Tawaraya Sōtatsu: Il Rinpa Inconsapevole

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Tawaraya Sōtatsu: Il Rinpa Inconsapevole Corso di Laurea magistrale in Lingue e Civiltà dell’Asia e dell’Africa Mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Tawaraya Sōtatsu: il Rinpa inconsapevole Relatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Silvia Vesco Correlatore Ch. Prof. Bonaventura Ruperti Laureanda Marta Molinari Matricola 846871 Anno Accademico 2018 / 2019 a Venezia Indice 要旨 V Introduzione VII Capitolo I. Vita ed evoluzione artistica di Tawaraya Sōtatsu 2 Capitolo II. Analisi delle principali opere 21 1. Ventagli 21 2. Shikishi 29 3. Rotoli dipinti 35 4. Kakemono 51 5. Porte scorrevoli 58 6. Paraventi 63 Capitolo III. Sōtatsu moderno e contemporaneo 85 1. Epoca Meiji (1868 – 1912) 85 2. Era Taishō (1912 – 1926) e Showa (1926 – 1989) 87 3. Era Heisei (1989 – 2019) 106 Catalogo Opere 109 Conclusioni 226 Lista delle immagini 229 Lista dei termini in lingua giapponese 233 Bibliografia 235 Ringraziamenti 239 要旨 俵屋宗達:無意識の琳派画家 俵屋宗達 (1570? – 1640?)は日本を代表する装飾画の巨匠であると いわれている。しかし、まだその画家としての生涯と制作活動についてはまだ 全貌は暴かれていない。何も情報が見つからなかったというわけではない。だ らっかん が、彼の作品には落款(署名)があっても、ほとんど制作年が記されず、時期 が特定できない。だから、こうした情報不足により、宗達の具体像や原作の推 定や日付を記すことを難しくしている。宗達についてあまり情報がなかったと しても、尾形光琳 (1658– 1716)と酒井 抱一 (1761– 1829) のような有名な画家が、宗達のことを偉大な巨匠であると考えたので、彼のい くつかの作品を模倣したことから、有名な画家も宗達に感銘を受けていたこと がわかる。そして、一般的に宗達は琳派の創立者である考えられている。また、 宗達はその時代に本当に天才で革新的な画家だったからこそ、明治時代から今 までもいろいろな研究者や画家も魅惑されることが多かったのだろう。 第一章では、宗達の伝記的資料ではなく、制作活動の情報について記載して せんのしょうはん いる。主要な資料としては手紙があげられる。例えば、 千小藩 (1546 – 1614)の日付のない手紙によって、宗達は初めて言及されて、千小藩の時 ちくさい 代に初めて有名になったそうだ。そして、竹齋のような物語において言及され る場合においても、宗達と彼の屋特有の造形的特徴は扇面の装飾画であった。 V さらに、宗達の作品を通してどの時期に彼が芸術的に活動していたかを理解す ることができたそうだと物語では言及されている。 第二章では、一番有名な宗達作品の分析を行った。その分析によって宗達の 特別で革新的な芸術を理解することができた。例えば、墨絵を描くために たらしこみ 溜込のテクニックを多量に使ったことが挙げられる。そして、宗達は狩野派 の絵画技術を超えて、新しい絵画を普及させた。 第三章では、明治時代から宗達の姿が研究され始めた後、現代までいろいろ な画家と研究者も宗達に興味が持っていた。あの画家と研究者は宗達に本当に 良くて天才的な画家であるとわかっていたものの、何も情報がなかったので、 勉強し始めた。 最後に、宗達作品の目録作成を通して、どのような作品を描いたかを理解す ることができた。実は、その目録に掲載されている作品はまだ全てを網羅して はいない。しかし、その目録作成の過程で作品について宗達に原作の推定や日 付を記すという作業を行ったが、この作業を完遂するためにはさらなる研究が 必要とされる。 この論文では宗達の姿と芸術作品に関する主な情報について記載した。既に、 宗達について多くの明らかになっていない点があるので、事実として断定する ことは難しい。ただ、将来的に宗達について新しい情報が発見されることを望 んでやまない。 VI Introduzione Tawaraya Sōtatsu ( 俵 屋 宗 達 ) (1570? – 1640?), genio artistico indiscusso per creatività e innovazione, ha riscontrato e sta tuttora riscontrando sempre più interesse tra gli studiosi. Figura affascinante ed emblematica, è riuscito a creare capolavori che non solo hanno influenzato artisti del suo tempo portandolo a essere comunemente considerato il fondatore di una delle scuole d’arte più importanti del Giappone, la scuola Rinpa (琳派), ma anche artisti moderni e contemporanei. Tuttavia, i dati ad oggi pervenuti non permettono ancora di delineare con certezza e chiarezza tale personaggio, rendendo inoltre assai arduo il lavoro di attribuzione delle opere. È proprio questa mancanza di informazioni concrete connessa a una produzione di lavori di eccezionale levatura che portano inevitabilmente ad interrogarsi sulla misteriosa figura di Sōtatsu. Un artigiano, un maestro di bottega che è riuscito, nonostante la scena artistica del suo tempo fosse dominata da grandi personalità quali Kanō Eitoku (狩野 永 徳) (1543 – 1590) o Kanō Sanraku (狩野 山楽) (1559 – 1635), a ridare vitalità allo stile yamatoe se non addirittura a ricrearne uno del tutto nuovo. Non solo, con la sua incredibile abilità artistica è riuscito a farsi spazio fra le grandi personalità di corte e a essere apprezzato dai più importanti templi e santuari presenti a Kyōto. Ha persino collaborato con artisti affermati come Karasumaru Mitsuhiro (烏丸光廣) (1579 – 1638) e si suppone anche con Hon’ami Kōetsu (本阿弥光悦) (1558 – 1637). Inoltre, a seguito della presunta decorazione delle porte scorrevoli eseguita intorno al 1621 per lo Yōgenin (養源院) di Kyōto è riuscito ad avvalersi del più alto titolo che un artista potesse ricevere: ovvero, quello di hokkyō ( 法橋). Eppure, nonostante la sua eccezionale bravura e i vari riconoscimenti assegnatigli, non sono pervenute notizie certe che lo riguardino. Come ciò sia stato possibile rimane tuttora una questione irrisolta. Tuttavia, se ancora oggi studiosi e artisti ne sono affascinati è anche per la sua incredibile modernità. L’opera conosciuta come Sentiero d’edera (蔦の細道図屛風 tsuta no hosomichizu byōbu) (Fig. 53) (Cat. 102) tratta dallo Ise monogatari conservata VII presso lo Shōkokuji di Kyōto, ne è l’esempio. Nonostante il tema classico del soggetto, astrazione e stilizzazione, sono le innovative soluzioni stilistiche che caratterizzano il dipinto ponendolo all’avanguardia della pittura giapponese del tempo. La scelta di analizzare e di affrontare questo argomento è scaturita proprio da quest’opera poiché pare quasi inverosimile credere che per i canoni estetici dell’epoca sia stato possibile concepire un capolavoro di tale bellezza. Inoltre, risulta essere uno degli esempi di produzione più complesso da attribuire: la difficoltà risiede nello specifico nella mancanza della firma di Sōtatsu. Tuttavia, la presenza della firma di Mitsuhiro potrebbe invece rendere plausibile l’esecuzione da parte sua. I pareri sono contrastanti. Infatti, la raccolta del materiale e la comparazione fra le varie fonti hanno reso assai arduo l’operazione di selezione delle informazioni. La sfida che ha posto questo lavoro, ha tuttavia reso stimolante la volontà di conoscere ciò che fino ad oggi è stato possibile capire di Sōtatsu. Le conoscenze sono dunque ancora incerte, pertanto, anche questo elaborato ha tentato di apportare una propria interpretazione a riguardo rimanendo comunque consapevole del fatto che vi è ancora un considerevole lavoro di ricerca da affrontare. Il primo capitolo si è posto l’obiettivo di raccogliere le maggiori informazioni inerenti alla vita e l’evoluzione artistica di Sōtatsu. Essendoci scarne notizie a riguardo, i documenti dominanti ai quali si è potuto fare riferimento sono testimonianze indirette. Ad esempio, le lettere: come quella scritta dal maestro della cerimonia del tè Sen no Shōan (千小藩) (1546 – 1614) che si pensa essere il primo documento in cui Sōtatsu viene menzionato. Oppure riferimenti in altri testi, come in Chikusai (竹齋), opera che ha permesso di comprendere che Sōtatsu producesse ventagli nella sua bottega. Successivamente, si è cercato di comprendere quali tipologie di lavori abbia prodotto: ventagli, shikishi, emakimono, kakemono, decorazione di porte scorrevoli e paraventi che hanno conseguentemente portato a cercare di delineare in quale periodo è risultato artisticamente attivo. Nel secondo capitolo si è tentato di fare un’analisi dettagliata di quelle che sono le opere più conosciute, cercando di comprendere quali fossero le principali caratteristiche e innovazioni che concernono la pittura di Sōtatsu. Inoltre, si è deciso di suddividere l’analisi delle opere per genere artistico, poiché è risultata la soluzione più congeniale per dare un quadro più completo e chiaro dell’artista. VIII L’intento del terzo capitolo è stato quello di analizzare come la figura di Sōtatsu abbia cominciato ad essere studiata e considerata a partire dal periodo Meiji (1868 – 1912), quando Ogata Kōrin (尾形 光琳) (1658 – 1716) era ancora l’artista più apprezzato; e come dai primi decenni del XX secolo, soprattutto a seguito della prima mostra incentrata su Sōtatsu del 1913, la sua figura abbia sempre più riscontrato interesse arrivando a influenzare artisti di grande livello fino alla contemporaneità. Infine, si è scelto di raggruppare all’interno di un catalogo le varie opere che è stato possibile reperire, quindi non nella loro totalità, al fine di apportare una conoscenza maggiore di quelle che si credono essere le opere attribuibili a Sōtatsu. Si è scelto anche in questo caso di procedere suddividendo il lavoro per genere artistico e per soggetti rappresentati poiché non è ancora possibile datare e attribuire le opere con certezza. Tuttavia, si è cercato di dare una datazione e un’attribuzione basandosi sulle informazioni riportate nei capitoli precedenti. IX Capitolo I Vita ed evoluzione artistica di Tawaraya Sōtatsu La figura di Tawaraya Sōtatsu (俵屋宗達) (1570? – 1640?) continua oggigiorno a essere avvolta nel mistero. La sua genialità e creatività è chiaramente indiscussa, ma per quanto gli studiosi abbiano cercato di ricostruire la vita e l’evoluzione artistica di un così grande maestro, risulta ancora essere un soggetto assai enigmatico. Di seguito, si cercherà di raccogliere le principali informazioni ad oggi conosciute al fine di delineare al meglio tale personaggio. Il periodo storico e artistico in cui si colloca Sōtatsu va dalla fine dell’epoca Momoyama (1568 – 1598) caratterizzato dalla unificazione del paese ad opera di Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) (1536 – 1598) e la conseguente presa di potere da parte sua e della sua famiglia, alla prima metà del periodo Edo (1603 – 1868) iniziato con il trionfo di Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川 家康) (1543 – 1616) nella battaglia di Sekigahara (1600) o più precisamente nel 1603 quando Ieyasu assunse il titolo di shōgun. Un periodo di pace destinato a durare 250 anni che fu soggetto a un fenomeno di bipolarizzazione creatosi a livello politico con l’esistenza di due centri di potere di cui uno a Kyōto sede della corte imperiale e uno a Edo con il bakufu Tokugawa. Il mondo della pittura risentì di questi cambiamenti, ma continuò a vedere attive due delle scuole più importanti quali: la scuola Kanō (狩野派) e la scuola Tosa (土佐派). Nata con Kanō Masanobu (狩野 正 信) (1434 – 1530) e Kanō Motonobu (狩野 元信) (1476 – 1559) nella seconda metà del periodo Muromachi (1338 – 1573), dopo aver raggiunto i massimi livelli in epoca Momoyama con Kanō Eitoku (狩野 永徳) (1543
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