommended dose of technology to address non- fertilizer. uniform productivity and ha (2007-08) over the 5. In dry years, about 40% reduction in cost of cultivation productivity of 1980-81 due to of the farmers are now spraying through cost effective weed new technology developed 2% urea. management and fibre through research and extraction-cum-retting 6. The cropping system of subsequently adopted by the methods. Jute- groundnut and Jute- farmers. blackgram in rainfed area and 4. Technology assessment 10. Enhancement of fibre Jute-rice-greengram and Jute- and refinement in farming quality by 1±2 grades has system mode. rice-blackgram in command been achieved by improved area are popularly adopted by package of practices. 5. Refinement of retting the farmers. process vis-à-vis mechanized 11. The Scientists are actively 7. Seed treatment of fibre extraction for textile involved in imparting training on worthiness. resistant variety JRO-524 with Jute through Farmers Field carbendazim @ 2 g/kg of seed School and Jute Technology is now a common practice. Mission by which many farmers 8. Two spraying of are trained about the new endosulfan @ 2 ml /litre of technology. water at 15 days interval are 12. More than 500 farmers now being adopted by the are actively involved in N. Ranasingh, Asst. Pathologist, farmers. demonstration of new T.Samal, Assistant Entomologist, P.N. Jagadev, Breeder and 9. The average fibre technology generated through R.K.Paikray. Professor, Agronomy productivity of the State has Front Line Demonstrations and are working at Jute Research been increased about 500 kg/ Adaptive trials. Station, Kendrapara.

30 November - 2010 Orissa Review

philosophy and social norms Ramayana and Mahabharata, second to Mahabharata. we go back to live with our Ramayana is the only epic ancient forbears and listen to which embraces all aspects of their grand voices. Mythology Hinduism without any and Vedic principles are exception. It (Ramayana) necessary for any great culture Ramayana ± teaches man how to uphold the to rest on its stable spiritual law of morality. The Ramayana foundation and function as a life an Idealistic and Mahabharata are our giving inspiration and guide. Let treasure houses ± nothing to do us keep ever in our mind the Composition with mundane affairs. The lack fact that it is the Ramayana and of idealistic as well as realistic Mahabharata that bind our vast approaches arrest the onward numbers together as one K.C.Pattanaik march of a country. The Lord people despite caste, space Rama Chandra has shown the and language that seemingly way to conduct ourselves in divide them. The traditional crises. Sri Ram Chandra set the orthodox view is that Valmiki rules for proper conduct giving wrote the Ramayana during the "The name of Rama is like the up throne and going to exile life time of Sri Rama. Judging casket of jewel«. He alone is cheerfully. We know the from normal experience, it happy who sings the glory of Greece we all admire ± is gone. would appear that the story of Rama ± Nama. The whole But Homer¶s Illiad and Rama had been in existence world is deluded by Maya and Odessey remain and will remain long before Valmiki wrote his it does not attain the fearless for ever, not in Greece but in epic. As revealed from Purana state. It is unfortunate of you if all the languages of the civilized Lord was Rama was an Avatara you don¶t recite the Name. My world. So also Valmiki by Vishnu, Rama and Krushna Lord Rama is the most Ramayana will live in all tongues were synonyms for Vishnu and beneficent donor who gives of civilized people whatever Vishnu, in turn meant Rama and substance to the whole world." happen to India and its Politics. Krishna. Temple had come to (Guru Nanak) Ramayana is not an existence with ritual worship of Rama as God. To recite ³Rama, history or Biography. It is a part Rama´ day and night without of Hindu Mythology. One In this Kaliyuga, the knowing its essence, is like cannot understand Hindu age of darkness and cruelty, the uttering ³Water, Water´ crores Dharma unless one knows human mind ever in turmoil of times ± Thirst still keeps its Rama, Sita, Bharata, constantly disturbed by passion presence. Satrughna, Hanuman and affluently and therefore Ravana. All the languages of unceasingly restless, cannot find (Kabir) India have the Ramayana and some for devotion. Dhyana and Ramayana is an Mahabharata retold by their meditation become well-neigh encyclopaedia of Sanatan poets with addition and impossible. Puja, Aradhana Dharma, its principles, variations of their own. Reading and Archana all these are

November - 2010 31 Orissa Review authorized to one certain human being ± a vigorous body, The Ramayana is the hand sections of people according to a strong will, a powerful intellect book of Dharma in all its Sastras. and chastened and mellowed phases. To a believer, it is not only a marvellous poetical At this crucial stage, is spirit. In the said epic, Lord Sri work but embodies the soul of there any remedial measure to Rama has been portrayed as India and of all its people. get peace and tranquility ? Yes, one possessing both the there is. The holy texts have characteristic of human pursuits The tradition is that the shown the way of reciting ± idealism and realization. Here supreme one whom the Vedas God¶s names with faith. This we may cite an example ± how try to reach, came down as Sri Short of nama-Sankirtana roots Lord Rama was idealistic and Rama ± the son of Dasaratha, out all evils, influences and showering his blessings coupled and the Vedas also came down remorse, anger, greed, with love and affection on semi- as Valmiki¶s child the infatuation, pride and prejudice. human animal Anjineya, Ramayana. Sri Rama is one of This is the safest, easiest and Prahallada the son of demon the great forces of India¶s effective medium to be in and Guha-a hunter ± Chieftain spiritual dynamism. Sri Rama communion with God and most revering as example of pure offers asylum to Vibhishana, direct means to attain God. At devotion. They have prominent Ravan¶s brother in the teeth of all times and under all place in God¶s heart. general opposition and circumstances, chanting can be We know to secure proclaims his vow of giving resorted to. Spiritual wisdom spiritual knowledge the Vedas refuge to all that come to him. alone can illumine our hearts provide the base and would The tale of the Lord dispelling nesciences as we are enable an aspirant to know and his consort born as mortals the time falling prey to sensory about the supreme beings traity. experiencing human sorrows pleasures and also to the But since all do not have the and viles and establishing acquisition of profit. capacity to understand them Dharma was sung by the Rishi The Ramayana is the Vedic thought has come in words of matchless beauty. synoptic philosophy par- down in the form of scriptural And Brhma¶s words under excellence as it co-relates the literature like the Ramayana, whose guidance Valmiki truths and ethics, religion, Mahabharata and composed the Ramayana science and presents therein a Bhagabatam. The Ramayana categorically narrating Sri clear and comprehensive is the bed-rock of our culture Rama¶s virtuous qualities coupled with lofty ideals and manner. The epic points out all through the centuries. The unblemished character and his that in this world has to be gone Agasthe Samhita says that the dynamic role in establishing through and it acts as the supreme Lord whom the Ramarajya in the epic have training ground and preparing Vedas try to present before the come true. ³As long as the individual soul for its eternal devotees in human form came mountains stand and the rivers pilgrimage. down on earth as Sri Rama to teach people and show the flow, so long shall be the The study of practical methods to be Ramayana be cherished among Ramayana contributes to an observed by him in all walks of men and women and save them integrated development of a life as an ideal house-holder. from sin´.

32 November - 2010 Orissa Review

Many meanings can be read in Ramayana for its sanctity and Let no one look upon work as the Ramayana and its beauty guidance to men and women a burden, good work is the appreciated in many ways as who are allured in the pangs of secret that keeps life going, one from a real diamond; many Maya ± the devastator of should not hanker after results; glorious colours emanate. We human race. life without work would be should look upon Rama, unendurable. The Vaishnava hymns Laxman and Hanuman like our exalt Bharata even above Rama It is said that Rama own fathers and elder brothers for spotless mend and Charita Manasa is an who come to our rescue at the unblemished unselfishness. For encyclopaedia of Sanatan time of need. We should grow fourteen years till the return of Dharma and its principles, to be like Bharata, Laxman and Rama, Bharata installed Rama¶s philosophy and social norms Hanuman good and brave Paduka on the throne and second to only Mahabharata. souls full of love and strength. administered the Kingdom as a Rama Charita Manas is only The story of Seeta as devotional exercise in the epic which embraces all aspects retold by Valmiki can be fully service of his brother Rama. of Hinduism without any exception. Grierson rightly appreciated only by women. This spotless love and devotion remarked ³It is the Bible of Only they can fully appreciate of Bharat towards his eldest hundred million people and is the courage of Jatayu and the brother Rama should be looked upon. No other spiritual prowess of Hanuman. Seeta¶s introspected by the present book needs to be consulted sorrows have not ended with human race and follow his after having gone through this the Ramayana. They go on still idealistic theory in the day to book. Nobody can fully in the lives of women. Sri Rama day to day performance of duty returned to Ayodhya with some appreciate Sanatana Dharma towards elders which is our without having a Birds eye view of his important Vanaras and Vedic tradition. now he was crowned as his on this book´. father had wished before his Sorrow and joy are The ideologies beliefs, death. Every Hindu should take both alike the play of God as motives, actions and reactions a note of it as Sri Rama the the Lord Rama himself took symbolized in the epic are worthy son of Dasaratha was with him his divine spouse the applicable for all times and for obedient and devotional to his embodiment of his own all ages. They have taught to father that nowhere in supreme compassion, into the man for several centuries how Ramayana has he ever world of men and women, life should be led and what disregarded or disobeyed his enacted with her a great drama should be the ultimate goal of father. Really such divine quality of joy and sorrow in the life. Socio-moral values also in all aspects such as equal Ramayana which is noteworthy. elevate a man to spiritual level vision of joy and sorrow and The tenderness and purity and by purifying him both internally to come to the rescue of a the untold sufferings of women and externally, through the needy in adversity and so on took shape, as the Uttara observance of social and moral and so forth of main hero-Sri Ramayana, like an unflickering discipline after studying this Rama of the epic undoubtedly lamp, it throws light on the book. It was the considered magnified significant of quality of their heart. opinion of the author of

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Ramayana that the revival of everlasting supplement good of suggested that Varnasram faith in the traditional Hindu all beings in supreme altruism Dharma should be strictly values could revoke most of the that transounds all temporal adhered to and any elements of society and attachment and seeks the infringement of laxity might lead establish the Rama Rajya on the eternal, spiritual welfare of to chaotic results. earth. beings. Love should become From the study of Dasaratha and the bedrock of social forces. Ramayana we can find the Kausalya stand for the ideals of Evil should not be returned for social and ideal relationships parental affection and self evil. One should be generous, between different characters. sacrifice. Lakshamana and sincere, broadminded and Sri Rama is the repository of Bharata epitomize fraternal liberal in one¶s conduct. There all that is noble and virtues, love. Sita exposes the value of should be equilibrium between truth, charity, penance, chastity wifely fidelity. Sugriva Artha, Kama and Dharma. detachment, friendliness, purity, represents true friendship; Acquisition of wealth, straightforwardness, service to Hanuman is unique in devotion his preceptors and help to the and service to his master. Sri though essential for satisfaction needy in adversity are the real Rama is the transcendental of one¶s material needs should ideal characters of Sri Rama as being incarnates for the sake of be based on honest toil, it expounded in Ramayana. The the virtual and ideal. Rama should be equitably distributed. traditional ideals of heroism, possesses mainly righteousness It is further mentioned therein dignity and sublimity of Rama than physical power for which that the State should work on and purity of Sita as expressed he comes out victorious. In the democratic principles and by the poet in Ramayana are Rama Rajya, Dharma with four follow the instruction laid down beyond comparison with any pillars (via truth, purity, in the Vedas, and Sastras. The other ethical works. compassion and charity) reigns sovereign Head of the State should be magnanimous, The Yudha Kanda everywhere throughout the world. affectionate, sympathetic and shows us a warrior possessing Virtuous. Wars should be all the qualities of any ideal The chariot of piety fought strictly according to Yudhaveera next only to Rama depicted in the Lanka Kanda rules. A refugee who seeks namely His skill, valour constitutes such values as shelter should not be killed but unexcelled super-natural valour, fortitude, truthfulness, protected. Patriotism acts as a heroism. Rama¶s highest ideal good conduct, strength, cementing value which brings in life is an unflinching and discretion, self control, men and women into one fold. enthusiastic commitment to benevolence, forgiveness, Satya Dharma- a Dharma that compassion, evenness of mind, Rama Rajya could be aspires for righteousness for the adoration of God, content- established on this earth if the sake of truth and goodness ment, charity, dispassion, rules adhered to, a righteous only; a Dharma uncompro- wisdom, pure and steady mind administration, wise legislation mising, though it may be, has and various form of Yama and and dispassionate judgement. its resonance, not in a temporal Niyama, homage to Bramhins The message of the epic is emotional attachment, but in the and to one's preceptors. It is important. It is for all times and

34 November - 2010 Orissa Review all situations. Even in the present Dasaratha, Rama¶s Valmiki described age and scientific and father is briefly but vividly Bharata to be a man of high technological advancement, it introduced by Valmiki as an benevolence with deep love can do a lot in removing the ideal king embodying all the and an intimate attachment to distraction. It can infuse ideals of a true Ksatriya; a his father, mother, brother, full modern brain in the innocent heroic and powerful Atiratha of of anxiety and concern about frustrated man and make his life the Iksvakus and vanquisher of there welfare. Bharata is really happy and peaceful. enemies, royal riches, yet bent portrayed as an ideal brother. on sacrifice and Dharma and in Satrughna is his most intimate The progress to be face of Maharshi in self- personal friend, his 2nd self with maintained in building nation restraint, armedly protecting whom he is always together and the manner in which it can and ruling the kingdom to the wherever he goes. be administered most efficiently satisfaction of all and being In the original version, are contained in Ramayana and desired by town men and Valmiki introduces Sita¶s Mahabharata. Lord Rama country men, he is a radiant personality straight away in her who was to be crowned the personality, whose greatness of role as living testimony of wifely next day realized that His father character permeates the hearts fidelity and devotion to her had committed himself to a and minds of citizens of husband. Valmiki has also promise. Though it was a Ayodhya and transforms them portrayed Sita as the perfect sacrifice that defies discipline, into an ideal people. embodiment of spiritual he left the country happily Visvamitra is portrayed sublimity of femininity of without even a trace of as a powerful and eminent character which makes her an remorse. The purpose of stay Brahmachari, a sage who has ideal womanhood, is in the world was to establish the attained his status through the complemented by radiating rule of Law and he carried this practice of extraordinary beauty and charm of out and thereby protected the Tapas, who is endowed with personality so that Sita is the victorious from being highest fame and virtues. veritable embodiment of all persecuted by demons. Sumantra ± the king¶s excellences physical and ever loyal charioteer and spiritual of an ideal wife. Vibhishana shows counsellor, distinguishes himself Rama was the prime himself in this first exposition of by his intimate attachment and ideal in Valmiki¶s mind that him by Valmiki as a righteous devotion to Rama as well as his inspired him to retell the and conscientious, faithful and deep sympathy with his Ramayana story in the spirit of well wishing counsellor and his relatives and the citizens of his poetical vision; Rama must loyalty coupled with deep Ayodhya in their grief at his have been much of Ideal responsibility and desire for the banishment. Moreover he has character in the tradition before welfare made this idealistic . heart to understand, the deep him. So we can say then more Vibhishana¶s hospitality psychic feelings of Rama and truly that Valmiki¶s poetical manifests itself in various ways heart to appreciate in his lofty vocation was awakened, at the to the concluding Sargas of virtues and idealistic regard for vision of the ideal character of Yudha Kanda. Dharma and truthfulness. Rama and this vision itself filled

November - 2010 35 Orissa Review him with a poetical mission to their humanity. In its deepest Last but not the least, make his story an ideal saga of spiritual purport, the Ramayana we mention here that the life with an ideal message of life is a hymn on the glory of people of Ayodhya as such are embodying in itself a whole altruism. Its highest ideal is the explicitly characterized several cosmos of life in its richness. ideal of an unflinching times especially in the context Dr. Wurm has defined enthusiastic commitments to a of the discipline of the ideal city the Ramayana as a story that supreme spirit of benevolence, of Ayodhya. As the poet expands the lofty ideals of life which foregoing every concerns introduces the ideal city of embodied in the portrayal of the about personal welfares to the Ayodhya, he also introduces life ± experience of ideal extent of total self sacrifice and her citizens ± idealized through the king¶s spirit radiating on characters and is woven into a transcending all bonds of them. In this atmosphere they human saga which unfolds the natural attachment, seeks the are an ideal people in all rich pulsation of the soul of life. deepest welfare of all beings, respects, a people living in an ideal which has its resonance He said ³It preaches a happiness and prosperity of in the unspoken intuition that Universe of characters which unfailing efficiency, a people which validifies the truth of rifted by polar forces the forces endured with lofty virtues, man¶s self commitment as the of light and darkness of sublime religiously devoted to righteous highest aspiration of his heart, ideals and diabolic anti ideals and truth stepped to an embodying the gladdening is an eternal bond of love with unblemished moral life, all message of the victory of light his fellow beings which endures sections of society living up to over darkness and of ideals beyond and against mere the expectation of their over anti-ideals and mirroring natural attachment´. distinctive qualities. the wealth of emotions and Lord Rama¶s life µIsavasya medam Servam.¶ sentiments and ordeals of life of reveals that the search light of the common man of all walks, virtue should be focused sets a stage towards his living inwards, unmindful of tragedies identification with lofty ideals of stormy situations. incarnated by the ideal characters who unattained in ³Suffer in silence, stand up their perfection, as it were, are after a fall and march forward K.C.Pattanaik lives at K.B.Street, flesh and blood of his own in to the goal´. Bhubaneswar ± 2

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India, was extremely popular In fact, the earliest evidence of among an exclusive set of Karttikeya in this region devotees as the war god. In the represents the deity with its Bhagavadgita,2 the Lord is developed form of the Epic- made to say that he is Skanda Puranic traits. In Orissa, among the warriors specially at Bhubaneswar (Senaninammahan Skandah). which abounds in temples of Karttikeya : A He is also adored as a god of Siva, Karttikeya with Parvati learning and wisdom as well as and Ganapati, came to enjoy Unique Image an exponent of various the position of so many Sastras.3 He has several other Parsvadevatas of Siva, the of Orissan Art names, the important among three occupying the central them being Sammukha, position in the eastern, western, Shadanana, Svaminath, Guha, northern and southern niches Kalyan Kumar Panda Gangaputra, Senani, respectively of the main shrine. Saravanabhava, Sarajanman, Orissa has sculptural Tarakajit, Kraunchabhetta, representations of this deity 4 Agnibhu etc. The Amarakosha belonging to different centuries also enumerates a variety of of the Christian era. K.C. names of Karttikeya. Panigrahy5 refers to different However, the worship varieties of Karttikeya images Skanda - Karttikeya is not a of Skanda-Karttikeya came to in the Orissan art, most of vedic deity. In its formative be completely merged in the which can be assigned to the stage the worship of Karttikeya cult of Siva in northern India of 8th-9th century A.D. But the was prevalent predominantly the post-Gupta period and present image of Karttikeya within the non-Vedic and / or separate shrines were seldom Mahasena6 seems to be a non-Aryan community.1 The dedicated to this deity. But in unique one, for many of its Upanishads and the Sutra South India, his worship iconographic peculiarities. The literatures bear ample became a popular one and image is associated with the evidences relating to an there is not a village, however temple of Kosalesvara at amalgamation of complex small, which does not possess Baidyanath, located by the side thoughts that depict Skanda - a shrine for Subrahmanya. of the river Tel at a distance of Karttikeya as a member of the Though his mythical association about 15 Kilometres from Brahmanical pantheon. And, by with Siva was never minimised, Sonepur town in the Bolangir the time of the Epics and the many separate shrines were district of Orissa. Although the Puranas, Karttikeya, having erected by the Cholas and temple itself belongs to the early lost his individual identity, had others. Although the worship of medieval period i.e. the 10th attained prominence in the the deity was not unknown to century A.D., this Saivite Hindu theology. Karttikeya, the people of Orissa, its sculpture of Karttikeya otherwise known as Murugaon antiquity cannot be traced in this Mahasena belongs to the sixth and Subrahmanya in South region before the Christian era. century A.D. Usually

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Karttikeya images are placed region in the fifth century A.D. lord Mahasena. D.C. Sircar,15 in one of the three niches of the The Nalas are also known to gives us the correct main shrine (Vimana) in a Siva us from the thirty-two gold interpretation by referring to temple, but this two-armed coins discovered from 'Mahesvara' and 'Mahasena' as image is placed inside the Edonga11 in ex-Bastar state in two distinct deities by whose temple. Mahasena is depicted Madhya Pradesh. On the grace king Bhavadatta obtained as riding on his vehicle, the obverse of the gold coins of the royal virtues or to whom the peacock, which is treated in a Nala kings, there is the kingdom of Bhavadatta was strange manner. Charles Fabri7 representation of couchant bull dedicated. We subscribe to this draws our attention to the and crescent moon, which view of D.C. Sircar and typical 'wig' style head dress of undoubtedly refer to the fact suggest that under the influence the figure of Karttikeya and that the Nalas had embraced of the Saivite teachers who rightly points out that this was Saivism in the fifth century A.D. possibly came to South Kosala an unusual (typical fashion in In the Kesaribeda and Rithapur and Kalinga from the north after the Indian iconography of the plates, Arthapati and the South-Indian campaign of sixth century A.D. Vidya Bhavadatta-varman have Samudragupta. Arthapati and Dehejia,8 however, does not recorded that they acquired the Bhavadatta of the Nala family agree to this date proposed by prosperity of sovereignty of Kosala and Anantavarman of Charles Fabri. But a close through the grace of the Vasistha lineage of Kalinga16 observation of this sculpture Mahesvara and Mahasena.12 embraced Saivism. The Nala reveals that it has a plain halo G. Ram Das13 interprets the inscriptions17 have been issued round its head. Ornamentation phraseology of "Mahesvara from Puskari at an early stage is shown only in the two ear- Mahasenatisrsta rajya of their history. Later on they rings, one necklace and two vibhavah" as one "who has seemed to have defeated the bracelets. The dress in the waist created the supreme authority Vakatakas and occupied is marked by a loin cloth and of administration of the king Nandivardhana identified with the sacred thread is placed on with such officers as Mahesvara modern Nagardhana near the left shoulder. Mahasena - and Mahasena." The Nagpur and issued their Karttikeya is shown holding a interpretation seems to be far Charter from the old Vakataka 'vel' (sakti) in the right hand. fetched. the usual convention of capital. They seem to have These iconographic features an introduction in an inscription further extended their territory very well tally with those of the begins with blessing from a as far as Prayaga, the sixth century A.D. deity and as such we are not in confluence of Ganga and In this connection our a position to accept the Yamuna, where attention is drawn towards the interpretation of G.Ram Das. Bhavadattavarman was known contents of the Kesari Beda9 V.V. Mirashi14 holds the view to have taken a sacred bath. and the Rithapur plates10 of that the expression should be S.N. Rajguru18 draws Arthapati and Bhavadatta- taken to mean that our attention to the seal No.25 varman, two powerful rulers of Bhavadattavarman obtained discovered from the the mighty Nala dynasty who the kingdom and wealth excavations at Bhit19 which ruled over the South Kosala through the grace of the great refers to a king called

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Vrshadhvaja Gautamiputra but also of Mahasena-Skanda, 5. K.C. Panigrahy - who also uses the same after whom he named his son. Archaeological remains at phraseology namely The sculptural evidence of the Bhubaneswar - pp.127-131. "Mahesvara Mahasenatisrsta Kosalesvara temple at 6. Please see the plate. Rajya Vivahbha" as used by Baidyanath revealing the 7. Fabri, Charles - A History of Arthapati and Bhavadatta. It iconographic features of Indian Dress - p.48. may be noted that Bhit is Mahasena Skanda of the sixth 8. Dehejia, Vidya - Early Stone located near Prayaga where century A.D., leaves no doubt Temples of Orissa - p.138. Bhavadattavarman had taken that Baidyanath was a famous 9. J.B.R.S. - XXXIV - pp.33-42. his sacred bath. In the light of 'tirtha' where under the 10. E.I. - XIX - pp.100-104. these evidences, it is not wide patronage of the Nala King of the mark to suggest that Bhavadattavarman, the image 11. J.N.S.I (1919) - No.1 - p.29. Vrshadhvaja was in all of Mahasena Skanda was 12. I.O.-I-pt.ii-pp.86-88. probability a member of the enshrined. But the original 13. J.B.R.S. - XXXIV - pp.37-39, same Nala family, offering the temple where the image was I.O.-I - pt.ii - p.110. traditional devotion to installed, could not survive the 14. Mirashi, V.V. - Studies in Mahesvara and Mahasena. The ravages of time. The image Indology - I (1960)- pp.192-193. representation of bull in the was, therefore, placed inside 15. Classical Age (H.C.I.P. Edt.) coins and the dedication of the the present temple of p.1888, A.S.R. (1911-1912) p.51. kingdom to Mahesvara and Kosalesvara of the tenth 16. E.I. - XXIV - pp.47-52. Mahasena indicate without any century A.D., when the 17. I.O.I - pt.ii - pp.89-90. shadow of doubt that in the fifth Somavamsis established their and the sixth century A.D., supremacy in this part of 18. Ibid - p.109. there was the begining of Orissa. 19. A.S.R. (1911-1912) p.15. Saivism in South Kosala under References : 20. E.I.XXI - p.153; I.O. pt.ii - p.94. the mighty Nalas who were the enemies of the Vaishnavite 1. The Puraskara Grhyasutra (1, Vakatakas. It is also further 16.24). Vanaparva (ch-230). The Vayu Purana (69-19) interesting to note that Bhavadatta was succeeded by 2. The Bhagavadgita - Ch. 10. his son Skandavarman, known 3. Mahabharata, Vanaparva - Ch. to us from the Podagarh 225, Vrs-16. Kalyan Kumar Panda is a Lecturer inscription.20 Obviously, in History in the Banamalipur Bhavadatta was not merely a 4. Amarakosha, Svargavarga, I. College, Banamalipur, Khurda- 39-40. worshipper of Mahesvara-Siva 752103.

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epic (which was originally place of distinction in the entire written by the great sanskrit Indian sub-continent for its poet Vyasadeva) that Sarala contribution to Sanskrit tales, Dasa wrote in Oriya is not a plays and poetry. translation of Vyasa¶s sanskrit Though Sarala (as the The Sanskrit one, nor written in its shadow literary historians and critics either. It is exclusively an observe) had no visible access Kavyas and original work that comes out of to the ocean of Sanskrit Sarala¶s rich imagination and literature and classics he was deep insight and marvellous fortunate enough for being born the Sarala narrative skill. In the entire into an unusually creative phase length of this massive creative of Orissan literary history. Mahabharata work Sarala has nowhere Though not directly ,in all showed off nor pretended any likelihood, Sarala came under scholarship or pedantry. On the the influence of many a sanskrit Dr. Satyabrata Das other hand, this modest scribe classics of such great masters from the common peasantry of like Jayadeva and Kalidasa. an anonymous remote hamlet Especially poet Kalidasa of Orissa (with no visible access seemed to be the dream±angel to scholarship nor any royal 15th century was indeed the age of Sarala and his greatest patronage) makes the best use favorite. In the Oriya of renaissance in the history of of the numerous folk elements Oriya literature. On all fronts Mahabharata he writes with an of his mother ±tongue and his autobiographical tinge : Orissa witnessed phenomenal mother-land. Curiously advancement. This period enough, till the period of Sarala ³Kalidasa was me in the first which coincided with the reign Oriya literature had nothing birth, verily a part of and tenure of King much to boast of its own. But Mahakalika« In my third birth Kapilendradeva politically saw all the same, historians have no was I poet Sarala by the high water mark of dearth of evidence about the name´(Swargarohana Parva progress, power and stability. blossoming of a rich foliage of p.22). Culturally and aesthetically this literary creation just around this In the Mahabharata we period of Orissan history time. For instance, the see clear marks of some stands out distinctly for one composition of the great Kavyas of Kalidasa (such as, spectacular achievement which sanskrit fables called the Raghuvamsam and Kumara probably no other regional nor Panchatantram, started during Sambhavam) and, of course, national event could match with this period. The distinguished that of Jayadeva¶s Gita : it was the composition of the sanskrit poet Jayadeva Govinda. great Indian epic , the composed his masterpiece Gita Mahabharata in Oriya by Sri Govinda at this point of history. Kalidasa¶s Raghuvamsam Sarala Dasa. Interestingly, the Both the Panchatantram and and Sarala Mahabharata : complete Mahabharata was not the Gita Govinda contributed As we notice, Sarala composed in any other regional significantly to the immortal Dasa was profoundly Indian language before. More treasure of Indian classics. As influenced by Raghuvamsam. significantly, this great Indian a matter of fact Orissa won a As a noted Sarala scholar and

40 November - 2010 Orissa Review critic rightly observes, Sarala remains largely same Sarala enough to get such opportunity Dasa learns from this great puts a tiger in the place of a lion. as Draupadi had an altogether classic that a simple idea or The territorial exploits of the different codition to choose her concept can be blown into a Pandavas and the Swayamvara groom. Hence the great massive work of art with one¶s of Draupadi (in the Oriya privilege and attention that imagination, insight and genius Mahabharata of Sarala Dasa) Sunanda, the maid of princess (Dr. K. C. Panigrahi). are patterned on Kalidasa¶s Indumati, gets in Kalidasa¶s model (Raghuvamsam). In the As Raghuvamsam has Raghuvamsam is not available classic Raghuvamsam poet it, King Dilip at the instruction to Kesini, the maid of princess Kalidasa gives an elaborate of sage Vasistha undertook the Draupadi in Sarala account of the extensive responsibility of the holy cow Mahabharata. The grand ritual journey, adventure and the Nandini with the hope of being of introduction, as we find in territorial exploits of king blessed with a son. Thereafter Raghuvamsam, is absent in Raghu. Exactly in an identical the king was fully committed to Sarala¶s great epic. Secondly, manner, Sarala Dasa conducts the nurture and care of Nandini, poet Kalidasa (in the Pandavas along a long the holy cow. One day while the Raghuvamsam) introduces king journey systematically cow was grazing in the jungle a Sushena as having many punctuated by adventure and lion pounced upon it. The king queens. Sarala Dasa seems to exploits from time to time. In (Dilip), who was guarding the have taken this clue from the process of the grand Kalidasa and introduces the cow, got instantly ready to Swayamvara of princess defend Nandini. But King of Mathura in a similar Draupadi we notice a clear and manner (as having many unfortunately he couldn¶t shoot visible impact of Kalidasa on the lion as his Quiver failed to queens). He further adds a bit Sarala. The manner in which of spice to this by explaining release the arrow. At this turn the maid Sunanda conducts of event the king was utterly that the king of Mathura knew princess Indumati in the a tantric retention technique and helpless and undone. So he Swayamvara (in Kalidasa¶s pitifully appealed to the lion to thus could satisfy so many Raghuvamsam) Sarala¶s queens in one night. Sarala spare the cow Nandini and to heroine Draupadi (in the Oriya eat him (king Dilip himself) Dasa in fact displays his native Mahabharata) is being talent in adding such elements instead. At this moment there conducted by her maid Kesini. was the shower of flowers from to almost every episode that he The maids play a significant role takes from Vyasa or Kalidasa. the Heaven and King Dilip got in carrying on the rituals of the That is his speciality and indication that he would soon Swayamvara ceremony both in originality. And invariably every be blessed with a son for his Kalidasa¶s Raghuvamsam and such addition or interpolation supreme act of dutifulness and Sarala¶s Mahabharata. In the has a base of logic or reason. sacrifice. (Raghuvamsam, former the maid conducts Canto II). princess Indumati in the grand Further, as we find in Sarala Dasa has reception Hall and moves from Raghuvamsam Kauscha, the borrowed this idea from one aspirant prince to another disciple of Maharishi Varatantu, Kalidasa while tracing the birth giving due introduction on each approached King Raghu for of King Raghu in the prospective groom. Whereas, help to pay Guru Dakshina to Mahabharata (Vana Parva, in Sarala Mahabharata the his Guru (Maharsihi Varatantu). p.340). Though the story-line maid Kesini is not fortunate In the course of that meeting the

November - 2010 41 Orissa Review kind and hospitable king Raghu the main characters of this summer, rain in monsoon and asks several philosophical classic. The plot of Kumara cold in winter. And at last lord questions to the budding Sambhavam is mostly drawn Shiva was pleased by her scholar Kauscha. The king says from the Shiva Purana though penance and single-minded that ³the Ashramites take their various episodes of this classic devotion. He appeared in the bath in the holy pond of the are also taken from the guise of a Brahmachary to take Asharam and offer palmful of Mahabharata, the Ramayana the ultimate test of Parvati¶s water to the departed souls of and other major Puranas. unwavering devotion to Him. In the ancestors. They keep one The influence of the course of their conversation sixth of that on the sandy bank Kumara Sambhavam is often lord Shiva (in disguise) spoke of the pond.´ Then the king clearly visible in the Oriya profusely against Shiva before asks this scholar whether the Mahabharata of Sarala Dasa. Parvati and tried to motivate water of the holy pond of the In Kumara Sambhavam poet her to give up her penance by Ashram gives them peace and Kalidasa portrays the physical portraying Shiva as somebody happiness. (Raghuvamsam, and the sensual aspect of the not worth aspiring for. But cantoV., Sloka 8) union of both lord Shiva and Parvati exhibited her firm In the Mahabharata, Parvati (in the manner in which determination, singularity of Sarala Dasa creates a similar ordinary mortals do) though purpose and clarity of reason situation in the course of the both occupy such lofty that finally moved Lord Shiva meeting and inter-action positions in the spiritual domain. who revealed Himself at the between Vyasa and Sarala, as it seems, picks up this end. Gandharasena. Vyasa wants to thread and gives a fascinating In a similar approach, know from Gandharasena the account of his previous birth (in in the Oriya Mahabharata poet solution to such a philosophical the cycle of birth and death) Sarala Dasa presents a very puzzle. (Adi Parva, p.36). how he was serving lord Shiva interesting episode in which lord as the guard at His door. It so Narada goes on vilifying and There are very strong happened, to his utter evidences that Sarala Dasa was censuring Shiva before Parvati misfortune, he by chance to test her commitment to the influenced by poet Kalidasa, witnessed lord Shiva and especially by his Kavyas like former. Thus we find that Parvati in their moment of Sarala Dasa was influenced by Raghuvamsam and Kumara physical union. As a result he Sambhavam. the Sanskrit poet Kalidasa and was cursed to be born as a his great Kavyas. Kumara Sambhavam of mortal on earth. Jayadeva¶s Gita Govinda Kalidasa and the As we find in this great Mahabharata of Sarala and the Oriya Mahabharata Sanskrit classic, Parvati of: Sarala Dasa : Dasa: obtained the approval of her Among the greatest father (the lord of the The love-theme of creations of poet Kalidasa Mountains, the Himalayas) and Radha-Krsna has inspired Kumara Sambahavam is one. went to the summit of the scores of poets down the ages The supreme lord Shiva and mountain to practise penance. and Jayadeva has been a mother Parvati (the illustrious She passed through the hardest perennial and powerful source daughter of the lord of the and the toughest austerity by of inspiration for all of them by mountains, Himalayas) figure as exposing herself to fire in his immortal classic Gita

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Govinda. And obviously, Sarala Sarala Dasa). In the Udjoga Parva of the Oriya was no exception to it. Poet Parva of Sarala Mahabharata Mahabharata Sarala Dasa Jayadeva liberated the hitherto we get a comprehensive mentions about Sri Krsna¶s Radha-Krsna love theme from account of all the ten union with sixteen thousand the cramping effects of religious incarnations of Sri Vishnu as Gopis Similarly, in the Vana sentiments and gave it a much Jayadeva describes in his Parva of this epic he gives a fresher and wider perspective Dasavatara. He puts them romantic account of Sri Krsna and, most importantly, chronologically (as Jayadeva and Sri Radha who are in a connected it to the main stream does) as the fish, the tortoise, heightened state of excitement of Sanskrit Kavya tradition the boar, half-man-half-lion and ecstasy in the shade of the with its powerful aesthetics (Narasimha), Parsurama, Sri fragrant creepers with the (especially the ³Shringara Rama, Sri Krsna, Balarama, soothing breeze blowing and Rasa´). Jayadeva attributes all Buddha and Kalki. (Sarala the scented flowers blooming the grace and glamour to Sri Mahabharata. Udjoga Parva. around. (Vana Parva.p. 374). Radha and portrays her in the p.27). Above all, the unmatched finest manner and brings about lyrical features and the Besides, Sri a wonderful fusion of human inimitable syntax and style of Jayadeva¶s Gita Govinda, with and divine traits. The rich Sri Jayadeva¶s Gita Govinda its high sensuousness and Kavya and Purana tradition on moved Sarala Dasa to lofty heavenly lyrical quality, inspired the love theme of Radha ± height. Sarala Dasa profoundly. Krsna that proliferated in Oriya Particularly the uniqué portrayal All said and done, in the literature in fact owes its of the love and union of Sri quality of style, range of inspiration and spirit to Sri Krsna and Sri Radha in the Gita imagination, variety and Jayadeva and his magnum opus philosophic insight Sarala Dasa the Gita Govinda. Govinda had impressed Sarala Dasa greatly. In the Udjoga maintains his position in the In fact Sri Radha as a Parva of the Oriya creative world. No doubt he character develops into her full Mahabharata Sarala makes a was inspired and influenced by bloom first in Sarala wonderful portrayal of the the Sanskrit Kavyas, but in turn Mahabharata. There is love-scene of Sri Krsna and he used them in the most absolutely no doubt about it that Sri Radha under the thick original and creative manner Sarala was directly inspired by fragrant foliage of the Madhavi which a thorough-bred genius Sri Jayadeva¶s Gita Govinda. creepers exactly in the manner is only capable of. All along the epic (Sarala of Sri Jayadeva (p.128). The References : Mahabharata) we notice a state of absolute liberation and 1. Dasa, Sarala Mahabharata. special attraction for and focus ecstasy that Sri Radha displays 2. Jayadeva Gita Govinda on Sri Krsna¶s love for Sri in Sri Jayadeva¶s Gita Govinda Radha and the Gopis. is fully shared by Sarala Dasa. 3. Kalidasa Kumara Sambhavam The high sensuousness and 4 Panigrahi K.C. Sarala Especially the Sahityara Aitihasika Chitra. Dasavatara (ten incarnations of excitement that Sri Krsna and lord Vishnu)of Sri Jayadeva Sri Radha (of Sri Jayadeva) was the favorite of Sarala Dasa. exhibit in the Gita Govinda Dr. Satyabrata Das is the Head of It figures at several points along reverberates in Sarala Departmnt, Ekamra College, the Oriya Mahabharata (of Mahabharata. In the Stree Bhubaneswar.

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shape, trigonal shape and hexagonal shape. Here we shall discuss the story of a tortoise named First Adwaita. We all know about the folk tales of tortoise who Hexagonal defeated the hare and won the race. Well, Adwaita was also a Postage winner. Before it died in the year 2006 in Alipore Stamps on Zoological Garden, Kolkata, Adwaita was perhaps the Aldabra Giant longest living animal in the world having lived for more than 250 centrally located octagonal Tortoise years. enclosure so that visitors could see this living wonder from a Nothing specific can safe distance. be told about its early life. It is Nrusingha Dash said that British sailors coming People lovingly called to India picked up some it Adwaita meaning the tortoises from the Aldabra matchless or the unique one as Islands in the Indian ocean on it was a living example of way to India. Legend has it that nature's mystery. It is supposed these were presented to Robert to have been born in 1750. It Generally we see the postage Clive (Governor General of was fed wheat bran, grams stamps of India in quadrilateral India) who was instrumental in soaked in water, small pieces shapes. In the post- firmly establishing the rule of the of carrots, sweet potatoes, Independence era Indian Postal British East India Company in beans, leafy vegetables, diced Department had issued only India especially after the Battle banana and rice mixed with two commemorative postage of Plassey (1757). Four such gram powder. The Aldabra stamps in trigonal shape on tortoises were brought to Giant Tortoise (Geochelone different occasions. But later Alipore Zoo at the time of its Gigantea) is a native of Aldabra India post has issued for the first establishment in 1857 from the atoll, part of the Seychelles time a hexagonal (odd shaped) menagerie at Latbagan, Islands in the Indian Ocean. postage stamps on August 2nd, Barrackpore, established by The Aldabra atoll has been 2008, to commemorate the Wellesley in 1800. Three of protected from human influence Alipore zoo's Aldabra giant them eventually died in the last since late 19th century and is tortoise called Adwaita. There 130 years at different times. To home to a large number of giant are several stamp designs save Adwaita the last surviving tortoises, perhaps having the issued by Department of Post specimen from being teased by world's largest population of in different countries and on unruly visitors, it was kept in a the specie. The size of an different occasions in different secluded enclosure. Sub- Aldabra Giant Tortoise can be shapes viz. round shape, sequently on 30th November, upto 4ft in length and the weight quadrilateral shape, rectagonal 1994 it was shifted to a can be about 550 lbs. They are

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Adwaita already had India Post had issued eighty years behind him by the a set of two commemorative time Charles Darwin (father of postage stamps on 2nd August, evolution) arrived at 2008 based on Aldabra Giant Galapagos. India's First War of Tortoise Adwaita to make it Independence in 1857, memorable for our generations Partition of Bengal in 1905, the to come. The specially two World Wars, strides in the designed colourful stamps were field of Science and printed in India Security Press, Technology, the theory of Nasik which cost in different relativity, conquest of the space, denominations i.e.Rs.5/- and the Moon and the Everest, the Rs.15/-. These type of normally darkgray to black in making and later breaking of the hexagonal postage stamps colour, have small pointed head Wall of Berlin events passed on issued by the India Post were covered with scales, a long the world stage, but unique really in the sense that neck, a highly domed carapace unconcerned and unaffected, no such stamp has ever been and thick, bony scales on Adwaita, the matchless kept published by the Department of forelegs. Aldabra Giant growing and gathering layers of Post. Perforation has been Tortoise differs from the other time, more like an unmindful arranged in such a manner that Giant Tortoises found in rock sitting by the riverside. one can easily tear off one Golapagos Island in Pacific How many generations of zoo stamp from another from the Ocean by having a small neck visitors must have looked at sheetlet. The total number of plate on the carapace which stamps on a sheetlet was 13. seems to be absent in the Adwaita with amazement and Four types of sheetlet were Golapagos Giant Tortoise. marvelled at his longevity. released and 30 lakh stamps Breeding season of Aldabra Adwaita became ill were printed. Adwaita was Giant Tortoise extends from several months before his death really an amazing creature on February to May. The female after a crack developed around the earth by the Almighty Lord. tortoise usually lays 4 to 25 eggs a wound on its chest, and Wah ! Adwaita Wah ! Really and incubation period is about ultimately succumbed to death you are a greatest creature of 4 months. on 22nd March, 2006. Almighty. Giant Tortoises have Adwaita could have been subject of scientific been an interesting study on research for conservation and how he coped with such a breeding. It is said that they can prolonged human captivity. Did survive upto six months without it resent it ? Did its pine for his food and water. Indiscriminate native Aldabra or, did he Nrusingha Dash lives at hunting has threatened the ultimately get tired and went Baidyanath Sudharanee Niwas, survival of Giant Tortoises in behind Irrigation Inspection with the unfulfilled dream of one Golapagos as well as in the Bungalow, Sakhigopal-752014, day seeing his homeland ? Indian Ocean Islands. Puri.

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factors responsible for Unlike other form of particular feature of the goods. intellectual property, Registration of For manufactured goods, it may Geographical indication is be the locally available raw owned by groups or Geographical materials or skills and community. It is a recognition craftsmanship of people of that to the products which are Indications area which contribute towards already existing with clear the typical qualities of the history and reputation and not and Orissa product. So use of name of created new. An association of geographical origin before the persons or an association of Dr. Baburam Singh name of goods helps in producers or any organization identifying the quality or or authority established by or Geographical Indication (GI) is speciality of the product. under any law can register as a type of intellectual property Because of its special quality owner of Geographical which identifies goods such regional or geographical Indication but not individuals. originating in a territory, region products, fetches better price or locality, where a given in the market compared to Registration of quality, reputation on other similar products from other Geographical Indications characteristics of the good is region. Thus Geographical started in India in Post World essentially attributable to its Indication provides a common Trade Organisation era after geographical origin. The goods brand to the producers and enactment of the geographical may be agricultural, natural or manufacturers of the product in indications of goods manufactured goods and the the region like the trade mark (Registration and Protection) indications may be any of a company on its goods. Act 1999 which came into force geographical name or figurative This is a community owned on 15th September 2003. The representations or any brand as opposed to other Geographical Indication combinations of the both forms of IPR which are Registry is located at Chennai conveying the geographical individual oriented. Registration and the Registrar of origin of goods to which it of Geographical Indications Geographical Indication is applies. protects the economic interest responsible for registration of of entire producers of that Geographical Indication. Since For example Basumati goods in the region. Protection inception of the registry at rice, Darjeeling Tea, Banarasi of GI gives right to the Chennai, so far (up to March Silk, are very different from producers of GI to exclude 2010) 215 applications have similar products or regional others from misusing been filed for registration. Four products produced else where. Geographic Indication in a applications were filed in the These geographical products or competitive environment. It year 2003, 15 in 2004, 27 in regional products owe their ensures quality and genuineness 2005, 32 in 2006, 42 in 2007, characteristics to the region of the products to the 29 in 2008, 45 in 2009 and they come from. For consumers and better market remaining applications were agricultural goods it is the returns to the producers. filed in the year 2010. Of the climate and other geographical

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215 applications received by Table-1 : Class and year wise registration of Geographic Geographical Indication Indication of India. Registry at Chennai for registration, 136 were from Year Class Handicraft Agricultural Manufacturing Food Total stuff handicraft sector, 52 were from agriculture, 13 were from 2004-05 2 1 - -3 manufacturing sector, 5 from 2005-06 18 2 4 - 24 natural class and 6 were food stuffs. Statewise filing of 2006-07 1 2 - -3 geographical indication 2007-08 19 11 1 - 31 applications indicates highest number of filing from 2008-09 33 10 1 1 45 Karnataka (35) followed by 24 from Tamilnadu, 23 from 2009-10 7 5 1 1 14 Andhra Pradesh, 21 from Total 80 31 7 2 120 Kerala, 17 from Uttar Pradesh, As evident from the 12 from Gujarat, 11 from Geographical Indication Table highest number of Maharastra, 10 each from registered. State wise Geographical Indications were West Bengal and Orissa. Geographical Indication registered in the year 2008-09 registration up to March 2010 Contribution of and among different class of is provided in Table-2. Rajasthan, Jammu and goods two thirds were alone Kashmir, Bihar to Geographical from handicraft sector. Table-2 : State wise registration Indication registration was 9, 6 Agricultural geographical of Geographic Indications in and 5 respectively. While indications were 31 out of 120 India (upto 31st March 2010). Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh registered up to March 2010. State GI Registered and Himachal Pradesh each Contribution of other sectors contributed 4 each, to were not very significant. Andhra Pradesh 11 Geographical Indication Highest (27) number Assam 2 registration, Assam contributed of geographic indications were 3. Bihar 4 registered from Karnataka, Chhatishgarh 3 Of the 215 followed by 18 from Tamil applications received upto Nadu, 13 from Kerala, 11 from Himachal Pradesh 4 March 2010, 120 geographic Andhra Pradesh, 9 from Kerala 13 Indications were successfully Rajasthan and 7 from West Karnataka 27 registered in the Geographical Bengal. While Orissa Indication Registry. Class wise successfully registered five Goa 1 and year wise break up of these Geographical indications, Maharastra 3 registered Geographical Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Indications were provided in Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh each Nagaland 1 the Table-1. contributed 4 to the total Orissa 5

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Jammu & Kashmir 3 (iii) Ganjam Goat Ghee encouraging but further Gujarat 4 (iv) Khandua Saree and sustained efforts needs be Fabrics of Orissa and taken to maximize registration Madhya Pradesh 4 (v) Dhalapathar Parda and of all potential Geographic Rajasthan 9 Fabrics. Indications from different classes. Uttar Pradesh 4 Considering the rich cultural heritage and tradition of References : West Bengal 7 the state associated with the 1. IPR at a glance. A brief insight Tamil Nadu 18 artisan skill of its people and into current IP systems in Total 120 varied agro-climatic conditions, India. National Academy of the state has tremendous Agricultural at Research Of the 10 potential for Geographical Management, p.9-10. Geographical Indications filed Indication registration. 2. Intellectual Property Rights from Orissa five were Registration of these and Agriculture - B. Singh, registered in favour of Orissa. CARG Publication 2005, pp.71- Geographic Indications in the 79. These include (i) Kotpada Geographic Indication Registry Handloom Fabrics (ii) Orissa will not only safeguard the 3. Geographical Indication Ikat (iii) Konark Stone Carving Registry Website interest of the localized www.girindia.in. (iv) Orissa Pattachitra and producers of specialized goods (v) Pipli Applique works. but also keep these dying Remaining five applications traditions alive from the process which are in the examinations of extinction. process include (i) Sambalpuri Dr. Baburam Singh is the Professor Tie and Dye Saree and Fabrics Efforts of some of the and Convener of IPR Cell, OUAT, (ii) Gopalpur Tassar Fabrics states including Orissa is Bhubaneswar.

Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik discussing on the development of Biotech I.T. Park at Secretariat on 11.10.2010. Shri Bijay Kumar Patnaik, Chief Secretary and other dignitaries are also present.

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