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Directorate General for Research

PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE

RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION DOSSIERS WORKING PAPERS AND STOA STUDIES

UPDATED AS OF SEPTEMBER 1998 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

2 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE

PART A RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION DOSSIERS / WORKING PAPERS

(This catalogue is published annually. It is also available on the INTERNET site of the European Parliament)

Updated as of end SEPTEMBER 1998

PART A

AGRICULTURE, FORESTS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT SERIES/FISHERIES SERIES ...... 7 BUDGETARY AFFAIRS SERIES ...... 14 ECONOMIC AFFAIRS SERIES ...... 15 REGIONAL SERIES ...... 21 TRANSPORT POLICY SERIES ...... 24 ENERGY AND RESEARCH SERIES ...... 26 ENVIRONMENT, PUBLIC HEALTH AND CONSUMER PROTECTION SERIES ...... 30 NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS SERIES ...... 33 POLITICAL SERIES...... 34 EXTERNAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS SERIES ...... 39 CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE SERIES ...... 42 LEGAL AFFAIRS SERIES ...... 42 PEOPLE'S EUROPE SERIES...... 44 CIVIL LIBERTIES SERIES...... 45 WOMEN'S RIGHTS SERIES...... 46 SOCIAL AFFAIRS SERIES ...... 48 EDUCATION SERIES ...... 50 CULTURE SERIES...... 51 EDUCATION AND CULTURE SERIES ...... 51 STATISTICS SERIES ...... 52 DOCUMENTARY DATA BASES AND INDEXES OF DEBATES SERIES ...... 53 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS OF THE DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR RESEARCH ...... 54 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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P R E F A C E

The Directorate General for Research's publications catalogue is published annually.

This catalogue is divided into two separate parts, namely:

PART A lists the DG IV Research and Documentation Dossiers and Working Papers published in the following fields:

Agriculture, Budgetary, Economic, Regional and Transport Policies, Energy and Research, Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection, National Parliaments, Political, External Economic Relations, Central and Eastern Europe, Legal Affairs, People's Europe, Women's Rights, Social Affairs, Education, Culture and Statistics Series, as well as the Documentary Data Bases and Indexes of Debates Series.

PART B concerns the Scientific and Technological Assessment (STOA) studies and reports published in the following fields:

Aeronautics and Space, Agriculture, Biotechnology, Energy, Environmental Management and Protection, Fisheries, Industrial Technologies/Materials, Information and Communications Technologies, Medicine and Health, Regional Policy and Urban Planning, Research Policy, Innovation and Evaluation, Socio-Economic Dimensions of Technology and Transport.

This edition of the DG IV publications catalogue comprises, apart from the normal information, in most cases an additional short summary describing the contents of each study.

All publications can be obtained in the available languages by request to the Publications Service or STOA of the Directorate General for Research upon completion of the order forms on the final page.

Moreover, the Internet site of the European Parliament (www.europarl.eu.int) announces the latest publications as well as other studies of the Directorate General for Research. This announcement is also published in the Bulletin of the European Parliament - Activities Section.

PUBLICATIONS SERVICE DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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AGRICULTURE, FORESTS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT SERIES/FISHERIES SERIES

W1: The state of the Agriculture and Food Sectors in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe April 1992 - EN August 1993 - EN, W1/rev.2

Detailed account of the importance of agriculture in the CEEC's economy, the production structure, market, problems and weaknesses, prospects and relations with the EC, dealt with generally, and separately for each country, also indicating the consequences for the Community's agriculture and food sector.

W2: La situation du secteur de la pêche et de l'aquaculture dans les pays de l'Europe de l'Est April 1992 - FR Updated December 1992 - FR, W2/rev. l

Profile of the fisheries sector, in particular the fleet, industry, market, fisheries resources and the state of the environment in the countries of Eastern Europe following the upheavals in the former USSR and the former Yugoslavia, and the creation of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.

W3: Small-scale Fisheries in the EEC Member States. April 1992 - EN

W4: Auswirkungen der Vereiningung Deutschlands auf die Land - und Fischereiwirtschaft der fünf neuen Länder (ex-DDR) February 1992 - DE

W5: Une strategie communautaire globale dans le secteur forestier. A. Partie l: Les forêts et la politique forestière de la Communaute europeenne Tomes I-II-III. August 1993- FR B. Partie ll: Les forêts tropicales et la politique communautaire Tomes I - Il. November 1993 - FR C. Introduction: Les forêts dans le monde. December 1993 - FR D. Summary - Conclusions- Proposals. March 1994 - DA/DE/EL/EN/ES/IT/NL/PT

W6: A. Part I: Agricultural negotiations in the Uruguay Round of GATT: Strategies of the contracting parties, compatibility of the draft Washington Agreement with the CAP, impact on European agriculture July 1993 - FR/DA/DE/EL/EN/ES/IT/NL/PT

Study outlining the specific characteristics of the agricultural sector and the origin of the trade conflicts caused by the Uruguay Round. The EP's contribution through its resolutions is highlighted. A summary bibliography completes this publication.

B. Partie II: L'accord agricole final de l'Uruguay Round du GATT - L'lmpact sur l'agriculture européenne June 1995 - FR

Presents the chronology of the negotiations until their conclusion in April 1994, which describes the different stages and the positions adopted by the European institutions, starting with the EP. This study is supplemented by four technical annexes and a bibliographical note. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W7: Relations extérieures dans le domaine de l'agriculture (legislative report) June 1993 - FR

This document is a three part inventory covering unilateral, bilateral and multilateral actions.

W8: Situation, status, role and prospects of women in agriculture November 1993- EN/ES/FR Updated March 1994 - FR W8/rev.3

Provides an overview over the various problems women farmers face and considers their prospects in the light of the changes to the agricultural environment following the CAP and Structural Fund reforms. Represents conclusions of various seminars on these topics organized by the COPA's Women's Committee and develops the various pertinent reports and resolutions drawn up by the EP.

W9: European Community Fisheries Agreements with Third Countries and Participation in International Fisheries Agreements December 1993 - EN

Presents the various categories of bilateral agreements in force or in prospect concluded between the Community and third countries, together with the existing international fisheries agreements. In this context there is a listing of European Parliament reports from 1989 to July 1993 and an overview of Community policy in the area of development cooperation.

W10: La politíca de desarrollo rural en la Comunidad Europea October 1993 - ES

The effect of the structural fund reform on rural development in the various Member States from the point of view of Objectives 1, 5a) and 5b). Presentation of the Community initiatives LEADER and MIRIAM.

W11: The Situation of Agriculture in New Zealand and EC-New Zealand Agricultural Trade Relations June 1993 - EN

Analysis of the primary sector in New Zealand, concentrating on the situation of the main agricultural industries in this country and its current exports to the European Community and assessing prospects for future cooperation.

W12: La Reforma de la política agricola común de 1992

A Parte I: Las decisiones del Consejo de Mayo de 1992 December 1993 - ES

This study is divided into two parts. The first deals with general aspects and describes the origin, objectives, principles and instruments of the CAP.The second part sets out the legislation applicable to each of the sectors affected by the reform (cereals, oilseeds, protein crops, tobacco, bovine animals, sheep and milk products).

B Parte II: Las decisiones del Consejo de Junio de 1993 June 1994 - ES

This study consists of four chapters on the updating of the legislation, the presentation of agricultural guidelines, the sectors affected by the reform, in particular the wine sector, and a first assessment of this reform. An annex on the detailed legislation and the bibliography completes this study.

C. Parte III: Las consecuencias y las perspectivas para la agricultura europea June 1995 - ES PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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D. Part IV: Glossary of the CAP and its reform July 1994 - FR/DA/DE/ES/FR/IT/NL/PT

Clear and succinct presentation of the main CAP terms aimed at providing decision-makers with aids to understanding and essential information on the management of the CAP and in particular the common organization of the markets in agricultural products (COM).

W13: La politique de l'Union européenne concernant la protection des forêts contre les incendies May 1994 - FR/ES

In the 12 country European Union forests cover an area of 72 million hectares; fires constitute the major attack on this heritage. This study describes the prevention and monitoring measures and the measures to combat fires which are taken at Union level.

W14: Small-scale fisheries in the developing countries associated with the European Union July 1994 - FR/EN/ES

Covers the interaction between the EU fleets and the small-scale fisheries in the developing countries and analyses the relationships between the policy of bilateral fisheries agreements, aiming essentially to guarantee the operation of the European fleets, and the EU's cooperation policy in the fisheries sector.

W16: La réforme du secteur viti-vinicole October 1994 - FR

Describes the situation and prospects in this European market. The technical data - which are necessary to understand the problems of this sector - are limited by comparison with the socio-economic elements of the reform proposed.

W17: La réforme du secteur des fruits et légumes November 1995 - FR

Description of the world and Community market in the fruit and vegetables sector. In relation to the proposed reform, an analysis of the operation of the common organizations of the market before the reform, the foreseeable consequences for them and the GATT agreements for the main products.

W18: La réforme du secteur du sucre November 1995 - FR

Covers the Community's system for sugar which was reformed in 1995 and extended until the 2000/2001 marketing year. Deals with the main instruments of this COM which provides for budget neutrality of the cost of production support. The conclusion of GATT agreements involved changes to the old system which are also analysed in the study.

W19: Cotton December 1994 - ES

Analysis of the world and Community situation on the cotton market. System of Community aid and the repercussions of the GATT agreements for this sector.

W20: Actions de développement rural ou politique de développement rural? June 1995 - FR

After reviewing in detail the various Community policies and measures which affect rural development, this study attempts to deal with this topic as a key rather than subsidiary subject, which is how it has always PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

been considered in the framework of European integration up to now. This document can be viewed as the precursor of ideas which have subsequently been made public.

W21: The Situation of Agriculture in Poland - Perspectives in view of an EU Integration July 1995 - EN

The study describes Polish agricultural structures and the reforms made and then considers the prospects with regard to integration into the European Union.

W22: The problems of Fisheries in the NAFO Area and the EU-Canada dispute in the Fisheries Sector June 1996 - EN

This document outlines the crisis between the European Union and Canada on a fisheries dispute in April 1995 in a zone in the Atlantic Ocean. Objective description of the events, the bilateral relations between the EU and Canada and the working of the North Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO).

W23: La nueva tipología agrícola surgida tras la reforma de la PAC y los acuerdos del GATT: hacia una carta rural europea July 1996 - ES

This study comprises a detailled analysis of Community policies having an impact on rural Europe. Presentation and assessment of various objectives, axes and guidelines with a view to the adoption of a European rural charter.

W26 I: Financial consequences of the EAGGF for Greece May 1995 - FR/EN

The study provides a statistical analysis of EAGGF expenditure and examines its impact.

W26 II: Consequences of the implementation of the common prices and guarantees policy for Greece's agricultural production January 1996 - FR/EN

The study considers developments in the structure of agricultural production and outlines the consequences of the implementation of the common guaranteed prices policy on agricultural production.

W27: Le marché européen des produits de la pêche - La politique de l'Union européenne: problèmes et perspectives January 1996 - FR

Major document investigating the nature of fishery products, processing, marketing, consumer products in Europe and world production including acquaculture and consumption. Two chapters deal with the common fisheries policy and the COM in fisheries products respectively and also cover the problems, trends and proposals for solutions to the crisis. The study concludes with an outline of the sector by Member State for 11 states.

W29: Cohabitation entre pêche artisanale et pêche industrielle au Sénégal August 1996- FR

Analysis of the industrial and small-scale fisheries sector in this country and relations with the European Union in the framework of the various fisheries agreements concluded over recent years. It should be noted that the interim version of this document provided the basis for a workshop involving the European Parliament and the Senegalese authorities responsible which met in Dakar in December 1996. The final version brings together the opinions and remarks made at this meeting. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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W35: Descripción de los sistemas de evaluación del FEOGA-Orientación actualmente en vigor en la UE December 1996- ES

This study is made up of two parts: Part A deals with methodological and administrative aspects and Part B presents a series of statistics on the use of Community resources by the Member States. In conclusion the study proposes ways of improving the evaluation system.

W36: La situation de la filière pêche en Russie en 1996 December 1996 - FR

This geographical fisheries study deals with the production situation, structures, the Russian market for fisheries products and the processing industry together with the organisation and management of fisheries.

Russia, which controls the most abundant fishing grounds of the Pacific, has seen its consumption of seafood products fall from 22 kg/person in 1990 to 11 kg in 1995.

W37: State, prospects and implications of EU enlargement to CEEC in the field of agriculture. June 1997 - EN

Limited to the countries addressed in the European Commission's White Paper on Enlargement (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia), this synthesis of the available studies provides a comprehensive summary of the work carried out to date on the agricultural situation in the CEEC, pre-accession agricultural integration between CEEC and EU, agricultural implications of CEEC accession to the EU and the future of the CAP in an enlarged Union.

W38: The agricultural negotiations of the Uruguay Round of GATT and the creation of WTO November 1996 - EN

International trade and GATT. The agricultural implications in the context of the Uruguay Round agreements, the creation of the World Trade Organisation and the debate in relation to European agriculture.

W39 I: Exercice budgétaire 1998 - Fiches Techniques: Aspects réglementaires et évolution des marchés des principaux produits agricoles June 1997 - FR/EN/DE/ES

Fact sheets concerning the regulation of and trends in the markets for animal and vegetable products and the accompanying measures for the 1992 CAP reform.

W39 II: Procedimiento Presupuestario y distinción entre gastos obligatorios y gastos no obligatorios May 1997 - ES

The significance of the agricultural budget in the Community budget: legal sources, distinction between compulsory and non-compulsory expenditure and budgetary procedure; the current debate on the classification of expenditure.

W40: Agriculture in Finland - Northern farming conditions and impact of EU-accession May 1997 - EN

Analysis of the adjustment problems for Finnish agriculture after accession to the EU. Finnish agricultural systems. Description of pre-accession negotiations and the impact of accession on farms and on agricultural production. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

AGRI 102 Réforme de l'organisation commune de marché dans le secteur du tabac January 1998 - FR

In-depth study of the Union's tobacco sector in each of the eight producing countries presenting key economic indicators as well as specific characteristics of tobacco-growing in Europe, farming structures, employment, social impact, trade flows, financial, fiscal, commercial and environmental issues, the current operation of the COM in raw tobacco and its record to date.

AGRI 104 Las consecuencias de la decisión del grupo especial de la organización mundial de comercio para la organización común de mercado comunitario del plátano October 1997 - ES

Consequences of the judgment of the WTO panel on the Community system for the import, sale and distribution of bananas. Analyses of the legal consequences. The European Parliament's position on this subject. Proposals for reform of the common organisation of the market in bananas in line with the WTO proposals.

AGRI 105 L'agriculture et le passage à la monnaie unique December 1997 - FR

Study on the effects of the euro on the agricultural and agri-food sectors. Analysis of the stakes involved and the successive stages for the establishment of the single currency, description of the old agri-monetary system and the implications of the euro for this system.

AGRI 109 Addendum to the study of 'Europe et la forêt', 'Forestry data for the EU-15 and monographs on Austria, Finland and Sweden'. June 1997 - EN/FR (Volume 3)

Following enlargement to include Austria, Finland and Sweden, the EU's forest area has doubled and all the major eco-systems of the planet are represented. The scope of the work is restricted to statistical data as the Union's powers in this area have not developed. As in the past decisions affect forests indirectly through measures taken in the agricultural, environmental sectors, etc.

SPECIAL STUDIES SERIES

E:0 Manual of the common forestry policy March 1992- FP/DA/DE/EL/EN/ES/IT/NL/PT

E:1 The agri-monetary systems of the European Economic Community and the prospects after 1992 March 1992 - ES/EN/FR

E:2 Manuel de la politique commune de la pêche April 1992- FR Updated December 1993 - FP/DA/DE/EL/EN/ES/IT/NL/PT

E:3 "L'Europe et la forêt"

Tome 1: 1ère partie "Synthèse et Propositions" 2ème partie "Les Forêts dans le Monde" 3ème partie "L'UE et les Forêts Tropicales" 4ème partie "Les Forêts et les Politiques Forestières dans l"UE" PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

Appendix: English version of the table of contents, the memorandum and the first part 'Summary and Proposals'

Tome 2: 5ème partie "Thèmes Spécifiques" 6ème partie "Monographies" Annexe Technique September 1994 - FR Summary available in DA/DE/EL/EN/ES/FR/IT/NL/PT

Wide-ranging analysis of the forestry sector. This study, comprising two volumes (1 500 pages), brings together a series of scientific, technical and historical data and specific information on the forestry policy implemented at world and Community level and by the Member States of the European Union. Reference document for political decision-makers.

E:4 Agricultural strategies for the Enlargement of the EU to Central and Eastern European Countries - Critical Review of Four Studies ordered by the Commission of the European Communities March 1995- EN/DE/FR

Critically reviews four studies ordered by the Commission carried out by leading European agricultural economists with the main purpose to briefly assess the findings, the plausibility of the hypotheses, the options and recommendations presented by the authors and to evaluate their specific conclusions conceming the future integration of the CEEC into a wider EU.

E:5 Les accords bilatéraux et les Conventions internationales de pêche I Synthèse et conclusions IIA Les accords bilatéraux en vigueur IIB Les accords bilatéraux plus en vigueur Les accords bilatéraux potentiels Les conventions internationales August 1996 - FR

Very detailed analysis of current, lapsed and potential fisheries agreements to which the European Union is a party. It also covers international agreements, together with a summary (volume 1) which gathers together the essential information on the EU's policy with regard to third countries in this sector. Because of the detail and the concentrated nature of the information gathered, this work is a reference work for any reader interested in this sector.

E:6 Consecuencias de1 acuerdo en la ronda Uruguay del GATT para el sector agrario en la UE October 1996 - ES

The starting point for this study is the Marrakesh agreement of 15 April 1994. It concentrates on the adaptation of Community agriculture to the new situation resulting from the Uruguay Round, asking questions concerning the room for manoeuvre in these negotiations and offering a short-term assessment. Lastly, it indicates the factors causing uncertainty, in particular monetary, and the problems of intersectoral solidarity for areas such as BSE or fruit and vegetables.

E:7 The Common Fisheries Policy beyond 2002 October 1996 - EN (Working document intended for the participants of the Public Hearing of the Committee on Fisheries of the EP on Comparative Schemes for Managing Fish Stocks, 30-31.10.1996, Brussels - restricted distribution, for internal use only).

Starting from an analysis of the present fisheries stock conservation and the causes of overfishing, the description of the Common Fisheries Policy and an evaluation of individual measures undertaken at the EU and rest of the world levels, this study proceeds to an overview of the alternative options to the current TACs and Quotas system. Up to date background reference document for the current debate on the future of the Common Fisheries Policy. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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E7 /final The Common Fisheries Policy beyond 2002: Alternative options to the TACS and Quotas system for the conservation and management of fisheries resources February 1997- EN

BUDGETARY AFFAIRS SERIES

W1: Budgetary Control and Remote Sensing April 1995 - EN/FR/DE/IT/ES

This study investigates the use of earth observation satellites to check the declarations of farmers and thus to control CAP expenditure. The technology of remote sensing is described and the uses to which it is put in other EU policies is also mentioned.

W2: Zero-Base Budgeting April 1996- EN/FR/DE

The technique of 'Zero-base budgeting' was developed during the 1960s, in particular in the United States where the first tests of this procedure for establishing and managing the budget were introduced in the various government ministries. The study gives an overview of this technique for establishing and managing the budget and some of its advantages and disadvantages.

W3: Evaluation of the EU's Structural Funds Operations February 1997- DE/EN/FR

About one third of the European Union's budget is used for the Structural Funds. The study gives the agruments concerning the evaluation procedure currently used in the Commission and the various Member States. It also sets out the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of evaluation. At the end of the study ideas are given for improving the evaluation procedure and certain practical changes are proposed intended to introduce the fourth phase of the structural funds which will start in the year 2000.

W4: The own resources of the European Union: Analysis and possible developments September 1997 - EN/FR/DE

The own resources system of the EU has been the subject of long discussions. In fact the EU policies are financed through four traditional own resources - agricultural duties, customs duties, GNP and VAT resources. This study discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the existing system and proposes a framework for guidelines for a possible new own resources system. Finally, eight different options for new own resources are discussed and compared both from an economic and political viewpoint.

W5: The establishment of the budgets in the Member States of the EU April 1997 - EN/FR/DE

This comparative study is the result of a questionnaire sent to all Member States of the EU and examines how the national budgets are established, executed and controlled. In a supplementary chapter similar information regarding the countries of Eastern Europe is annexed as well as a separate chapter on the budgetary procedures in the USA. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

SPECIAL EDITION

Action to combat budget fraud - All languages

Summary of the public hearing held on 29 and 30 May 1995 by the Committee on Budgetary Control containing, inter alia, the resolutions on this subject and the text of the speeches by the invited distinguished speakers.

ECONOMIC AFFAIRS SERIES

W1: The Economics of the Media Industry in the Community October 1992- EN/ES/DE/FR

The globalization of the media industry is analysed from both a negative and positive viewpoint: - the trend to restriction of the free movement of information and the threat to editorial independence, - the obtaining of the cheapest and most comprehensive information.

W2: Mass Media Regulations and the Community October 1992- EN/ES/DE/FR/NL

This study deals with the increase in regulation in the media sector at both national and Community level as a result in particular of technological developments in communications (satellite and cable).

W3: Environment and Subsidiarity February 1993 - All languages

Comprises two parts. The first deals with the various national legislative measures likely to hamper Community trade. The second contains a commentary on the judgment of the Court of Justice of 20 October 1988 on the tendency of national authorities to decide for themselves the level of protection they require.

W4: Nominal and Real Convergence in Stage One of Economic and Monetary Union October 1992 - EN

This study is based on data established by the European Commission. After making an analysis of the nominal and real convergence in each Member State, it considers future prospects.

W5: The Treuhandanstalt and the Community April 1993 - All languages

The Treuhandanstalt (THA) was the world's largest holding company and the main instrument for the privatization and restructuring of the East German economy seen by some observers as a model for privatization in Central/East European countries. The transfer of resources within Germany is unprecedented, both for Germany and the Community. The EP has insisted the privatization process be monitored carefully.

W6: The Need to Harmonise Direct Taxes in the Internal Market - Personal Income Tax and Other Direct Taxes December 1992- DE/EN

The need to harmonise direct taxes in the Internal Market - Personal Income Tax and other direct taxes. The central idea of this study is the following: in the area of capital yields tax closer cooperation between tax PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

authorities is desirable to prevent wide-spread tax evasion, but the opposition of many countries would make this difficult to implement.

W7: The Economic and Social Situation in the Five New Länder and the Actions taken by the Commission May 1993 - DE/ES/FR/IT/NE

The report evaluates the problems of transformation of the East Germany economy and the intervention of the European Union. Special reference is made to past and future activities of the Structural Funds. The paper also contains a resumé of a hearing of the European Parliament in Dresden in May 1992.

W8:* The Value of Community Research Programmes for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises May 1993- EN/FR

According to the trend in the framework research programme, only 5% of SMEs would be likely to participate in Community research programmes. In order to increase this percentage the Union must have more effective methods of analysis for the group of SMEs concerned.

W9:* The First Stage of EMU: Lessons from the EMS and Policy Options for the Future July 1993 - EN (summary in all languages)

The aim is to analyse the development of EMS, i.e. the move from the second to the third phase. It also considers the problems resulting from the growing capital flows within the single market and those linked to the transitional process with a view to the preparation for the final stages of EMU.

W10: Wirtschaftspolitische Aspekte des Beitritts Österreichs zur EG September 1993 - DE

The Working document 'Economic Aspects of the Accession of Austria to the European Community' analyses the economic situation in Austria, the economic effects of Austrian entry into the Community and the role of the Bundesländer in the integration process. The paper also deals with the effects of Austrian accession in areas like: regional policy, agriculture, transit traffic, neutrality and Austrian attitudes towards the Community.

W11: Emerging Technologies - Information Networks and the European Union October 1993 - EN

Provides a brief overview of the main issues concerning the establishment of information technology networks with regard to both physical infrastructure and application. It highlights recent developments in IT policies in the European Community and the United States, which has embarked on an ambitious programme to set up high performance "electronic-highways" for voice and data communications. The document discusses some aspects of technology regulation, freedom of information legislation, Trans-European Network and world-wide information network.

W12/ International Monetary Cooperation within the Framework of the Easing of rev: Restrictions on Capital Markets January 1994 - EN/FR/DE/EL

The hearing which is the basis for this study seeks to deal with the problem relating to the conflictual aspect of globalization. Particular attention is paid to the importance of interest rates.

W13: Competition Policy of the European Union and the European Economic Area February 1994 - EN PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

This paper examines the competition framework of the agreement and highlights some specific competition cases, relevant for the EEA. It also surveys recent trends in EU competition policy and the latest resolution of the EP relating to the application of EU competition policy in the EEA. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W14: The Four Freedoms and the European Economic Area (rev.) February 1997 - EN

This paper examines the first experience of the EEA agreement. It discusses in particular the application of EC law in the fields of the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital, and some critical issues conceming environmental legislation and participation of EEA states in EU decision procedures.

W15: Incidences of Exchange Rate Fluctuations on Intra- and Extra-Community Trade July 1994 - EN/FR/DE

Written submissions by experts to the public hearing held by the Sub-Committeee on Monetary Affairs on 15 March 1994 in Brussels.

W16: Excise duties and the European Parliament August 1994 - EN/FR

This study reviews the main committee reports on the harmonization of excise duties during the 1989-1994 Parliamentary term. It analyses the Commission's proposals, Parliament's amendments, the Commission's reaction to those amendments and the final impact of the EP amendments in EU legislation.

W17: Value Added Tax and the European Parliament (1989-94 Parliamentary Term) September 1994 - EN/FR

A study of Value Added Tax legislation during the 1989-1994 Parliamentary term, analysing in particular the impact of parliamentary amendments on VAT law.

W18: European Information Highways - which Standards? February 1995 - EN/FR (Summary - all languages)

The study analyses the political issues surrounding global information network standards, i.e. the strategic choice between standards and protocols developed in the framework of international and European standardization or de facto market-tested standards in the Internet.

W19: European Information highways - how secure are they? February 1995 - FR (Summary - EN/FR)

With a view to a European Information Area it is necessary to define a legal framework which will make it possible to control the development of new electronic services, and in particular to ensure the reliability of these services. The Union is seeking to adopt equally high levels of protection in all Member States in order to eliminate any risk of obstacles being created to the exchange of data which would harm the operation of the internal market. With regard to computer crime, special legislation has been adopted by several Member States which the Union should endeavour to harmonize.

W20: Telecommunications and the audiovisual media: trade relations between the European Union and the United States March 1995 - DE (Summary - EN)

Although there is considerable controversy in the European Union on the most appropriate means of promoting and strengthening a European audiovisual industry (e.g. the use of screening quotas), the Community has pursued a relatively coherent policy towards countries such as the USA. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W21: Public Undertakings and Public Service Obligations in the European Union May 1996 - DE/EN/FR, (Summary in all languages)

The current privatization trend means that the role of public enterprises in the Community is diminishing and the fulfilment of public service obligations is in question. The study examines the nature and scope of these obligations in the Member States to discover if there is any agreement on a minimal notion of public service.

W22: The European Union and the Aerospace Industry November 1995 - EN

This working document briefly discusses the structure of the European aircraft industry, the present state of the bilateral Agreement between the European Union and the United States concerning aircraft subsidies and the GATT negotiations in this field, the present state of discussion on other EU policies.

W23: EMU and the outsiders - Analysis and recommendations May 1996- EN

This external study considers the implications of the probability that only a subset among the fifteen Members States will enter EMU in January 1999. It is in four parts. The first deals with the consequences of recent exchange-rate movements within the EU. In the second, a retrospective and prospective analysis of convergence record and of the attitude of the various member countries. The third and fourth parts focus on possible exchange-rate arrangement between the "insiders" and "outsiders"; and on the recommendations of the authors.

W24: The impact of VAT and intrastat obligations on SMEs June 1996 - EN All languages (Summary)

Using the innovative MISTRAL methodology, the study reveals that administrative burdens of carrying out an intracommunity transaction (the result of the "transitional" VAT régime, and the accompanying system for collecting trade statistics) are 20% higher than in the case of a domestic transaction. The smaller the firm, the higher the administrative costs.

W25: The impact of VAT and intrastat obligations on SMEs June 1996 - EN/FR/NL (Full study)

W26: The Challenges of Public Services in Europe July 1996 - EN/ES/FR

At the current stage of the EU the principle of the discretionary power of states in the management of public services can no longer be affirmed. It is thus necessary to recognize the limits of this principle of free organization of public services, taking into account the most recent case law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities.

W27: Status report on European Union - Space Satellite Policies March 1997- EN

This paper sets out to highlight the main actions and orientations concerning space and satellites. The intensive consultation coordination and cooperation between the EU and the satellite industry are advocated in order to identify and eliminate the existing obstacles to industrial competitiveness. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W28: Public Procurement - Experiences in the EU and the USA after the 1994 Government Procurement Agreement April 1997- EN

In most market economies the public sector represents a substantial share of intermediate and final demand. This working document analyses the different nature of EU and US procurement patterns, the potential impact resulting in equivalent market access may be relatively limited. The US has a concentrated procurement pattern; the EU is still in the process of liberalising its own international procurement market.

W29: The Information Society and the European Economic Area (EEA) July 1997- EN

The EEA Treaty has an important impact on the Information Society policies of the EEA/EFTA States. International Telecommunication Union statistics show that the EEA/EFTA States dispose of a superior Information Society infrastructure than most of the EU Member States. The EEA States have taken all the legislative measures in telecommunications, television broadcasting and other Information Society domains which were included in the EEA Agreement. The paper also analyses other forms of participation of the EEA/ EFTA countries in the EU Information Society programmes, via the R&D Framework Programme or the Trans-European Networks.

W30: The Social and Economic Consequences of abolishing 'Duty Free' within the European Union October 1997 - EN/FR/DE (Summary in all languages)

The abolition in 1999 of duty-free sales for persons travelling within the European Union has become the subject of a lively controversy. This study considers the basic statistics, the legal situation, the consequences of national budgets, the foreseeable results of the abolition of duty-free sales and in particular the regional and local effect of abolition.

ECON The international role of the Euro 101 January 1998 - DE/EN/FR (Summary in all other languages)

The creation of the Euro will constitute a major change to the international monetary system. This study examines the extent to which the Euro will become a major international currency to rival the dollar; whether it is likely to be "strong" or "weak"; and how exchange rate policy for the Euro is to be managed. It also contains Annexes on the Euro as an anchor currency for the CEECs; and on parameters for Euro/$ exchange rates.

ECON Prudential supervision in the context of EMU 102 February 1998 - DE/EN/FR (Summary in all other languages)

Full economic and moneteary union will test Europe's systems for supervising financial institutions. In some countries the Central Banks are responsible for both monetary policy and supervision; in others, the tasks are separated; while EU-level supervision is based on "home country control". This study examines the likely future development of financial markets, and whether the existing regulatory framework will be adequate.

ECON The social consequences of changes in the VAT rate 103 May 1998 - DE/EN/FR

Taking the Dutch model as a basis, this study examines three different scenarios of consequences for employment of the change in the VAT rate. It outlines the consequences at Union level. This comprehensive analysis is supplemented by graphics, a large bibliography and statistical data. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

E1:* The Economic Impact of Dumping and the Community's Anti-Dumping Policy January 1993 - EN (Summary DE/EN/FR)

This document analyses the impact of various forms of dumping on the economy, the need for anti-dumping measures and assesses the content and effectiveness of EC anti-dumping policy. It concludes by setting out future policy options.

E2:* The Impact of the Internal Market Programme on European Economic Structure and Performance July 1993 - DE/EN/ES (Summary in all languages)

The study recalls the main objectives and expectations of the internal market programme and assesses its impact on various aspects and sectors of the economy, essentially through a comprehensive and critical assessment of existing research on the matter. It draws conclusions and makes recommendations for economic and political action.

E3:* The Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuations on European CommunityTrade August 1994 - EN (Summary DE/EN/FR)

This study examines the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on trade inside and outside the EU; surveys existing literature and presents conclusions.

E4:* Derivative Financial Instruments April 1995 - EN/FR

This study is in two parts: 1 ) A summary of existing prudential accounting and disclosure rules in the EU and the USA; and 2) A survey of the most important conclusions of surveys and academic literature concentrating on specific questions on derivatives posed by the subcommittee.

E5: Options for a definitive VAT system September 1995 - DE/EN/FR (Summary: DA/NL/EN/EL/IT/ES/PO)

Following a brief survey of the theory and history of the Community's Value Added Tax system, this study analyses the working of the "transitional" VAT regime introduced at the beginning of the 1993, and outlines a number of options for the "definitive" system due after 1996, including adoption of the full origin principle, adaptation of the "status quo", payment of all revenue into the Community budget and the abolition of VAT altogether.

E6: The coordination of national fiscal policies in the context of Monetary Union October 1996 - DE/EN/FR

A central problem of Economic and Monetary Union will be to reconcile a centralised monetary policy with largely decentralised fiscal policies. Part of the answer already lies in the Treaties: the "golden rules" on deficit financing and the excessive deficit procedure; but these will need supplementing by coordination. This study examines the problems, and makes a number of recommendations for future action. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

REGIONAL POLICY SERIES

W12: Regional Development and Culture - Case Studies and Analysis December 1994 - EN (Summary EN/ES/FR/PT)

A description of case studies in the cultural heritage protection and restoration.

W13: Inter-Regional Collaboration as an element of the European Community's Mediterranean Policy July 1995 - EN/FR/IT

This DG IV study describes the latest development of the Commission's strategy in this region. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

26 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W14: The Impact of National Expenditure on the Regional Disparities within Europe January 1996 - EN/FR

This study investigates the relationship between the EU's efforts to promote economic and social cohesion (in particular the structural funds) and national, regional or local efforts.

W15: Contribution of the ERDF and the Joint Programme in Saxony March 1996 - DE/EN/FR

The synthesis of a complete work on German regional policy and its relations with EU regional policy.

W16: The Regional Impact of Community Policies June 1996 - EN/FR (Summary all languages)

This update of an existing study evaluates the effectiveness of the structural and cohesion funds, the social and economic impact of the European networks and coordination of regional policies at national, local and community level.

W17: Coastal and Island regions of the European Union April 1996- EN/FR

Definition and assessment of the economic and technical problems resulting from insularity.

W18: Evaluation of Structural Funding in the European Union Volume I - Expenditure for Regional Policy September 1996 - DE/EN/FR

The first part of a complete study (in 3 volumes) on the effectiveness of the Structural Funds containing chapters on agricultural and social sectors, as well as an introductory summary.

W19: Cross-Border and Inter-Regional Cooperation in the European Union October 1996 - EN/FR - (Summary in all languages)

A complete study on inter-regional and trans-border cooperation, with institutional and pragmatic examples (elaborated by ARFE).

W20: Information and Technology Research in the Regions of Europe January 1997- DA/EN/ES

A study on the present situation in European research and the existence of cooperation among regions.

W21: The EU and SMEs June 1997- EN/IT

Internationalisation of SMEs is an important issue for the EU Commission. This document discusses its feasibility.

W21A: The EU and SMEs June 1997 - (Summary DE/EN/ES/FR/IT) PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W22: The EP and the participation of sub-national levels of government in the EU May 1997 - EN

A reference document which outlines the position of the Parliament in relation to the participation of local and regional authorities in the EU. The Draft Treaty on EU is the starting point of this research, then the twelve years up to and including the Conference 'Towards a Europe based on Democracy and Solidarity', of October 1996, are taken into account.

W23: Local and Regional Authorities and the Structural Funds: The Role of Information May 1997 - EN

Besides describing the information requirements for the planning process, policy implementation and monitoring and evaluation of the Structural Fund, it contains practical examples concerning local and regional information and planning networks which contribute to the exchange of experiences between regional bodies throughout the EU.

W24: Factors influencing the spending of Structural Funds money. June 1997 - DE/EN. (Summary DE/EN/ES/FR)

It takes into account the most recent statistics on the execution of the Regional Fund spending.

REGI 100 European Spatial Development Policy. January 1998 - DE/EN

The dimension of a spatial development policy in the Community law has since become a very relevant part of European regional policy. This study includes all the recent events and permits to follow in detail the starting of the European Spatial Development policy.

REGI 100a European Spatial Development Policy January 1998 (Summary - all languages)

REGI 101 Territoires en Europe pour une Europe des territoires. Vers une politique européenne d'aménagement du territoire ? January 1998 - FR

Regional planning occupies a very important position in the process of European integration. It allows action to be taken to achieve an optimum geographical distribution of economic prosperity in order to contribute to the success of economic and social cohesion.

REGI 102 Cohesion: The challenge for the future. Theoretical and institutional contributions to the debate on the reforms of structural policy. July 1997 - EN/ES/FR

It is an analysis of the thinking in the various Member States on the question of the reform of the Structural Funds. It presents questions on the opportunity for reform in structural policy and on the national arguments for change.

REGI 103 Sustainable Development: A key principle for European Regional Development. April 1998 - EN

Sustainable development is the determinant for all Community policies of the year 2000. In regional policy, it is the condition for development and territorial management. Local, regional, national and Community actors will have to take account of this principle. A choice of indicators is given in this study for them to use in their decision-making process. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

29 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

E1:* The Role of the EC in regard to Tourism and Regional Development October 1993 - EN (Summary in all languages)

This study concludes that, while no new Community initiative is desirable, changes to the Commission's management of tourism policy are needed and greater human and financial resources are required for the implementation of the Action Plan for Tourism.

E2:* Emigration from Less-Favoured Regions: the "Brain-Drain" and Regional Development in the European Union October 1994 - EN/NL

The study concludes that the EU should foster regional development and improve the prospects for keeping skilled and talented people in less favoured regions by paying more attention to the 'soft' conditions for regional development, in particular human resources, cultural factors and regional identity.

TRANSPORT SERIES REGIONAL POLICY SERIES

W5: The Future of Inland Waterway Transport in Europe December 1993- DE/EN/ES/FR/NL

The situation and prospects for this mode of transport are dealt with from the point of view of capacity control, competition and cabotage with particular reference to relations with the countries of Eastern Europe.

W6: The International Dimension of the Common Transport Policy March 1994 - EN/ES/FR

Detailed review of the international arrangements on the field of the various modes of transport and of the problems of the international relationship in the same field.

W8: The Internal Market and the Common Transport Policy December 1994 - EN/DE/FR/IT

This study describes the progress made in the completion of the internal market in the transport sector, having regard to the free movement of services but also the simplification of customs control procedures at intracommunity frontiers.

W9: A European policy for land and air transport of dangerous goods February 1995 - EN

Contents: definition and description, the transport scene in Europe, the risks, the european policy context, the ADR directive.

W10: Economic and technical aspects of high-speed rail transport September 1995 - EN/FR/IT

Study of the high speed rail technologies in technological and economic terms: TGV, TRANSRAPID (magnetic levitation train) and SwissMetro PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W11: The transport of live animals July 1995 - DE/EN/FR/IT/NL Summary - all languages

Contents: interests and public policy, health and economic aspects, the international and Community legal framework.

W12: The protection of tourists November 1995 - EN/ES/FR/IT

Contents: public policy on tourism, grading of accommodation facilities, advertising on sale of tourist services, a survey of the various problems which can ruin the holidays and the rights of the tourist.

W13*: Public Service Transport Obligations towards rural and peripheral regions May 1996 - EN/FR/ES

A survey of the service obligations for each transport mode in the Member States: for each mode of transport a survey of the problems and obligations for each Member State.

W14: The Common Maritime Policy September 1996 - DE/EN/FR/IT

Contents: Maritime transport and the maritime industries, the sea and navigation, intemational relations and competition, safety and the environment.

W15: National Aid in the Transport Sector October 1996 - DE/EN/FR

A survey of national aid in each transport mode: for each mode of transport a survey of the problems and the obligations for each Member State.

TRAN 100 Fiscal measures in the transport sector June 1998 - IT/DE/EN/FR (Summary in all languages)

After outlining the theoretical bases of the internalisation of external costs and the Community guidelines on this subject, the working document sets out the measures taken or planned on taxes on vehicles, fuel and infrastructures.

TRAN 101 Social consequences of deregulation and liberalisation in the transport sector of the EU July 1998 - DE/EN/FR (Summary in all languages)

The study covers this subject by mode of transport and by country.

TRAN 102 Logistics systems in combined transport July 1998 - FR/EN (Summary in all languages)

Full survey of combined transport technologies, the organisation of the market, aspects of interoperability of combined goods and passenger transport and Community policies in this field.

TRAN 103 The European Community and road safety August 1998 - IT/DE/EN/FR (Summary in all languages)

Description of road accidents in terms of the factors involved: drivers (training, respect for highway code, aptitude and health), vehicles (technical and safety aspects) and infrastructures, in particular road signs. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

32 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

TRAN 104 Transport in the Arctic region September 1998 - EN/DE/FI/SV

Description of the transport problems in a transfrontier region facing specific problems associated with a cold climate.

E1:* European Sea Port Policy July 1993 - EN/FR (Summary in all languages)

Examines the general framework and criteria for a possible European Seaport Policy, evolutionary scenarios, the institutional features of ports, the problem of competition, a ports policy within a global transport policy, and other pertinent issues. Sets out the main options and recommendations for an EU ports policy.

E2:* Social Aspects of Transport Policy September 1994 - DE/EN/FR

Detailed review of the social problems of the workers and users with regard to the common transport policy with a complete list of the Community social law and the international convention on transport.

E3:* Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Pollutants by Sea -The Safety Aspects September 1994 - DE/EN/FR/IT

A survey of safety at sea within the framework of the international conventions and the powers of EC and States.

E4: The Financing of Trans-european Transport Networks January 1997- DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

A study of Community policy on Trans-European networks in general and in particular from the financial point of view; analysis of financial sources also includes the presentation of the Member States' infrastructure policies in recent years and the methods by participation of private investors.

ENERGY AND RESEARCH SERIES

W1: Internalisation of External Effects in Energy and Environment Policy, their Incorporation into

National Accounting Systems and the Debate surrounding a CO2 and EnergyTax in the European Community March 1992 - DE/EN/FR

One of the most important issues in relation to energy and the environment is the internalisation of external effects by means of incentive-based instruments, i.e. the incorporation of harmful effects (such as pollution etc.) into corporate price and cost accounting. Special reference is made to the debate

surrounding a C02 and Energy tax in the EC.

W4: Possibilities and Limitations of Alternative Energy Sources in the context of EC Energy Policy October 1992 - DE/EN/FR

Analysis of various activities promoting alternative energy sources, which, for the most part, emit no

pollutants and entail no additional production of C02 . This could ease the problem of unpredictable global climate change. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W5: European Energy Charter and East-West Cooperation on Energy and the Environment October 1992 - DE/EN/FR

Describes institutional changes in the energy sector (for example revision of the EC treaties) and the European Energy Charter, (the so-called Lubbers Plan of June 1990), which is an important part of East- West cooperation between the economic and energy sectors.

W6: The EC Single Market for Energy (Third Party Access, TPA) in Electricity and Gas October 1992- DE/EN/FR

This paper is the follow-up of W3 and describes the various effects of the EC internal market concept of the energy sector. It focuses on the problem of third party access to electricity or gas grids (problems in the chemical industry); also a short discussion of examples in the US and the Netherlands.

W7:* The Situation of the Coal Mining Industry in the European Community January 1993 - EN (Summary in DE/EN/FR)

A detailed analysis of the coal-mining industry of the EC and in particular the following areas: the competitiveness of coal versus other energy products and coal from third countries, the costs/prices of coal mining and in coal use in power stations on competitiveness and on the environment.

W8:* Community Policy in the Field of R&D: "Assessment of the Second and Third R&D Framework Programmes and Guidelines for the Community's Future R&D policy" June 1993 - DE/EN (Summary in all languages)

Describes various aspects relating to the planning and direction of European research policy. The European Parliament has pressed for increased Community activity in the field of research and development so as to alert the Member States to the fact that UE research activities are more useful in the long-term than isolated national research programmes.

W9: The Russian Federation - Energy and Research: the Current Situation, Problems, Outlook and Prospects for East-West Cooperation August 1993 - DE/EN

Analysis of various aspects of the radical changes taking place in Central and Eastern Europe. Many important issues arise here in connection with the energy (including the environment), science and research sectors. The aim of the paper is to consider in brief the most important issues in the energy, science and research sectors.

W10: "Sustainable Development" and Long Term Energy Objectives November 1993 - DE/EN

The aim of this paper is to give a brief survey of the concept of sustainable development. In order to consider which guidelines could emerge for the Community's long-term energy objectives, a brief overview is given of the probable trends for world energy supplies.

W11: The European Parliament and codecision: The Fourth Research Framework Programme September 1994 - DE/EN

This study surveys European research and technology policy and experience gained in adopting the fourth research framework programme using the codecision procedure. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W12: The Norwegian Electricity System November 1994 - DE/EN

This study will provide a description of the liberalization of the Norwegian electricity system.

W13: Regulation and Competitiveness of the European Biotechnology Industry December 1994 - External Study - EN (Summary DE/EN/FR)

This external study clarifies to what extent and in what sense regulation is important for the development of the biotechnology industry and what role regulation plays in explaining the differential development of the industry in Europe and the United States.

W14: The Non-ProliferationTreaty (NPT): Development, Problems and Prospects May 1995 - DE (Summary DE/EN)

In April/May 1995 a review Conference concerning nuclear non-proliferation took place. The aim of this study is to analyse implications and consequences of the NPT, especially in the field of energy policy.

W15: Revision of the EuropeanTreaties in the Energy Sector June 1995 - EN (Summary DE/EN/FR)

One major decision to be taken at the 1996 intergovernmental conference on the EU's development will be whether to merge the ECSC (expires 2002). This study sets out proposals concerning the opportunities for amending the ECSC, EURATOM and EEC Treaties and on the advisability of including in the Treaty a separate chapter on energy.

W16: Economic aspects of remote sensing November 1995 - EN/FR

Given the large volume of funds provided in the past to this area of the EU's research policy, the study investigates the return to the EU economy of the investments made in earth observation by satellite and the problem of ensuring wide dissemination of the benefits. It also examines the current state of the industry in Europe and its prospects.

W17: Global industrial competition and European biotechnology, research and innovation policy November 1995 - EN

This external study tries to clarify the impact of regulation on the international competitiveness of the biotechnology industry in Europe and the USA respectively and to assess the current and future intemational competitiveness of this sector in Europe and the USA. Comparative in nature, the study also analyses differences and similarities in industrial and research organisation between Europe and the United States.

W18: International competitiveness and its implications for European R&D Policy February 1996 - DE/EN

This report gives an overview of the international competitiveness of European industry in the most important high-tech sectors, and analyses the conception of the EU's policy on R&D as well as the management of the R&D programmes themselves.

W19: Community action plan for renewable energies March 1996 - EN PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

This study is analysing the links between energy and environment and their policy implications. The discussion was focused particularly on new energy options with less environmental impacts. This extemal study includes seven separate studies on different aspects of renewable energies in order to contribute to the development of a "Community action plan for renewable energies":

W20: Summary: Community action plan for renewable energies April 1996 - DE/EN/FR

Summary of W-19.

W21: Rational planning techniques (RPT): A tool to enhance energy efficiency? April 1996- EN

New planning techniques are aiming at removing barriers to energy efficiency investments and also try to assist electricity and gas distributors to develop economically efficient energy services. The application of such techniques will, in fact, improve the competitiveness of the EC economy. This study seeks to contribute to the current discussion on the introduction of rational planning techniques in the electricity and gas distribution sectors.

W22: East-West Energy Cooperation June 1996- EN

The European Parliament has taken an interest from the outset in issues concerning East-West cooperation in energy and nuclear security. The energy sector is a key sector in the economic life of both the Russian Federation, which is a large and inefficient consumer of energy, and all the states of the CIS and the other countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of these external studies is to prepare background material for an EP-initiative concerning an action plan in this policy area; the study includes seven separate sub-studies:

W23: East-West Energy Cooperation July 1996 - DE/EN/FR - Summary

Summary of W-22.

W24: European Union - China: Energy Cooperation November 1996 - EN (Summary DE/EN/FR)

Energy is a key sector in the economic life in China, which is a large and inefficient consumer of energy. The development of the energy sector in all provinces in China will have a crucial influence on future developments in East-West-Cooperation, on the world energy markets, on international security of

energy supply and, above all, on the global problems of energy-related pollution (CO2 ). The aim of the extemal studies is to prepare background material for an EP-initiative concerning an action plan in this policy area.

W25: Research and Development Policy and Employment April 1997- EN - (Summary DE/EN/FR)

This study seeks to make a contribution to the current intensive discussion of globalization and international competitiveness and to highlight links between R&D policy and employment.

W26: European Union - Far East Asia: Energy cooperation June 1997- EN (Summary: DE/EN/FR)

This study seeks to describe prospects for, and possible areas of, cooperation in the energy sector between the European Union and the countries in the Far East (ASEAN States, Japan and Korea). PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W27: A strategy for life sciences in the Baltic Area (St. Petersburg Region) July 1997 - EN (Summary - EN/DE/FR)

This study considers what contribution "newer biological life sciences" (including medical technology, biotechnology and molecular biology) can make to easing the environmental burden of the Baltic area (the St. Petersburg region and the Baltic States) in the widest sense.

W28: Energy cooperation in the Baltic Sea region August 1997 - EN (Summary EN/DE/FR)

The purpose of this study is to develop a strategy on the contribution that energy cooperation could make to the development of the Baltic region (economic, technical and scientific restructuring of the region, options for cross-border cooperation, assistance with improving its environmental situation).

W29: Energy policy and global climate change December 1997 - EN (Summary EN/DE/FR)

The study seeks to demonstrate the connections between energy policy (CO2 emissions) and global climate change, to describe measures for the reduction of impending climate dangers and to develop possibilities for international cooperation in the energy and climate sectors (see Kyoto Conference, December 1997)

ENER 101 Globalization and the role of R&D February 1998 - EN (Summary EN/DE/FR)

The study seeks to develop the links between research and development (R&D) policy and economic globalization and provides a survey of economic trends towards globalization and the growth of international competition and, furthermore, demonstrates the implications which these factors have for the reformation of the EU's R&D policy (see the Community's 5th Research Framework Programme).

ENER 102 Energy pricing policy: Targets, possibilities and impacts February 1998 - EN (Summary EN/DE/FR)

The study attempts to show in general terms how energy pricing policy (price levels and structures) dovetails into and influences a coherent energy policy and to set out recommendations and options for a forward-looking European policy. It also identifies the connections between energy pricing policy and other key fields related to the economy or society (economic structure and growth, competitiveness, employment, and the environment).

ENER 103 Innovations for the promotion of renewable energies April 1998 - EN (Summary EN/DE/FR)

This study seeks to give an overview of various innovative strategies to promote renewable energy sources (including energy pricing policy ("green pricing")). The possibilities and prospects for the use of renewable energy sources in developing countries are also discussed in a separate section. In addition, some space is devoted - in connection with the use of renewable sources of energy - to the water situation (drinking water, irrigation and water purification) in developing countries (particularly in Africa and the Middle East).

ENVIRONMENT, PUBLIC HEALTH AND CONSUMER PROTECTION SERIES

W3:* A Green Dimension for the European Community The Environment Committee of the European Parliament March 1993- EN PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

The European Parliament has had - without any doubt - a certain influence on the environmental policy of the EC - more than in other fields - thanks to the work of the Environmental Committee. The publication is a reprinted article from the journal. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W6: Environmental Policy - Activities of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection February 1994 - All languages

This study gives an overview of the work on health and consumer issues of Parliament's committee during the previous legislature.

W7: Public Health and Consumer Protection - Activities of the Committee for Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection September 1994 - All languages except FI and SV

This study gives an overview of the work on health and consumer issues of Parliament's committee during the previous legislature.

W9 rev. Case-law of the European Court of Justice on Environmental Matters June 1997- all languages

This working document, an updated version of W9, published in 1994 - provides a systematic survey of the case law of the Court of Justice on environmental questions and also refers to cases in this area which are still pending.

W10: The European ban on hormones in beef production June 1995 - DE/EN/FR

Takes a critical look at the EC hormone ban. Is the consumer better protected since the ban was introduced?

W11: Breast cancer screening programmes in the European Union August 1995 - DE/EN/FR

A comparative study of screening programmes in all Member States for early detection of breast cancer.

W16: Environmental protection and European standards January 1996 - DE (Summary in all languages)

This research paper tries to highlight the background and the consequences of the work of European standardization organisations such as CEN, CENELEC and ETSI, with regard to technical standards and their consequences on environmental protection policy.

W17: Noise Abatement Policy in the European Union May 1996 - DE/EN/FR

The aim of this publication is not only to describe Community legislation on noise abatement, but also to make proposals on the introduction of economic measures that influence the market, for example, through the award of eco-labels for low noise products.

W19: Fiscal and Economic Instruments in the European Union: Environmental and Agricultural Policy September 1996 - DE (Summary in all other languages)

The application of fiscal and economic instruments in order to reduce the use of agrochemicals and fertilisers is the subject of this research document, which was originally drafted in German. However, summaries exist in all official languages of the EU. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W20: The European Parliament and the environment policy of the European Union July 1997- all languages

This document - an updated version of W14, published in 1995 - describes the different environment policies of the European Union and Parliament's contributions.

W21: Indoor pollution - an overview April 1997 - DE/EN/FR

This is a study which looks at the potential health problems of working in an indoor office environment, where air conditioning and the use of various materials and solvents can contribute to respiratory and other difficulties.

W22: Structural Funds and the Environment October 1997 - EN (Summaries in all other languages)

W23: Umwelt und Landwirtschaft November 1997 - DE

W24: Community veterinary inspection - Discussion paper October 1997 - EN

The somewhat arcane matter of veterinary inspection has been thrust centre-stage as a result of the BSE Enquiry Committee findings. A significant change in emphasis toward food safety has occurred in the Commission. Veterinary inspection has been moved from DG6 (Agriculture) to DG24 (Consumer and Health Protection).

SACO 100 Endocrine disrupting chemicals: A challenge for the EU? March 1998 - DE/EN/FR

EDCs are chemical substances in the environment which have a potential effect on the endocrine (hormonal) system of living beings. Little is known about the workings of such chemicals alone or together in the environment, but there is evidence of serious disturbance to animal reproductive function.

SACO 101 The Health Systems in the EU Member States May 1998 - DE/EN/FR

This is a new study requested by the Committee on Environment, Consumer Protection and Public Health, which replaces the existing study carried out in 1992. The new study looks in greater depth at the way in which the health systems of all 15 Member States function.

E1: Analysis of Issues and Trends in the EU Pharmaceutical Sector March 1994 - (Summary in all languages)

Looks at registration of medicines in the EU, the pharmaceutical industry, innovation, the price paid for pharmaceuticals and reimbursement of those costs. It makes a contribution to the debate in all Member States about rising health-care costs.

E2: American and Japanese (BlO) Pharmaceutical Presence in Europe March 1996 - DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

This study examines the penetration of the American and Japanese pharmaceutical industry in Europe, with particular reference to bio-pharmaceutical developments. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

NATIONAL PARLIAMENTS SERIES

W1: Bodies within National Parliaments Specialising in European Community Affairs March 1992 - DE/EN/FR

This study presents the situation at the point when the Treaty on European Union was signed. It also for the first time assembles data on all the parliaments of the twelve Member States of the EC at that period.

W3: Parliamentary Committees of Inquiry in the Community Member States - Description and Comparative Assessment March 1993 - EN/FR/DE

Assessment of the situation of committees of inquiry in the parliaments of the twelve Member States of the period. The aspects dealt with are the legal bases, the constitution, the length of the mandate, the composition, the field of activities, powers, the action taken on the results of investigations and actual practice. The study is completed with a comparative legal analysis.

W4: I comitati di conciliazione nei parlamenti bicamerali dei paesi membri dell'Unione Europea e in alcuni Stati federali September 1994 - IT

This study deals with 8 two chamber parliaments in the European Union and that of Austria, Switzerland and the United States. For each country there is a description of the legislative function, the normal procedure for creating laws and the conciliation mechanisms when they are provided for by the form of two-chamber parliamentary practice.

W5: Regulations of Lobbyism in the National Parliaments of the Member States of the EU June 1995 - DE/EN/FR

Summary of the information provided by the relevant departments of the national parliaments, based on two aspects: firstly, regulatory measures (accreditation, registration, code of conduct) for interest groups or lobbyists active or wishing to be active in the parliamentary institution, including the actual practice followed, and secondly the provisions governing the formation and operation of parliamentary intergroups given the influence or pressure which they often exert.

W6: Transparency and Financial Interests of Members of Parliament in the EU (Rev.) July 1996 - DE/EN/FR

The first part of the work contains comparative tables on the subject of declarations their form and content, the existence and publication of a register, specific sanctions and the legal basis applied in each national chamber. The second part summarizes and analyses the comparative data.

W7: Parliamentary assistants in the Member States of the European Union May 1997- DE/EN/FR

This study gives a range of information on the payment of assistants or aides to members of parliament, the nature of their contract and status, the conditions of recruitment, the tasks to be undertaken and the cessation of work. A synoptic table allows a comparison of the situation in the various EU Member States.

W8: Budgets of Parliaments -What are the procedures involved? How are they controlled? May 1997- EN/DE

W9: National Provisions concerning Ineligibility and Incompatibility with regard to the European Parliament PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

June 1997- EN/FR/DE

W10: Checking the attendance of members in the National Parliaments of the Member States October 1997 - DE/EN/FR

This study seeks to give a general overview of the methods used in the national parliaments to check the attendance of members at plenary sittings and at committee meetings and any specific consequences, financial or other, which could derive from non-justified absences by members.

POLITICAL SERIES

W2:* Prospects with regard to the European Union's foreign and security policy after Maastricht November 1992 - DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

Gives an overview of the main provisions of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) as derived from the Maastricht Treaty (third pillar). It also includes a critical analysis of the institutional conception of this policy, characterized by the weighty mechanisms for decisions-making, inadequate parliamentary control and objectives which lack precise detail.

W3: State and Development of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) April 1993- EN/FR/DE

Summary of the development of the CSCE from 1972 to 1990, describing its structure and methods of work while stressing the institutionalization in terms of organization since the Paris Charter. The analytical part concentrates on the CSCE's crisis mechanisms and the prospects for its development.

W4: Die Situation der Minderheiten in Europa April 1993 - DE

Starting with a definition of 'minority', the document concentrates on describing the rights of minorities and the approaches seeking to resolve the problems of minorities in particular in central and eastern Europe.

W5: The Regions in a European Community - Characterised by Subsidiarity April 1993 - EN/FR/DE

The Maastricht Treaty confirmed that the EU is not a centralized state by enshrining the principle of subsidiarity and by acknowledging institutionally the role of the regions at European level. This study analyses the powers of the regions provided for in the national constitutions and also the significance of the Treaty for the regions and the representative function of the Committee of the Regions.

W6: Selection of Basic Texts on European Security and Defence September 1993 - EN

This volume includes the main texts (treaties, conventions, declarations) with regard to European security and defence. It mainly concerns NATO, CSCE/OECD, WEU and EU texts. The collection is supplemented by the most important resolutions adopted by the European Parliament.

W7: Prospects for a Common Foreign and Security Policy - Preliminary Review July 1994 - DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

The aim of this publication is to make an initial assessment of the possibilities and limits of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) after the initial experiences with the implementation of the provisions of Title V of the Treaty on European Union. The analysis concentrates on the institutional PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

operation of the CFSP, the methods of action, the areas of intervention and the security and defence aspect. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W8: National and European Elections in the Member States of the European Union January 1995 - All languages

Brief description of the electoral laws of the 15 countries of the EU followed by the results of the last national and European elections and the allocation of seats in the respective assemblies.

W10:* Towards a comprehensive policy framework for relations between the European Union and the Mediterranean Basin February 1995 - DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

Deals with the strategic problems of foreign and security policy and those of economic cooperation by suggesting ten specific measures. The annex contains statistics on the economic situation of the Mediterranean countries and their military potential.

W11:* The Cooperation Procedure April 1995 - EN/FR

Assessment of the experiences of the European Parliament during the application of the cooperation procedure based on the analysis of interinstitutional cooperation in several areas such as t he environment, economic and monetary policy and energy policy.

W12: Directory of the Resolutions of the European Parliament on Latin America 1993-1995 June 1995 (2 volumes) - ES/FR

Study carried out using European data bases which makes it possible to highlight the relations established between the European Union and Latin America and more specifically the various positions adopted by the EP on this subject.

W13/ Legislation governing elections to the European Parliament rev.: May 1994 - All languages

On the basis of Community legislation, this document looks in depth at various aspects of national legislation and the inadequate Community provisions on direct election by universal suffrage of members of the EP. Eight headings are given for each country (electoral system, allocation of seats, incompatibility, electoral campaign rules, etc.). A comprehensive bibliography and summary table are included.

W14: The European Parliament and Latin America: Institutional relations and main positions July 1995 - DE/EN/ES/FR

Sets out the current situation on institutional relations and the main positions adopted by the European Parliament on Latin America. After an analysis of the interregional dialogue resulting from the interparliamentary conferences it refers to the main positions adopted by the EP on Latin America and the Latin American bodies for political integration and their relations with the EP.

W16: The Simplifcations of the EU Treaties and the IGC of 1996 DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

At present the treaties of the EU and the three communities comprise about fifteen texts with over one thousand articles. This study aims at making an inventory of the existing treaties and analyzing in particular the provisions which have become void or are duplicated. The aim is to draw up a consolidated document grouping all the constitutional provisions in a single instrument. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W17: Draft of a Consolidated Treaty of the European Union March 1996 - DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

The aim is to draw up a consolidated text of the treaties of the European Union, taking into account the proposals put forward by the European Parliament as part of the preparatory work for the intergovernmental conference. This consolidated treaty is supplemented by a table of equivalence between the multiple provisions of the various treaties in force.

W18: White Paper on the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference: January 1996 - DA/DE/EL/EN/ES/FI/FR/IT/NL /PT/SV

Comprises three volumes.

Volume I retraces the various stages of the IGC. It lists the most important positions adopted to date by the institutions and organs of the European Union.

Volume 2 is designed to present the different points of view of the Member States on the main subjects discussed during the IGC.

Volume 3 is a collection of the main subjects debated during the IGC. It is drawn up in a consolidated form with a section on each specific topic.

W19: Prospects of cooperation between the European Parliament and National Parliaments September 1996 - DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

The document looks at the cooperation between the European Parliament and the parliaments of the Member States in the light of the 1996-97 Intergovernmental Conference. An empirical and analytical assessment of the joint and bilateral meetings is made with a view to developing cooperation models between the European Parliament and the national parliaments.

W20: The role of the European Parliament for the introduction of the policy of conditionality September 1996 - DE

Given that human rights considerations have become an important element in the European Union's external relations, the study describes the role of the European Parliament in the development of a condionality policy by analysing its interest, powers, strategy and impact in this area.

W21: The CFSP on the eve of the IGC December 1996- DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

In the light of the reform of the CFSP provisions, the study concentrates on analysis of the aspects which are at the root of the dysfunctioning of the CFSP and on the reform proposals put forward in the context of negotiations at the Intergovernmental Conference.

W22: Nuclear Weapons and the European Defence Identity October 1996 - DE/EN/FR

Contribution to the thinking on the future of the European nuclear deterrent. Taking the new European nuclear landscape as the starting point, the study describes the national nuclear defence policies in France and Great Britain and analyses the positions of the various Member States and European institutions on the nuclear deterrent and moves on to the projected scenarios on the future role of nuclear arms in Europe. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W23: The main international conventions on arms controls March 1997 - DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

This working document summarizes the development and current state of the main international treaties and conventions on arms control and disarmament (Conventional Forces in Europe, nuclear non- proliferation, ban on nuclear testing, limitation of anti-missile defence systems, reduction of strategic arms - START, anti-personnel mines, chemical weapons and open skies).

W24: Certain rectangular problems of European Integration - Vols. I and II February 1997 - EN (Summary in all other languages)

Deals with the hierarchy of standards, related powers, the decision-making process (including comitology) and subsidiarity.

W25: The European Parliament and the Mercosur February 1997- EN/ES/PT

Examines the various activities developed by the EP in its relations with Mercosur in institutional and political terms. This document is completed by a bibliography and annexes including the basic treaty and the institutional structure of Mercosur.

W25A: The European Parliament and the Mercosur March 1997 - (Summary in all languages)

W26: The Division of the Competences in the European Union March 1997 - EN

This study seeks to identify the policy and legal instruments enabling better transparency, democracy and division of powers to be achieved within the EU. After analysing the current relations between the Member States and the EU it proposes alternative solutions in particular on the balance of powers.

W27: The distribution of powers between the executive and legislative bodies in the 15 Member States of the EU with regard to economic and monetary policy April 1997 - DE/EN/EL /ES/FR/IT

With a view to the establishment of the European Central Bank, this study, which comprises five tables and two annexes, examines the articles in the constitutions of the 15 Member States which relate to the institutional characteristics of the central banks, their relations with the political authorities, the division of powers with regard to budgetary policy and financial programming.

W28: The European Union's External Relations positions adopted by the European Council from 1991-1995 and the European Parliament Resolutions June 1996

Comparison of the positions adopted by the European Council and the EP with regard to the EU's external relations (bilateral and multilateral), security policy and arms control, prevention and solving of conflicts and future enlargements. There is thus an attempt to identify convergence and differences of approach between the analyses.

W29: The European Parliament and the Process of Integration in Central America April 1997

The study seeks to identify the general common security interests at regional and sectoral level (territorial integrity, arms proliferation, migration, terrorism, etc.). The aim is to reach conclusions to enable a better definition of these interests and objectives. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W32: The European Parliament and the Andean Community November 1997 - EN/ES (Summary in all languages)

This study describes the economic situation of the countries which make up the Andean community and outlines the integration process in which the countries of this area are involved. Lastly, it compares this community with the European Union and analyses the action taken by the European Parliament.

W33: La protection des droits des citoyens de l'Union européenne en cas de poursuites judiciaires dans les pays tiers September 1997 - FR

The study sets out a list of the formal, European and international bases guaranteeing the fundamental rights of the citizens of the Union and also the various protection mechanisms available to European citizens, whether or not through the courts.

W34: The new Codecision procedure and the Treaty of Amsterdam November 1997 - EN/ES

Analysis of the simplification of the codecision procedure by the Treaty of Amsterdam and the enlargement of its scope (24 new cases and 16 cases to which different procedures apply). This document clearly shows the increased importance which the European Parliament will have in the Community system through Article 251 of the new Treaty.

E1:* The Powers of the European Parliament in the European Union December 1993 - All languages

Comprehensive description of the legislative, budgetary and monitoring powers of the EP. Its relations with the other institutions are also analysed. In the final part there is an assessment of the democratic deficit to be made good and bibliographical references.

E2:* Accession Negotiations with Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden July 1994 - DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

This study outlines the difficult accession negotiations with these four countries, the efforts made by the governments of the applicant countries to obtain the best possible results in the 29 chapters of negotiations and the reservations of a large number of MEPs before assent was given to their accession.

E3: The peace process in the Middle East and the European Union November 1996- ES

Sets out the historic events which led to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, an essential approach for an understanding of the current situation, before explaining chronologically and in detail the stages which led to the current negotiations, including the proposals and actions of the European institutions since the Madrid Conference. The annexes contain some ten official documents.

POLI 101 The funding of Political Parties in the Member States of the European Union February 1998 - All languages

This document sets out the laws governing in the 15 Member States of the Union the granting of funds to political parties for their own maintenance and their electoral campaigns.

POLI 102 White Paper on the employment of the European Union (2 vols.) February 1998 - EN/ES/FR/IT (The other languages available soon)

A collection of all the most important official documents of the European Institutions on enlargement. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

POLI 103 Die Mittelmeerpolitik im Anschluß an die Konferenz von Barcelona

Survey of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership after the Barcelona Conference of 1995.

SPECIAL EDITION

The European Parliament and Human Rights Special Edition 1994 - All languages

Publication drawn up at the request of the European Parliament's Bureau which sets out Parliament's activities on respect for human rights in the world and in the Union. It is supplemented by statistical data and by the main Community texts in this field.

"Task Force" Enlargement Briefings LANGUAGE

1. Cyprus and membership of the EU EN/FR 2. Hungary and the enlargement of the EU EN/FR 3. Romania and its accession to the EU EN/FR 4. The Czech Republic and the enlargement of the EU ALL 5. Malta and the relations with the EU ALL 6. Bulgaria and the enlargement of the EU ALL 7. Turkey and relations with the EU ALL 8. Estonia and the enlargement of the EU ALL 9. Slovenia and accession to the EU ALL 10. Latvia and enlargement of the EU ALL 11. Lithuania and enlargement of the EU ALL 12. Poland and accession to the EU ALL 13. Slovakia and accession to the EU ALL 15. The institutional aspects of enlargement of the EU EN/FR 16. Controlling and protecting EU finances with a view to enlargement EN/FR 17. Environmental policy and enlargement DE/EN/ES/FR 18. The European Conference and the enlargment of the EU DE/EN/ES/FR 19. Budgetary aspects of enlargement DE/EN/ES/FR 20. Democracy and respect for human rights in the enlargement process of the EU DE/EN/ES/FR 21. Enlargement and economic and social cohesion DE/EN/ES/FR 22. Statistical annex on enlargement EN 23. Legal questions of enlargement DE/EN/ES/FR 24. Pre-accession strategy for enlargement of the EU DE/EN/ES/FR

EXTERNAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS SERIES

W1:* Structural Adjustment in the ACP States and European Community Intervention January 1992 - EN/FR/DE/ES

The paper describes the structural adjustment efforts undertaken in ACP countries, the ambiguous results of these efforts and their possible causes. It proposes various forms of Community action taking into account the social and regional dimension of structural adjustment. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W2:* Trade of the New German Länder with the former COMECON countries - Development, Problems, Prospects March 1992 - DE/EN/FR

The study aims to provide an analysis of trading by the new German Länder, following German unification, with the former COMECON countries in Europe. It aims to portray the key problems and discuss the consequences thereof, in particular any impact of the Community's commercial policy and corresponding effect of investment from other EC countries on that trade.

W3: Stimulating Economic Growth - the Recovery Programmes in the EC, Japan and USA July 1993 - EN

Awareness of the structural character of the recession urged the major economies to draw up plans to reverse the situation. This study provides a concise overview of the policy thinking and the recovery programmes in the three main trading blocs as of August 1993.

W4: Agreement on the European Economic Area - Background and Contents October 1993 - EN

The EEA Treaty is the most comprehensive and far reaching agreement concluded by the EC with a group of third countries. The Treaty itself is not an easy source of information of EC-EFTA cooperation. This study presents the treaty in concise and accessible form with an overview of the historical background and the negotiations.

W5: International Transfers of Dual-Use Technologies - COCOM and the European Community October 1993 - EN/FR

This study is intended as a contribution to the debate on various aspects relating to COCOM, particularly the question of whether, in its present form, the organisation is capable of adjusting to a world in which East-West relations are no longer the main concern.

W6: The European Community and the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) December 1993 - EN

This working document aims to present a concise overview of EC-ASEAN relations and progress made so far, focusing mainly on their economic aspects.

W7: Economic Interdependence - New Policy Challenges Proceedings of the Public Hearing held by the Committee on External Economic Relations. January 1994 - EN

Proceedings of the Public Hearing held on 28 September 1993 by the EP Committee on External Economic Relations on economic interdependence in the world and its consequences for the EU's trade and economic policies.

W8: Demography and Development June 1994 - EN/FR

Public Hearing held by the Committee on Development and Cooperation, Brussels 25 Nov. 1993.

W9: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and its relations with the European Union December 1995 - EN

Overview of economic data and developments in the Member States, as well as the state of play of EU relations with the organisation. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W10: APEC: The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum July 1995 - EN/NL

A background briefing on APEC and its economic significance for the EU.

W11: The Fourth Lomé Convention December 1995- DE/EN/FR

Overview of the fourth Lomé Convention with the amendments following from the mid-term review.

W12: The Dynamics of Economic Change in Asia March 1996 - EN (Summary - all languages)

This study reviews the main economic parameters defining Asian economic success in 10 high-growth economies, scans their economic implications for trade and market penetration and highlights policy goals for the EU.

W13: Regional economic cooperation and integration in Africa June 1996 - DE/EN/FR

A survey of the most important regional organisations in Africa, their objectives, structure and activities.

W14: Proposal for a directive on cocoa and chocolate products - consequences for importing and exporting countries January 1997- EN/FR

The paper describes the possible effects of a modification of the existing directive on the economy of the cocoa exporting countries, on the industry in the importing countries as well as the consumers.

W15: Public Hearing on Climate Change and Small Island States February 1997- EN

Public Hearing held by the ACP-EU Joint Assembly, Luxembourg, 25 September 1996.

W17: Hearing on WTO and Developing Countries October 1997 - EN/FR

Public Hearing held by the Committee on Development and Coopration, Brussels, 21 May 1997.

W18: The management framework of EU Delegations Development Work in ACP countries - Case Study: Zimbabwe November 1997 - EN

The paper describes the Delegations' role as an intermediary between the host country and the Commission headquarters and the conditions under which this role is carried out.

REXT 100 The ASEM after Bangkok - Perspectives and Priorities April 1998 - EN/FR

The paper describes the background and objectives of the Asia-Europe dialogue which started at the Bangkok Conference in 1996. A second ASEM summit was held in London this year. The conclusions of this last meeting are outlined. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

E1: The World Trade Organisation and the European Community August 1995 - DE/EN/FR/NL

Introduction to the basic features of the WTO and the operation of the EC in this organisation.

E2: The Dynamics of Economic Change in Asia June 1996 - EN

This study reviews the main economic parameters defining Asian economic success in 10 high-growth economies, analyses their economic implications for trade and market penetration and highlights policy goals for the EU.

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE SERIES

W1: Relations between the European Parliament and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe October 1996 - EN

The purpose of the paper is to chart the work of the Parliament's committees and delegations in connection with Central and Eastern Europe, and the contours of the relationship which has been established with the states of these region. Analysis is concentrated at the level of general policy initiatives, rather than looking in detail at the Parliament's responses to specific events (such as the war in former Yugoslavia).

W2: The role of Parliaments in the integration and enlargement of the European Union March 1992 - DE/EN/FR

This working document contains the texts of reports and resolutions on the integration and enlargement of the EU, adopted in 1996, and the main conclusions of the conference organized by the EP and the Austrian Nationalrat in Vienna in March 1996 on the same subject.

E1:* Electional Systems: Central and Eastern Europe November 1994 - EN/FR

Through the contribution of the Interparliamentary Union this study provides information on the right to vote and stand for election, constituencies, the electoral system (proportional or majority) and replacements in the case of vacant seats in 14 countries of central and eastern Europe, a certain number of which are candidates for accession to the EU.

LEGAL AFFAIRS SERIES

W1: Legal aspects of cross-border cooperation between public educational or research establishments February 1992 - FR/DE/EN/ES/IT

The study analyses certain instruments available under Community law, in particular the European economic interest grouping, and refers to possible solutions in the framework of national laws and non- Community international law. A separate chapter deals with regional cross-border cooperation.

W2: Copyright in the European Community - Inventory and Prospects January 1992 - DE/EN/FR PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

Inventory of the copyright situation in the Member States of the Community and national regulations. There is also an analysis of the aims and programmes of work relating to European law with a view to harmonization of this law.

W3: Europeanisation of the Insurance Industry in the Internal Market After 1992 February 1992 - DE/EN/FR

The establishment of an integrated European market in the insurance sector implies the elimination of disparities between the judicial systems and the regulatory measures in the various Member States. A bibliography completes this brochure.

W5: Die Unionsbürgerschaft - La Citoyenneté de l'Union June 1995 - DE/FR

Possibilities, recommendations and suggestions for protecting and extending citizenship of the Union with a view to the Intergovernmental Conference to review the Maastricht Treaty.

W6: Relationship between international public law, Community law and the constitutional law of the Member States December 1995 - All languages

Analysis and evaluation of a symposium carried out by the Robert Schuman Centre- European University Institute, Florence.

W7: Constitutional Courts in the Member States of the European Union March 1995 - EN

Comparative description of the different systems used throughout the Member States to guarantee the constitutionality of legislation.

W8: Parliamentary Immunity in the Member States of the European Union and the European Parliament February 1996 - DE/EN/FR

The first part contains detailed information on the parliamentary immunity systems in force in the three new Member States. The second part of the study deals with the other Member States of the Union and the European Parliament and contains the main legislative texts currently in office and in particular the relevant extracts from the constitutional texts and the rules of procedure of the parliamentary assemblies.

W9: A Unified and Simplified Model of the European Communities Treaties and the Treaty on European Union in Just One Treaty October 1996 - EN

Study carried out by an international team of scientists coordinated by the Robert Schuman Centre - European University Institute, Florence.

W10: Evolution of the Jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice with regard to the preservation of the powers and the strengthening of the role of the European Parliament June 1997 - DE/EL/ES/DA/IT

JURI 101 Measures to prevent corruption in EU Member States Available shortly in EN/FR/DE/IT

This comparative study examines legislative and other measures to combat corruption and looks closely at corruption in the area of public procurement. Prepared with the help of ECPRD correspondents. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

53 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

PEOPLE'S EUROPE SERIES

E1: Citizens' Europe: Action taken by European Parliament to Create a European Community to serve its Citizens April 1992 - All languages

This paper analyses in-depth the various actions taken by the EC institutions to establish a Citizens' Europe. In addition, it assesses the progress achieved and the numerous initiatives undertaken to place the Community at the service of its citizens.

W2:* Changes made by theTreaty on Political Union with regard to Education, Professional Training and Culture April 1992 - DA/DE/EL/EN/ES/FR/IT/NL/PT

The Maastricht Treaty contains three different articles on education, vocational training and culture. Articles 126 and 127 for the first two aspects are included in Title VIII, Article 128 forms Title X (Culture). With these articles the Union gives itself certain powers to achieve specific tasks while providing a framework and very precise implementation provisions.

W3: Immigration Policy and the Right of Asylum in the Member States of the EC July 1992 - All languages

This study, which is divided into two parts, is the result of a meeting of members of the EP, and the parliaments of nine Member States. It contains a brief description of the situation on the rights of asylum in the then 12 Member States of the EC (legal basis, access to the territory, request for asylum, appeal).

W4: Cooperation among Member States in the Fields of Justice and Home Affairs: the "Third Pillar" of the Treaty on European Union April 1993 - All languages

On the basis of a 14 question questionnaire a meeting was held, described by this document, between the national and European parliaments on judicial and police cooperation.

W5: Respect for human rights in the European Community November 1994 - DA/DE/EL/EN/ES/FR/IT/NL/PT

Since 1993 the EP has adopted a resolution each year on respect for fundamental rights. In addition to a foreword by the rapporteur this document contains the first of these resolutions which was adopted, the full report and the opinion of the Committee on Culture.

W6: European Ombudsman/National Ombudsmen or similar Organs - Comparative Tables January 1995 - EN/FR

This brochure uses comparative and diagrammatic tables to present an overview of all the main institutional and functional characteristics of national ombudsmen (or similar bodies, such as the regional ombudsmen or parliamentary committees on petitions) in the Member States and in Norway - and the European Ombudsman.

W7: Asylum in the European Union: The Safe country of origin principle February 1997 - All languages

Analysis of the policies of the Member States of the Union with regard to the application of the principle of safe countries; which operational tools are used and which practices? What are the views of the NGOs such as Amnesty International or ECRE? What is the view of the UNHCR? What is the position of the European institutions in the light of this new concept? PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W8: The third pillar of the Treaty on European Union December 1996 - All languages

Designed as a manual on the third pillar, this working document brings together the texts adopted by the European institutions in the framework of Title VI of the Treaty. With a view to a European Information Area there is a need to define a legal framework which will make it possible to control the development of new electronic services and in particular to ensure the reliability of these services. With regard to computer-based crime, special legislation has been adopted by several Member States which the Union must ensure is harmonized. These measures should have intra-community but also global scope (Council of Europe, OECD).

W9: Migration and Asylum in Central and Eastern Europe February 1997 - All languages

Following the fall of the Berlin Wall and the upheavals in the countries of central and eastern Europe, data on population movements have changed completely. What does this new situation look like? How did these movements occur? What problems are being faced in these ten associated countries of the Union?

W10: Sects in Europe March 1997- All languages

Report of a meeting held jointly by the Committee on Civil Liberties and Internal Affairs of the European Parliament and the equivalent committees in the parliaments of the Member States on the situation with regard to sects in each of the countries of the Union.

W11: Temporary protection - the case of formerYugoslavia April 1997 - EN

The conflict in the former Yugoslavia, which has produced over 2 million refugees and displaced persons, brought specific practices in the field of protection of refugees within the Member States. Description of the various situations and standards of protection.

W12: Comparative Study of the right of petition in the Member States of the European Union February 1997- DE/EN/FR

CIVIL LIBERTIES SERIES

LIBE 101 Towards a European Judicial Area October 1997 - EN/FR

Report of a public hearing held by the European Parliament's Committees on Budgetary Control and Civil Liberties and Internal Affairs with the magistrates who are signatories of the Geneva Appeal.

What difficulties are encountered on a day-to-day basis by the magistrates of European countries in their fight against corruption and major international financial crime? What responses are made by the EU? What are the experts' views? PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

LIBE 102 EU Anti-discrimination policy: From equal opportunities between women and men to combating racism December 1997 - EN (Summary all languages)

The EU is playing an increasing role in the fight against racism. The Treaty of Amsterdam will open the way to real legislation on action against discrimination - what effect will this have? What can be learned from the policies operated by the Member States on racism or the measures taken by the Union in relation to equal opportunities for men and women?

WOMEN'S RIGHTS SERIES

W1/rev.3: The Bodies responsible for Promoting Equal Opportunities between Men and Women in the Member States and the Institutions of the EC October 1995 - DA/DE/EL/EN/ES/FI/FR/IT/NL/PT/SV

This guide gives an overview of the bodies responsible for promoting equal opportunties between men and women in the fifteen Member States of the European Union, in the European institutions (Parliament and Commission), in the Council of Europe and the United Nations Organization, in certain applicant states (Cyprus and Malta) and other countries (Switzerland, Norway).

W2: Measures to combat Sexual Harassment at the Workplace. Action taken in the Member States of the EC February 1994 - EN/FR

A recommendation on the protection of the dignity of women and men at work and a code of practice seeking to combat sexual harassment were introduced at Community level in 1991. What do they contain? What is the situation in the Member States? Main conclusions from such a comparison within the European Union.

W5: Women's Rights and the Maastricht Treaty on European Union October 1994 - All languages

This working document seeks to analyze the consequences of the Treaty on European Union for women's rights. It gives a brief survey of Community legislation on equal treatment of men and women and sums up the main directives adopted in this field.

W6: Women in Islam March 1996 - DE/EN/ES/FR/NL

Five part study which deals with the situation and role of women in the Maghreb, near and Middle East. The study takes into account political, religious, cultural, economic, social and humanitarian factors and also considers the masculine perception of women in these societies.

W7: Human Rights = Women's Rights (Summary of the Public Hearing organised by the Committee on Women's Rights, 26-27 June 1995) June 1996 - DE/EN/ES/FR/NL

Summary of the public hearing organised by the Committee on Women's Rights, 26-27 June 1995 on violations of human rights inflicted on women because of their sex. Describes the violence against women in daily life in order to rouse the consciences of our societies and to find the tools and strategies to enable these revolting practices to be stopped. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W8: Central and East European Women - A Portrait March 1996 - DE/EN/FR

Deals with the participation of women in the labour market, in the political institutions and the support infrastructures, both legal and social. Analysis of the situation of women during the 40 years of the Communist regime, allowing a better understanding of the impact of transition.

W9: Single Parent Families in the Member States of the EU March 1996 - FR

This study which deals with 10% of families with children in the European Union includes statstical information, a descriptive note for each country, a list of the actions taken by the European Union and a comparison of the social security systems in the Member States.

W10: Differential impact of the electoral systems on the Female Political Representation August 1997- DE/EN/ES/FR/SV

The study analyses the different electoral systems, the role of political parties in female political representation and measures favouring their representation (quotas and positive action).

FEMM Situation de la femme en Hongrie, Pologne et République Tcheque 102 December 1997 - ES/FR (EN and DE will follow)

This study traces the progress made, de facto and de jure, by women in the three Central European countries (Hungary, Poland and Czech Republic) in view of their accession to the European Union.

FEMM Droits de la femme et le Traité d'Amsterdam sur l'Union européenne 104 May 1998 - DE/EN/ES/FR/IT

This study has two aims. Firstly, it gives an overview of the primary legislation, the Community legislation in force, the various action programmes in operation and the case law of the Court of Justice in existence before the signature of the Treaty of Amsterdam. Secondly, the document describes the new rights under the Treaty of Amsterdam. It also includes as an annex all the Community legislation in force up to now, Declaration No 28 annexed to the Treaty of Amsterdam on Article 119(4) (future Article 141) and the list of judgments. Lastly it includes a summary and comparative table of the rights contained in the treaties and a bibliography.

E1* Programme for the Promotion of Women's Interests - European Union Structural Funds and Community Initiatives 1994-1999 - Vademecum September 1994 - DA/DE/EL/EN/ES/FR/IT/NL/PT

What actions are undertaken using Community funds? How do you find your way around the various Commuity initiatives? What conditions must be met by the applicants? The aim of this vademecum is to answer these questions. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

SOCIAL SERIES

W4: Work of the Committee on Social Affairs, Employment and the Working Environment 1989-1994 December 1994 - All languages

The Committee's work is divided into six chapters: employment/labour market/social dimension; structural policies; living and working conditions; social security, safety and health at work: and vocational training. Each chapter follows the same matrix, including document number, rapporteur, title of enactment, after which short summaries of the document's first and/or second readings are given. The report ends with a table of all documents referred to in the thematic chapters.

W5: The Impact of the European Parliament on the Community's Social Legislation, July 1989 - July 1989 - July 1994 September 1994 - EN (Summary in all languages except FI and SV)

Thirty three pieces of legislation (directives, regulations and decisions) and four recommendations in the field of social policy for which the Committee on Social Affairs and Employment was responible were issued by the Council over the period under examination. Each piece of legislation is evaluated separately, by analysing the Cornmission's and the Council's reaction to Parliament's amendments.

W6: Social policy in Austria November 1994 - DE (Summary in all languages except FI and SV)

The report describes the following areas: labour law, labour market policy, including the system of industrial relations, social security and the effects of EU membership

W7: Labour Market Flexibility - with specific reference to Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom February 1996 - EN (Summary in all languages except FI and SV)

The study examines the ability of employers to adjust the workforce in accordance with labour market conditions and fluctuations in the workload. The study focuses on developments in labour law since 1980 and examines external flexibility (employment protection), internal numerical flexibility (organisation of working time) and wage flexibility. Details of statistical data are provided in the annex.

W8: Strikes and secondary industrial actions in the Member States of the European Union May 1996 - all languages except FI and SV

The report analyses the attitudes of employers and trade unionists to the national laws and practices discussed here, the extent to which those may be influenced by the European works council directive and the pending draft directive on posted workers, and the desirability or otherwise of some European-level regulation industrial action.

W9: Social Policy in Finland February 1997 - all languages

The system of industrial relations and the role of the social partners are presented in outline. Labour legislation, education and vocational training are described. Social security schemes and the effects of Finland's EU membership are discussed. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W10: Relocation within the European Union November 1996 - EN (Summary in all languages)

The study looks into recent relocation of industrial activities within the European Union itself and refers what it views as a relocation escalation to two factors: Globalisation and the EU's Single Market programme. The volume and direction of flows between EU Member States are stated. The European auto industry, the social and labour market effects of relocation are described and the policy implications of relocation are discussed.

W11: Relocation outside the European Union November 1996 - EN (Summary in all languages)

Analysis of the relationship between the increase of relocation outside the EU and the increase in unemployrnent within the EU. It is distinguished between short and long term-developments. Relocations are not considered a separate issue but analysed in the context of existing trends in the national and international economy.

W12: Trade Union Rights in the EU Member States December 1997 - EN/FR (Summary in all languages)

The study is divided into two parts. Part I outlines the law on trade union rights in the Member States, indicates common ground among them and identifies deficiences on the part of individual Member States. Part II explains who Member State laws on trade union rights are affected by EC law harmonisation and the European social dialogue.

W13: Social and Labour Market Policy in Sweden July 1997 - EN (Summary in all languages)

The study provides background information on Sweden's social history and political system. It contains information on the labour market structure and current employment problems. Labour legislation, education and vocational training are described. Social Security schemes and the effects of Sweden's EU membership are discussed.

W14: Housing Policy in the EU Member States March 1997- EN (Summary in all languages)

The study gives an overview of the current housing policy in 12 of the EU Member States and addresses the following three questions: 1. How do housing policies contribute to the well-being of poorer Europeans? 2. Are new innovations improving policy and practice? 3. What has been the EU's influence on the housing situation?

W15: Assessment of the EU's Structural Expenditure - Social Policy Expenditure March 1997-All languages

The study examines the methods used in the Commission and in the EU Member States on how the different European Social Fund programmes are monitored and evaluated. It also discusses the possibilities of improving the current systems.

W16: Frontier Workers in the European Union March 1997 - FR (Summary in all languages)

The study provides a systematic analysis of the practical and legislative obstacles which frontier workers in Western Europe are confronted with, specifically as regards taxation and social security. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

SOCI 100 The Social Dimension of Enlargement: Social Law and Policy in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia Aprtil 1998 - EN (Summary in all languages)

The report provides detailed background information on the five countries' social policy and practice before and after the economic transition. It evaluates the main problems for accession to the European Union and discusses the possible solutions to these problems.

E1:* The Social Consequences of Economic and Monetary Union October 1994 - EN (Summary in all languages)

The report scrutinises a variety of social effects the EMU can be expected to entail and links these to the social policy debate as expressed e.g. in the Social Protocol and the White Paper. The authors have undertaken individual research in the following Member States: Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, including literature searches, simulation models and interviews with national experts and decision makers.

E2:* The employment effects of the Maastricht fiscal criteria 1995 - EN (Summary in all languages)

This study examines individual Member States' likely success in meeting the EMU fiscal criteria (deficit, debt and inflation) as laid down in the Maastricht Treaty. Forecasts are calculated using the global econometric model NiGEM. The authors make predictions on growth rates, unemployment and social policy implications under various scenarios.

E3:* Measures for unemployed young people in the European Union 1995 - DE (Summary in all languages)

The authors review the quantitative dimensions of youth unemployment in the EU and describe and compare national and EU policies for vocational training and the labour market. For all topics, they distinguish between active policies (intervention) and passive policies (e.g. social benefits, training, etc.). The report ends with a 34 pages synopsis showing all Member States' vocational training systems, aspects of their labour market policies and relevant EU programmes.

EDUCATION SERIES (Since 1996 merged into "Education and Culture Series)

W1: Étude socio - statistique sur les anciens élèves des écoles européennes May 1994 - FR

This study anwers the following questions: have the former pupils of the European schools made the same professional progress as other groups of the same age? What statstical description can be given for their academic career? The rate of success of these former pupils is assessed on a comparative basis.

W2:* L'enseignement des sciences économiques, sociales et politiques dans les universités en Europe May 1994 - FR

Analysis seeking to contribute to the debate on the multi-dimensional Europe where teaching, research and teaching methods must respond to the challenges of European reality. This debate forms part of the discussion on the provisions of Articles 126 and 127 of the Treaty on European Union. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

CULTURE SERIES (Since 1996 merged into "Education and Culture Series)

W1: The Situation of Writers in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe June 1994 - EN/FR

Two part analysis. The first deals with the legal, fiscal and social status of authors in 12 of these countries; the second part sets out the points in common and the differences with regard to the status granted by each of these countries to the writer.

W2: The Situation of Writers in Austria, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands November 1995- EN/FR

Examination of the legal, fiscal and social aspects of the writer's situation in these countries. It also highlights the common conceptions and divergences from this status, together with recommendations for improvements where necessary.

E1: The Situation of Writers in the countries of Western Europe February 1995 - EN/FR

The main conclusion of this study is that it is necessary to encourage the drawing up of a European charter recognizing the profession of writer. This charter should include, among the fundamental principles of the profession, the need for effective protection of authors' rights. A statute for writers is also desirable.

EDUCATION AND CULTURE SERIES (Since 1996)

W3: La coopération entre l'Union Européenne et les pays tiers dans les domains de l'éducation, la formation et la culture April 1966- FR

Study dealing with the methods for implementing this cooperation. To simplify the analysis the third countries are grouped by geographical area; the accent is placed on cooperation with future members of the EU.

W4: Study on literary works in the public domain - copyright and related rights May 1996- EN/FR

The study analyses whether it is possible in theory to guarantee a certain level of income to authors living in the EU by means of introducing the concept of the 'paying public domain'. In other words, it analyses the relevance and acceptability of the legal theory concerning the granting of financial support to living authors when the funds are derived from literary works which have come into the public domain.

W5: Lesser used languages in Austria, Finland and Sweden EN/FR

This study is an update of the study included in the report of the Committee on Culture, Youth, Education and the Media on linguistic and cultural minorities in the European Community; rapporteur: Mr Mark Killilea (A3-43/92 of 28.1.1994 - PE 201.963), on the lesser used languages in Austria, Finland and Sweden. This study is the result of research which, together with a questionnaire, was conducted with the assistance of the European office for lesser used languages on the basis of the definition of a lesser used language provided by the Council of Europe (European Charter of regional or minority languages - Strasbourg, 5 November 1992) PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

62 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

W6: European voluntary service for young people October 1997 - EN/FR/IT

This study seeks to describe the implementation, aims and operation of the EVS programme and also outlines the obstacles encountered during implementation, in particular the lack of legal status for volunteers and organisation at Community level in this field. This document also contains proposals and measures seeking to overcome these obstacles. Part of the study deals with voluntary service in general, in order to present an overall view of the voluntary sector at Community level. The second part of the document deals with relations between the EVS programme and the compulsory national service applicable in some Member States.

EDUC 100 The teaching of immigrants in the European Union January 1998 - EN/FR

The study falls within a multicultural framework of EU education policies and hopes to contribute to the thinking on the education of the children of EU migrants in the specific cases of kindergarten, primary and secondary education. Such a study relates to the dual concerns of a subsequent process of European integration and respect for cultural diversity in the application of European policies. The aim of the study is to provide a reflection based on qualitative and quantitative data of measures taken by the EU and the Member States in the teaching of immigrants in the EU and is also an attempt to identify the problems, gaps and future possibilities for the teaching of immigrants in the EU.

EDUC 101 Study on cultural projects eligible for assistance from the European Union - Structural Funds January 1998 - EN/FR

The aim of this study is to give an overview and assessment of the cultural potential of Community programmes and actions which can provide financing for cultural projects in the European Union. The first part gives a brief summary and a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the programmes and structural funds. In the second part, which looks to the future, there is an attempt to put forward a manual with practical indications of possible sources of funding for different types of cultural projects, using the various EU cultural funds or programmes.

EDUC 102 The free movement of cultural goods in the European Union - New issues in Community law February 1998 - EN/FR/IT

The text analyses the Community provisions and problems in terms of Spanish law on the protection of the cultural and historical heritage following the creation of the single market.

STATISTICS SERIES

W1: Trade relations between the European Union and Latin America Rev. 2 October 1996- EN

Trade relations between the EU and Latin America are analysed statistically as well as the external debt situation of the individual Latin American countries. Basic statistical data is shown and compared with the EU and USA.

W2: The New Arrivals: Socio-Economic Indicators of the new Member States November 1994 - EN PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

DOCUMENTARY DATA BASES AND INDEXES OF DEBATES SERIES

W2: Survey of Data Bases February 1993 - EN

The Directorate General for Research has contracts with more than 20 database hosts providing access to well over 1000 databases. The present survey provides a selection of +/- 330 of these, including internal databases, chosen for their relevance to the EP Member's activities and interests.

W4: Computerised monitoring of the Legislative Process at the European Parliament September 1994 - EN

Revised version of the contribution of the EP to the Conference "Information Technology in Parliaments" organised by the Polish Senate in June 1994

W5: An Indexing Guide for EPOQUE November 1995- EN/FR

The aim of this guide is to set out the rules for the use of the Eurovoc multilingual thesaurus in the framework of a specific documentary system - EPOQUE - and thus to set the indexing policy for documents on this data base.

W6: Vue synoptique d'une année de débats parlementaires: l'année 1996 May 1996- FR

This working document comprises seven headings: main topics of the part-sessions, annual debates, resolutions on external relations, EP relations with the other institutions, budgetary procedures, internal rules of procedure, formal sittings.

W7: Un semestre de session parlementaire - Janvier 1997 - Juin 1997 Novembre 1997 - FR

The aim of this publication is to provide researchers with a complementary approach to the documentation available on the European Parliament, namely an overview of the main debates and texts adopted.

E1: Accessing European Parliament's Documentation January 1996 - All languages

The purpose of this publication is to assist those interested in particular in Community matters to find the EP documents they need and gain access to them. This guide covers the complete range of EP documents in electronic form and also on paper or micro-fiche.

E2: Listes des Rapports de la 3ème legislature (1989-1994) January 1995- FR

References to all the documents produced by the European Parliament are found in EPOQUE. For those who cannot consult this database daily and to facilitate research this publication, published on the basis of the database, gives a list of all the reports produced by the EP during the third legislative term (from July 1989 to May 1994) PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

E3: Index of Debates Second legislative Term (Volumes 1 and 2) April 1996- EN/FR

This index was drawn up on the basis of EPOQUE. It is published in two volumes: the first comprises a list of the texts adopted by the EP and the second an analytical index and an index of names (period covered - March 1985 to May 1989)

E4: Quick Reference Guide EPOQUE June 1996- EN/FR

This quick refererence guide is intended for anyone wishing to search EPOQUE using the command language. It accompanies the training and user manual called 'Epoque command language user guide and tutorial' and offers brief information to experienced users of this type of documentary search.

E5: EPOQUE Command Language User Guide and Tutorial November 1996- EN

This manual has been written to assist users who wish to search the database using the expert retrieval language.

E6: Practical Guide to the Workings of the European Parliament and EPOQUE November 1996- EN

For the workings of the EP, there are a number of well-established and preordained courses of action along which each piece of legislation and ancillary must travel. It is to make clear the twin complex processes of govemement and parliamentary documentation that this Practical Guide has been written.

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS OF THE DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR RESEARCH

1. Fact sheets on the European Parliament and the activities of the European Union (N.B. Up to date version available on-line on the EPOQUE database) September 1997- All languages

Published for the first time for the European elections in 1979, the fact sheets have now reached their eighth edition, which comprises 142 sections. The texts are written in a very condensed form with the aim of giving the reader initial enformation on the whole of the question in which he is interested. The fact sheets provide an outline of everything which the European Community has done and the role of the European Parliament in this development.

2. 40th anniversary of the European Parliament - the Community seen through the history of its Parliament (1952-1992). Proceedings of the colloquy September 1992 - All languages

On the 40th anniversary of the ECSC the EP held a colloquy on the European Community through the history of its Parliament. This brochure groups the contributions of the various participants including Mr Pierre Pflimlin, Emile Noël and Albert Coppé.

3. From the ECSC to the European Union 1952-1992 All languages

This brochure outlines the development of the European Parliament throughout its 40 years of existence. All the key stages in its history are covered , with chapters on how it operates, its role in the institutional system and the main lines of work. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

ORDER FORM

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PART B

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS ASSESSMENT (STOA) RESEARCH PAPERS

Updated as of September 1998

1. AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ...... 57 2. AGRICULTURE...... 59 3. BIOTECHNOLOGY ...... 61 4. ENERGY...... 62 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION ...... 70 6. FISHERIES ...... 79 7. INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES/MATERIALS ...... 81 8. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES ...... 82 9. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ...... 88 10. MEDICINE AND HEALTH ...... 89 11. REGIONAL POLICY, RURAL AND URBAN PLANNING ...... 97 12. RESEARCH POLICY, INNOVATION AND EVALUATION ...... 99 13. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF TECHNOLOGY ...... 104 14. TRANSPORT ...... 107 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

1. AERONAUTICS AND SPACE

1994

< SHIP TRAFFIC MONITORING AND OIL SPILL DETECTION BY REMOTE SENSING Nicole DEWHURST, STOA Scholar PE 166.950 EN - February 1994 After a general overview of what remote sensing may achieve and what the main elements and problems concerning SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data are, the study presents several kinds of systems and evaluates them with respect to oil pollution monitoring. It then focuses on the problems within the Baltic Sea and gives a brief presentation of current relevant legislation. Concrete research examples from the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, the Commission and universities are shown. The study ends with an outlook on future oil pollution monitoring.

< REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE SERVICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: ABILITIES AND COST STUDIES Nicole DEWHURST, STOA Scholar PE 179.996 EN - 37p. - April 1994 After some introductory explanations about what remote sensing is, what it composes and which types of observation satellites exist, the study presents various possibilities of usage of remote sensing. Fields of research are, e.g. climate, oceans, desertification and pollution.The study deals with the critical question of cost effectiveness of remote sensing as well. It ends with descriptions of concrete cases of application in the field of protection of the environment.

1993

< AERONAUTICAL INDUSTRY

C The technological importance of industry: R&D and technological spin-offs CESPI PE 175.449 FR - June 1993 A short analysis is made of the reduction in R&D for technology used by the civil aviation industry. The economic importance of this industry is evaluated and the role of technology and R&D in this field is assessed. Links between the aviation industry and other industrial sectors whereby knowledge is transferred are described. There are case studies of technical innovations which have been developed by the military-financed aerospace industry, but had as a key factor in their realisation the support of the aviation industry. These include materials composed of reinforced fibres and computer aided industrial design and manufacturing techniques. A bibliography of recent studies and documents is included and the annexes provide relevant data.

C Problems and options for actions Jaume VALLS PASOLA, STOA Scholar PE 175.450 FR - June 1993 The principal problems of maintaining competivity in the aviation industry are addressed, taking into account the lack of market stability, the surplus of airports, flight companies and traffic, the role of governments and the constraints on international commerce. The position of competitors in the USA, Japan, and the former USSR is assessed, and the state of the aviation industry in Europe is evaluated. Focus is put on the scenario of increased cooperation within Europe, the relationship between aviation and the II and III Framework Programmes, and the future for support of aviation R&D in Europe. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

1990

< SATELLITE REMOTE-SENSING IN SUPPORT OF EC POLICIES General Technology Systems Ltd, Brunel science Park, Uxbridge EN - May 1990 This paper documents the STOA technical workshop on this topic held in Strasbourg, 23-24 November, 1989. The introduction describes the general scope of earth observation by satellite. The interests of the various Parliamentary committees in remote sensing by satellite are set out, with examples of the potential contribution this technology can make. Evidence and views relating to the interests of the committees given at the workshop are summarised, and a number of alternative options for action are given for each of the committees concerned. The appendices contain the briefing notes and programme for the workshop. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

2. AGRICULTURE

1993

< POSSIBILITIES FOR AN ENVIRONMENTALLY-SOUND RESTRUCTURING OF AGRICULTURE IN THE NEW BUNDESLÄNDER LUFA Thüringen, Jena PE 164.711 - EN, DE - 108p. - August 1993 It describes the status of east German agriculture under the GDR regime and as of 1992, when this study was carried out. The options for the future development are demonstrated with the help of 12 reference farms (five legal forms, six land use systems and eight types of land). For these farms, alternative scenarios for 1995 are developed. The prospects for microeconomic and ecological success are discussed, as are the social implications for the workforce in the agricultural sector.

LUFA Thüringen, Jena PE 164.712 - EN, DE - 30p. - August 1993 It briefly characterises the initial situation regarding east German agriculture as well as the goal of the study and the approach adopted. The microeconomic assessments are dealt with in more detail, followed by a short account of the agro-social and ecological assessments. Secondly, the conception of Efficient and Environmentally Compatible Land Use (EULANU) is presented.

Stadt Land GmbH PE 164.713 - EN, DE - 85p.- August 1993 This study presents the following long-term prospects for the future agricultural development in east Germany: a world-market high-tech agriculture, diversification of agriculture, modern extensification and traditional farming using appropriate technology. The visions part presents the arguments in favour of each strategy. The path descriptions outline the policy measures and instruments necessary to implement the different strategies. In the critical path analysis the strengths and weaknesses of the individual prospects are investigated by applying a number of functional and social criteria . The final asssessment as to which option is best is left to the reader.

Christian AHL, STOA Scholar PE 164.715 - EN - 45p This paper contains the proceedings of the project defence meeting held at Genshagen in June 1993, i.e. the workshop discussions and some longer statements and speeches. Additionally, it includes two critical reviews concerning the LUFA study as well as the written response by the LUFA-authors to one of these critiques.

1992

< RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF HEAD OF ANIMALS PER HECTARE AND THE IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Hartwig DRECHSLER and Frank EULENSTEIN, University of Göttingen, Faculty of Agriculture - Institute of Soil Science, Germany PE 158.000 - EN - June 1992 Nutrient surpluses from agriculture are much higher where there are animal livestock due to increased imports of nutrients from fodder. This paper aims to establish a permissible stock density per unit of area, in conjunction with the use of mineral fertilisers. Firstly, an assessment and control are made of the use of agricultural land by means of nutrient accounting. Factors such as nitrates carried into the ground water as a result of excessive nitrogen input in agricultural production processes, or ammonia emissions from livestock are taken into account. Consideration is taken of differences in climate, soil and farming practices within individual regions and an examination is made of reducing nutrient surpluses in agriculture production. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

1991

< BEES AND THE POLLINATION OF CROPS AND WILD FLOWERS: CHANGES IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Dr. Sarah CORBET, Ingrid WILLIAMS and Juliet OSBORN, Dept. of Zoology, University of Cambridge

EN - February 1991 Insect pollination in Europe is crucial because it underpins the agricultural and apicultural industries. This is particularly the case for bees, given that they are the most important insect pollinators This study reviews the relationship between bees and the climate, and bees and flowers. The impact of land use on bees habitats is assessed, followed by a description of beekeeping activities in Europe. Overall changes in bees and pollination are documented and analysed, with the expected consequences for agriculture and ecology accordingly deduced. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

3. BIOTECHNOLOGY

1997

< REVISION OF DIRECTIVE 90/220/EEC ON THE DELIBERATE RELEASE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS René von Schomberg PE 166.953 - EN - October 1997 This study is in three parts. The first contains general information concerning the nature of Directive 90/220. The second describes the positions of the Member States regarding market applications covered by Part C of the Directive. The third discusses the political options for attaining consensus among the Member States.

1996

< SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INTO LIVING MATERIALS: THE IMPACT OF LEGAL, FINANCIAL AND OTHER CONSTRAINTS Prof. Gerald DWORKIN, King's College, London PE 165.702 EN - January 1996 After discussing the benefits claimed for biotechnology, the report deals with the general factors affecting biotechnological research, namely financing, co-operation between academic researchers and industry, regulations, acquisition and use of living material as well as intellectual property rights. A comparison of US and EU practice on the field of patenting is presented and special requirements for respective European rules are worked out. The entanglement of ethical questions in the field of biotechnology are discussed, too. Finally, the necessity of clear and worldwide regulations is stated. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

4. ENERGY

1998

< ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES FOR USE WITH DISTRIBUTED STOCHASTIC ENERGY SOURCES Dr Murray Cameron, WIP, Munich PE 167.059 EN - January 1998 This study may be regarded as a summary of the results achieved in this field, particularly the current state of the art, the present and future technological interface with regard to it in developing countries and the potential implications for the energy market. The study also contains recommendations on approaches which may be opted for in order to ensure technological and market impact in the sectors concerned.

< THE OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF A COMMERCIAL FUSION REACTOR ECOTEC Research and Consulting Ltd, Birmingham, UK PE 166.793 EN - January 1998 The purpose of this study is to make it possible to consult some of the leading experts in the sector in order to establish the technical, economic and environmental criteria for a commercially viable fusion reactor. This includes such aspects as size, cost, availability and reliability, the costs of dealing with the radioactive waste, the options for doing so and the operational characteristics.

< PROSPECTS FOR THE APPLICATION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN THE STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICITY Prof. Richard Artley and Dr Trevor Clifton, Scientific Generics Ltd, Cambridge, UK PE 167.153 EN - March 1998 This study considers the prospects for the application of superconductivity with special reference to the storage of electricity. Research efforts, industrial operations and the scope for EU action are analysed, particularly in the context of future RTD demonstration measures.

< SURVEY AND EVALUATION OF BASIC SAFETY STANDARDS FOR THE PROTECTION OF WORKERS AND THE PUBLIC AGAINST IONIZING RADIATION P.A. Assimakopoulos, K.G. Ioannides and A.M. Assimakopoulos, Greece PE 167.161 EN - February 1998 This is the background paper written in preparation of a workshop was to analyse and assess the recent debate concerning basic conditions for protecting workers and the public against ionizing radiation in order to assist the European Parliament's Committee on Research, Technological Development and Energy in its deliberations on the subject. The workshop will result in a study, to be published in due course.

< BASIC CONCEPTS IN IONIZING RADIATION Bettina Smykatz-Kloss PE 167.161 EN - February 1998 This study contains basic ideas which are of use in understanding ionizing radiation. It considers radiation sources, interactions between radiation and matter, and the environmental behaviour of radionuclides.

1996

< NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS AND NUCLEAR SAFETY IN THE EAST Mycle SCHNEIDER, Mathieu PAVAGEAU, Bernard LAPONCHE and PERLINE, of WISE, Paris PE 166.083 / fin. EN - November 1996 This study describes the present situation in the former Eastern bloc countries regarding the stocks of nuclear materials, the facilities containing them, the demand and supply of energy, particularly of nuclear power. It focuses on support programmes in both areas of nuclear safety and nuclear safeguards, i.e. the rules for accountancy and control of nuclear materials set up to avoid these materials being diverted from their intended use. It gives a critical appraisal of scope and results of more than five years of Western assistance and formulates respective recommendations, namely that all programmes should be subject to full independent evaluation. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

< TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR

I - TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS: RENEWABLE ENERGY AND THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR ANETEC, Brussels, and AESA, Barcelona PE 165.666 A EN - March 1996 After an introduction to renewable energy (RE), this study reviews the developments of energy policy in the EU from 1974 up to the present day. It assesses economic, financial and other measures, at both EU and national level, aiming at the stimulation of industrial development in renewable energy technologies (RETs). Moreover, the environmental, economic and cultural implications of RETs are discussed and the effect of further market penetration of RETs on employment is assessed. Finally, respective policy options are presented including financial and legal incentives, organisation reforms, promotional activities and, above all, political committment.

II - COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT ON RENEWABLE AND CONVENTIONAL ENERGIES IN 1995 AESA, Barcelona PE 165.666 B EN - March 1996 This study describes and evaluates the current state and the potential of renewable energies (RE’s) in the EU. It also mentions the proposed objectives for 2010 regarding energy demand and production as well as the contribution of RE’s to energy production. The technological and economic characteristics of each of the following renewable resources are outlined: small hydro-power, wind, photovoltaic solar energy, biomass and municipal solid waste. Finally, the study deals with the view taken by the major electric companies on RE’s. The first annex contains technical and financial details, the following provide other supplementary material for the study.

< FEASIBILITY OF RAPID EVALUATION OF THE SPIN-OFFS FROM NUCLEAR FUSION RESEARCH Dr J.P. HUSSON & Dr Ph. de MONTGOLFIER, Paris, France, 1996 PE 166.093 EN - June 1996 This study deals with the question as to whether a rapid assessment of the economic spin-offs of the EU’s Fusion programme is feasible and worthwhile doing. After a short introduction to the history, present status and organisation of fusion research in Europe, the study looks at previous evaluations of the Fusion programme and other Research and Technological Development (R&D) programmes. Three possible methods for the evaluation of spin-offs from fusion research are suggested (i.e. a qualitative, semi-quantitative or quantitative one), which were tested in 20 European enterprises. Finally, an estimate of the economic spin-offs is made.

1995

< PHOTOVOLTAICS AND CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION: A CASE STUDY IN EUROPEAN ENERGY RESEARCH Dr. Emanuele NEGRO PE 166.094 EN - May 1995 This document notes that global energy consumption will increase by 50% by the year 2010. The environmental burden and fossil fuel depletion makes it imperative that there are other benign and more abundant energy sources. Two alternative methods for electricity generation are nuclear fusion and photovoltaic conversion; the research status of these being considered here. An analysis is made of the expected impact of new energy sources and substitution of fossil fuels. The profitability of both technologies is assessed, with a recommendation that the photovoltaic option is the most suitable to follow.

< CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY USE Status and Options for European Policy PE 165.092 Volume I - EN - March 1995 After presenting a scientific primer on climate change and focusing on EU emissions in a global perspective, the

present study analyses EU CO2 emissions with respect to their levels, intensities and the sectors of origin. Special attention is paid to the fact of competing energy policy goals (e.g. market liberalisation, supply security). The EU climate change commitments and strategies are dealt with (fiscal and non fiscal measures or monitoring PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

mechanisms). Emissions inventories and projections are assessed. Furthermore, the study provides an overview of member state national programmes. It ends with the assessment of future perspectives.

PE 165.092 Volume II - EN - March 1995

Part A of the present study deals with the problem of CO2 limitation in the EU. It focuses on current emission levels, intensities and sources. Moreover, it deals with respective targets and policy measures. It ends with future perspectives. Part B concentrates on the assessment of uncertainties in the climate change debate. After reviewing respective commitments in EU policy and particularly in the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), emission inventory is dealt with (IPCC/OECD Studying Framework, CORINAIR methodology, FCCC commitments, etc.). The study also presents an overview of 16 national programmes as well as four case studies of projections and removals.

< FIRST INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIP MEETING ON CO-OPERATION BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE CIS AND BALTIC STATES IN THE FIELD OF NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS, St.-Petersburg, 10-11 April 1995 Dick HOLDSWORTH and Oxana SELSKA

PE 165.262 \ final EN - May 1995 After the Executive Summary (part I) and the minutes of the Meeting (part II), part III of this study presents the full texts of most of the conference contributions. The contributions made by the representatives of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries provide an overview of the countries’ current status in the field of nuclear accountancy and control, their achievements and future needs. Those made by western European participants deal with EU nuclear policy and non-proliferation safeguards as well as with respective co-operation possibilities between the EU and the FSU countries.

1994

< THE IMPACT OF LARGE SCALE R&D INVESTMENT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ECOTEC Birmingham/Brussels PE 182.315 EN - 65p. - April 1994 The study considers “renewables”, i.e. it defines them and presents their benefits and role in policy as well as the achievements and future tasks in this field. Various barriers to the take-up of renewable energy technologies, namely technical, economic, environmental or policy barriers, are explained. However, it also points out possiblities to overcome these barriers, e.g. with the help of research and development (R&D). It focuses on the contribution of R&D so far, names successes as well as failures and presents various options for improving the situation.

< EU ENERGY POLICY

ÖKO-Institut e.V. Darmstadt/Berlin/Freiburg PE 182.318 - EN - 69p. - May 1994 After an introduction about sustainable development the study focuses on the Maastricht Treaty (Cohesion and Structural Fund). It summarizes elements and strategies concerning the Internal Energy Market and reviews the EU

climate strategy (e.g. CO2 taxes; ALTENER and SAVE). Furthermore, EU’s research and technological development (RTD) policy in the energy sector is summed up (e.g. JOULE, THERMIE). Also financing is dealt with. Finally, the study presents the EU policy towards central and Eastern Europe as well as a global perspective. Each topic is critically reviewed and recommendations for the furture are given.

Environmental Resources Management (ERM) Energy London PE 182.317 - EN - 62p. - May 1994 After a general introduction the present study examines three main EU energy policy issues. The first, competitiveness, comprises the structure of energy utilities and networks, theoretical conditions for competitve energy markets and the questions of harmonisation of standards and transparency of prices. The second, security of supply, focuses on cooperation as well as on the fields nuclear energy, research, technological development and dissemination. The third, environmental protection, covers topics such as pollutant emissions, energy conservation PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

and efficiency as well as renewable energy technologies. The study ends with an outlook on the future energy policy in the EU.

< SPENT NUCLEAR FUELS: STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANAGEMENT AND STORAGE Dr Dmitri TSOURIKOV, STOA Scholar

"LONG-TERM OPTIONS FOR NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT" EN - 136p. - June 1994 The study is the result of a workshop held in Brussels in February 1994. It contains studies as well as numerous tables, illustrations and surveys. After presenting EC activities in the respective field, a comparative analysis of strategies and technologies for the management of radioactive waste is given, separately focusing on short-lived and long-lived radioactive waste. Storage, disposal and recycling are dealt with for the former group, direct disposal, reprocessing, partitioning and transmutation for the latter group. The study intensively examines options for long- term waste management. It ends with three case studies from Belgium, France and Germany.

< NUCLEAR REACTOR SAFETY IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION Dr. Dmitri TSOURIKOV, STOA Scholar Proceedings of the First International Partnership Meeting on Nuclear Safety in the former Soviet Union held in Moscow on 31 January-1 February, 1994

C Volume I - Summary EN This study provides a synopsis of the presentations and discussion at the above-mentioned meeting. The foreword highlights the importance of cooperation between the EU and countries of the former Soviet Union, whilst the speech of introduction puts stress on the status of nuclear power as an international problem. In addition, the programme of the meeting and the list of participants are also given.

C Volume II - Texts of Presentations EN This sets out the speeches made at the workshop in full.

C Volume III - Annex-Additional Papers EN Additional papers of interest are contained in this document.

< NUCLEAR WARHEADS: CONVERSION OF NUCLEAR WARHEADS AS A CASE STUDY IN THE ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL RISKS Dr. Dmitri TSOURIKOV, STOA Scholar EN

C Conversion from Military to Civil Uses in the Nuclear Field EN - February 1994 An outline is given of the nuclear industry and nuclear R&D centres in Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union. Conversion programmes of the Ministry of Atomic Energy in Russia are described, with special focus on conversion related problems of large military oriented nuclear centres. The possibility that these huge complexes convert to civil uses by working on the improvement of nuclear safety levels is examined. Other potential conversion projects considered include the use of nuclear explosive technologies, weapon-grade nuclear material disposal and the development of the Arctic shelf gas-oil deposits on the basis of upgrading nuclear power facilities.

C Problems Relating to the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons after Disintegration of the former USSR EN- February 1994 This paper is based on the presentations at the seminar "Scientists for Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation" held by the Nuclear society international (Moscow) on 24-27 June 1993 (Moscow - Nizhni Novgorod). Emphasis is put on the "threshold" countries, ie those outwith the scope of the non-proliferation Treaty, but which are de facto nuclear PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

weapon states. The necessity of strengthening the non-proliferation regime and IAEA safeguards is assessed and the consequences for this pact caused by the disintegration of the former USSR are examined. An analysis is made of the nuclear weapons reduction treaties and the problems of non-proliferation and control.

C Assessment of the Technological Risk Associated with the Dismantling of Nuclear Warheads EN - February 1994 The main features of nuclear warhead conversion are outlined, followed by a description of how weapon-grade nuclear materials can be peacefully utilised. Limitations on conversion are considered, in order that a justifiable estimate can be given on the scale of the problem of destroying excess stock of weapon-grade materials, possessed by the US and successors of the former USSR. A risk evaluation of nuclear warhead conversion is made, taking into account prevention of rapid military reuse, prevention of environmental damage from plutonium contamination and prevention of diversion by terrorist groups or proliferation to non-nuclear weapon states.

C Main Problems of the Nuclear Armament Reduction EN - June 1993 Nuclear weapon inventories are given for the four countries of the ex-USSR which have strategic nuclear warheads on their territories: Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus. The political and institutional aspects involved in reduction initiatives are described. Issues of control and jurisdiction over weapons and fissile materials extracted during the dismantling of nuclear warheads are examined, and strategies for the use of military-grade uranium and plutonium are reviewed. The annexes contain details of the nuclear forces of nuclear weapon states and selected documents relating to the Commonwealth of Independent States.

C Some Aspects of the United States Policy on Dismantling Nuclear Warheads and Managing Nuclear Materials Extracted During Dismantlement EN - October 1993 This paper details the procedures to be used by the US in dismantling nuclear weapons, including the administrative procedures for management and control, issues of transportation, facilities for dismantling, the dismantling process itself and environmental, health and safety issues. The question of how to deal with nuclear materials extracted from dismantled weapons is then addressed. Possibilities such as storage and processing are also discussed.

< USE OF NUCLEAR REACTORS FOR ISOTOPIC CONVERSION Dr. Dmitri TSOURIKOV, STOA Scholar

C Use of Nuclear Reactors for Isotopic Conversion EN - April 1994 The introduction briefly describes the background to the problem of radioactive waste. High level waste, the most radiotoxic, can be converted by transmutation to short lived or stable radioactive species by means of nuclear processes. The use of fission reactors is seen to have the greatest potential in this context. The basic concept of actinide partitioning (actinides being the main potential hazards in high level wastes) which must take place before transmutation can occur, is described, in addition to the subsequent transmutation process. National programmes on partitioning and transmutation are outlined, particularly those in Japan, Russia, the US and the EU. Finally, the present status of partitioning and transmutation processes is examined.

C The Main Features of the Partitioning-Transmutation Process EN - July 1993 Long-lived actinides probably constitute the main radiological health hazard in nuclear waste. Some of this radioactivity can be destroyed by the nuclear process of transmutation in fission reactors, once the actinides have been partitioned, ie, separated from other wastes. The basic concept of actinide partitioning and transmutation is explained, followed by a description of the process itself. An outline of the history of research on this topic is given. Annexes contain a study on the transmutation of long-lived nuclear waste and a statement by the NEA Radioactive Waste Management Committee on the partitioning and transmutation of actinides.

1993

< NUCLEAR POWER IN THE EX-USSR: STATUS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS Dr. Dmitri TSOURIKOV, STOA Scholar PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

EN - April 1993 This paper provides a brief outline of the status of nuclear power in the former USSR. The principal problems of nuclear power in these states are addressed and the main features of the Russian Atomic Power Programme are highlighted.

< ENERGY FROM BIOMASS Christian AHL, STOA Scholar

C Potential for Cultivation and Prospects for Utilization from the European Community's Perspective

EN - April 1993 The background to "energy from biomass" in the EC is given, followed by an outline of the EC's energy requirements and the estimated potential for biomass energy. The relevant provisions of CAP are examined, followed by a review of the potential of biomass production in terms of local characteristics and crop rotation. Commission R&D activities concerning the use of agriculture and residues for energy purposes are described, particularly ECLAIR, ALTENER, JOULE, THERMIE and AIR. Finally, future developments and the influence of tax measures are assessed.

C Country Profiles: Agriculture and Forestry Biomass Production - Operations Achieved PE 164.221 EN - August 1993 The four existing conversion methods for generating electricity from agricultural and forestry products and their production residues are described. The extent of biomass utilization and the various technologies employed are outlined for each European member State and other European countries. Questions such as economics, cultural and traditional habits, energy pricing policy, support schemes and the Commission's R&D activities are taken into account. An assessment of future developments is made, with the development of fossil fuel pricing, biomass pricing and the comparison of fuel prices considered. Possible implications for the GATT are reviewed and options for policy makers to increase energy production from biomass sources are recommended.

C Liquid Biofuels EN - August 1993 Suitable raw materials are described, followed by an outline of the necessary pretreatment steps and conversion methods. An overview of different energy-balances is given, with a credit system for by-products being used. Ecological impacts are considered, particularly effects on CO2 reduction and possible changes in land use systems. The potential for the economic and market development of biofuels is assessed, with reference to fossil fuels. The lack of independent studies in this field due to the influence of lobbyists is noted.

< ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CO2 EMISSIONS: THE IMPACT OF IMPROVED ENERGY EFFICIENCY ON CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS Michael LANDWEHR, STOA Scholar EN - December 1993 The first part of this paper clarifies terms such as energy efficiency and illustrates how efficiency improvements can be attributed to CO2 emission quantities. Macroeconomic data on energy supply and use and CO2 emissions are briefly surveyed. Next, the question of how much CO2 emissions have been saved in the past due to changes in energy efficiency and other influences is addressed. However, in this context it is noted that there is a lack of comprehensive data and evaluation which cannot be compensated in this study.

1992

< THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY Steve IMRIE, STOA Scholar PE 162.111 EN - September 1992 An overview of the many different types of renewable technologies is presented along with an indication of their current utilisation. A short description of the potential contribution of these technologies to energy supply in the European Community is given, followed by an outline of the potential impacts of such technologies that are deemed to represent a disbenefit to the environment. The costs of impacts on the environment, ie the so-called external costs, PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

are also assessed in financial terms. In contrast, the positive impacts that renewable energy can have on the environment are indicated, these primarily being in the form of reduced chemical pollution. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

< ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FISCAL EXPERIMENTS IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY Steve IMRIE, STOA Scholar

C A Technical Assessment of the Proposed EC Carbon/Energy Tax EN - October 1992 Fiscal measures, such as a carbon/energy tax, aim to provide the players in the energy market, suppliers and users, with price-based indicators to change. The paper lists precedents from within the Member States for the current proposal of a carbon/energy at a Community level, and then examines the actual proposal itself (COM(92) 226 final, 30/6/1992). An analysis is made of the economic impact and effects on competitiveness in the EC by such a tax, followed by a technical assessment and critique of the proposed measure.

1991

< EC POLICY ON ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

C EC Policy on Energy and the Environment Gotelind ALBER, Uwe FRITSCHE, ÖKO-Institut, Freiburg/Darmstadt EN - August 1991 An analysis and evaluation are made of the relevant studies in this field. Scenarios proposed by DG XVII in "Energy for a New Century" are examined, in addition to an assessment of the DG XII CO2 study which explores options to reduce CO2 emissions. Energy policy trends in Eastern Europe, EFTA and throughout the world are described, and the legal basis of the EC energy policy is addressed. Status and problems of the single market in energy are identified, and an overview is given of EC funding policy in the energy sector. Finally, energy policy objectives fulfilling the environmental goal of sustainable development are recommended, with instruments and measures indicated so that this can be achieved.

C EC Policy on Energy and the Environment Environmental Resources Ltd, London EN - July 1991 This study is divided into three parts. Part A contains a review of past EC policy for energy and the environment and defines the objectives for policy making. The second part evaluates the scenarios in "Energy for a New Century" proposed by DG XVII of the Commission, and compares them to alternative approaches. Lastly, Part C identifies six main areas for energy and environmental objectives and proposes twenty-two suggested areas for policy action. These recommendations focus particularly on the CO2 problem in the power generation sector and in transport.

< EUROPEAN RESEARCH INTO CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION Dr. Ute BLOHM HIEBER, STOA and Prof J. RÄDER, the NET team, Max Plank-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching PE 153.635 Volume 1: EN - July 1991 This study is based on a series of papers by different authors, covering various aspects and problems of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Each scientist worked on separate themes from their own viewpoint in order to promote discussion. These authors then presented and defended their views at a Workshop held in Garching on 11-13 November 1990. The first volume gives an introduction to the topic of nuclear fusion, followed by a summary of the study itself and the workshop discussion. The Annexes contain a bibliography of evaluations on thermonuclear fusion, a list of fusion laboratories in Europe and a breakdown of fusion expenditure in Europe and world-wide.

PE 153.635 Volume 2: EN - July 1991 The contributions of experts which formed the basis of the STOA Workshop held in Garching on 11-13 November 1990 are set out in full in this set. Each paper reflects the views of the individual author.

Dr. Ute BLOHM HIEBER, STOA Scholar PE 153.635 Volume 3: EN - July 1991 This volume contains the highlights of the discussion at the above-mentioned workshop. The proceedings are split up according to the different topics considered: technical feasibility, safety and environment, economics of fusion, alternative technologies, general aspects of energy policy and the Sweet draft paper. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

C "A Critique of the Evaluation of the European Fusion Programme" Colin SWEET, Tim JACKSON, Jim SWEET PE 153.635 Volume 4: Annex 1 - EN - July 1991 This paper contains additional material that was not exposed to contradictory discussion. Accordingly, Volume 3 only contains points relating to the Sweet draft which were available at that time. An additional paper by Dr. Jackson on "Environmentally Acceptable, Steady-state, Electrical Power Production from Controlled Nuclear Fusion: Is it Feasible?" is also included.

C "A Note on the Cultural Theory Approach to Technology Assessment" Michael THOMPSON PE 153.635 Volume 5: Annex 2 - EN - July 1991 This contribution is an after-workshop impression from the point of view of cultural theory. At its basis is an assertion that these experts failed to justify their commitment to the fusion option, despite their being a valid argument for its continued existence.

1988

< CRITERIA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EUROPEAN FUSION RESEARCH EN - May 1988 The first volume contains the study by Colin Sweet (et al) (Centre for Energy Studies, Southbank Polytechnic, London), which evaluates the European Thermonuclear Programme. Volume Two contains the European Parliament's Resolution of 10 March 1988 on the 1987-91 fusion research programme and the study for the Committee on Energy, Research and Technology by Alman Metten MEP, on which the resolution was based. A revised version of the Background Briefing then follows. This was first compiled in March 1988, circulated to Members of the European Parliament at the time of the Metten Study and includes additional material arising mainly from the Workshop proceedings and studies requested by, or submitted to the STOA Project. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION

1998

< EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL COAST GUARD Graham Clark PE 167.162 EN - February 1998 This document puts forwards ideas about the approach to the problem of cooperation protect the coastal environment. It includes, inter alia, the papers read by external specialists and the debates held during the workshop.

< PESTICIDES Nicolas Cottis PE 167.326 EN - March 1998 This note gives an overview of the impact of pesticide use both in farming and elsewhere. It considers the measures taken by the European Union and Member States to reduce pollution associated with their use. Special attention is devoted to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, particularly those introduced in Sweden.

1997

< DAMAGE TO MONUMENTS BY POLLUTION

Assessment of remedial and preventive measures relating to the damage caused to European monuments by pollution Prof. Dr. C. SAIZ JIMENEZ et al., Sevilla, Spain PE 166.657 / Final Part A: EN - May 1997 This document presents six case studies of urban monuments in Spain, Belgium, England, France and Italy damaged by air pollution. Each case study consists of the following parts: short historic overview (putting special emphasis on the stones used for building), environmental parameters, survey and recording of damages, description of the different causes and contribution of specific pollutants to decay. Finally, the study proposes measures to combat damage to documents, namely new air quality standards and measures to reduce emissions by cars and other motor vehicles.

Technical Annexes Laura Romero VAQUERO, STOA Scholar PE 166.657 / Final Part B: EN - May 1997 Annex I describes both extrinsic and intrinsic factors acting as decay agents and outlines the deterioration mechanisms leading to damage to monuments. Annex II presents the overall concept of the European Community’s Fourth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (RTD, 1994-1998). Moreover, it gives an overview of the EC’s research activities since 1986 concerning the protection and conservation of the European cultural heritage.

< TECHNOLOGICAL FEASIBILITY OF THE TRANS-EUROPEAN HYDROLOGICAL NETWORKS ANETEC, Bruxelles PE 166.679/Final EN - May 1997 The study gives a short introduction of the hydrological situation in Europe and compares the water capacity as well as the water consumption in the different EU member states. It focuses on the Mediterranean zone, where the water resources are subject to both annual and seasonal variations leading to temporary water scarcity. The study gives two examples of inter-regional water-transfer systems currently in operation in Southern France and California. Moreover, it describes the project of a planned French-Spanish co-operation to tackle water scarcity in Catalonia. The study ends with preliminary conclusions emphasising the necessity and feasibility of trans-European hydro- networks. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

< REDUCING EMISSIONS BY CARS AND OTHER MOTOR VEHICLES Dr Dimitris PAPAIOANNOU, Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) Ltd., Athens PE 166.746 EN - June 1997 The present study deals with emissions by motor vehicles, their composition and their effects on human health and environment. It presents the respective EU and selected national legislation strategies and technological approaches. The study examines different aspects of the problem such as vehicles types, engine sizes, fuel qualities, traffic regulations / spatial planning, fiscal measures, inspection / maintenance as well as energy efficiency. Special attention is paid to the EU Commission’s Auto-Oil Programme.

< CAR EMISSIONS Didier Ferlin PE 166.399 EN - July 1997 This study exhaustively reviews the various pollutants emitted by vehicles and their various impacts both on the environment and on human health. It devotes special attention to the problem of acidification, on account of the growing concern about it.

1996

< COSTING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE: A critical survey of current theory and practice and recommendations for policy implementations Alan HOLLAND, Martin O'CONNOR and John O'NEILL, Centre d'Economie et d'Ethique pour l'Environnement et le Développement (C3ED), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Paris, France, and Department of Philosophy, Centre for the Study of Environmental Change, Lancaster University, UK PE 165.946/2 EN - May 1996 Part I summarizes the background to current interest in costing environmental damage, taking into consideration monetary, ethical and scientific aspects. Part II covers the full range of methods for costing environmental damage. It examines the monetary valuation for optimal use, the multiple criteria decision support and environmental valuations as well as deliberative procedures and institutions. Part III deals with European initiatives and institutions and their role and influence in the relevant EU environmental policy. The study ends with conclusions and recommendations.

< ENVIRONMENTAL COSTING & TAXATION: The Cost-effectiveness of instruments in the EU for environmental protection ECOTEC, Birmingham PE 165.947 EN - March 1996 The study examines regulatory instruments -either based on environmental or technological standards- as well as economic instruments (taxes/charges, tradeable permits’ systems, deposit refund systems) as a means of environmental policy. It points out their pros and cons in theory as well as in practice. Furthermore, it analyses the cost effectiveness of EU funded programmes (Structural and Cohesion Fund, European Investment Bank), including case studies concerning pesticides, herbicides and chlorine derivatives. It ends with practical suggestions for an improved EU environmental policy.

< EFFECTIVENESS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION BASED ON LIMIT LEVELS Dimitris PAPAIOANNOU, Dr Maria CAPARIS, IEM, Athens, Greece PE 166.047 EN - May 1996 The paper deals with the main EU environmental legislation with regard to limit levels. It describes the condition of, and the trends in, the environmental situation in Europe. It also gives an evaluation of the associations between legislation and environment. It seperately focuses on the fields air, water, wastes, chemicals / dangerous substances and noise.

< SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION: THE CHALLENGES AND THE POLICY INSTRUMENTS Prof. Juan MASARNAU BRASO, Universitat Politécnica Catalunya, Spain PE 166.368 / fin. EN - November 1996 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

The present study is a summary and analysis of five other detailed papers, which on the one hand deal with the state of the Mediterranean environment and the effects human activities have on it. On the other hand they present the economic situation and development as well as legislative and financial instruments and their assessement. The present final document integrates the findings of the single contributions to provide possible stategies for sustainable development in the Mediterranean region. It integrates environmental aspects as well as economic aspects such as growth, technology or employment.

Human activities and their effects on the Mediterranean environment Integrated Environmental Management (IEM), Greece, and Giorgos KALLIS, STOA Scholar PE 165.658 Volume 1A: EN - February 1996 This study examines the fields industry, energy, transport, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, tourism and domestic activities in the Mediterranean region. Each field is presented separately, focusing on the history of development of the activity, its economic and social importance as well as its impacts on the environment and future trends. Each chapter ends with a part examining sustainable development of the respective activity.

State of the environment in the Mediterranean region Integrated Environmental Management (IEM), Greece, and Giorgos KALLIS, STOA Scholar PE 165.659 Volume 1B: EN - February 1996 The present study examines the state of the environment in the Mediterranean region, focusing on the bodies air, inland waters, sea, soil, forests, ecology, countryside and historical sites.Each body is analysed by working out its natural characteristics in the Mediterranean region, the sources of its deterioration and its present state. At the end of each chapter possible responses to these findings and problems are given.

Assessment of the EU policy instruments for environmental protection in the Mediterranean region ADAGE Environment, France PE 165.660 Volume 2: EN - February 1996 After an introduction into the EU’s Mediterranean policy and its environmental aspects, relevant actions of the EU in the fields of policy, legislation / implementation, financial support, etc. are dealt with. The study also gives short monographs on the legislation of the Mediterranean member states. Finally, international efforts to protect the Mediterranean are presented, e.g. the Mediterranean Action Plan, MEDO (Mediterranean Environment and Development Observatory) and METAP (Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Programme).

Analysis of the economic situation of EU-Mediterranean countries Paula JUARISTI, Spain PE 165.661 Volume 3: EN - February 1996 This study gives a description of the economic situation of the Mediterranean countries Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and France. It provides various tables and graphs to display economic data concerning i.e. the shares of different branches in the countries, infrastructure, consumption, employment as well as economic trends. The data refer not only to the basic economic aggregates but to regions as well.

Assessment of EU policy instruments for development in the EU-Mediterranean region Department of Economics, University of Oviedo, Spain PE 165.662 Volume 4: EN - February 1996 The present study works out recommendations for strengthening the competitiveness and industrial development of the EU Mediterranean Objective 1 and 2 regions. It describes and evaluates the impact of especially the Community Structural Funds (regional policy) and the Community régime on state aids (competition policy) on the economic development and the competition of the respective regions. The socio-economic situation of these regions is described by means of 10 selected prototype regions.

1995

< CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH Kathrin JAKI, STOA Scholar PE 165.653 EN - 22 December 1995 After an introductory look at sustainable growth in the course of history and on how to define clean technologies, part I of this study gives an overview over some important new environmental technologies in the sectors PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

automobile, chemical and pharmaceutical and leather tanning industry, packaging, pulp and paper production and textile industry. Part II is mainly a result of a questionnaire sent to 364 European universities and research institutes to list the most recent relevant research activities. Part II ends with a review of the relevance of Commission programmes for clean technology research.

< TAXATION ON ENERGY AND RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT OF CO2 TAXES IN THE MEMBER STATES OF THE EU ECOTEC Research & Consulting Limited, Birmingham/Brussels PE 165.330 EN - May 1995 The document focuses on the energy demand and supply in the EU member countries -distinguishing between the

different forms of energy- and on the CO2 emissions as well. It compares the national strategies of levying relevant taxes or taking other adequate measures as a means of energy policy. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the countries’ energy targets. The annex presents various datatables to compare the energy situation and the energy policy in the different member countries in detail.

< BIODIVERSITY IN EUROPE

Biodiversity in Europe Prof. Alastair FITTER, University of York, UK PE 165.270 / rev. EN - September 1995 As a consequence of signing the Convention on Biological Diversity at the Earth Summit in 1992, the EU and its member states are obliged to develop an integrated biodiversity plan. To assist this process, three studies were carried out on various aspects of nature conservation in Europe (see annexes 1,2,3). After an introductory chapter, this document summarises these three studies and presents the respective Policy Options in full length. Finally some overall conclusions are drawn and several options for actions of the EP are suggested.

The Distribution of European Species Richness Prof. Alastair FITTER, University of York, UK PE 165.270 / rev. / Ann.1 EN - September 1995 Firstly, this study examines the spatial patterns of biodiversity in Europe giving special attention to the different distribution patterns of terrestrial fauna and flora on the one hand (highest diversity in the Mediterranean countries) and freshwater fauna on the other (highest diversity in north-central Europe). Secondly, the declining trends in species richness and the main reasons for this development are outlined. Thirdly, potential remedial actions on a local, national and trans-national scale are discussed.

An Evaluation of European Union Programmes Supporting Biodiversity for the Period 1984-1993 Ecosystems Ltd., Belgium PE 165.270 / rev. / Ann.2 EN - September 1995 This study reviews the so-called ‘primary’ biodiversity financial instruments of the EU, i.e. those instruments established to fund conservation actions in the first place (ACE, ACNAT, LIFE-Nature). The study analyses how these means have evolved, how they have been administered, what problems there have been in implementation and what lessons have been learned for the future. Moreover, it looks at other funding possibilties for nature conservation in the EU budget that could be used to support the member states in meeting their obligations to implement the Habitats Directive, namely construction of the NATURA 2000 Network.

The Impact of the European Union Structural Funds on the Environment Naturália, assoc., Portugal PE 165.270 / rev. / Ann.3 EN - September 1995 This study examines the often adverse relationship between the EU regional development policy, as promoted by the Structural Funds, and the EU Environment Policy. Furthermore, the 1988 and 1993 reforms of the Structural Funds and the implications of these alterations for the environment are described. Possible approaches towards a more integrated communitary policy are suggested, thereby making special reference to proposals presented by the NGO’s and the EP.

< EU WATER QUALITY POLICY George KALLIS, STOA Scholar PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

PE 165.512 EN - September 1995 The study deals with the meaning of water resources for mankind and nature as well as with the impact human activities have on water resources. It examines EU waters (ground water, fresh surface and coastal sea waters) with respect to their quality and quantity. Futhermore, it lists important relevant EU directives and focuses on the effects of EU water legislation and problems in connection with its implementation. Several current proposals for directives and action plans are presented and discussed in detail. Finally, the study gives an overview of water research.

< SIBERIAN FORESTS AND TIMBER TRADE Giovanni ROMOLI , STOA Scholar PE 165.276 EN - October 1995 This study underlines the fact that due to a lack of information it is impossible to give a precise picture of the present situation as well as the past and future trends concerning the Siberian forests and the extent to which these forests are threatened. The study covers the following points: amount and characteristics of the forest resources, present harvesting levels, impact of the logging operations on the environment, areas being deforested and foreign companies involved, range of problems of forest resources, and present action of the EU and of international bodies.

< INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN DANGEROUS CHEMICALS Environmentally sound management of dangerous chemicals + Trade in dangerous chemicals EurEco Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies, Luxembourg PE 165.266 EN - June 1995 The first main part of this document gives a survey of the relevant law and policy both on the international and the EU level. It covers the fields risk assessment, classification and labelling, trade in chemicals as well as risk reduction and adds statements made by key actors concerning these issues. Finally, options for action are presented. The second part of the document concentrates on trade in dangerous chemicals. It gives background information, examines the export notification scheme and the PIC (prior informed consent) procedure and evaluates responsibilities of industry as well as capacity building in developing countries.

< OZONE DEPLETION PE 165.190 EN - March 1995 This study presents recent scientific results concerning trends, causes and models of ozone depletion as well as the effects of aircraft. Tropospheric ozone and UV increases are dealt with, too. The study focuses on the effects on human health and nature as well as on the consequences for air quality, climate and the lower stratosphere. Finally, it points out the present results of the efforts to halt ozone depletion and the policy issues to be considered with respect to ozone depletion.

1994

< ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE PHARE PROGRAMME George CHABRZYK, STOA Scholar PE 164.519 EN - June 1993 In evaluating the ecological impact of the PHARE programme (Poland, Hungary, Aid for the Reconstruction of the Economy) in the 11 Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs), the study not only looks at the environmental impact of PHARE, but also other sectors which can be deemed to have environmental effects. These are notably agriculture, energy, transport and industry, although it was found to be extremely difficult to obtain details about projects in these fields. An outline is given of PHARE programmes specifically geared towards the environment and their costs, along with PHARE environmental projects such as pollution monitoring. The paper addresses the problem of the biggest proportion of PHARE aid being directed to projects in other sectors, which can conflict with environmental aims.

C A Non-Governmental Perspective George CHABRZYK, STOA Scholar PE 177.699 EN - January 1994 This document provides an analysis of investigations undertaken by NGO's in Hungary, Poland and the Czech and Slovak Republics, on the ecological and environmental effects of the PHARE programme. The results of case studies are given in key sectors: energy, environment, nature protection, transport, water management and agriculture. Crucial issues are highlighted, such as co-ordination, the requirement for environmental impact PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

assessment, and the importance of Western support for democracy. A main recommendation of the study is the need for sector strategies, with a mechanism for the integration of environmental considerations into all sectors of economic activity. Access to information, public participation and efficiency are also important themes.

George CHABRZYK, STOA Scholar EN - April 1994 This paper focuses on the main issues raised by the two previous studies. Obtaining information on PHARE projects is initially covered, with the assessment made that there was still no adequate listing of PHARE funded projects available. The ecological impact of PHARE is seen to be both positive and negative. The lack of environmental impact assessment is again noted, and co-ordination of PHARE with other environmental aid programmes is found to be less than required. Finally recommendations are made, with the highest priority given to institutional strengthening in recipient administrations, so that procedures for environmental integration can be developed.

< FROM EUROPEAN CONCEPTS OF MARITIME SAFETY TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL COAST GUARD PORT AND TRANSPORT AND CONSULTING BREMEN GmbH, Germany PE 184.196 EN - October 1994 Concerned with recent maritime accidents and pollution incidents in European waters, the European Parliament took the initiative, raising the debate on the subject of safety at sea and marine maritime protection. This study assesses the option of the creation of a European Environmental Coast Guard. Existing systems are considered, firstly at an international level where the International Maritime Organisation specifically addresses the issues at hand, but lacks implementation or enforcement mechanisms. At a regional level, the numerous agreements are outlined briefly, and at a local level three specific case studies are made of Germany, Denmark and Spain. The study concludes that although existing regulations are technically sound, Europe should take the lead in promoting the faster implementation and application of these international laws, which at the moment is lacking.

< REHABILITATING FORMER NUCLEAR WEAPON TEST SITES Dr. Dmitri TSOURIKOV, STOA Scholar

C Rehabilitation of Territories Contaminated after Nuclear Weapon Tests Russian Research Centre, "Kurchatov Institute" EN - September 1994 This study is based on case studies of nuclear weapon test sites at Semipalatinsk and Novaia Zemlia and the affected territories of the Altai region and certain Northern regions of Russia. There is a survey of the nuclear explosions at the first two sites, in addition to an examination of peaceful nuclear explosions for civilian purposes in the former USSR as a whole. The environmental consequences of nuclear weapon tests are described and the impact at both a local and regional level is reviewed. Methods for mitigating radiation consequences and for the rehabilitation of affected territories are considered, particularly the problems involved in achieving the latter objective.

1993

< FOREST FIRES IN EUROPE

C Incendies de Forêts en Europe du Sud: Evaluation des Actions Communautaires: Vers une Coopération Internationale ? Etienne DELATTRE, STOA Scholar PE 177.697 EN - December 1993 This paper documents the proceedings of the workshop on forest fires held in Brussels on Friday 26 November 1993. A general introduction to the topic is given listing the facts, consequences and players involved. The seminar programme is included, in addition to a list of participants, a concise bibliography and the texts of the speakers in the original version.

C Core Bibliography Etienne DELATTRE, STOA Scholar May 1993 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

This document constitutes a useful annex to PE 177.697 used for the workshop proceedings. It provides a list of recent publications, principally from Europe, which deal with the problem of forest fires. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

< ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN THE REGION OF THE ALPS International Centre for Alpine Environments (ICALPE), Le Bourget du Lac, France PE 164.717 EN - August 1993 The Alps represent 25% of the world tourism turnover. The relationship between tourism and the environment is therefore of great importance in this region. This study provides an overview of the Alp Region, focusing on environment, society and economy. Different forms of tourism are described in terms of their environmental impact, with account also taken of social and economic consequences. An evaluation is made of the long term economic prospects for different tourist activities, and the issues of identification and acceptance of less intrusive types of tourism for the environment are addressed.

< ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN HEAVILY INDUSTRIALISED REGIONS George CHABRZYK, STOA Scholar PE 164.721 a and b EN - September 1993 These two Volumes document the conference held in Katowice, Poland on 17-19 March 1993. The first volume provides an introduction, sets out the conference programme, and gives an overview of this topic. Abstracts of some of the presentations are included, as are the biographies of the various speakers. The relevant companies are indexed and there is a summary of Western aid programmes in Poland. The STOA Options Brief is also contained in the first Volume. All the speeches made at the conference are laid out in full in Volume Two.

< ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING AND THE PROPOSED ECO-AUDIT SCHEME Steve IMRIE, STOA Scholar and Guido REYNERI, STOA Scholar EN - January 1993 The document outlines the status of environmental auditing, both within the Member States and in the US, Canada and Hong Kong. A brief history of eco-auditing issues in the EC is given and the advantages of auditing are laid out. An assessment is made of the Commissions proposal for a regulation establishing a voluntary "Eco-Audit" scheme (COM 91 459 final) open to any company engaged in an industrial activity. Action recommended by the study includes making the Eco-Audit scheme compulsory within five years, especially for those companies whose development needs to be subject to an environmental impact assessment.

< DESERTIFICATION AND WATER RESOURCES IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Maria Angeles PÉREZ, STOA Scholar PE 170.355 EN - February 1993 The extent of the problem of desertification in Europe is described (33% of dry zones are susceptible to degradation). Approaches to understanding the mechanism of erosion are outlined, and water balance changes and the processes behind desertification are examined. An analysis is made of the impact of desertification on water quality, and the relationship between salinity and desertification is assessed. Changes in land use that exacerbate the desertification problem are considered, and the extent to which hydraulic resource systems have to take into account the risk of desertification is evaluated. Finally, factors which may contribute to desertification, including drought and territorial policy are investigated.

< ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS: THE SEVESO DIRECTIVE Guido REYNERI, STOA Scholar PE 171.126 EN - April 1993 This study examines the Seveso Directive which regulates industrial risk control policy. This measure is initially discussed in the European context, with the current state of implementation outlined. A synopsis is given of the various duties necessary for the prevention of major industrial accidents, followed by a review of the provisions of the directive itself. Issues concerning the analysis of hazards and risks are then dealt with. The conclusions strongly emphasise the need for the harmonisation of the implementation of defined objectives, with account taken of prior experience and new developments. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

1992

< POLLUTION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA: ASSESSMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS FOR MONITORING, PREVENTION AND CURE George MEZELAS, STOA Scholar PE 158.304/PART A/rev EN - July 1992 This study examines the various international and EC agreements which have attempted to tackle the very serious problem of pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. The European Parliament's opinion on the Commissions proposal for a regulation on Community action for the protection of the environment in the Mediterranean region is outlined. The consequences of the Common Fisheries policy for the living marine resources are described, followed by an analysis of the agricultural aspects of pollution in this area. Finally, the quality of the Mediterranean Sea itself is described.

Proceedings of the Preliminary STOA Meeting under the chairmanship of MR G ROMEOS, Vice-President of the European Parliament in Brussels on 5 September 1991 PE 158.304/PART B EN - July 1992 This paper contains the presentations made at the above-mentioned meeting, the first part giving the viewpoint of experts, and the second part that of the MEPs. A brief outline of the topic is also provided. The annex contains a speech by Mrs U. Schleicher MEP at the Second Ministerial Conference on Mediterranean cooperation on the environment in the Mediterranean Basin (Cairo, 28 April 1992).

C Priorities for Research and Pollution Control in the Mediterranean Sea Frédéric BRIAND, International Commission for the Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea (CIESM), Monaco PE 158.304/PART C EN - July 1992 This is a preliminary study prepared by thirty scientists and presented at a round table meeting on 2 July 1992 in Monaco. The main problems of pollution in this region are highlighted and its sources identified. The main institutional players are listed and an analysis is made of the weakpoints of Mediterranean science. The main constraints and priorities for action are addressed, followed by the definition of topics to be tackled by the second stage of the project.

C Pollution Research and Environmental Monitoring: Analyses, Recommendations and Assessment of the Scientific and Technological Options Frédéric BRIAND, International Commission for the Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea (CIESM), Monaco PE 164.647 EN - June 1993 Firstly, the guiding principles used for the study are set out. The main issues and perspectives concerning the Mediterranean marine environment are described, and priorities for action and research are highlighted. The study concludes by recommending options for the EC.

1991

< CIVIL LIABILITY FOR WASTE: AN ANALYSIS OF THE AMENDED EC DRAFT DIRECTIVE OF 1991 Dr. Peter von WILMOWSKY and Gerhard ROLLER, Institut für ausländisches und internationales Wirtschaftsrecht, Frankfurt am Main EN - May 1991 The suitability of civil liability as a means to control waste disposal is judged against the following criteria: its ability to act as a precautionary measure to reduce polluting activities; the extent to which it contributes to the implementation of the polluter pays principle, and whether it ensures the protection of nature. The scope of application of the proposed Directive on civil liability for damage caused by waste (COM (89) 282 final SYN 217) is examined, followed by analysis of liable persons. The issue of causation is reviewed, and the various remedies proposed are assessed. The possibility of insurance against pollution liability or other financial security, and an evaluation is made of financial caps on liability. Finally, administrative compensation systems are dealt with.

< EC WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY IN THE INTERNAL MARKET PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

Dr. Jan C. BONGAERTS, Institute for European Environmental Policy, Bonn EN - May 1991 The foundations of EC waste management law are to be found in the establishment of a single market in waste management services. This is based on the definition of waste as a commodity. A review of this background is given, followed by a chronical outline and evaluation of EC waste management policy. The instruments used by the EC in achieving this policy are compared and the Strategy Paper on Waste Management of September 18, 1989 which took the first steps towards a common, Community approach to managing waste is assessed. There is an appraisal of the work of the Parliament for an ecological waste management policy of the Community, in addition to a description of possible new strategies for waste management in Europe. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

6. FISHERIES

1998

< SYNERGY BETWEEN THE ECOLOGY OF THE SEA AND THE ECONOMY OF THE LAND Dr Eberhard Falck, Berlin, Germany PE 167.128 EN - January 1998 The purpose of the study is to consider the preconditions for a Multi-Faceted Coastal Resources Inventory to be used as a source of basic information for use in planning future economic operations and structural development.

< AQUACULTURE: DEPLOYMENT OF AN OPEN-SEA MARINE PARK WITH SELF- RESTOCKING BY BEHAVIOURALLY CONDITIONED FISH WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF EXPLOITATION BY TRADITIONAL FISHING METHODS David Scott, University of Aquaculture, Stirling, Scotland PE 167.198 EN - February 1998 This document is very much bound up with the concept of Free Fish Farming at Sea (FFFS) as a means of increasing fish production without being hampered by the limits which apply to aquaculture.

1997

< THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH AND THE NEEDS OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR (FP1) Mr Hans LASSEN, Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Denmark and Mr Georges MASSART, IFREMER, France. PE 166.636/Final EN - June 1997 After an introduction to fisheries and respective fields of research the present study deals with co-management of fish resources between government and user groups. One main part of the study covers fish stock assessment as a basis for establishing limits in the exploitation of fish resources. Also fishing capacity evaluation and fishing effort control is dealt with. Another main part discusses gear technology as a tool to solve some of the by-catch and discards problems (selective fishing, catch quality preservation).

< MARINE MACROALGAE AND THEIR USES Dr Anna Maria MÜLLER, STOA Scholar PE 166.656 EN/DE - March 1997 This study first deals with alginates and presents them as an alternative to animal gelatine. The study explains what alginates are and how they are won from brown algae. The extraction of alginate and the alginate content of different brown algae are focussed on. Furthermore, alginate use in industry - including the pharmaceuticals industry- and trends in their production are presented. Another part of the study deals with further economic uses of marine macroalgae (agar, carrageenan, etc.). The study ends with a detailed overview on the global occurence of macroalgae.

< METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF 'FREE FISH FARMING AT SEA' Alexander Potrykus PE 167.198 EN - October 1997 This study evaluates a fisheries technique which combines elements of fishing in the open sea and of fish farming. It is linked to the project 'Aquaculture: deployment of an open-sea marine park with self-restocking by behaviourally conditioned fish with the objective of exploitation by traditional fishing methods'. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

1996

< AQUACULTURE: DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, PRODUCT QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS Stirling Aquaculture Ltd, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling;

PE 165.881 Volume I: EN - April 1996 After a short introduction to the whole aquaculture project, the first volume comprises the executive summaries and options briefs of volumes II and III.

'The present state of aquaculture in the EU Member States and its future up to 2005' PE 165.881 Volume II: EN - March 1996 This volume describes the current status of aquaculture, both in marine and fresh water environment in each of the EU Member States. It considers aquaculture policy, support measures and legislation at national and European levels. The study gives an idea of the major development possibilities and the limiting factors of European aquaculture. In addition, aquaculture developments outside the EU are briefly dealt with. Finally, options for EU policy development in the fields of market development, natural resource management, production technology and industry administration are presented.

PE 165.881 \ Ann. EN - March 1996 This paper contains supporting material for volume II, i.e. figures, tables, contact addresses and short abstracts on the respective legislation in each of the Member States. Moreover, it lists all expert sub-contractors who contributed to the study.

'Technical aspects and prospects for a sustained development of the aquaculture sector' PE 165.881 Volume III: EN - March 1996 This volume provides an overview on the technical aspects of aquaculture such as aquaculture systems, recent technological innovations, major management issues, feeding techniques and feedstuffs, environmental impact, diseases and their management as well as reproduction management and genetic control. On the other hand, it deals with prospects for sustained development of aquaculture covering e.g. market trends and scientific and technological research. Finally, options and recommendations are presented. Four annexes are added, including a list of addresses of centres of European research capability and their respective research subjects. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

7. INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES/MATERIALS

1997

< ASSESSMENT OF DUAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE Jordi Molas GALLART and Julian Perry ROBINSON, University of Sussex, SPRU

PE 166.819/Final EN - December 1997 The aim of this study is to explain and define the concept of dual use technology in the context of related concepts such as civil/military integration, and to distinguish the various types of dual use policy. It analyses relationships between military and civil technologies, the dual use policies adopted by governments at all levels of public policy, including technology supervision, and the strategies of European defence enterprises.

1995

< STEEL RESEARCH: NEW TECHNOLOGIES, NEW MATERIALS, NEW PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES

PE 165.392 / final EN - September 1995 This study starts with a general overview of the current technological situation and the environmental aspects of iron and steel production. It analyses the European steel sector, product by product, to highlight those presenting the most evident crisis. As for European research programmes on the steel sector, the paper examines the most recent activities carried out by the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) as well as the transfer of ECSC programmes into other EU programmes (e.g. Fourth Framework Programme). Moreover, some guidelines for future research and technological development (RTD) are suggested.

An Overview of the Steel Sector in Figures

PE 165.191 EN - March 1995 This paper quotes some figures on production, imports, exports, apparent consumption, manpower and investments in the steel sector with particular reference to the EU situation.

1993

< EUROPEAN ARMAMENTS INDUSTRY: RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONVERSION GRIP (Institut européen de recherche et d'information sur la paix et la sécurité)

PE 177.377 EN/FR - 101p. - November 1993 After an introduction to the defence economy in Europe, the issue of disarmament on the one hand and European security on the other hand is addressed. The study describes the response of both companies and public authorities to the past changes in the strategic context. Military research and development (R/D) is dealt with in detail, thereby focusing on the relations between military and civil R/D. The present European armaments market is analysed, and constraints, objectives and methods for the future market are mentioned. In a synthesis, the crisis in the defence industry and its consequences are discussed. Finally, several proposals for Community actions are made.

GRIP PE 175.452 EN/FR - 51p. - September 1993 This paper contains the proceedings of the workshop on the European Armaments Industry held on 3 and 4 June 1993 in Brussels. The workshop consisted of four panels dealing with the following issues: present situation and outlook, national situations, political action by the EU, response from the two sides of industry, namely industrialists and workforce. In addition to all the presentations made at the workshop, the paper includes the minutes of the discussions that took place at the end of each panel. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

8. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES

1998

< VIRTUAL LIBRARIES AND EDUCATION: impact assessments Eric Sutter, Bureau Van Dijk, Paris PE 167.117 EN - February 1998 After some introductory explanations of the concept of the library in general, the study explains the concept of the 'virtual library' and its possible uses in secondary and higher education. Accordingly, it looks at the technical, socioeconomic and sociocultural obstacles which may in one way or another delay its spread. The study concludes with proposals for increasingly widespread use of 'virtual libraries'.

< TRANSPARENCY AND OPENNESS IN SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEES: THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE Dr Josephine Anne Stein, PREST Project Director PE 167.327 EN - March 1998 The aim of this project is to analyse experience of the 1972 Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) in America and its possible implications for the work of the European Union's Advisory Committee on Science and Technology.

1997

< INTERNET: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Dr Jean-Marc Levy PE 166.745 EN - April 1997 After a historical approach to the field of information technology the study explains keywords like internet, services and World Wide Web (WWW). It shows what is necessary to use these techniques and who the typical user is. Social, political, cultural, economic, legal and ethical implications are discussed, too. Furthermore, the future developments in the fields of (tele-) work, production, medicine and environmental protection are outlined. The consequences for trade, school, developing countries and the role of women are considered. The study finally discusses the question of censorship and respect for intellectual property.

< THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE NEXT DECADE Dr PUAY KHOON-THANG and and Dr Nick VON TUNZELMANN of SPRU, University of Sussex, UK and Mr David J. POWELL of EPS Ltd., UK PE 166.631 EN - June 1997 This Interim Study first presents six representative sectors where information technology (IT) is used, namely banking, security, telemedicine, electronic commerce, virtual manufacturing and education. The study covers topics like retail banking, electronical purses, digital cash, health networks, remote consulting, internet merchandising, modelling and simulation, intelligent tutoring systems, digital libraries, etc. Furthermore, the study examines the size of the IT-market as well as employment and competetiveness in this market. Finally, it presents the participation of European companies in the European Commission Framework Programme and EUREKA.

< THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL MARKETS IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS Mr Neil McNAUGHTON, The Data Room, France PE 166.747 EN - June 1997 Three principal topics are adressed in this interim study, namely conventional voice telephony, the internet and voice / video telephony over the internet. With respect to each of these means of telecommunication the study presents its characteristics and development, respective services and markets as well as accounting principles and costs. Several figures are added to illustrate selected aspects in an international comparison. Furthermore, the study deals with future perspectives in the telecommunications sector and with several regulatory issues, e.g. deregulation and guidelines. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

96 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

< ELECTRONIC DATA MANAGEMENT IN EVALUATION OF EU EXPENDITURE Maurizio Pedrelli, PRAGMATA, Reggio Emilia, Italy PE 166.674 EN - September 1997 In the first part of this study typical practices in the field of evaluation of expenditures are explained in detail. It deals with several indicators of effectiveness of expenditures policy concerning production activities as well as great infrastructure projects and public welfare. It covers the different phases of expenditure policy as well as the process of information collection and elaboration. In the second part several case studies about data bases in companies and public administration are presented. An outlook is given on additional topics “Current research” and “Electronic data networks”.

< THE APPLICATION OF MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGIES IN SCHOOLS: THEIR USE, EFFECT AND IMPLICATIONS

C The Scientific Approaches to New Learning Models for New Learning Environments Dr. Stella VOSNIADOU, University of Athens, Greece PE 166.749/Final EN - November 1997 The possibilities that multimedia technologies could bring to the education of the young children are described, followed by an illustration of the potential educational gains and activities. The characteristics of multimedia environments that enhance learning are identified, including increases in motivation, visualisation, interactivity and control over learning, meaningfulness, social collaboration and the changed role of teachers into mediators. Educational uses of multimedia technologies which are currently available are outlined, and the status of their application in (pre) primary schools is examined to see if the necessary conditions exist for the benefits arising from these innovations to be fully exploited.

C Technology Assessment of Multimedia Systems for Pre-primary and Primary Schools Dr. PELGRUM, University of Twente - Center for Applied Educational Research PE 166.847/Final EN - September 1997 Multimedia systems are defined, followed by an outline of the technical and design aspects and software types of these technologies. Five categories of educational and technical possibilities for multimedia use in this field are considered in terms of their potential and limitations. The history of Information and Communication Technologies is reviewed, both in the EU and abroad. The current situation in schools is assessed and illustrated in figures, and finally possible windows on the future of multimedia use in pre-primary and primary schools are presented.

C Multimedia in Education: The Transition from Primary School to Secondary School Peter J. BATES, Mike ASTON, Pieter de VRIES, Alun HINDER, Michelle SELINGER, pjb Associates, UK PE 166.701/Final EN - July 1997 The elements necessary for learning with multimedia technologies are identified. A comparison is made of the primary and secondary school sector in the G7 states regarding significant aspects of multimedia use. Special attention is paid to the preparation and harmonisation of the transition from primary to secondary school. Furthermore, the study examines whether these new technologies encourage people to learn at home or in other non- traditional ways outside the school environment.

< MULTIMEDIA - INFORMATION SOCIETY IPTS - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Seville PE 166.828 EN - May 1997 After an introduction concerning the structure and definition of the Multimedia Information Society (MIS), the study goes on to consider its applications, particularly home working. The last point to be analysed is the cost of these applications. The annexes concern technological developments in the MIS and the Internet, which may be regarded as an embryonic MIS.

< WOMEN AND THE NET Dr Dagmar Boedicker, Dr Klaus Köhler, Ursel Linder-Kostka and Dr Marie-Theres Tinnefeld, Bonn

PE 166.786 EN - July 1997 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

The study shows what the use of the Internet and technologies linked to it has to offer to women, both in their work and in leisure pursuits. It cites current trends in the use of the Internet by women and seeks to compare them with the results and conclusions of the first European Awareness Scenario Workshop.

1996

< THE INFORMATION SOCIETY: COMPETITIVITY AND EMPLOYMENT

Policy Options for the New Telecommunications Robin MANSELL, Professor of Information and Communication Technology Policy, SPRU, University of Sussex, and W. Edward STEINMUELLER, Professor of Economics of Technological Change, MERIT, University of Limburg PE 165.716 EN - January 1996 After introducing the challenges of the new telecommunications and highlighting the main features of two models of market development, namely the idealist and the strategic model, the first main section of the study provides an overview of recent technological and market developments in the respective field. It presents the actors and stakeholders and deals with questions of technical convergence and market response. Also the current state of policy and regulatory institutions are covered. Another main section focuses on topics such as controlling the gateways and the impact of strategic behaviour (e.g. infrastructure capacity, investment, universal services).

Intellectual Property Rights: The Development of Information Infrastructures for the Information Society Robin MANSELL, Professor of Information and Communication Technology Policy, SPRU, University of Sussex, and W. Edward STEINMUELLER, Professor of Economics of Technological Change, MERIT, University of Limburg PE 165.713 EN - January 1996 This paper opens with a brief introduction to the copyright and patent intellectual property rights (IPR) systems and an overview of EU, national and international systems governing the definition and enforcement of these rights. It outlines the social constituencies benefiting from developments of the information infrastructure and identifies their expectations. Security issues are considered as well as some of the opportunities and constraints for improving protection. The paper also covers questions of costs and benefits. Finally, it deals with the future developments in the field of information infrastructures.

Information and Communication Technologies in Education and Training (Part A) Reinhard KEIL-SLAWIK, Michael KLEMME and Harald SELKE, Forum Informatikerinnen für Frieden und gesellschaftliche Verantwortung (FIfF) e.V. PE 165.710 EN - January 1996 After presenting several teaching programmes (learning theories and programmed instructions, computer based training and intelligent tutoring systems), relevant resources and tools as well as networking services are dealt with. The study also presents electronic textboooks and presentation media. Cooperative learning and learning environments are outlined, too. One main chapter focuses on the importance of integration of social organizations, didactics and technology. The study ends with recommendations for schools, universities, training institutions, libraries and software producers.

Information and Communication Technologies in Education and Training (Part B) Dr Robin MASON and Dr Paul BACSICH, Centre for Information Technology in Education, Open University, Milton Keynes PE 165.711 EN - January 1996 The study first examines the state of the art: It deals with the use of information technologies for education and training and considers technical options as well as experiences in the practical application of information technologies. The impact of these technologies in the field of employment and competitiveness is highlighted. Special attention is paid to expected consequences for the future regarding the education system, the duration and conditions of learning, the level of knowledge and skills, and the situation of under-represented groups. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

< THE INFORMATION SOCIETY: COMPETIVITY AND EMPLOYMENT

C Information and Communication Technologies in Health Care Jan EKBERG, Hannu HÄMÄLÄINEN, Ani KAJANDER, Pekka KARP, Mauno KONTTINEN (Chair), Illka KUNNAMO, Jorma RANTANEN, STAKES, Finland PE 165.712 EN - January 1996 Health care is a sector of society with great potential to gain from information and communication technologies. This study examines their possible utilisation: in health promotion, prevention and self-care; as telematic health care services and applications for home care support elderly and disabled people; through improving accessibility to health care services, and by making the administration of healthcare more effective and efficient. The extent of the market potential is identified and a costs-benefits analysis is made for the cash-restricted public sector. The crucial issues of confidentiality, data protection and security are also dealt with.

C An Appraisal of Technical Instruments For Political Control and to Improve Participation in Society (Part A) Ingo RUHMANN, Ute BERNHARDT, Dagmar BOEDICKER, Franz Werner HÜLSMANN and Thilo WEICHERT, Forum Informatikerinnen für Freiden und gesellschaftliche Verantwortung (FifF) e.V. and Deutsche Vereinigung für Datenschutz (DVD) e.V. PE 165.714 EN - January 1996 This paper gives an overview of the relevant technologies and their uses, including data base matching, surveillance technologies, biometrics, chip cards, electronic cash and electronic networking. The consequences of the use of these instruments in both the public and the private sector are examined, followed by an analysis of their impact on political participation. Finally, a social map is provided illustrating the effects of these technologies on selected groups, such as customers, citizens, workers, and the elderly and disabled.

C An Appraisal of Technical Instruments For Political Control and to Improve Participation in Society (Part B) Dr. Ian CONNELL and Prof. Steve MOLYNEUX, University of Wolverhampton, UK PE 165.715 EN - January 1996 This paper concentrates on the Internet and the key issues of governance, privacy and accessibility. An overview is provided of the interaction of the Internet with three groups: the information society, business and government. Stake-holders falling within these categories are mapped out and the implications are given for participation and control. The role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT's) in the workplace is also examined. The paper highlights that there is little political will to regulate ICT's and this technology is unlikely to improve cultural and linguistic diversity. Nonetheless, regional development in the EU may be fostered through its use and it has the potential to improve relations between the European Parliament and its electorate.

C The Information Society: The Competitiveness of Europe in Information Society Industries Dr. Rémi BARRÉ of the Observatoire des Sciences et des Techniques, and Dr. Dominique DELMAS of Futurs, France PE 165.795 EN - January 1996 The first part of the study assesses the competitiveness of the EU Member States in information society industries, particularly in comparison with the US and Japan. Objectives which have to be met for this industry to develop are identified, and the dynamics of competitiveness in this sector are examined. A critical analysis is made of the EU programmes and policies. The overall conclusion of the study states that the EU is, and is likely to be, in a weak position when contrasted with the US and Japan.

C Participation of the Disabled and Elderly in the Information Society Dr. Christian BUEHLER, Forschunginstitut Technologie-Behindertenhilfe (FTB) PE 165.285 EN - February 1996 This paper begins with a study of the available products. Key issues that are addressed include the re-integration of the disabled and elderly in society and employment, and the role of the legal framework of the EU in achieving this re-integration. Targets and strategies of the EU Commission are examined, with particular focus on HELIOS II (handicapped People in the EC Living Independently in an Open Society) and TIDE (Technology Initiative for PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

100

Disabled and Elderly People). The probable impact of target and strategy assumptions of EU policy are then analysed.

C Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Technical Development Dr. Stephen OWEN and Dr. Hugh WILLIAMS, Ecotec Research and Consulting Ltd PE 165.821 EN - February 1996 This paper identifies how the application of information and communication technologies (ICT's) can make a significant positive contribution to sustainable development. These ICT applications with benefits are classified into two groups: those which are used primarily for cost-saving purposes and whose environmental benefits are therefore a by-product; and those which are introduced primarily to achieve environmental objectives. Both these groups are examined in terms of their up-take and the social consequences of their application. The actors involved in the development of ICT's are mapped out, and options are given for ensuring the best use is made of ICT's to promote sustainable development.

C Assistive Technology for the Disabled and Elderly: Regulations and Policy Options Ir Theo BOUGIE, Dr. Ir Matijs SOEDE, Mrs Drs CROMBARG-RÖBEN PE 166.160 EN - June 1996 This technology is especially designed for the handicapped, the elderly with disabilities and the chronically ill, all growing sectors of the population. The study examines the state of the art within the EU, including TIDE (Technology Initiative for Disabled and Elderly People run by DG XII), and HELIOS (Handicapped People in Europe Living Independently in an Open Society run by DG V). This is contrasted with the main actions and programmes in other regions, in particular the Americans with Disabilities Act in the US. The general trend towards an inclusive policy for disabled people is assessed, along with the consequences of decentralisation and the increase of community care. Finally, a review is made of standardisation and regulatory frameworks, both within the EU and beyond.

C The Information Society: Competivity and Employment Peter J. BATES, pjb Associates, UK PE 166.226 EN - 15 July 1996 This paper assesses information and communications technologies in their social, economic and cultural context, focusing on the interactions between people and technologies. The role of these technologies is addressed in relation to employment; education and training; competitiveness; sustainable development; health care and disability and elderliness. Issues arising from the technologies themselves are dealt with: the regulation thereof; their use and accessibility; their capacity as technical instruments for political control and a means to improve participation, and intellectual property issues. A small scale study of the future of the Danish language in the information society is also included.

C The Information Society: European Competitiveness in the Global Information Society Dr. Gert Fieguth, Ingenieur und Beratungsgesellschaft für Organisation und Technik GmbH (IBEK) PE 166.814 EN - March 1996 This paper examines the different concepts and implications of the term "European Competitiveness". The global position of European Information Society Industries is analysed, followed by a study on co-operations existing within this industry, both on a European and worldwide scale. The relevant EC policies are reviewed and various alternative options are given, including limiting monopolisation and creating a European Authority for regulation.

C The Impact of Technological Change on Employment Within The European Union Between 1984 to 2025 The European Centre for Work and Society vzw Brussels EN - December 1995 The paper begins by listing quantative studies forecasting the impact of technological change on employment. An outline is given of some global employment trends in the European economy. Two case studies are presented illustrating employment developments in two contrasting sectors. The paper ends with an analysis of future trends in this field.

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< THE EUROPEAN SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY: A SUMMARY OF ITS HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE UNTIL 1991 Vassilios ANTONOPOULOS PE 181.905 EN - April 1994 This paper firstly reviews the historical performance of this industry until the mid-80s, focusing on the causes of its decline. The situation after the mid-80s is then outlined, together with a reference to the European projects initiated in order to help the industry. A brief outline is given of the JESSI initiative, with a summary of the results to date. 1993

< HDTV AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY-REVIEW AND PROSPECTS Jaume VALLS PASOLA, STOA Scholar and Jean-Michel MERMET, STOA Scholar PE 164.703 EN - June 1993 The industrialised countries have a huge amount at stake, both politically and economically, in the move towards high definition television. In theory, this 'perfect' television should give a worldwide dominant position to the economic operator who succeeds in imposing a standard on the markets. This study covers the rapid technological development in 'fully digital' HDTV, which now seems to guarantee that the television of the future will only use fully digital technologies. Europe's MAC analog system is therefore shown to be in difficulties and is contrasted with the technology of the US and Japan. The American's fully digital system is regarded as affording the opportunity of a single world standard. With Community support at this time for a 16.9 standard, the study follows the move in Europe towards digital systems. Nonetheless, the study demonstrates that this transition is disorganised, that clarification is needed, and recommends that European HDTV should be compatible with, if not identical to, the US standard.

1992

< THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE FACING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

C An Examination of the Telecommunications Infrastructure and Information Technology Required by Countries Adapting to the World Market Matthew S. PHILLIPS, STOA Scholar PE 123.456/v1.0 EN - July 1992 This paper gives an account of the seminar, with an overview of the main issues discussed. Olivetti describes its experiences of doing business in Eastern Europe and the general discussion is summarised. Background information is provided on the application of Information Technology to development, networking and development and issues in technology for development.

C Awareness and Training Measures for Accessing Data in Less developed Countries Ralph HUBER, STOA Scholar EN - July 1992 The fourth STOA scholar seminar held in Luxembourg, 24 June 1992 is documented in this paper. A brief summary is provided, highlighting Community action in this field, including the part of the EC programme "Information Market Policy Actions, IMPACT" which is aimed at less favoured regions. Texts of the various speeches are given and the annex contains relevant background papers.

C Access by Less Developed Countries to Information Technology and Telecommunications Josune DEUSTO, STOA Scholar EN - October 1992 This paper contains the proceedings of the third STOA Scholar Seminar held in Luxembourg, 29 September 1992. The presentations documented give an overview of the current technology challenges facing developing countries and the actions which are being, or could be, taken into consideration in this field to reduce the gap of technological development between developed and developing countries.

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< A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF "THE GREEN PAPER ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMON MARKET FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES AND EQUIPMENT" FUNDESCO, Madrid, Spain EN - February 1988 This study approaches the Green Paper from the technology assessment perspective, and examines the potential involvement of the European Parliament in this role. The worldwide transformation of telecommunications is outlined, followed by a review of the status of telecommunications in Europe. General aspects of the Green Paper are considered and open questions, gaps and grey areas are highlighted. There is a specific analysis of Community directives, and convergences and divergences between the Member States are identified. Finally, the impact of the liberalisation of the telecommunications market on European society is evaluated. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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9. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

1998

< THE USE OF THE INTERNET FOR THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT'S ACTIVITIES FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS Edward F. Halpin and Shelagh Fisher, Centre for Research in Library and Information Management (CERLIM), University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK PE 166.227 EN - March 1998 This project concerning human rights and the Internet analyses the political options open to the European Parliament with a view to making optimum use of the technological resources available over the Internet as regards human rights protection issues, particularly as they affect third countries.

< THE USE OF THE INTERNET FOR THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT'S ACTIVITIES FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Sonja Mehlbaum PE 167.227 EN - January 1998 This study considers the positive and negative aspects of the use of the Internet and proposes political options regarding the best way of using communications media to deal with human rights issues, with special reference to third countries. It defines indigenous peoples, discusses the problems facing them, and reviews the activities of international organizations and the European Parliament. It concludes with a list of sites concerning indigenous peoples. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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10. MEDICINE AND HEALTH

1998

< THE AGEING OF SOCIETY: PROGRESS IN MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES Dr S.M. THOMAS, Dr J.F. BURKE and Prof. B.R. MARTIN of Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) and Biochemistry Department, University of Sussex, UK PE 166.665 EN - January 1998 This study starts with a brief introduction to the phenomenon of the ageing of society world-wide. The specific project objectives are listed and the methodology to achieve these objectives is presented. The final one will include three major sectors: (a) demography of ageing and epidemiology of neurogenerative disease, (b) neuroscience research, (c) mechanisms of ageing, causes of dementia, current assessments and treatments and new targets for pharmaceutical and medical intervention. This interim study outlines the progress made in the collection and analysis of the respective data presenting also some first results.

1997

< THE TECHNOLOGY COMPONENT IN HEALTH CARE COSTS: A CONCISE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Dr G.M. BOAS, MERIT, University of Limburg, Maastricht, the Netherlands PE 166.653 EN - March 1997 After a short introduction, several main studies and leading articles in the respective field are listed, to be referred to throughout the present study. The study presents recent technological developments in the field of health care. It then deals with the reasons for, as well as the evaluation of, rising health care costs. It examines developments in the organization and in the funding of health care. Furthermore, the study discusses the process of identifying technology assessment. It ends with the options brief of relevant ideas, findings and recommendations.

< SEQUENCING THE HUMAN GENOME: SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS, ECONOMIC, ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS Centre for Professional Ethics - Prof. Ruth Chadwick, University of Central Lancashire, UK PE 167.197 EN - December 1997 The aim of this project is to provide a concise description of the scientific situation with regard to sequencing the human genome, the role of economics and the possible ethical and social impact of this aspect of science.

1996

< NUTRITION IN EUROPE: NUTRITION POLICY AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND MODELS FOR EUROPEAN EATING HABITS ON THE THRESHOLD OF THE 21ST CENTURY Prof. Antonia TRICHOPOULOU, M.D., National Nutrition Centre - WHO Collaborating Centre, National School of Public Health, Athens/Greece, et al. PE 184.198 / rev. EN - October 1996 The study deals with the relation of diet to health. It considers aspects such as time dependent and geographical contrasts of food availability and examines the determinants of consumer food choice. It demands the creation of an EU wide nutrition surveillance system and shows the current efforts in this field. It also presents alternatives such as information databases. Furthermore, the study deals with recommended dietary allowances and presents traditional diets from Japan, Chine and the Mediterranean area. Special attention is paid to the issues iodine deficiency, coronary heart disease and the assessment of novel foods. The study ends with economic considerations concerning nutrition policy. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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< FERTILITY AWARENESS AND CONTRACEPTION Authors: Contraceptive injectables, by PATH (Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health); Contraceptive implants, by Dr S. SEAGAL, The Population Council; New developments in IUD technology, by Dr Jason GARDOSI, Perinatal Research and Monitoring Unit; Oral Contraceptives by Adam HEDGECOE, STOA Scholar; Sterilisation by Miss Caroline RAY, STOA Scholar. The chapter on Natural Methods of Fertility was prepared for STOA by the Division for Social Affairs, Environment, Consumer Protection and Public Health of the Directorate General for Research (DGIV) and subsequently edited by STOA in the light of comments received PE 165.876 EN - October 1996 Part A of this study first presents basic information about the menstrual cycle and discusses different methods of measuring contraceptive effectiveness. The study goes on to examine natural methods of contraception as well as oral contraceptives, contraceptive injections, implants, intrauterine devices (iud), and sterilization. After a historical review, details of the respective methods and new technological developments are discussed. Each method is evaluated with respect to: use effectiveness, contraindicators and costs. Part B consists of additional comments made by experts.

< NEW BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES: A PROSPECTIVE ASSESSMENT

C A Prospective Analysis of European Pharmaceutical Research, Development and Innovation IPTS-Institute for Prospective Medical Studies, Spain and LSE-Health PE 166.830 EN - May 1996 This study is split up into three sections, Part A providing an overview of the challenges and opportunities facing one of Europe's best-performing high-technology industries. Recommendations are made to prepare the pharmaceutical industry in the EU for the next century. Part B assesses the socio-economic impact of new drugs, focusing on the drivers of change, concerns about the competitiveness of the European pharmaceutical industry and the need for action. The appendix in Part B gives a summary of the contributions of the Euro-CASE committee held on 12 July 1997 in Paris to assess this project.

C Biomedical Engineering Prof. Bernat SORIA, University of Alicante School of Medicine, Spain PE 166.352 EN - October 1996 This is an analysis of the application of engineering science and technology to problems arising in medicine and biology. The study identifies this field as potentially very extensive, but notes that to date development has been slow. There is a review of uses of this technology including cell and tissue engineering, e.g. developing artificial skin or biomaterials such as replacement heart valves, minimal intervention techniques or "closed" surgery, and clinical engineering. The management of such technology is evaluated, followed by a description of the methodology of clinical trials. In this context, the study particularly focuses on ethical issues and regulatory frameworks, both in the EU and at an international level.

C Biosensors S.J. LOCK & A.P.F. TURNER, Cranfield Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield University PE 166.374 EN - October 1996 A biosensor is a particular type of chemical sensor that uses the recognition properties of biological components, for example, enzymes or antibodies. Biosensors incorporate analytical technology into small, easy-to-use instruments which, ideally, require no sample preparation. This study assesses the biomedical applications of biosensors, for instance, detecting genetic abnormalities and hence genetically inherited diseases or predisposition to disease. Other applications covered include rapid microbial detection techniques and in vivo sensors which could, for example, monitor chronic diabetes. There is a review of the manufacturing of biosensors by automated techniques, plus the regulatory framework existing within the EU. The study concludes by looking at current technological approaches and anticipates future developments.

C Diagnostic X-Rays, Imaging Techniques and Other Related Technologies Dr. Theodoros N. ARVANITIS, Logotech PE 166.375 EN - October 1996 Medical Imaging is essential for accurate medical investigation and diagnosis. This study firstly provides an outline of the European and International market in this field. A detailed analysis is then made of these technologies PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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including Digital Radiology (X-Rays), Radioisotope Imaging, Ultrasound, Biomagnetic and Electrical Impedance Imaging. This is done in conjunction with a risks-benefits analysis and an examination of each individual market. The regulatory framework within the EU is reviewed and the study concludes with an assessment of future trends in R&D.

C Virtual Reality Training Techniques: A Study on the Use of Virtual Reality to Support Medical Training Steve BENFORD, David LLOYD, David SNOWDON, Jolanda TRUMP and Rob INGRAM, the University of Nottingham, UK PE 166.075 EN - May 1996 This study examines new developments and techniques in virtual reality (VR) which may be used to help train medical staff. Types of training which could make use of these technologies are listed and the potential benefits and limitations of VR in these fields are analysed. The current state of the art is described, focusing on thirty projects that use VR to support medical training worldwide. Anticipated future developments up to the year 2010 are indicated, and there is a review of regulatory frameworks in the EU, Canada, the US and Japan.

1995

< EVALUATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CONCERNING HEALTH IN LESS FAVOURED REGIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

C Health Care in Three Southern Member States (Spain, Greece and Italy) Dr. Elias MOSSIALOS, LSE Health, London PE 184.207 EN - March 1995 This study is split up into four sections. The first gives an outline of the organisation and financing of the health care systems in these Member States. Secondly, the infrastructure, i.e. the workforce and hospitals, is documented and data is provided on utilisation and satisfaction rates, in addition to other health indicators. The third section describes recent reforms and current proposals for change. Lastly, focus is put on a number of issues: research, the evaluation of drugs, medical education, management, efficiency in the use of resources, and technology and its management.

C Prevention and Treatment of Genetic Diseases Prof. Tzeny KOUREA-KREMASTINOU, Dept. of Public Health, Athens School of Public Health, Greece PE 184.208 EN - March 1995 In part one of the paper an examination is made of the scope of Community action against disease, and the impact of genetic diseases on public health in Europe is reviewed. Genetic diseases are defined and genetic risk factors are identified. The current status of genetic research is outlined, and then the study focuses on genetic diseases in the less favoured regions of the EU, in this case Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland. Proposals to improve the present situation are given. Part two consists of an investigation into the thalassaemias and other haemoglobinopathies in Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland.

C Prevention and Treatment of Genetic Diseases Summary Prof. Tzeny KOUREA-KREMASTINOU, Dept. of Public Health, Athens School of Public Health, Greece PE 184.209 EN - March 1995 This paper provides a short summary of this topic. It briefly outlines the background to genetic diseases and then gives data on the incidence rates in Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland in table form. A short evaluation is made of genetic research and proposals are given for its improvement. Genetic diseases and risk factors are listed and the status of genetics in each of the four countries is described.

C Assessment of the Role of Clinical Engineering Services Prof. Claudio LAMBERTI, DEIS, Università di Bologna, Italy with the cooperation of Fedele BONIFAZI; Fillipo CARBONE and Andrea PANFILI PE 184.210 EN - March 1995 Clinical engineering (CE) supports and advances patient care by applying engineering and management skills to health care technology. This paper defines and gives the background to this discipline, in addition to surveying international CE departments. The regulatory frameworks governing quality standards in health care services are PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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reviewed, and quality in health care services in the USA is paid special attention. An analysis is made of the impact of CE on quality standards and quality in CE itself is examined. There is an overview of CE in the less favoured regions and different kinds of engineering department are considered. Finally, models to estimate the personnel required by a CE department are assessed.

1994

< BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CEREAL PRODUCTION FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam PE 183.008 EN - April 1994 This study examines whether there are feasible ways in which biotechnology could contribute to food security and sustainable development in the ACP countries. There is specific emphasis on Low External-Input Agriculture in Sub-Sahara Africa, with an analysis being made of cereal production and farming systems in this region. The role of woman is paid special attention due to key position in African farming. Innovations in the grain sector are reviewed, and an outline is given of the state-of-the-art in plant technology. Policy experience with biotechnology is considered, especially the initiatives taken by the EU. Finally, the central question of the validity of biotechnology for cereal production in the Sub-Sahara area is assessed.

C Biotechnology and Small-scale Cereal Production in Zimbabwe Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam PE 183.023/Ann1 EN - June 1994 An outline is given of the agriculture sector in Zimbabwe in general and grain production in particular. This study focuses on small scale communal area farming systems and the constraints on cereal production faced by these farmers. The relevant research and innovations are examined and plant biotechnology in Zimbabwe is reviewed. An assessment is made of the biotechnology options, and appendices provide pertinent information on the national context, in addition to the questionnaire used for the study, a list of interviewees and details of workshop participants.

C Biotechnology and Small-scale Cereal Production in Ghana Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam PE 183.024/Ann 2 EN - June 1994 The study demonstrates the importance of cereal production and trade for food security. Background information on the physical and socio-cultural context in Northern Ghana - the area used for this study - is given. An analysis is made of the general characteristics of smallholder cereal based farming systems in N. Ghana and the major constraints on increasing food security. Past experience with innovations in the cereal sector in this region is reviewed and an overview is given of the current status of biotechnology research and application in Ghana. The potential contribution of biotechnology is appraised and more background information on Ghana is provided in annex A.

C Biotechnology and Cereal Production for Developing Countries Christian AHL EN - June 1993 This paper formed the background document for the Workshop held in Brussels on 1 June 1993. It describes Low- External-Input agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa and the potential role biotechnology could have in this field. The challenge of integrating such knowledge is identified and the ways in which the study could be tackled are considered.

C Biotechnology and Cereal Production for Developing Countries Louise SARCH PE 164.716 EN - September 1993 This paper documents the proceedings of the Workshop held in Brussels on 1 June 1993. Texts of the presentations are included, in addition to the conclusions of the two working groups and the workshop itself.

< BASIC GENETICS Mario Rui QUEIRÓ, STOA Scholar PE 179.993 EN - March 1994 PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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This paper is designed to provide an overview of basic aspects of genetics. The storage and transfer of genetic information are described and basic techniques to study the gene are explained. Some examples of the use of genetic manipulation are given, with special emphasis put on human genetics and the current situation of the major study that is being done in that area, the Human Genome project.

< THE EFFECTS OF PATENT PROTECTION ON PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Louise SARCH PE 183.009 EN - April 1994 The paper begins with a brief description of recent international negotiations on Intellectual Property Rights. The background behind patenting is outlined and the relationship between patents and developing countries is described. Issues of ownership and the protection of the world's genetic resources are covered, and an analysis is made of alternatives to patent protection.

< CURING INHERITED DISEASE: ISSUES IN SOMATIC GENE THERAPY Adam HEDGECOE, STOA Scholar PE 164.894 EN - July 1994 This paper gives a short overview of the state of somatic gene therapy, i.e. therapy that alters an individual's genes to relieve the symptoms of inherited diseases, without passing down the changes down to their children. A table is provided of current and possible gene therapies, with details of claimed advantages and disadvantages. Types of vectors - the carriers that take the replacement DNA to the Patient s genes - are reviewed, as are the various sites where the actual transfer of genetic material takes place. Ethical issues and the commercial dimension, including patenting and legislation, are also briefly outlined.

< CHANGING GENETIC INHERITANCE: THE ETHICS OF HUMAN GERM-LINE THERAPY Adam HEDGECOE, STOA Scholar PE 164.905 EN - July 1994 The subject of gene-line therapy, altering people's genetic make up in a way that will be inherited down the generations, is one of the most controversial in modern genetic research. The paper outlines possible techniques for gene-line therapy, both pre and post conception. Practical issues are addressed, including risks, the utility of genetic defects, and the implications for genetic diversity. Ethical problems such as the manipulation of nature and the sensitive issue of eugenics are also dealt with.

< AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF NON- ANIMAL TESTING FOR COSMETIC PRODUCTS Dr. J DUBOIS, S. CHAMART, Université Libre de Bruxelles PE 164.906 EN - July 1994 The study examines the status of non-animal alternatives for the testing of cosmetic products in order that the possibility of totally suppressing the use of animals for this purpose by 1998 can be evaluated. Part One of the paper summarises the replies to a questionnaire sent to European, US and Japanese companies, although on the basis of the limited number that were returned. Part Two reviews current literature concerning animal tests commonly used for cosmetic products and recently developed alternative methods. Major obstacles which hinder the transition from animal to non-animal testing are described, followed by various reasons to switch to alternative methods.

< CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF NEW PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSTANCES FOR THE EUROPEAN INTERNAL MARKET. POLICY OPTIONS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL R&D IN THE EU Dr. Elias MOSSIALOS, Mr Panos KANAVOS, Prof. Brian ABEL-SMITH, LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom PE 177.694 EN - 1 August 1994 This study initially deals with the characteristics of the market for pharmaceutical products. It demonstrates that the most important feature of the European market is the dominance (85%) by a relatively small group of large multinational research oriented companies. The trends of pharmaceutical R&D in the EC are summarised, followed by a comparison with those in the US and Japan. The significance of R&D in pharmaceutical production is investigated and an analysis is made of the pharmaceutical R&D activities of the EC Member States, the largest PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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companies and their R&D specialisation. Particular attention is drawn to orphan drugs, as well as risk assessment for new R&D. The study concludes by listing policy options. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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1993

< PROTECTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH BY VACCINATION: ASSESSMENT OF PROSPECTS - IMPACT ON HEALTH AND ECONOMY - ROLE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING IN NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF PRODUCTION Prof. Dimitrios RAPAKOULIAS, Director General of the Hellenic Pasteur Institute and George MEZELAS PE 164.718 EN - September 1993 Vaccination is the simplest, least expensive and most effective means of protecting the general population against infectious diseases. The first chapter of the study deals with the current situation in Europe and future prospects. New technologies are dealt with, such as the impact of DNA recombinant technology or the protein chemistry approach. The European regulatory framework is analysed, along with current and potential harmonisation. Finally the situation concerning the European manufacturers is dealt with, and suggestions are made for supplying vaccinations to the Developing Countries. Special attention is given to vaccine production in the East European countries.

< RECURRENCE OF TUBERCULOSIS - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE THREAT Dr. Jean-Baptiste BRUNET, Prof. Hervé FLEURY, Dr. V. HALLEY des FONTAINES and Georges MEZELAS PE 164.710 EN - October 1993 This paper contains part of the proceedings of the workshop on the above-mentioned topic held in Brussels in 14 October 1993. The viewpoints of experts on the following topics are documented: the epidemiological assessment of the propagation of tuberculosis and AIDS in the Member States and the identification of sites of recurrence; methods of diagnosis and biological surveillance of tuberculosis and poverty exclusion, with focus on the social impact of the disease. An extensive bibliography is also included.

< ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH Prof. Dimitrios TRICHOPOULOS, Dept. Of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School and Dept. Of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health and Prof. Dietrich HENSCHLER, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wurzburg, Germany PE 164.709 EN - October 1993 This paper deals with environmentally induced human health effects, amongst which cancer plays a dominant role. There is an analysis of the evidence for cancer causation from non-human systems. The study examines potential environmental hazards for evidence of any effect on human health. These include air pollution; diesel exhaust; passive smoking; sick building syndrome; other chemical pollutants; other ionizing radiation; sunlight; electric magnetic fields and drinking water pollution. The study finds that it is very difficult to demonstrate conclusively adverse effects of a factor or substance to human health. It recommends however, a preventative strategy, with all newly introduced chemicals being tested for their capacity to induce health effects before they come onto the market.

< NEW PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSTANCES - EVALUATION CRITERIA IN VIEW OF THE EUROPEAN INTERNAL MARKET

C Criteria for the Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Substances Prof. Gianni BENZI, Director of the Institute of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Italy, and Prof. Silvio GARATTINI, Director of the Institute for Pharmaceutical Researches "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy PE 177.694/PART A EN - November 1993 Background information is given, including details of the regulatory bodies which control innovative drugs, the pharmaceutical manufacturer's associations, and the scientific, technical, and socioeconomic aspects of innovative drug development in Europe, Japan and the US. The rationale behind the proposed European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products is examined, followed by an analysis of existing evaluation procedures and documents. The question of recognition of innovation is addressed, in addition to the meaning that innovation can have for both industry and the patient. Attempts to establish criteria for defining innovation are also assessed. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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C Evaluation Criteria in View of the Internal Market Dr. Elias MOSSIALOS, Panos KANAVOS, Prof Brian ABEL-SMITH, the European Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) PE 177.694/PART B EN - November 1993 The aim of this paper is to identify R&D trends in the European pharmaceutical industry. The peculiarities and characteristics of the pharmaceutical market worldwide are identified. The major R&D trends in Europe are outlined, and put in an international perspective, particularly as compared to the US and Japan. The significance of R&D in pharmaceutical production is investigated and an analysis is made of R&D activities in the EC. The R&D specialisation of the largest companies is described, with special attention paid to orphan drugs and Risk Assessment for new R&D.

C Results of a Consultation of the Research-Based Pharmaceutical Industry Dr. Claude BENTZINGER, B2CS, Strasbourg, France PE 177.695 EN - November 1993 The basis for having such criteria is described, followed by an illustration of the types of medicinal products concerned. The methodology used in determining relevant criteria is given, with details of industry consultation and data evaluation. Criteria for the definition of innovation are proposed, including these of a clinical, safety, quality, production, economic and environmental nature. The definition and handling of innovation by other regulatory agencies are reviewed and recommendations for the future European Regulatory Framework are made.

1992

< BIOETHICS IN EUROPE Gruppo di Attenzione sulle Biotecnologie (GAB), Milan PE 158.453 EN - September 1992 This study is divided into two main sections. The first part deals with direct ethical implications and covers progress in mapping the human genome, prenatal diagnosis, genetic screening, human embryo research, foetal tissue transplants, IVF, gene therapy, transgenic animals and the patenting of life forms. In the second section, an analysis is made of indirect ethical implications, with the following issues considered: the release of genetically manipulated organisms (GMOs) into the environment, the contained use of GMOs, animal hormones and consumers, the economics of biotechnology, agricultural production, novel foods, pollution control and biological warfare. A synopsis is provided on the status of all these topics in Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in particular and at a European level in general.

1991

< BIVALVE MOLLUSCS: HEALTH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR CONSUMPTION George MEZELAS, STOA Scholar PE 149.078 EN - February 1991 Bivalves customarily consumed in a raw or slightly cooked state are filter feeders, which can effectively function as "bioaccumulators" of pathogenic microorganisms. The latter may be found whenever the water is contaminated by faeces, discharge from polluted waters, drainage from polluted areas and finally, sewage outfalls which are considered to be the major pollution source. This study examines the various types of microbiological contamination, intoxication from biotoxins, microbiological indicators, and microbial pollution of shellfish and their associated waters in the Mediterranean sea. An outline is given of the US Food and Drug Administration' standpoint, and issues of surveillance are considered. The need for a higher level of safety is the key point of the conclusions.

< NEW PIG DISEASE Georges MEZELAS, STOA Scholar and the Division for Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development, Directorate-general for Research EN - May 1991 A brief outline is given of the extent of the "new pig disease" within Europe and its consequences. The disease itself is described, as are the clinical signs and the methods of transmission. There is a study on the "Mystery Pig Disease" in the US , with focus on the preventative and control measures which may be taken. Concerted Community action to combat the "new pig disease" is recommended. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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1990

< BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY George MEZELAS, STOA Scholar Division for Agriculture, Fisheries and Development, Directorate-general for Research in collaboration with STOA Agriculture-Forestry-Fisheries Series No.20 EN - December 1990 This paper contains a description of the disease itself, its clinical signs, diagnosis and means of transmission. Factors relating to animal feed are taken into account, and consideration is made of the line of action recommended by the International Office for Epizootics for countries wishing to import cattle and cattle products. There is a review of the French surveillance system, Swiss policy and the position taken by the UK Government. An outline is given of EEC Decisions in this field and unanswered questions surrounding this disease are highlighted.

< THE CONTROL OF FOODSTUFFS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COMPLETION OF THE EC INTERNAL MARKET Prof. J.A. PAPADAKIS, Dept. Of Microbiology, Athens School of Hygiene EN - May 1990 The introduction illustrates how new lifestyles and technologies and the large number of people participating in the food chain all contribute to the difficulties involved in the control of foodstuffs. The study provides a summary of definitions and causative agents of food borne diseases, specifying those which are most common and the frequency of illness. Pathogenic microbes, the most common form of disease, are focused on. The economic impact that results from these diseases is analysed. Priorities are identified for the control of foodstuffs and aspects of prevention are paid special attention.

< INTERNAL MARKET: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVES CONCERNING THE FOOD SECTOR Georges MEZELAS, STOA Scholar PE 140.380 EN - August 1990 The Commission's programme for the food sector in view of the completion of the internal market is outlined. Legislation, both existing and proposed, which deals with food additives is examined, followed by an appraisal of the national organisations involved in authorising chemical additives in France, Germany and the UK. Directives, including those under consideration, concerning the labelling, control and irradiation of food are reviewed. There is a description of the Commission's position on BSE at this time, followed by two annexes which list the world take- up of food irradiation for particular foods, and provide details of foodstuffs inspection in Europe.

< THE CASE FOR A CENTRAL FOOD AUTHORITY IN EUROPE: ARGUMENTS FROM THE GREEK EXPERIENCE Prof. Antonia TRICHOPOULOU, Dept. Of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Athens School of Public Health EN - October 1990 The paper notes that in preparation for the single market and the free movement of foodstuffs, foodstuff's legislation was harmonised in the EC Member States. However, there is a lack of uniform approach between the Member States concerning food safety and adequate food standards. The US Food and Drug Administration is suggested as a model for an agency coordinating foodstuffs measures at a European level. The debate surrounding the establishment of a central food inspectorate in Greece is outlined.

1989

< FOOD POISONING: AN APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM George MEZELAS, STOA Scholar PE 134.114 EN - September 1989 The study firstly outlines the sources of illnesses from food consumption in general, and then considers food poisoning in particular. Fundamental rules for the prevention of food poisoning are set out, followed by a description of the microbes responsible for this condition. Parasites and viruses in food that can cause food PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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poisoning are examined. The main emphasis of this paper is on the prevention of food poisoning, with health training recommended to develop food safety as a basic habit.

11. REGIONAL POLICY, RURAL AND URBAN PLANNING

1997

< COASTAL EROSION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF EROSION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AND INSULAR REGIONS OF THE EU The case-study of Sylt, northern Frisia, Germany Dr Eberhard W. FALCK, Germany PE 166.655 EN - April 1997 This case study deals with the phenomenon of erosion on the sandy beach of Sylt, a German island situated off the Northern Frisian coast close to Denmark.For the last few decades, this coast has been subject to a progressive increase in sea level, tidal range, and storm frequency, resulting in higher erosion rates. The presently implemented counter-measure, i.e. beach nourishment, is compared with other options such as rigid seawalls, breakwaters, and revetments and is shown to be the most suitable solution both from an ecological and a financial point of view.

The case-study of Courtown and Rosslare, Ireland Brendan Dollard PE 166.664 EN - April 1997 This study describes two demonstration schemes carried out on the east coast of Ireland within the framework of the ECOPRO (“Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection”) project. On the basis of these studies, a Code of Practice was developed to serve as a guide for non-experts who are in charge of tackling coastal erosion problems. It assists them with assessing the cause of erosion and with selecting the most suitable environmentally-friendly and cost-efficient solutions. The study recommends the introduction of a national body responsible of co-ordinating all activities in the field of coastal management.

The case-study of the Cyclades George Kallis PE 166.663 EN - April 1997 This study examines the interrelationship between uncontrolled coastal development and coastal erosion on the Greek islands of the Cyclades, classified a less-developed region of the European Union. Two case studies are presented in detail. The study describes the concept of Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM) as well as the first steps taken towards its implementation in Greece, e.g. the recent creation of the National Committee for the Management of Coastal Areas and Islands. In order to continue this way, external financial resources are needed urgently.

The case-study of the gulf of Catania, Sicily, Italy Sandro Privitera PE 166.654 EN - April 1997 This study commences with an outline of the geographical situation of the area studied, including detailed information on geomorphological and biological aspects. It goes on to discuss the man-made causes for erosion and the detrimental effects arising from it for that area. In particular, the costs of erosion to seaside resorts and human settlements for the next 20 years are estimated. Another chapter covers the legislation on coastal development and protection from the European to the regional level whereas the last chapter suggests measures to restore the Gulf of Catania. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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1996

< COASTAL EROSION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF EROSION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AND INSULAR REGIONS OF THE EU The socio-economic impact of soil erosion on the development of coastal and insular regions of the EU Camilla Prenning, STOA Scholar PE 166.515 EN - December 1996 This study starts with a detailed description of the processes causing coastal erosion.The impacts of coastal erosion as well as the respective European legislation and policy will be covered in the final study. The relevance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for coastal monitoring and the options to reduce the consequences of coastal erosion are briefly discussed. Moreover, the most frequently used coastal defence measures are presented and evaluated. Many drawings are added to illustrate coastal processes and defence measures. Finally, the study outlines the scope of the four case studies in Greece, Italy, Ireland and Germany, which are dealt with in individual papers.

1994

< THE TECHNOLOGICAL CITY - IDEAS AND EXPERIMENTS IN URBAN ORGANIZATION: MOBILITY, TRANSPORT, PRODUCTION AND SERVICES EUROS, Geneva, Italy PE 183.007 EN - June 1994 This study begins with a reference framework based on European "City Systems", highlighting the issues that characterise these urban areas. The second part examines the technological and methodological options available for the sustainable development of "City Systems". The following aspects are considered: the effect of new technology on mobility; the regulation of motorized mobility; clean transportation technologies; the upgrading of transport control systems to improve the environment and quality of urban life; user-friendly access to urban information systems; urban technology and energy management; the prevention and control of pollution in the city, and the design of sustainable urban systems. The final part of the study contains the proceedings of the workshop held in Brussels on 14-14 April 1994, and the recommendations made by this meeting. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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12. RESEARCH POLICY, INNOVATION AND EVALUATION

1998

< THE FIFTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME ON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ANETEC, Henri Zibetta PE 167.230 EN - March 1998 The purpose of this study is to help to outline ways in which better synergy can be achieved between research and development policy and policy designed to enhance political cohesion. Cooperation between policy-makers in these two fields will be possible only after the possible options have been analysed with a view to identifying the most suitable instruments and procedures. The study fleshes out the new approach adopted in the Fifth Framework Programme in interaction with regional and cohesion policy, and analyses regional case studies.

1996

< NANOTECHNOLOGY Part 1: Social map and state of the art Ms Ineke MALSCH, STOA Scholar PE 165.859 EN - February 1996 The term ‘nanotechnology’ - for which no commonly agreed definition exists - is used in this study to include all research activities and technologies that deal with matters in a range of 0.1 to 100 nanometres (1 nanometre = 10-9 metre). Part one begins with a brief overview of the state of the art of nanotechnology. It then draws a social map of the relevant disciplines and of existing research networks, programmes and projects. Finally, the issue of commercialisation is dealt with and respective policies in the EU and some member states are presented.

Part 2: Small is bountiful: Prospects for nanotechnology Dr Stephen KEITH and Dr Fred STEWART, Aston University, UK PE 165.796 EN - January 1996 Part two consists mainly of a scenario study of the expected future technological development up to the year 2020, based on the opinions of some leading experts. This scenario study includes a short survey of applications of nanotechnology which are already available on the market or expected to emerge on the market in the near future.

Part 3: Nanotechnology Van der Meer en Van Tilburg Innovatie-adviesbureau, Enschede, the Netherlands PE 165.898 EN - March 1996 Part three begins with an overview of the various scientific disciplines that may be associated with nanotechnology. Three main forms of nanotechnology are distinguished: first, ultra-precision machining and nanofabrication, second, nanosciences, and third, molecular nanotechnology. The study offers an outlook on the fututer developments of these technologies, putting special emphasis on the impact of nanotechnology on genetic screening. It discusses possible technological and societal effects of nanotechnology and proposes options with which developments in this field might be monitored and influenced.

1995

< CULTURAL THEORY AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT Michael Thompson, Musgrave Institute PE 165.570 EN - October 1995 This discussing paper first demands a reassessment of technological assessment, aiming at a switch from anticipation to inflexibility reduction. Chapter one deals with the issue “unsiteability” and discusses its meaning, providing some precedents. Chapter two focuses on the understanding and improvement of technology and deals with cultural theory in detail. Chapter three presents and discusses an anti-reductionist theory of technical change, pleading for reflexivity. The last chapter takes up the topic of humble technology assessment (HTA). It deals with scenario planning, political cultural survey instruments and indicators of inflexibility. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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Appendix A, bearing the title “Managing the unmanageable”, is a paper presented at the 2nd EMECS (Environmental Mangagement of Enclosed Coastal Seas) Conference in 1993. Appendix B provides scenarios of climate change, particularly focusing on the human factor.

< ADDITIONALITY AS A PRINCIPLE OF EUROPEAN R&D FUNDING PE 165.572 EN - October 1995 The present study deals with additionality as a principle of European R & D funding. The study presents the EU science and technology policy and discusses the thesis “additionality versus substitution effects”. Furthermore, the study gives an overview of substitution effects within the EU. Another object of the study is university participation in community programmes. As an example, UK universities are examined with respect to funding mechanisms and the impact of the EU. The document ends with annexes presenting several underlining figures.

< OUTLINE FOR A STUDY OF THE COMMUNITY COMMITOLOGY SYSTEM Mariagrazia FORCELLA PE 165.571 EN - October 1995 This study examines the EU decision-making system of "commitology", whereby the Commission acting under its delegated legislative powers, increasingly devolves the implementation of decisions and adaptation of EU legislation to committees of various types. These committees, of which there are now hundreds in operation, meet 'in camera' and very few of them make public the minutes of their meetings. An analysis is made of the difficulties caused by this lack of transparency and consequently control, especially where the Parliament shares the legislative role with the Council under the co-decision procedure. All these issues are assessed in the context of the specific scientific and technical committees that currently exist.

< THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON EMPLOYMENT WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION BETWEEN 1984 AND 2025 European Centre for Work and Society, Brussels - EN - 44p. - Febr. 1995 PE 165.101 EN - February 1995 This study gives an overview of the existing research and knowledge on the future impact of new technologies on employment. Firstly, it lists quantitative studies, forecasting the impact of technical change on employment. Secondly, it outlines some global employment trends in the European economy. Thirdly, it presents two case- studies, illustrating employment developments in the automobile industry and in the Microsoft Corporation. Lastly, it reports on what researchers and forecasters believe the future has in store. Topics like jobless growth, problems of the less abled, effects in education and training systems as well as vulnerable groups are covered.

1994

< EVALUATING US AND JAPANESE TECHNOLOGY AND COOPERATION WITH THE EC

C Evaluating US and Japanese Technology and Cooperation with the EC Luke GEORGHIOU, PREST, The University of Manchester, UK and Christine RASMUSSEN, STOA Scholar PE 179.991 EN - April 1994 An overview is provided of the science and technology (S&T) systems in the US and Japan, followed by a comparison with the situation prevailing in the EC. S&T cooperation between the EC and the US, and the EC and Japan is evaluated, and current collaborative S&T relations between these countries are measured. The potential for a new strategy of cooperation by the EC with the US and Japan is investigated and scenarios for future cooperation are defined. < WOMAN IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Christine RASMUSSEN

C Activities in the European Union PE 177.702 EN - January 1994 This study provides a compilation of organisations, programmes and databases throughout Europe, which are concerned with issues involved in Woman in Science and Technology. A selected bibliography for each country is included, in addition to relevant European Commission and international documents. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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C Proceedings of the Workshop - "The Under Representation of Women in Science and Technology" PE 177.698 EN - February 1994 This paper documents the proceedings of the workshop. The main issues raised by the workshop are highlighted and the presentations by the expert speakers are studyed in full. Conclusions of the workshop are given regarding instruments and actions which could be used to promote women's participation in Science and Technology.

< THE EUROPEAN RESEARCHER: MOBILITY AND CO-OPERATION Christine RASMUSSEN, STOA Scholar PE 179.998 EN - April 1994 This paper evaluates the activities of the EU in the field of R&D aimed at mobility. Particular emphasis is put on the Human Capital and Mobility Programme integrated in the Framework Programmes, and an analysis is made of measures geared to the mobility of Central and Eastern European researchers. The main issues dealt with are the question of whether these programmes give value for money, whether a "European Researcher" exists and finally, if further improvements can be made to these programmes.

< PUBLIC COMPANIES: THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE PRIVATISATION POLICY ON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION. PUBLIC SERVICE OBLIGATIONS IN PUBLIC SERVICE ENTERPRISES Guido REYNERI, STOA Scholar PE 176.964 EN - May 1994 This study contains the proceedings of the workshop held in Brussels in March 1994. The project paper on this topic is included, which focuses on the background behind the privatisation movement, sectional aid policies, the European Research Programmes, private foundations such as Volkswagen and the policy options open to Italy at this time. Papers used as a basis for the workshop programme are also provided. Finally, recommendations concerning the impact of ownership and organisational changes on research and technological innovation by utilities are made.

< THE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ON EMPLOYMENT Anke HASSEL, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung PE 165.049 EN - October 1994 An outline is given of the status of research on this topic in the 1970's, with particular focus on changes in the world of work attributable to developments in information technology. This "third industrial revolution" is evaluated, and an analysis of the resulting micro and macro economic effects on employment is made. Qualitative effects on employment caused by technical development are examined in terms of both changes in levels of qualifications and organisational patterns of work. Alterations in the customs and rules governing working conditions are reviewed, and a synopsis is given of gaps in research and new initiatives.

1993

< ASSESSING THE ROLE OF THE HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN EUROPEAN RESEARCH Michel HERVÉ, Député Européen EN - April 1993 This paper sets out in full the speech given at the STOA/ESF Foundation Workshop in Strasbourg on 19-20 April 1993. Emphasis is put on the importance of social science in explaining societal changes in Europe.

C Criteria for Assessment Dick HOLDSWORTH, Head of the STOA Team PE 170.992 EN - April 1993 The introduction notes that as European integration advances and people and institutions adapt to this process, it is necessary to create the cultural and intellectual instruments to make sense of the experience. It is increasingly impossible to consider European research and innovation policies in isolation from their social, economic, legal and cultural implications. This paper provides a definition of social science and sets out the strategy for the workshop of experts held in Strasbourg on 19-20 April 1993, for which this study provides the background. An outline is PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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given of the role of social science in the EC and the possibility of the inclusion of social sciences in the Framework Programme is considered. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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< SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THE FOURTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME

PE 164.704 EN - July 1993 The above-mentioned workshop forms part of a STOA Project on the Social Sciences and the EC's Fourth Framework Programme. This paper contains the main elements of the European Science Foundation Expert Presentations at the STOA/European Science Foundation Workshop of 19-20 April 1993, Strasbourg and concludes with a summary of the workshop discussions. Details of the STOA Project and the programme of the workshop itself are included as appendices.

1992

< THE ROLE OF EC INVESTMENT IN PROMOTING R&D CAPABILITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: SCIENTIFIC GOALS AND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Benedikt Thanner, Konrad Faust, Judith Habuda (IFO-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, München), J, MACAK, STOA Scholar PE 160.099 Volume 1: EN - March 1992 This study analyses the prevailing situation in scientific research in Eastern European countries with respect to future, targeted support by the EU. Economic policy considerations are addressed, and an outline is given of developments in individual countries. Potential priorities for a future R&D policy in both Central and Eastern Europe are highlighted. The Annexes contain a summary of the written presentations and discussions made at the Workshop in Brussels on 19-20 December 1991.

PE 160.099 Volume 2: EN - March 1992 This paper sets out in full the presentations made at the Workshop held in Brussels on 19-20 December 1991.

C Czechoslovakia - Fields of Technology with Realistic Chances for Technology-oriented Investments PE 160.099 Volume 3: EN - March 1992 This paper is presented in table and diagram form and is divided into two parts. The first section is a summary in which all identified fields of technology are listed for each criterion used. These criteria include, for example, national activity in a field of technology compared to the world as a whole. The main section is split up in line with the fields of technology, with all assembled data given.

C Hungary - Fields of Technology with Realistic Chances for Technology-oriented Investments PE 160.099 Volume 4: EN - March 1992 This paper is presented in table and diagram form and is divided into two parts. The first section is a summary in which all identified fields of technology are listed for each criterion used. These criteria include, for example, national activity in a field of technology compared to the world as a whole. The main section is split up in line with the fields of technology, with all assembled data given

C Poland - Fields of Technology with Realistic Chances for Technology-oriented Investments PE 160.099 Volume 5: EN - March 1992 This paper is presented in table and diagram form and is divided into two parts. The first section is a summary in which all identified fields of technology are listed for each criterion used. These criteria include, for example, national activity in a field of technology compared to the world as a whole. The main section is split up in line with the fields of technology, with all assembled data given accordingly.

< INDUSTRIAL POLICY: ASSESSMENT OF PERSPECTIVES FOR EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY Doris HORVATH, STOA Scholar and Georges MEZELAS, STOA Scholar PE 153.629/fin EN - June 1992 A summary is given of the proceedings of the STOA Workshop on "Industrial Policy" held in Brussels on 4 April 1994. Speeches and discussion are documented in full according to the following categories: industrial competition, industrial policy strategy; regional aspects of industrial policy and the relationship between technological advance and economic progress. The annexes contain the position of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs and Industrial Policy regarding Commission guidelines for industrial policy in an open and competitive environment PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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(COM(90) 556 final). This is accompanied by a paper on the same guidelines entitled "Half a Step towards a Community Industrial Policy".

< SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE FACING EUROPE BETWEEN NOW AND THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and technology (MERIT) EN - August 1992 This paper contains the proceedings of the International Workshop held on April 1992 in Brussels, organised by: CERT (European Parliament), MERIT and STOA. A brief summary outlines the main issues and areas of general agreement among the speakers, with recommendations for European industry in meeting the challenges of the next millennium. The workshop is divided into four sections dealing with the following aspects of the scientific and technological challenge: the economic dimension, the social and regional dimension, the needs of European industry and the international aspects. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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13. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF TECHNOLOGY

1998

< ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SECURE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELEPORT Sachsen-Anhalt, Ms Sylvie Feindt PE 167.057 EN - January 1998 After analysing the electronic commerce market, particularly in the European Union, the USA and Asia, the study considers the political context. It concludes with a consideration of the socioeconomic impact of electronic commerce.

< ADVICE ON THE QUALITY CONTROL OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT STUDIES Prof. Jean-Louis Armand PE 166.638 EN - February 1998 This document makes suggestions concerning the way in which STOA approaches and carries out its research, particularly as regards the objectives pursued by STOA through it, the concept of quality, and the characteristics which the research in question must possess.

1997

< AN APPRAISAL OF TECHNOLOGIES OF POLITICAL CONTROL Dr Steve Wright, OMEGA Foundation, Manchester, UK PE 167.499 EN - December 1997 The purpose of this Interim Study is to provide Members of the European Parliament with an exhaustive guide to recent trends and innovations in 'technologies of political control', both in Europe and in the world at large. It considers the political options for protecting society in the light of certain recent trends, for example concerning surveillance technologies, new prison surveillance systems, interrogation and torture techniques and equipment, horizontal proliferation and further research.

< TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND MONEY Prof. Jaume VALLS PASOLA, Ricard TORRES, Anna ARBUSSÀ and Josep ANGUERA, University of Girona, Spain PE 166.483 EN - February 1997 In the beginning the study describes different sorts of electronic money, e.g. pre-paid cards and digital money. It deals with the meaning of these new payment technologies for the banking system raising topics like private banks competing with credit card companies and software firms, real-time settlement systems and the implications on monetary policy. Special attention is paid to questions of harmonization in the fields of equipment / standardization codes, voluntary codes of conduct and legislation as well as to social implications. The study ends with an outlook on the meaning of e-money for the Single Currency.

< WOMEN AND THE NET

C Women and the Net: Workshop and Study Dr. Dagmar BOEDICKER, Dr. Klaus KÖHLER, Ursel LINDER-KOSTKA, Dr. Marie-Theres TINNEFELD, Forum InformatikerInnen für Frieden und gesellschaftliche Verantwortung e.V.(FifF), Bonn PE 166.786/Final EN - July 1997 This study is based on the preliminary scenario study and the European Awareness Scenario Workshop (EASW) held in Innsbruck, Austria on 7 June 1997. The STOA Workshop held on 30 June 1997 in Brussels to consider this study in its draft form is also taken into account. Firstly, the proceedings of the EASW are summarised, with focus on the positive and negative scenarios envisaged by the workshop participants of a day in the life of an imaginary woman in the year 2007. The findings of the workshop are outlined, with conclusions concerning generic issues, work, learning and leisure set out in full. The annexes contain a bibliography, a list of experts and sources consulted and the details about the above-mentioned STOA Workshop. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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C Women and the Net: Work, Leisure, Lifelong Learning Dr. Dagmar BOEDICKER, Dr. Klaus KÖHLER, Ursel LINDER-KOSTKA, Dr. Marie-Theres TINNEFELD, Forum InformatikerInnen für Frieden und gesellschaftliche Verantwortung e.V.(FifF), Bonn PE 166.786 EN - June 1997 This study formed the background for the European Awareness Scenario Workshop held in Innsbruck, Austria on 7 June 1997. Facts and trend surrounding the Internet are documented, including generic issues and aspects dealing with work, leisure and lifelong learning. This forms the background for the assumptions on which the scenarios are based. The scenarios envisaged concern the work dimension and its relationship with the Net, and encompass working freelance and continuous employment, both from the perspective of working individually or as part of a collective.

< SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY FOR THE LEAST-DEVELOPED REGIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

C Consequences of the Information Society of the Least-Favoured Regions of the European Union: A Scientific and Technological Assessment Interuniversity Institute for Training and Development (IITD), Brussels PE 166.784/Final EN - August 1997 This study follows on from the workshop held on this topic in Brussels on 2-3 June 1997, and includes a brief summary of these proceedings. The study then examines the concept and characteristics of the Information Society (IS), detailing the opportunities and risks involved. Specific issues for the least-favoured regions (LFRs) are addressed, followed by a review of the impact of the IS on key sectors. The consequences of adjustment to the global IS for education and employment are assessed, in addition to an evaluation of the impact on specific groups such as women and the elderly and disabled. The role of policy instruments in preparing the LFRs for the IS is assessed, with special focus on the cohesion policy and structural funds.

C Scientific and Technological Assessment of the Consequences of the Information Society for the Least-Developed Regions of the EU - Workshop Papers Interuniversity Institute for Training and Development (IITD), Brussels PE 166.784 EN - June 1997 This paper contains the proceedings of the STOA workshop held on 2-3 June 1997 in Brussels on this topic. The introduction sets out the scope of the project, noting that the following aspects are considered in the analysis of the impact of the information society: regulation, economy, internal relations, ecology, social affairs, health, education and culture and economic sectors such as agriculture, transport, tourism and financial services. Objective 1 and 6 regions of Europe are mainly covered. A brief outline of the information society is given in flow chart and table form, followed by the workshop programme and abstracts of the various speeches.

C Consequences of the Information Society for the Promotion of Cohesion in the European Union Caterina FIGUEIRA, STOA Scholar PE 166.850 EN - June 1997 This was a discussion paper for the workshop held on 2-3 July 1997 in Brussels. It provides a brief characterisation of the state of the information society and sets out the main advantages and inconveniences that result from an increasing use of these technologies in the least favoured regions of the EU. Issues of decentralisation and access are dealt with, and the study identifies how these regions can take full advantage of these technologies. A detailed examination is made of a number of areas affected by the implementation of the information society. The policy instruments available for achieving the set objectives for these regions, including the Cohesion and Structural Funds, are then reviewed.

< FEASIBILITY OF JAMMING OR CENSORING PORNOGRAPHY AND RACISM IN INFORMATICS Alan Pitman, Smith System Engineering Ltd, UK PE 166.483 EN - May 1997 This study contributes to the debate on pornography and racism on the Internet by informing Members of Parliament about the technical feasibility of using technology to control pornographic and racist material circulating on the PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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Internet. It also contains information about the possible legal, commercial and social implications of such technology.

< TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONTROL OF PERSONS AND MATERIALS AT THE EXTERNAL BORDERS OF THE EU James Hatch, Smith System Engineering Ltd, Surrey, UK PE 166.792 EN - October 1997 The purpose of this study is to indentify and analyse options for the use of science and technology to improve freedom of movement, reduce inconvenience to workers and render border controls more effective. It proposes new technologies to achieve these ends.

< CONSEQUENCES OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY FOR THE LEAST-DEVELOPED REGIONS OF THE EU Prof. O. Steenhaut, Interuniversity Institute for Training and Development (IITD), Brussels PE 166.784 EN - September 1997 This study summarizes the conclusions of the workshop held in Brussels on 2 and 3 June 1997 on the Information Society (IS). It begins by explaining the concept of the IS and its characteristics. The second part contains a general overview of the impact of the IS in the less developed regions, particularly those eligible under Structural Fund Objectives 1 and 6.

< FEASIBILITY OF JAMMING OR CENSORING PORNOGRAPHY AND RACISM IN INFORMATICS Alan PITMAN, Smith System Engineering Ltd, UK PE 166.658 EN - June 1997 An analysis is made of all available technical means operating in the Internet. Constraints imposed by technology are identified and the most suitable key technologies are examined in light of their content management capabilities. The ability of technology to alert possible offences and offenders is assessed on a technical, economic, social and legal basis. Concerns about the social and legal implications involved in preventing Internet abuse are addressed. The various technical options are evaluated in terms of their social, legal and policy consequences, and include the content management technique, making all service providers liable for content, or requiring subscribers and content providers to provide personal details and identification. The alternatives of legislation, self-regulation, and action at the Member State or EU level are also considered. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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14. TRANSPORT

1998

< INFLUENCE OF SPEED LIMITERS ON TRAFFIC FLOW, ROAD SAFETY, USERS AND OTHER ASPECTS Leire Barriuso, Asteco Expertos en Temas Europeos, Bilbao PE 167.147 EN - January 1998 This study seeks to establish what influence speed limiters could have on road safety, car traffic flow and related aspects. For the purpose of the study, speed limiters are defined as systems which have the ability to limit the speed of motor vehicles beyond the control of the driver. The study concludes by considering the prospects for the use of speed limiters in the European Union and elsewhere.

1997

< TELEMATIC APPLICATIONS IN ROAD TRANSPORT AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Taru Vuontisjärvi PE 167.199 EN - October 1997 This study begins by describing the environmental impact of road transport and its costs. The second chapter concerns telematics in general, and presents the instruments for use in determining its environmental impact. The fourth, fifth and sixth chapters describe the various fields of application, and the seventh the possible future development of the system.

< SUSTAINABLE ROAD TRANSPORT AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT: DEFINITION OF AN EVALUATION FRAMEWORK Lucio Di Martino PE 167.200 EN - October 1997 This study aims to set out an evaluation framework for explaining the processes linking the development of means of transport, especially road transport, and urban and regional development, with the aim of determining Community action and targeting it more effectively in close conjunction with urban planning.

1996

< THE CAR OF THE FUTURE, THE FUTURE OF THE CAR Mr Costantinos SKARVELAKIS, University of Compiègne, France PE 166.314 EN - September 1996 The study first presents various aspects of car production and use. It deals with fuel technologies and vehicle propulsion systems, and it shows improvements regarding vehicle efficiency and fuel consumption. Emission regulations are dealt with and safety systems are outlined. Light material development, recycling and transport telematics are discussed. Furthermore, the study works out actions to support the development of “the car of the future”. Recent actions and programmes in the US, the EU and Japan are presented. Finally, a trends scenario is outlined.

< THE CAR OF THE FUTURE, THE FUTURE OF THE CAR Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), EC/JRC, Seville, coordinated by Mr Jochen R. NAEGELE

PE 166.315 EN - September 1996 Part I of this study outlines the fields of energy and fuels with particular respect to emissions. It goes on to describe engines and alternative power sources (e.g. electric power sources, hybrid vehicles). Finally, future perspectives and the socio-economic context are dealt with. Part II works out the need for lighter materials to reduce fuel consumption and examines related questions such as safety, performance and comfort. The component industry is dealt with taking into account the aspect of whole life PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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costs. The study examines the full range of materials used in car production with respect to their use, possible developments and costs. Finally, social, political and environmental aspects are discussed. Part III deals with recycling of current end-of-life vehicles (ELV). It outlines the present situation and presents different new recycling concepts and respective technologies. Questions of design for recycling (DFR) as well as socio-economic and political aspects are covered. Finally, examples form the USA and Japan are given. Part IV presents the advanced transport telematics concept (ATT) discussing information requirements, the beneficiary groups and several applications. System architecture alternatives are discussed and the expected benefits of ATT are mentioned. Finally, a detailed comparison of the ATT progress in the US, Japan and Europe is given.

< TELEMATIC APPLICATIONS IN URBAN AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FIELD TRIALS ETTS Ltd, Dublin, Ireland

PE 165.894 EN - February 1996 This study describes the combination of telecommunications and information services as applied to urban and public transport. Key technologies are outlined, followed by a review of telematic programmes outside Europe, including those in the US (ITS), Japan (VERTIS) and Switzerland. The main European programmes are examined, particularly DRIVE, ATT and THERMIE. An analysis and summary of the field studies are provided, which primarily shows that a significant advance in the application of telematics to urban and public transport has been made. The psychological impacts of the implementation and deployment of telematics in this sector are assessed. Finally, two urban scenarios are developed to illustrate possible outcomes of wide scale use of transport telematics in urban areas: the "smart city" and "smart vehicles, smart roads".

1993

< TECHNICAL AND ORGANISATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A FOUNDATION OR AGENCY TO COORDINATE EC MARITIME INTERESTS George CHABRZYK, STOA Scholar and Guido REYNERI, STOA Scholar PE 163.862 EN - January 1993 The model analysed in this paper - "Association of Maritime Interests in Europe" (AIME) is designed to establish a permanent basis for "maritime dialogue" in Europe. In addition, this potential association of maritime regions, industries, institutes and institutions is formulated so that the full range of maritime interests in Europe can be dealt with in a coordinated and comprehensive manner. The history behind this concept is outlined, followed by a brief examination of the role, scope, operation and structure contemplated by this proposal. Issues such as funding, location, timescale and constitution are also dealt with. PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE DG IV • RESEARCH

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