Quantification of Coastal Erosion Along Spey Bay and the Spey River Using Photogrammetry and Lidar Imagery-Derived Dtms
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Quantification of coastal erosion along Spey Bay and the Spey River using photogrammetry and LiDAR imagery-derived DTMs Raghavendra Jayamangal Master’s of Science Thesis in Geoinformatics TRITA-GIT EX 07-011 School of Architecture and the Built Environment Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden June 2007 TRITA-GIT EX 07-011 ISSN 1653-5227 ISRN KTH/GIT/EX--07/011-SE ii Abstract Coastal erosion has become an important phenomenon for all the beaches in the world. There are many physical changes involved in the Coastal erosion. This paper is more concentrated towards the quantification of the coastal erosion and movements of sediments along the beach. It tries to understand the volumetric changes and Sediment movement along the Spey Mouth and River Spey. The thesis includes the study of the changes along the beach and river over a long period of time. The study area is located to the Northeastern part of the Scotland, UK. The area is located at Latitude 49 0N and Longitude 3 0W . The main purpose of this thesis work is to create the DTMs from the stereo images got from the year 2000 using the software Socet Set 5.3. Then Orthophotos are created using the same software for further study of the Geomorphologic changes along the Spey mouth and River Spey. The DTM and images derived from LiDAR in the year 2003 are also used to study the changes. This research explains the photogrammetrical methods used to generate the Orthophoto and DTM for the Lower Spey River and Spey beach. Using the generated models in the GIS analysis to calculate the volume and area change in the Spey area. This paper aims to visualize and understand the changes in height that took place from 2000 to 2003. The main objectives of this project include the calculation of the changes in volume of the Spey River and the Spey Bay Beach; generate the height changes in different parts of the Spey area and to visualize the processes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor and examiner, Dr. Yifang Ban, Professor of Geoinformatics, Department of Planning and Environment, School of Architecture and Built Environment, KTH- Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. I would like to thank her for giving me this opportunity. I express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Jim Hansom, Reader, Department of Geographical and Earth Science, Glasgow University, Scotland, UK. I would like to thank him for letting me the opportunity to write the present thesis, for his guidance and support. I express my thanks to Jonas Nelson for his continued support and valuable advice in solving problems of this thesis. I also wish to express my thanks to Anne Dunlop, Teaching assistant, Glasgow University for her support and valuable advise in solving problems and in surveying during my thesis work. I would like to express my thanks to Kenny Roberts for helping me with surveying part of this project. I extend my warmest thanks to my colleagues and friends specially Manoj and Prasad, for helping me with their valuable advice, comments and support. I would like to thank Scottish Natural Heritage for their financial support in this project. My loving thanks to my family and friends for their support and encouragement. Stockholm, Sweden June 2007 Raghavendra Jayamangal ii CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT . .i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ii CONTENTS . iii List of Tables . .v List of Plates . v List of Figures . .v List of Abbreviations and Acronyms . viii 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction . .01 1.2 Research objectives . .07 1.3 Thesis organization . .07 1.4 Outputs . .07 2. CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE AND GEOMORPHOLOGIC SETTINGS OF THE LOWER RIVER SPEY AND SPEY BEACH 2.1 Conservation importance of the Lower River Spey and Spey Bay Beach.. .08 2.1.1 Lower River Spey . .08 2.1.2 Spey Bay . 09 2.1.3 Inter-relationship between river and coast. .10 2.2 Geology and Geomorphological settings. 11 2.2.1 The River Spey catchment . .. 11 2.2.2 Geology of the Moray Firth. .12 2.2.3 Geomorphologic settings . .. .13 2.3 Data Description . .. 14 3. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 3.1 Socet Set V 5.3 . .15 3.2 Arc GIS . .16 iii 4. METHODOLOGY 4.1 Data preparation. .. .17 4.2 Collection of Ground Control Points by field surveying. .19 4.3 Aero-Triangulation. .. .21 4.3.1 Image and parameters input . .21 4.3.2 Interior Orientation . .22 4.3.3 Multi Sensor triangulation. .22 4.3.3.1 Automatic Point Measurement . .23 4.3.3.2 Interactive Point Measurement. .23 4.4 Image Rectification . .25 4.5 Automatic Terrain Extraction . .25 4.6 Manual DTM editing . .28 4.7 Orthophoto Generation . .30 5. ANALYZING THE DATA 5.1 Change in Area . .34 5.2 Volumetric Change . .38 5.3 Creating Visualizations . .. .41 5.3.1 Creating Maps . .41 5.3.2 Creating 3D Geo-Visualization . .47 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 6.1 Results of Photogrammetrical processes. .48 6.2 Results of change in area. .48 6.3 Results of change in volume. .55 7. CONCLUSIONS 7.1 Conclusions . 57 7.2 Further Research . .57 REFERENCES . 58 APPENDIX A. Location of the cross sections in the Spey Area. .63 B. Cross sections along the right side of the Spey Area. 64 C. Cross sections at the middle portion of the Spey Bay. 68 D. Cross section along the left side of the Spey Bay. 69 E. Cross sections along the river. 71 Reports in Geographic Information Technology – 2007. .. .74 iv List of Tables Table 4.1: Central coordinates of images put in to the review and edit. .. 21 Table 4.2: RMS value of each image after interior orientations are listed below . .22 Table 4.3: the results of Multi Sensor Triangulation for the Spey Area . .24 Table 6.1: Area of Gain and Loss in M.sq. of the Zone-01 . .50 Table 6.2: Area of Gain and Loss in M.sq. of the Zone-02 . .51 Table 6.3: Area of Gain and Loss in M.sq. of the Zone-03 . .52 Table 6.4: Area of Gain and Loss in M.sq. of the Zone-04 . .53 Table 6.5: Area of Gain and Loss in M.sq. of the Zone-05 . .54 Table 6.6: Volume of Gain and Loss in each zone of Spey area . 55 List of Plates Plate 1.1: Aerial view of Lower Spey River . 05 Plate 1.2: The aerial view of the Spey Bay . ..