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NO MORE LOOTING and DESTRUCTION! We the Peoples of the South Are Ecological Creditors

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NO MORE LOOTING and DESTRUCTION! We the Peoples of the South Are Ecological Creditors NO MORE LOOTING AND DESTRUCTION! We the Peoples of the South are Ecological Creditors NO MORE LOOTING AND DESTRUCTION! We the Peoples of the South are Ecological Creditors Rowil Aguillon, Nimmo Bassey, Elizabeth Bravo, Aurora Donoso, Festus Iyaye, Esperanza Martínez, Karin Nansen, José Augusto Padua, Miguel Palacín, Silvia Ribeiro, Silvia Rodríguez, Isaac Rojas, Daniela Russi. NO MORE LOOTING AND DESTRUCTION! We the Peoples of the South are the Ecological Creditors Published by: Southern Peoples Ecological Debt Creditors Alliance (SPEDCA), Acción Ecológica and Instituto de Estudios Ecologistas del Tercer Mundo. With the support of Kairos and Hivos Edition: Elizabeth Bravo Ivonne Yánez Translation and English texts edition: Louise Finer Cover Artwork: El Antebrazo Design and Printed by: Ediciones Abya Yala ISBN Abya-Yala: 9978-22-372-X ISBN IEETM: 9978-42-436-4 Mail to: Aurora Donoso Acción Ecológica Southern Peoples’ Ecological Debt Creditors Alliance [email protected] www.deudaecologica.org www.accionecologica.org Casilla 17-15-246-C Quito - Ecuador Quito, Ecuador, December 2003 INDEX PREFACE - Ivonne Yánez – Acción Ecológica ....................................... 7 1. We are not debtors, We are creditors Aurora Donoso – SPEDCA – Ecuador............................................... 11 2. The Ecological Debt in the Context of Sustainability. Karin Nansen. REDES. FoE Uruguay................................................ 25 3. Environmental justice, ecological debt and sustainability. José Augusto Padua. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil...... 43 ECOLOGICAL DEBT CASES Fossil fuels and ecological debt 4. Ecological Debt and TNCs in Africa. Festus Iyaye. University of Benin. Nigeria ......................................... 51 5. Oil and gas in Africa: ecological debt huge as the sky. Nimmo Bassey. ERA. Nigeria ............................................................ 75 6. Texaco’s Ecological Debt. Acción Ecológica - Ecuador ................................................................ 93 7. The moratorium: a way of stopping the growth of ecological debt. Esperanza Martínez - Oilwatch ......................................................... 109 Mining and ecological debt 8. Ecological debt and mining in Peru. Miguel Palacín. CONACAMI. Peru................................................... 119 5 9. Environmental liabilities: ecological damages quantification and responsibility. Daniela Russi. UAB Barcelona. Spain ............................................... 133 10. Mining debt: a victims point of view Rowil Aguillon - Asia/Pacific Movement on Debt and Development - Philippines................................................. 149 Biodiversity, biotechnology and ecological debt 11. Biopiracy: privatisation of the community sphere. Silvia Ribeiro. ETC Group – Mexico.................................................. 165 12. Paradigmatic bioprospection contracts. Silvia Rodríguez – National University – Heredia, Costa Rica ......... 185 13. Agreement between Awa Federation-Ecuador US National Cancer Institute Elizabeth Bravo, Acción Ecológica - Ecuador..................................... 209 14. Inbio and Ecological Debt: A successful model of biopiracy Isaac Rojas, COECO Ceiba, FoE Costa Rica ..................................... 221 15. Impacts of transgenic commerce: a case of ecological debt Elizabeth Bravo, Acción Ecológica Ecuador ....................................... 229 6 PREFACE Benin, Ecuador, Peru or India are tropical countries, impoverished for many reasons: for their colonial past, the plundering of natural resources, the loss of forests and biodiversity, the ruling neoliberal model, because peasants no longer have access to their land and seeds, due to the weight of external debt, and the severity with which climate change has hit these countries. In Africa, Asia and Latin America we see the same occurring: inequality, corruption, poverty and death. Our continents have been plundered with intensity and have lived through conditions of violence, massive forced migrations, coups d’etat, civil wars, the scourge of AIDS, famine, genocide and droughts or floods, as a consequence to climate change. During these last years, oil and gas extraction, mining activities and the wood industry, have played an ominous role in the development of peoples, as apart from provoking environmental impacts they have also caused enormous and irreversible social and economic impacts on countries. The history of these activities has also been linked to violence, dictatorships, to massacres. Examples such as those of oil in Nigeria, Sudan or Colombia, mining in Peru or Philippines, are known by us all; they are cases in which the presence of oil, gas or mineral has been a cause for armed conflicts, and poverty. Also biopiracy, a common practice among European colonists in America (the Spanish, English, Dutch and Portuguese from this colonial period were biopirates), is today presented under a new guise, and comes in the form of a new scourge. With it, pharmaceutical and seed companies have made themselves rich at the cost of the loss of agriculture and wild biodiversity in our countries, as well as the 7 collective rights of indigenous and peasant populations where such resources are extracted. On the other hand, all Third World countries live under political and economic pressure owing to our external debt, contracted basically to establish a development model based on intensive extraction of these same natural resources. Ecological debt is a new concept explaining an old practice – the real flow of capital, natural resources and human beings – and explains the destiny and effects of external monetary debt. Moreover, it proposes to identify debtors and creditors of the debt in this unfair world, made up of an enriched North that keeps its high level of consumption thanks to resources extracted in the South. In the centre of this model of global and local over- consumption, over-exploitation, inequality and debt, we find fossil fuels, whose exploitation, extraction, transport, refining and consumption provoke serious environmental, social and cultural impacts, on both a local and global scale (such as climate change), thereby constituting a great part of the ecological debt. This chain, which goes from the extraction to the consumption of resources, presents various reasons that result in an ecological debt. - The eradication of cultures and sacrificing of the health of the people. - The loss of wild and agricultural biodiversity owing to pollution generated by this activity. - The destruction of eco-systems (seas, coasts, forests, etc.) - The cancellation of other sources of clean, renewable and low- impact energy resources, due to disloyal competition from differing subsidies in the hydrocarbon industry. 8 - The production of tons of carbon that inevitably reach the atmosphere and exceed the planet’s capacity for absorption, thus provoking the increase of greenhouse effect and climatic chaos. - The imposition of increasing export of hydrocarbons to pay off growing external debt. - The appropriation and control of public goods. - The hoarding and monopoly control of a strategic resource, through which the basis of the industrial society’s production system is controlled. - Social and environmental, local and global costs not included in the value of oil and gas exports. We are in an opportune moment to exchange strategies in the face of globalisation. Every day spaces are created for developing perspectives and common perceptions about ecological debt, and this allows us to share experiences and case studies in order to learn more about concrete possibilities to make our demands. The Southern Peoples’ Ecological Debt Creditors Alliance, a platform that facilitates and brings together some of these initiatives, wishes to present this publication as part of the journey towards confronting local and global impacts and bringing an end to conditions of violence and destruction. This book draws on presentations made in three seminars on ecological debt, climate change, biopiracy and mining held consecutively in Benin, Ecuador and Peru over the last year. We hope that this publication, now launched in Mumbai, helps us build the way to creating new societies and weaving new networks of solidarity between the people of Africa, Asia, Latin America and other friendly nations. Ivonne Yánez Lima, August 2003 9 We are not Debtors, we are Creditor Aurora Donoso Game SOUTHERN PEOPLES ECOLOGICAL DEBT CREDITORS ALLIANCE (SPEDCA) Acción Ecológica - Ecuador The genocidal attack by the USA and its European allies on Irak is a form of action, based on arrogance, ambition and cruelty, by which the world’s largest powers ensure for themselves the flow of strategic natural resources that sustain their economy. This has been a permanent practice throughout history. In Asia, Africa and Latin America we have been submitted to a long history of plundering and destruction which began at the time of European colonization: mercury poisoning in silver amalgam in Potosí, Bolivia; exploitation of gold in Minas Gerais in Brasil; the rubber of the Amazon; guano from Peru; the quebracho in Argentina; the bark of the quinine tree (cinchona) from the Andes; contamination from copper dioxide in Chile, and many other similar cases in Asia and Africa. If we look at the size of Latin America, Asia and Africa in relation to the size of Europe we can understand the volume of wealth that was transferred from these colonies to the North. The industrialized
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