Eternal Values, Evolving Values, and the Value of the Self Christine M

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Eternal Values, Evolving Values, and the Value of the Self Christine M Eternal Values, Evolving Values, and the Value of the Self Christine M. Korsgaard Forager: “Of course we have headmen! In fact we’re all headmen … Each one of us is headman over himself.” – A San !Kung forager1 Farmer: “For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves.” – Romans 2: 142 Early Fossil-Fueler: “The human being … is subject only to laws given by himself … Autonomy is … the ground of the dignity of human nature.” – Immanuel Kant3 Ian Morris assures us that he does not think his view imPlies “that what is (let alone what has been) is what ought to be.”4 Nevertheless, Morris’s sPeculations raise questions about the relationshiP between the values that PeoPle actually do hold, or have held, and the values that we ought to hold, if indeed there are any such values. In order to make it less cumbersome to talk about this, I want to mark the distinction terminologically, but it turns out that that is rather hard to do. I could call the values that we ought to hold “real values,” but I am afraid that some readers 1 Originally quoted by Richard Lee in The !Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), P. 348. Quoted by Morris on P. X (19/6 – this is the page number in the pdf). 2 The translation is that of the King James Bible. 3 Immanuel Kant in The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, translated by Mary Gregor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 4:432 and 4:436. The numbers are those of the volume and Page number of The Prussian Academy Edition of the Works of Kant, found in the margins of most translations. 4 Morris, ChaPter One, PP. X (7/7) Eternal Values, Evolving Values, and the Value of the Self A Commentary on Ian Morris’s Tanner Lectures Christine M. Korsgaard p. 2 might take that to mean, “the values that PeoPle really hold,” as opposed to, say, “ideal values.” I could call the values we ought to hold “ideal” values, but of course the values of a culture always rePresent its ideals, whether they are the values it ought to hold or not. Another oPtion is to call the values that we ought to hold “moral values,” but that might also be confusing, since it might be taken to refer to the kind or the content or the function of the values in question. We think of things this way when we identify “moral” values as the ones that govern human relationshiPs, as opposed to say, the aesthetic values that govern our assessment of works of art and beauty. The values that Morris focuses on, embodied in our attitudes towards violence and various forms of equality and hierarchy, are all “moral values” in that sense, whether they are the ones that are actually embodied in some society or culture’s attitudes, or the ones that ought to be enshrined there. My solution will be to comPound the available adjectives, and call the values that we ought to hold “real moral values.” For the other side of the contrast, I am going to borrow a word from legal theory. In legal theory, the statues that are actually written down and enforced by a society are called “Positive laws,” while the laws, if any, that ought to be enforced – the ones we can endorse from a moral Point of view – are, at least in some traditions, called “natural laws.” This distinction has its roots in Stoic ethics and the natural law theories of morality that are derived from Stoic ethics. But it goes all the way back to Aristotle, who distinguished “legal” from “natural” justice, asserting that natural Eternal Values, Evolving Values, and the Value of the Self A Commentary on Ian Morris’s Tanner Lectures Christine M. Korsgaard p. 3 justice is the same everywhere and, as he says, “does not exist by PeoPle’s thinking this or that.”5 So I will call the values that PeoPle actually hold “Positive values,” and ask you to hear that on an analogy with Positive law. Positive values vary from age to age, society to society, culture to culture, and era to era. Real moral values, I will suPPose, do not vary, at least not at bottom, because if there are genuine differences between the values that, say, foragers ought to endorse, and the values that farmers ought to endorse, we will be able to exPlain those differences in terms of yet more fundamental real moral values that farmers and foragers both ought to endorse. Aristotle emPhasized that natural justice is everywhere the same. Early modern moral PhilosoPhers liked to make the same point even more emPhatically by saying that values are eternal and immutable. PhilosoPhers do not go in for that way of talking much any more, but if we did, then we might see the difference between real moral values and Positive values as the difference between eternal values and values that are in fact endorsed only in certain times and Places. One reason why Morris’s ideas raise questions about the relation between positive values and real moral values is that he suggests that Positive values are shaPed in Part by biological evolution, and that raises questions about whether real moral values are shaPed that way as well. Morris cites Frans de Waal’s Tanner Lectures, also given at Princeton, in suPPort of the claim that “our values have 5 Nicomachean Ethics 5.7 1134b18. I am quoting from the translation by W. D. Ross revised by J. O. Urmson in The Complete Works of Aristotle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), P. 1790. Eternal Values, Evolving Values, and the Value of the Self A Commentary on Ian Morris’s Tanner Lectures Christine M. Korsgaard p. 4 evolved biologically in the seven to eight million years since we sPlit off genetically from the last common ancestor we shared with the other great aPes.”6 I was also a commentator for Professor De Waal’s lectures, and I would like to rePeat a Point I made then, though in a slightly different way.7 If we are going to talk about the evolution of values, it is imPortant that we attend to the fact that it is not only the content of our values, but the very form of valuing, that must have evolved. What I mean by that is that valuing is a different kind of mental attitude than say, liking something, or wanting something, or being instinctively drawn to do something, or feeling comPelled to do something. I will say how it is different below. Whatever exPlains our values must also exPlain the origin of that distinctive mental attitude or activity. Evolution’s contribution must involve giving us the caPacity for valuing things, not, or at least not just, the content of our values. There are three reasons why this is imPortant. First, Morris follows De Waal in suggesting that some of the other animals also have moral values.8 I do not find this Plausible, not because I think that the other animals act badly, or something like that, 6 Morris, ChaPter One, P. X (7/7) The reference is to Frans De Waal, Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved, edited by StePhen Macedo and Josiah Ober (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006). 7 Christine M. Korsgaard, “Morality and the Distinctiveness of human Action,” in Frans De Waal, Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved, PP. 98-119. For a fuller version of the argument my “Reflections on the Evolution of Morality” at http://www.amherstlecture.org/korsgaard2010/index.html. 8 Morris, ChaPter One, P. X (7). Eternal Values, Evolving Values, and the Value of the Self A Commentary on Ian Morris’s Tanner Lectures Christine M. Korsgaard p. 5 but because I think they are incaPable of the distinctive mental attitude that I call “valuing.”9 Again, I will exPlain why below. Second, I think that once we remind ourselves that valuing is something that PeoPle do, we may see a route to identifying real moral values. They would be the ones that would be held by PeoPle who were doing their valuing correctly. That is to say, it is Possible that once evolution has Put the caPacity for valuing things into Place, it is the correct exercise of that caPacity that determines the content of real moral values, rather than evolution itself. Of course, a skePtic might doubt that anything counts as “doing your valuing correctly.” But the bare fact that a capacity evolved does not prove that it has no correct exercise: after all, reason itself must have evolved. And – and this is my third point – Morris’s story, or at least the Part of his story that I think works, works better if there is something that counts as doing your valuing correctly – that is to say, more simPly, it works better if there are real moral values. Or rather, to Put the Point more carefully, it works better if the PeoPle that Morris is theorizing about think that this is so. The reason for this is simPle. Positive values can only serve the evolutionary and social functions that Morris identifies for them if the PeoPle who hold them take them to be real moral values. For Positive values to sustain forms of social organization made necessary by different methods of energy caPture, PeoPle must 9 De Waal’s target was PeoPle who think that animals are not “moral” because they are savage and ruthless.
Recommended publications
  • Morris Short CV
    Ian Morris Current position Willard Professor of Classics and Fellow of the Archaeology Center, Stanford University Education B.A., June 1981, Birmingham University; Ph.D., October 1985, Cambridge University Previous positions Contributing Editor, Stratfor Visiting Professor in the Executive MBA Program, Business School, University of Zurich Philippe Roman Visiting Professor of International Relations and History, London School of Economics University of Chicago, 1987-95. Depts. of History and Classics, Committee on the Ancient Mediterranean World, and the College; Associate Member, Dept. of Anthropology Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Jesus College, Cambridge, 1985-87 Books Foragers, Farmers, and Fossil Fuels: How Human Values Evolve. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2015. Translated into 5 languages War! What is it Good For? Conflict and the Progress of Civilization, from Primates to Robots. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2014. Translated into 7 languages The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Determines the Fate of Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2013. Translated into Chinese Why the West Rules—For Now: The Patterns of History and What They Reveal About the Future. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux 2010. Translated into 13 languages The Dynamics of Ancient Empires. New York: Oxford University Press 2009 (editor, with Walter Scheidel) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2007 (editor, with Walter Scheidel and Richard Saller) The Ancient Economy: Evidence and Models. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2005 (editor, with Joe Manning) The Greeks: History, Culture, and Society. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice- Hall. 1st ed. 2005; 2nd ed. 2009 (with Barry Powell) Archaeology as Cultural History: Words and Things in Iron Age Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-67307-6 - The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World Edited by Walter Scheidel, Ian Morris and Richard Saller Table of Contents More information CONTENTS List of maps page viii List of figures ix List of tables xi Acknowledgments xii List of abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 ian morris (Stanford University), richard p. saller (Stanford University), and walter scheidel (Stanford University) PART I: DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE 2 Ecology 15 robert sallares (University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology) 3 Demography 38 walter scheidel (Stanford University) 4 Household and gender 87 richard p. saller (Stanford University) 5 Law and economic institutions 113 bruce w. frier (University of Michigan) and dennis p. kehoe (Tulane University) 6 Technology 144 helmuth schneider (University of Kassel) v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-67307-6 - The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World Edited by Walter Scheidel, Ian Morris and Richard Saller Table of Contents More information vi contents PART II: EARLY MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMIES AND THE NEAR EAST 7 The Aegean Bronze Age 175 john bennet (University of Sheffield) 8 Early Iron Age Greece 211 ian morris (Stanford University) 9 The Iron Age in the western Mediterranean 242 michael dietler (University of Chicago) 10 Archaic Greece 277 robin osborne (Cambridge University) 11 The Persian Near East 302 peter r. bedford (Union College) PART III: CLASSICAL GREECE 12 Classical Greece: Production 333 john k. davies (University of Liverpool) 13 Classical Greece: Distribution 362 astrid moller¨ (University of Freiburg) 14 Classical Greece: Consumption 385 sitta von reden (University of Freiburg) PART IV: THE HELLENISTIC STATES 15 The Hellenistic Near East 409 robartus j.
    [Show full text]
  • The MEASURE of CIVILIZATION IAN MORRIS
    The MEASURE of CIVILIZATION How Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations IAN MORRIS 0RUULVLQGE First published in Great Britain in 2013 by PROFILE BOOKS LTD 3A Exmouth House Pine Street London EC1R 0JH www.pro!lebooks.com First published in the United States of America in 2013 by Princeton University Press Copyright © Ian Morris, 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays, Bungay, Suffolk The moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978 1 78125 019 8 eISBN 978 1 84765 864 7 The paper this book is printed on is certi#ed by the © 1996 Forest Stewardship Council A.C. (FSC). It is ancient-forest friendly. The printer holds FSC chain of custody SGS-COC-2061 0RUULVLQGE CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix List of Tables xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction: Quantifying Social Development 1 2 Methods and Assumptions 25 3 Energy Capture 53 4 Social Organization 144 5 War- Making Capacity 173 6 Information Technology 218 7 Discussion: The Limits and Potential of Measuring Development 238 Notes 265 References 321 Index 375 vii 0RUULVLQGE PREFACE THE MEASURE OF CIVILIZATION IS A COMPANION VOLUME to my earlier book Why the West Rules— For Now .
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Ian Morris Current Position Jean and Rebecca Willard Professor Of
    Ian Morris Current position Jean and Rebecca Willard Professor of Classics, Stanford University, 1995- Previous employment Assistant through Associate Professor in the Departments of History and Classics, the Committee on the Ancient Mediterranean World, and the College, and Associate Member, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, 1987-95 Degrees B.A., June 1981, Birmingham University Ph.D., January 1986, Cambridge University Fellowships/Visiting Positions Research Fellowship, Jesus College, Cambridge, 1985-87 Uppsala University Visiting Lecturer, September 1989 Junior Fellow, Center for Hellenic Studies, Washington, D.C., 1989-90 Fellowship, National Humanities Center, 1989-90 (declined) Scholar, Chicago Humanities Institute, Winter 1992 Visiting Fellow, Institute for Research in the Humanities, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1992-93 National Endowment for the Humanities Fellow, 2002-03 Guggenheim Fellow, 2002-03 Fellowship, Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, 2007-08 (declined) National Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 2013-14 Visiting Professor, Business School, University of Zurich, 2015-18 Roman Professor in International Studies, London School of Economics, 2015-16 Andrew Carnegie Fellow, 2016-17 Distinguished Visitor, Sage Center for the Study of the Mind, University of California-Santa Barbara, 2017 Keogh Visiting Professor of Land Warfare Studies, Australian Army Honors Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy Fellow of the Royal Society for the Arts Fellow of the Society of
    [Show full text]
  • SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Ian Morris
    SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Ian Morris © Ian Morris Stanford University October 2010 http://www.ianmorris.org 1 Contents List of Tables, Maps, Figures, and Graphs 4 1 Introduction 7 2 Formal Definition 9 3 Core Assumptions 10 3.1 Quantification 10 3.2 Parsimony 10 3.3 Traits 10 3.4 Criteria 11 3.5 The focus on East and West 11 3.6 Core regions 12 3.7 Measurement intervals 16 3.8 Approximation and falsification 16 4 Core Objections 17 4.1 Dehumanization 17 4.2 Inappropriate definition 17 4.3 Inappropriate traits 17 4.4 Empirical errors 21 5 Models for an Index of Social Development 22 5.1 Social development indices in neo-evolutionary anthropology 22 5.2 The United Nations Human Development Index 23 6 Trait Selection 25 7 Methods of Calculation 26 8 Energy Capture 28 8.1 Energy capture, real wages, and GDP, GNP, and NDI per capita 28 8.2 Units of measurement and abbreviations 32 8.3 The nature of the evidence 33 8.4 Estimates of Western energy capture 35 8.4.1 The recent past, 1700-2000 CE 36 8.4.2 Classical antiquity (500 BCE–200 CE) 39 8.4.3 Between ancient and modern (200–1700 CE) 50 8.4.3.1 200-700 CE 50 8.4.3.2 700-1300 CE 53 8.4.3.3 1300-1700 CE 55 8.4.4 Late Ice Age hunter-gatherers (c. 14,000 BCE) 57 8.4.5 From foragers to imperialists (14,000-500 BCE) 59 8.4.6 Western energy capture: discussion 73 2 8.5 Estimates of Eastern energy capture 75 8.5.1 The recent past, 1800-2000 CE 79 8.5.2 Song dynasty China (960-1279 CE) 83 8.5.3 Early modern China (1300-1700 CE) 85 8.5.4 Ancient China (200 BCE-200 CE) 88 8.5.5 Between ancient and medieval (200-1000 CE) 91 8.5.6 Post-Ice Age hunter-gatherers (c.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Ancient History?
    What is Ancient History? Ian Morris & Walter Scheidel Abstract: Every society has told stories about ancient times, but contemporary ancient history was the prod- uct of two main developments. The first was the invention of writing, which made scholarly study of the past possible, and the second was the explosion of knowledge about the world from the eighteenth century on- Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/daed/article-pdf/145/2/113/1830927/daed_a_00381.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 ward. Europeans responded to this explosion by inventing two main versions of antiquity: the first, an evo- lutionary model, was global and went back to the origins of humanity; and the second, a classical model, treated Greece and Rome as turning points in world history. These two views of antiquity have competed for two hundred and fifty years, but in the twenty-first century, the evidence and methods available to -an cient historians are changing faster than at any other time since the debate began. We should therefore ex- pect the balance between the two theories to shift dramatically. We close by considering some possible areas of engagement. Ancient history is the study of beginnings, and is thus organized around two central questions: 1) how to define the subject matter whose beginning is be- ing studied; and 2) what that beginning means for the world that the studiers live in. Across the centu- ries, the answers ancient historians have offered to these questions have changed significantly, largely in response to new evidence and new methods. But now, in the twenty-first century, the evidence and IAN MORRIS is the Jean and Re­ methods available are changing faster than at any becca Willard Professor of Clas­ sics at Stanford University and a time since the eighteenth century, and we should Fellow of the Stanford Archaeol­ expect the answers ancient historians offer to do the ogy Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Force Quarterly 96
    Issue 96, 1st Quarter 2020 JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY ISSUE NINETY-SIX, 1 ISSUE NINETY-SIX, The Intellectual Edge and Future War ST st QUARTER 2020 DOD Labs for the 21 Century Megacities and the Joint Force Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol. 96, 1st Quarter 2020 http://ndupress.ndu.edu GEN Mark A. Milley, USA, Publisher VADM Frederick J. Roegge, USN, President, NDU Editor in Chief Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Production Editor John J. Church, D.M.A. Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Copyeditor Andrea L. Connell Associate Editor Jack Godwin, Ph.D. Book Review Editor Brett Swaney Art Director Marco Marchegiani, U.S. Government Publishing Office Advisory Committee Ambassador Erica Barks-Ruggles/College of International Security Affairs; RDML Shoshana S. Chatfield, USN/U.S. Naval War College; Col Thomas J. Gordon, USMC/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; MG Lewis G. Irwin, USAR/Joint Forces Staff College; MG John S. Kem, USA/U.S. Army War College; Cassandra C. Lewis, Ph.D./College of Information and Cyberspace; LTG Michael D. Lundy, USA/U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; LtGen Daniel J. O’Donohue, USMC/The Joint Staff; Brig Gen Evan L. Pettus, USAF/Air Command and Staff College; RDML Cedric E. Pringle, USN/National War College; Brig Gen Kyle W. Robinson, USAF/Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy; Brig Gen Jeremy T. Sloane, USAF/Air War College; Col Blair J. Sokol, USMC/Marine Corps War College; Lt Gen Glen D.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Review Essay
    UC Riverside Cliodynamics Title Developing Scales of Development Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1gm3v3cp Journal Cliodynamics, 5(1) Author Currie, Thomas E Publication Date 2014 DOI 10.21237/C7clio5125315 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution Developing Scales of Development: A review essay on The Measure of Civilization by Ian Morris (Princeton University Press) Thomas E. Currie University of Exeter One hundred years ago, the societies of the West were ascendant. Many European countries held substantial colonies and territories overseas. The USA had become the world’s largest economy after seeing a period of rapid growth, and had begun to assert itself on the world’s stage. Industrialization had lead to expanding populations and increased levels of production, and had given these societies the technological capacity to wage war in ever more efficient and horrifying ways, as the next 4 years would demonstrate. In comparison, China had just gone through the Xinhai revolution, overthrowing the last emperor of the Qing dynasty, and abandoning the feudal social system. While it is true that Japan’s star was rising, and was developing imperial ambitions of its own, the recent Japanese defeat of Russia had lead to only limited territorial gains and a refusal by Russia to pay war reparations. Five years later, attempts by Japan to secure equality with western countries in the League of Nations would fail, indicating that the balance of power lay very much with the West. Western societies continue to dominate the world today in terms of military strength, economic power, and cultural influence.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Vision, Folly and Balance: Imperial Approaches to Commerce and War
    Vision, Folly and Balance: Imperial Approaches to Commerce and War in the Roman Near East, 27 BCE – 180 CE Abstract: Few occurrences in antiquity are as widely discussed by a diverse, ancient authorship as transcontinental commerce between the Mediterranean Sea and East Asia. Yet modern historians remain profoundly divided over long-distance trade’s origin, operation and effect with regard to the governance of the Roman Principate. There is broad consensus, however, that the volume and value of this trade consistently increased between the administrations of Augustus and Marcus Aurelius. These two centuries also witness curiously divergent foreign policies between emperors, particularly in Rome’s Near Eastern possessions. It is thus argued that these phenomena are intrinsically connected and further, that emperors considered them so in deliberating policy. These findings throw light on previous topical historiography and propose a different approach to writing—and understanding—a Roman commercial history. Michael E. Paranac Senior Thesis, Department of History Columbia College, Columbia University April 2010 Professors Marco Maiuro and Adam McKeown, Advisors 1 2 Introduction It was, no doubt, under the corrupting influence of such temptations as these, that our eagles achieved the conquest of the world: thus do we seek to obtain their patronage and sanction for our vices, and make them our precedent for using unguents even beneath the casque. 1 -- Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia , XIII.4 When Emperor Marcus Aurelius died on the banks of the Danube in 180 CE at Vindobona, or Vienna, the Roman Empire he left behind was the largest transcontinental, trans- cultural, singular political entity in history before the rise of the European nation state some fifteen centuries later.
    [Show full text]
  • 0National Endowment for the Humanities 2002 Annu Al
    2 REPORT ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES 37TH ANNUAL NATIONAL 0 ★ NATIONAL0 ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES 2002 ANNUAL REPORT 2002 ANNUAL NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20506 2002 www.neh.gov 22 The President The White House Washington, D.C. 20500 Dear Mr. President: It is my privilege to present to you the 2002 annual report of the National Endowment for the Humanities. I am very proud of NEH’s achievements in 2002, the first full year of my Chairmanship. This year was marked by reinvigorated core programs, strengthened cooperation with state humanities councils, memorable special events and national honors, and most exciting of all a Presidential unveiling for a bold NEH initiative. In the Rose Garden on September 17 — Constitution Day — you announced the launch of NEH’s We the People. As you pointed out on that auspicious occasion, too many Americans, especially our young people, lack a solid grounding in the intellectual, cultural, and historical foundations of our nation. Now, thanks to your leadership and support, the NEH is helping to restore America’s national memory and equip citizens with the knowledge to safeguard our legacy of freedom. We the People is a far-reaching, agency-wide initiative. The study and dissemination of knowledge of American history and culture will be cultivated in every NEH division and program. The common standard will be excellence. Our renewed focus on the lessons of American history and the riches of our culture is an extension of the core mission of the Humanities Endowment. Since 1965, the NEH has served and strengthened our Republic by promoting excellence in the humanities and conveying the lessons of history to all Americans.
    [Show full text]
  • A N N U a L R E P O R T | 22 0 1 7 Stanford University Stanford Annual Report 2017
    HOOVER INSTITUTION HOOVER A N N U A L R E P O R T | 22 0 1 7 STANFORD UNIVERSITY ANNUAL REPORT 2017 ANNUAL HOOVER INSTITUTION 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 650-723-1754 hoover.org STANFORD UNIVERSITY HOOVER INSTITUTION 2017 Annual Report “This Institution supports the Constitution of the United States, its Bill of Rights and its method of representative government. Both our social and economic systems are based on private enterprise from which springs initiative and ingenuity. Ours is a system where the Federal Government should undertake no governmental, social or economic action, except where local government, or the people, cannot undertake it for themselves....The overall mission of this Institution is, Letter from the Director & the Chairman 2 from its records, to recall the voice of experience The David & Joan Traitel Building 6 against the making of war, and by the study of these Research & records and their publication, to recall man’s endeavors Scholarship 10 Educating Americans to make and preserve peace, and to sustain for in Public Policy 21 America the safeguards of the American way of life. This Communications 29 Institution is not, and must not be, a mere library. But The Hoover Institution in Washington 36 with these purposes as its goal, the Institution itself must Library & Archives 40 constantly and dynamically point the road to peace, to People & Support 54 personal freedom, and to the safeguards of the American system.” this excerpt from herbert hoover’s 1959 statement to stanford’s board of trustees on the purpose and scope of the hoover institution continues to guide and define the institution’s mission in the twenty-first century 1 HOOVER INSTITUTION LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR AND THE CHAIRMAN Throughout the Hoover Institution’s history, our supporters and fellows have stood together in the arena of public policy to address the most significant issues of our time, helping sustain prosperity, peace, and the exceptional foundations of our country.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World
    © 2008 AGI-Information Management Consultants May be used for personal purporses only or by libraries associated to dandelon.com network. THE CAMBRIDGE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE GRECO-ROMAN WORLD edited by WALTER SCHEIDEL Professor of Classics and, by courtesy, History, Stanford University IAN MORRIS Jean and Rebecca Willard Professor of Classics and Professor of History, Stanford University RICHARD SALLER Professor of Classics and History, Stanford University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS List of maps page viii List of figures ix List of tables xi Acknowledgments xii List of abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction i IAN MORRIS (Stanford University), RICHARD P. SALLER (Stanford University), and WALTER SCHEIDEL (Stanford University) PART I: DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE 2 Ecology 15 ROBERT SALLARES (University of'Manchester Institute of Science and Technology) 3 Demography 38 WALTER SCHEIDEL (Stanford University) 4 Household and gender 87 RICHARD p. sALLER (Stanford University) 5 Law and economic institutions 113 BRUCE w. FRIER (University of Michigan) WDENNIS p. KEHOE (Tulane University) 6 Technology 144 HELMUTH SCHNEIDER (University ofKassel) VI CONTENTS PART II: EARLY MEDITERRANEAN ECONOMIES AND THE NEAR EAST 7 The Aegean Bronze Age ' 175 JOHN BENNET (University of Sheffield) 8 Early Iron Age Greece 211 IAN MORRIS (Stanford University) 9 The Iron Age in the western Mediterranean 242 MICHAEL DIETLER (University of Chicago) 10 Archaic Greece • 277 ROBIN OSBORNE (Cambridge University) 11 The Persian Near East 302 PETER R. BEDFORD (Edith Cowan University) PART III: CLASSICAL GREECE 12 Classical Greece: Production 333 JOHN K. DAVIES (University of'Liverpool) 13 Classical Greece: Distribution 362 ASTRID MOLLER (University of Freiburg) 14 Classical Greece: Consumption 385 SITTA VON REDEN (University ofAugsburg) PART IV: THE HELLENISTIC STATES 15 The Hellenistic Near East 409 ROBARTUS j.
    [Show full text]