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September 2019 T P Newsletter of the Potteries of Trenton Society The First Ladies and Their China Ellen Denker he White House has always held setting for world diplomacy. Our fo- T a special fascination for people cus here is on the china. around the world—not so much for The history of White House particular occupants, but because the china is more than the pretty dishes President's house is the first house of that graced the President's table dur- Americans. Built and furnished largely ing official political and diplomatic with public funds, the White House is entertaining. It is also the story of in- a symbol of the hospitality of the ternational fashion and trade during American people that is conveyed to the nineteenth century and of the the world through the heads of state emergence of the American nation from foreign lands who are entertained and its china industry during the in its reception rooms. The tables of the twentieth century. State Dining Room, set with impecca- According to the United States ble linen, gleaming crystal, fine china Appropriation Act of 1826, all furnish- and glowing silver, provide an elegant ings for the President's house that were purchased with public funds were to be made in America “as far as practicable.” In fact, early White House china was made by leading fac- tories in China, France and England, and carried the decorations that were internationally popular. Chinese blue- Contents and-white china was used by our ear- liest presidents, while French china, The First Ladies and Their China with its bold colors and elegant de- Ellen Denker ................................1 signs, demonstrated presidential taste Annual Meeting ........................5 and America's close friendship with France during most of the 1800s. Review: Ceramics in America Throughout the nineteenth century, 2018 .............................................6 the Great Seal as a decorative and symbolic motif took second place to Website Update .........................7 Chinese export porcelain service plate made fashion. But after our Centennial cele- about 1785 from a set owned by George Washington. In the center is the Angel of bration in 1876, the US gained an in- ternational reputation as a successful The Potteries of Trenton Society is a non Fame bearing the insignia of the Society of -profit organization dedicated to the the Cincinnati designed by Pierre-Charles democracy and emerged as an indus- study and preservation of Trenton’s trial nation with a distinct identity. ceramic past. Officers: President— L'Enfant. The Society of the Cincinnati is Patricia Madrigal; Treasurer—Ellen a hereditary society founded in 1783 to First evidence of these changes Denker; Secretary— Sally Lane Board: may be seen in the Hayes Service of Ellen Denker, John Hatch, Richard preserve the ideals and fellowship of officers Hunter, Meta Janowitz, Sally Lane, of the Continental Army who served in the 1879. First Lady Lucy Hayes was in William Liebeknecht. Newsletter Editor: Revolutionary War. (Continued on page 2) Patricia Madrigal Page 2 Trenton Potteries Left: The design of the plate from the Polk dessert service shows the French rococo revival taste of the mid 1800s that was popu- lar in the US. The set was made in Paris, France in 1846. Right: Harrison service breakfast plate designed by Caroline Harrison features corn border and American eagle in center. Made in France in 1892. (Continued from page 1) take a photograph of the President's the White House conservatory one cabinet. When Mrs. Hayes described day choosing fern fronds to send to her purpose for the fronds, Davis Theodore Haviland, who was design- strongly advised that it was an oppor- ing a new White House dessert service tunity to design a service that featured and bon bon dishes that would be the flora and fauna of the United made at his factory in France, when States. Mrs. Hayes was so taken by Da- she was met by Theodore Davis, an vis's enthusiasm for the idea that she artist-reporter for Harper's Weekly and changed her plans immediately and the New York photographer G.W. put Davis in charge of the design. Pach, who were at the White House to During the summer of 1879, Davis worked in a makeshift studio on the beach in Asbury Park, NJ devising the scheme and making the watercol- ors that were used by Haviland to pro- duce the full dinner and dessert ser- vice in Limoges, France. The various dinnerware forms were emblazoned with turkeys, bobcats, catfish, and a wide variety of American flora and fauna. Mrs. James G. Blaine, then wife of the senator from Maine, wrote of the Hayes service that “It is worth a trip from New York to Washington to see the table at a State Dinner at the White House.” When Caroline Harrison be- Turkey platter from the came First Lady in 1889, she felt that Hayes Service designed the Hayes Service was out of fashion. by Theodore Davis and Being a china painter herself, Mrs. made in 1879 by Harrison designed a service that fea- Haviland, Limoges, tures a corn motif (the Harrisons were France. (Continued on page 3) Trenton Potteries Page 3 (Continued from page 2) A comparison of the Great from Indiana) in gold print on a bright Seals as rendered on china blue border and the American eagle made for Wilson (1917, top) with shield proudly displayed in the and Truman (1951, bottom) center surrounded by stars. Although administrations shows the this service was also made in Limoges, evidence of Truman's order France, it had broken through foreign after World War II that the design influence by focusing on a sig- American eagle in the Great nificant American agricultural crop Seal should face the olive and showcasing the most potent sym- branch of peace, whereas bol of American sovereignty. earlier services featured the First Lady Edith Roosevelt eagle facing the tokens of war. searched the American ceramics in- dustry to find a manufacturer that could provide a high quality table ser- vice suitable for presidential entertain- ing. The American firm of Knowles, Taylor and Knowles of East Liverpool, Ohio, was approached, but declined to make the service because they felt the commission was so large that it would significantly disrupt their regular pro- duction schedule. The new service was produced by England's Wedg- wood factory instead. It was classical in design and featured the Great Seal in the border. The Wedgwood china served during the Roosevelt and Taft admin- istrations, but part way through Woodrow Wilson's first term, the Service would have told Mrs. President and First Lady decided to Wilson the story of Walter Scott Lenox's replace it. Edith Bolling Galt was Wil- boyhood in Trenton and his desire to be son's second wife and was widowed an artist, a desire that he eventually when he met her in 1914. Her first turned toward industry. She would husband had been in the jewelry and have heard about the rise of Trenton as silver business in Washington, DC. So the “Staffordshire of America” and the it was mostly out of courtesy that the gradual perfection of American porce- china dealers, Dulin and Martin, old lain by the Trenton firms with which professional friends of Mrs. Wilson, Lenox had worked as design director invited her to visit their special exhibit before establishing his own firm in 1889. of Lenox china in 1917. After showing And she would have heard if Lenox's Mrs. Wilson through the display, Le- final triumph in wedding art to indus- nox's representative Charles Service try through the development of exquis- mentioned discreetly that if the Wil- ite dinnerware. sons were interested in new china for Shortly thereafter the White the White House, Lenox would like to House asked Dulin and Martin to have be considered for the commission. Lenox prepare some designs for the Page 4 Trenton Potteries 1918, negotiations were complete and the order placed for a service of 1,700 pieces, the first White House china made in America. Throughout the twentieth cen- tury, First Ladies continued to turn to Lenox for White House china. New Lenox services were designed for Elea- nor Roosevelt, Bess Truman, Nancy Reagan and Hillary Clinton. Lady Bird Johnson commissioned a service fea- turing American wild flowers from Castleton China in New Castle, Penn- sylvania, and recent special services ordered by Laura Bush and Michelle Obama were supplied by Pickard Chi- (Continued from page 3) In 2000, Hillary Clinton na in Antioch, Illinois, near Chicago. commissioned from Lenox President and First Lady to consider. I hope that I have been able to China a service of 300 place The Wilsons were particularly keen to demonstrate that a study of White settings to commemorate have something that was patriotic, be- House china is more than a succession the 200th anniversary of the cause of the war in Europe, and of plates of many colors. It is also a White House. It features a agreed that the Great Seal should be study of developments in the ceramics variety of borders taken the principal motif. In the final design industry, of the changes in internation- from architectural details of by Frank Holmes, the Great Seal is al fashion, of the development of the White House. centered on the service plate and me- American identity, and of the tastes ticulously rendered in raised gold and desires of our Presidents and First paste set off by brilliant sapphire blue Ladies. Perhaps you will have an op- and etched gold borders. In March portunity to visit the White House Nancy Regan commis- sioned a state china service of 220 place settings.
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