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Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus Hampei) insects Review Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei), a Global Pest of Coffee: Perspectives from Historical and Recent Invasions, and Future Priorities Melissa A. Johnson 1,2,*, Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz 3, Nicholas C. Manoukis 1 and Jose Carlos Verle Rodrigues 3 1 Daniel K. Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; [email protected] 2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA 3 Department of Agroenvironmental Sciences, Center for Excellence in Quarantine & Invasive Species, Agricultural Experimental Station—Rio Piedras, University of Puerto Rico—Mayaguez, 1193 Calle Guayacan, San Juan, PR 00926-1118, USA; [email protected] (C.P.R.-D.); [email protected] (J.C.V.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 October 2020; Accepted: 9 December 2020; Published: 12 December 2020 Simple Summary: Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most serious insect pest of coffee worldwide, causing more than US$500M in damages annually. Reduction in the yield and quality of coffee results from the adult female CBB boring into the coffee fruit and building galleries for reproduction, followed by larval feeding on the bean itself. This review examines the invasion biology of CBB in various coffee-growing regions throughout the world, comparing and contrasting patterns in historically invaded countries with those that were more recently invaded. The situation in Hawaii is highlighted as a case study for the development and implementation of a successful integrated pest management (IPM) program following 10 years of research and outreach. Abstract: Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), CBB) has invaded nearly every coffee-producing country in the world, and it is commonly recognized as the most damaging insect pest of coffee. While research has been conducted on this pest in individual coffee-growing regions, new insights may be gained by comparing and contrasting patterns of invasion and response across its global distribution. In this review, we explore the existing literature and focus on common themes in the invasion biology of CBB by examining (1) how it was introduced into each particular region and the response to its invasion, (2) flight activity and infestation patterns, (3) economic impacts, and (4) management strategies. We highlight research conducted over the last ten years in Hawaii as a case study for the development and implementation of an effective integrated pest management (IPM) program for CBB, and also discuss biosecurity issues contributing to incursion and establishment. Potential areas for future research in each of the five major components of CBB IPM (monitoring and sampling, cultural, biological, chemical, and physical controls) are also presented. Finally, we emphasize that outreach efforts are crucial to the successful implementation of CBB IPM programs. Future research programs should strive to include coffee growers as much as possible to ensure that management options are feasible and cost-effective. Keywords: Coffea arabica; biocontrol; biosecurity; cultural control; integrated pest management; invasion biology Insects 2020, 11, 882; doi:10.3390/insects11120882 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Insects 2020, 11, 882 2 of 35 Insects 2020, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 35 1. Introduction CoCoffeeffee berryberry borer,borer, HypothenemusHypothenemus hampeihampei (Ferrari)(Ferrari) (Coleoptera:(Coleoptera: Curculionidae:Curculionidae: Scolytinae) or CBB, is the most damaging insect pest of cocoffeeffee worldwide,worldwide, aaffectingffecting both the yield and qualityquality of cocoffeeffee productsproducts [[1,2]1,2] andand causingcausing moremore thanthan US$500US$500 millionmillion inin damagedamage annuallyannually [[3].3]. DamageDamage to thethe marketable cocoffeeffee productproduct occursoccurs whenwhen thethe femalefemale beetle (Figure1 1A)A) boresbores a a holehole intointo thethe cocoffeeffee fruit (often(often referredreferred toto asas aa berry)berry) andand eventuallyeventually intointo thethe seedseed (or(or “bean”)“bean”) (Figure(Figure1 1B),B),where whereshe shebuilds builds galleries for reproduction (Figure1 1C),C), followedfollowed byby larvallarval feedingfeeding onon thethe endospermendosperm [[4,5]4,5] (Figure (Figure 11D).D). In additionaddition toto beingbeing a a serious serious pest pest of of co coffee,ffee, CBB CBB is cosmopolitanis cosmopolitan today: today: over over about about 100 100 years, years, CBB CBB has spreadhas spread from from the humid the humid evergreen evergreen forests forests of Africa of Africa to nearly to nearly all co ffallee-producing coffee-producing countries countries in the worldin the (theworld exceptions (the exceptions being Australia being Australia [6], China, [6], China, and Nepal and [Nepal5,7,8]) [5,7,8]) (Figure (Figure2). 2). Figure 1. The cocoffeeffee berry borer life cycle: ( A) adult female cocoffeeffee berry borer; (B)) entranceentrance holehole withwith female coffee coffee berry berry borer borer (CBB) (CBB) (arrow) (arrow) in in the the centra centrall disc disc of the of thedeveloping developing green green coffee co berries;ffee berries; also alsonote notethe presence the presence of entomopathogenic of entomopathogenic fungus fungus BeauveriaBeauveria bassiana bassiana (white(white mycelium mycelium protruding protruding from fromfemale female CBB); CBB); (C) reproductive (C) reproductive galleries galleries containing containing eggs eggs(e) and (e) larvae and larvae (l) in (l) the in coffee the co ffbean;ee bean; (D) (advancedD) advanced stages stages of bean of bean damage damage due due to tolarval larval feeding, feeding, with with pupae pupae (p), (p), larvae larvae (l), (l), and and eggs eggs (e) (e) visible. As with other insects of economic importance, research is the key to improved management of CBB. However, there has been little peer-reviewed research published on CBB to date relative to other globally important crop pests. From a cumulative literature search that included “Hypothenemus hampei” in the title and/or abstract we found 440 publications in the Dimensions database (https://www.dimensions.ai; Digital Science and Research Solutions Inc. 2020) (Figure3A). Dimensions is a large database of more than 100 million publications, ranging from articles published in scholarly journals, books and book chapters, to preprints and conference proceedings and grants, patents, clinical trials, datasets and policy documents, all indexed and linked by a leading Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) algorithm. A similar search in the more inclusive Google Scholar database recovered 2680 publications (Figure3A). The synonyms of H. hampei (Cryphalus hampei, Stephanoderes hampei, Stephanoderes coffeae, Xyleborus coffeicola, Xyleborus coffeivorus, Hypothenemus coffeae) were not broadly used, and given that these represented a small fraction of the total publications they were not included in our combined Insects 2020, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 35 1. Introduction Coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) or CBB, is the most damaging insect pest of coffee worldwide, affecting both the yield and quality of coffee products [1,2] and causing more than US$500 million in damage annually [3]. Damage to the marketable coffee product occurs when the female beetle (Figure 1A) bores a hole into the coffee fruit (often referred to as a berry) and eventually into the seed (or “bean”) (Figure 1B), where she builds galleries for reproduction (Figure 1C), followed by larval feeding on the endosperm [4,5] (Figure 1D). In addition to being a serious pest of coffee, CBB is cosmopolitan today: over about 100 years, CBB has spread from the humid evergreen forests of Africa to nearly all coffee-producing countries in the world (the exceptions being Australia [6], China, and Nepal [5,7,8]) (Figure 2). Insects 2020, 11, 882 3 of 35 data. In comparison, a literature search in Dimensions (D) and Google Scholar (GS) on the major crop pestsInsectsHelicoverpa 2020, 11, x FOR armigera PEER REVIEW(cotton bollworm), Bemisia tabaci (tobacco whitefly), and Ceratitis3capitata of 35 (Mediterranean fruit fly) resulted in D = 3726, GS = 9830; D = 4311, GS = 9750; and D = 2445, GS = 5330 publications,Figure 2. respectively. World distribution This of discrepancy the coffee berry may borer be (CBB). partly Countries due to thewith fact CBB that prior CBB to 2007 has are a single Figure 1. The coffee berry borer life cycle: (A) adult female coffee berry borer; (B) entrance hole with host genushighlighted unlike in many green. other Island major regions crop that pests.were rece However,ntly invaded this are is ohighlightedffset by the in largered from role left that to coffee female coffee berry borer (CBB) (arrow) in the central disc of the developing green coffee berries; also right; Hawaii (2010), Puerto Rico (2007), and Papua New Guinea (2018). The only countries without productionnote the plays presence in many of entomopathogenic (especially developing) fungus Beauveria economies bassiana in (white the tropics. mycelium Finally, protruding ourDimensions from CBB (Nepal, China, and Australia) are highlighted in blue. literaturefemale search CBB); revealed (C) reproductive that the galleries majority containing of publications eggs (e) and focusing larvae on(l) in CBB the overcoffee the bean; last (D 10) years describe the biology and ecology of this pest, and potential
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