...{i.+. f .:r1.(r.-i,' ti;.i}i:'ft, ftf-:'a,-Oi :-3ift TerrestrialFauna of the South iiii LlSljriiY - - -' - "'-'i :lii-i ;{"'- Goast- a review : |, :i' i:l r i.;i:i'l-l 'l'iir"li". \l.i:-::; ;: i; ;,i

lsr NaturalHeritage Trust @rourr"oosrMANAGEMENTGRou,@6 4 itt.t.o')..ht.".ttha r. *. n. " a2o riELiiiRARY 64 6 **gff$ffi'* 0EPAI:r.,;:i.j-r 0FccrislFxA'fitr{ '1i'.'j;i aFiiii'iT tr :-,At.i'r '#Egi " r.i'il iiiii-iA TerrestrialFauna of the South Goast- a review

a supporting documentto

Souttem St ores - a strategy to guide coastaland marine planningand management in the south coast region of WesternAustralia

Preparedby SandraGillfillan BiologisUConsultant PO Box 446 Albany WA 6331

May 2000 SUMMARY

This reportrevie\4's the existingknowledge ofthe terrestrial{faunaof the southcoast of WestemAustralia, from Nomalupto Eucla,with theaimbf providinga synthesis of this knowledge.Sources of informationare summarised in termsof type of information,taxa, land category and geographical area. Gaps in the existing knowledgeare identified and recommendations for futureresearch and investigation areput forvl'ard.Broad faunal assemblages and threatened are also discussed.

The southcoast is an importantarea for faunalbiodiversity owing to its varied biogeographyand its role asa strongholdfor relictpopulations ofa numberof threatenedspecies.

The majorgaps identified in the knowledgeofsouth coast fauna are: basic regional distributiondata on two groups,the batsand ; basic ecological informationon mostnon-threatened species; the effectsoffire andPhytophthora cinnamomion singlespecies and communities; information relating to community structureand function and faunal biodiversity of off-reserve(non-CALM managed) land(particularly corridors of nativevegatation).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Fundinghas been provided through the Natural Heritage Trust Coast and Clean Seas program.

Many thanksto Nic Middleton of the SouthCoast Regional Information Centrefor producingmaps and to JudeAllen, SarahBarrett andAlan Danksfor commentingon a draft of this report.

Thanksalso to PeterCollins, Sarah Comer, Alan Danks,Tony Friendand Sylvia Leightonfor their helpand advice in obtaininginformation. CONTENTS

SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1, INTRODUCTION I 1.1Overryiew 1 1.2Review area I 1,1.1Boundaries I 1.1.2Climate 1 1.1.3Biogeographical zones within the reviewarea I 1,1.4Faunal habitats 5 1.3Scope and intent of report 3

2. OVERVIEW OF THE TERRESTRIAL FAT]NAOF'THE SOUTH COAST 6 2.1 Faunal biodiversity- general 6 2.2 Important areasfor faunal biodiversityon the southcoast 2.l.lDepartment of Conservationand Land Management(CALM) Managed Lands (ResemeSystem) 2.1.2Areas outsidethe reservesJ,stem Corridors 9 Rernnant nativ e ve ge tat i on 10 Wetlands 11 Communityinvolvement in fauna conservation 11 2,3 Terrestrial faunal assemblageson the southcoast t2 2.3.1Mammals 13 2,3.2Birds 15 2.3.3 l7 2.3.4 Frogs l8 2.3.5 Invertebrates t9 2.3.6Summary 20 2.4 Threatenedspecies 20 2.5 Threateningprocesses )) 2.5.1Fire )) 2,5.2 Feral Predators 23 WesternShield Monitoring 24 WesternShield Monitoring - preliminary results 24 2.5.3Phytophthora cinnamomi t( 2.5.4 Ha bilat fragmentation 26 2.5. 5 I n troduced he rbivores 26

3. SOURCESOF INI'ORMATION ON TERRESTRIAL FAUNA ON THE SOUTH COAST 26 3.1 Historical and fossil records 26 3.1. I Historical records ,,1 3.1.2 Fossil records 71 3.2 Museum records 28 3.3 Documentsproviding detailedinformation on singlespecies ecolory 29 3.4 Documentsproviding information on communityecolory 29 3.5 Documentsproviding information on fauna surveys 29 3.6 Specieslists 30 3.7 Documentsoutlining generaldistributions of speciesin WA )'f

4. GAPS IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF SOUTH COAST FAUNA 31

4.1 Study type 31 4.2Taxa 31 4.3 Land category 31 4.4 Geographicalarea 31

5. EXTRAPOLATION OF INFORMATION TO OTHER AREAS 33

6. SPECIF'ICACTIONS AI\D R-ECOMMENDATIONS 34

BIBLIOGRAPITY 35 PLATES 50 APPENDICES 54

lll 1, INTRODUCTION

1.1Overview

This reviewwas undertaken to provideinformation on theexisting knowledge of terrestrialfauna of the southcoast of WesternAustralia. The information contained in the reportis to be usedby the SouthCoast Managemenr Group (SCMG) for the preparationof a SouthCoast Regional Coastal Strategy. The SCMGis a regional body consistingof membersfrom StateGovemment, Local Govemmentand communityrepresentatives. The SCMG'sprimary aim is to promotebest practice coastalplanning and management throughout the southcoast region of Westem ,from Denmarkin the westto Euclain the east.The South Coast Regional CoastalStrategy's aim is to producea regionallyintegrated approach to coastal planningand management, involving all interestedand effected bodies.

It is hopedthat the reviewwill alsobe of interestand benefit to anyoneinvolved in faunaconservation on the southcoast and surroundins areas

1.1Review area

1.1.1Boundaries

The reviewarea encompasses the mainland south coast of WestemAustralia, fiom the eastemshore of NornalupInlet in thewest, to Eucla(on the WA / SA border)in the east.It extendsinland to themajor coastal highways, and thus forms a nanow strip of no morethan 70 km inlandfrom the coastfrom it's eastemboundary to Esperance, andthen a largerinland area, bounded by Esperance,Norsemen and Eucla (Figure l).

1.1.2Climate

The majority of the areahas a Mediterraneanclimate, characterisedby mild wet winters and hot dry summers.The eastemportion of the areaexperiences a semi-arid climate, however,in the coastalbelt, extremesof aridity andtemperature are modified by oceanicinfluences. The rainfallvaries considerably, decreasing eastwards from 939 mm annualaverage in Albanyto 263 mm at Eucla.Rainfall occurs predominantly in the wintermonths (> 50%),with occasionalheavy summer falls (Departmentof Conservationand Land Management 1992). (Figure 1).

1.1.3Biogeographical zones within the reviewarea

The revie*' areais biogeographicallydiverse. Two broadzoogeographical zones occur.There is a centralarid zonewith irregularand variable rainfall and a South Westtemperate zone with reliablewinter rainfall and dry summers.Some species can be categorisedas being broadly adapted to conditionsin oneor the otherofthese zones.Thus, the Eyreanfaunal element consists ofspecies adapted to arid conditions, andthe Bassianfaunal element consists of speciesadapted to winterrainfall conditions.The distributionof somespecies enables them to be categorisedinto one of theseelements, however some species with wide distributionscannot be catesorisedinto eitherelement. Oo) o^r l +rw-C

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e ;E ,i35 P .39 : i3lei qEis; .!dE5e 9=-9i!: ;.iE;1R Ly'; Eis Y E; p :e tlxo:!;: 'q;Fr:i Threebroad phl.togoegraphic provinces and five districtsas defined by Beard(1980) arealso represented within the reviewarea as follows;

South West Province(Nomalup to ToolinaCove (Nuytsland Nature Reserve)). This provinceoccupies the wetter south-west comer of WA andis characterisedby heath, thicket.mallee. woodland and forest. Three Botanical Districts within the SouthWest Provinceare represented in the reviewarea (Darling, Eyre and Roe). The Eyre District coversa majorportion of thereview area.

South West Interzone(Toolina Cove to Eyre)This provinceis a transitionalzone betweenthe SouthWest Province and the EremeaeanProvince (below). This province consistsof openEucalyptus woodland with a saltbush-bluebushunderstorey on the morecalcareous soils and scrub-heath and I llocasuarinathickets on the sandplains. The CoolgardieBotanical District is representedin the reviewarea.

EremaeanProvince (Eyre to Eucla).This provincecomprises hummock grassland, scruband low woodland.The EuclaBotanical District is reoresentedin the review atea.

The reviewarea comprises all, or partof, sevenof the 80 Bioregionsin Australiaas definedby the InterimBiogeographical Regionalisation for Australia(IBRA) (Thackwayand Cresswell 1995). The regions, or partsthereof, represented in the reviewarea are shown in Figure2 alitdare as follows; ll/arren Region. Mainly Marri-Wandoowoodlands, paperbark (Melaleuca spp.) /sedgeswamps, peppermint (lgo nisflexuosa) woodlandsand scrubheath on coastal dunes

Jarrah Forrest Region. Janah-Kaniand Janah-Marriforest, Janah-Casuarina low forest, mixed heathand scrub-heathon coastaldunes, Peppermint (4. Jlexuosa)low woodland and mallee-heathto the east.

EsperancePlains Region. Proteaceousscrub and mallee-heaths( tetragona)on sandplainoverlying Eocene sediments.

Mallee Region.The part of this regionrepresented in thereview area consists mainly ofa mosaicof mixedeucalypt woodlands, with spinifexground layer or sclerophyll shrubunderstorey, and mallee with a myrtaceous-proteaceousunderstorey.

CoolgardieRegion. Diversewoodlands rich in endemiceucalypts with a mainly acaciashrub layer in thereview area.

HamptonRegior. Mallee,eucalypt woodlands and Myall (Acaciapapyrocarpa) open low woodlands.

Nullarbor. Theperipheral areas consist of low openwoodlands of Myall over bluebush(rValre ana sedifulia) steppe. 9-, e, F ,aE'oE E {-, i p*d a .,9o :&g€5HE"Ff.e€*E g- E z FP:gfiE$EE;$g,El el illl o oL tFro E o I z Y o o o o EI c, t t o o z E ul a t,

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Table l: Relationshipbetween three ecologicalclassifications within the review area.

A detaileddescription of thevegetation within thereview area can be foundin Craig (2000)

1.1.4Faunal habitats

As a consequenceof the variedbiogeographical regions described above, the review areacomprises many faunal habitats. These include forests, woodlands, mallee, nrallee-heath,coastal heath, permanent and seasonalYate (Eucalyptusoccidentalis), peppermint(lgo nisJlexuosa) and paperbark (Melaleuca spp. ) swamps,sedgelands andsome bluebush steppe.

1.3Scope and intentofreport

While knowledgeofthe faunaof the southcoast is by no meanscomprehensive, considerableinformation is available.This reportis intendedto compile,synthesise andidenti$ gapsin this knowledge.It is not intendedto providecomprehensive specieslists of faunaofthe area,but to guidethe reader as to wherethat information is available.

Thereport summarises the extentand scope ofthe knowledgeofthe faunaof the southcoast in termsofgeographical area, land category, taxa (or particularspecies of tlreatenedfauna), and the type of informationavailable (eg. ecology, biology, distribution, abundance).This information can then be usedas a guide for managementdecisions to aid in the conservationofbiodiversity on the southcoast. Whereappropriate, extrapolation from existing knowledgeto other areasis made, howeverthis is oftenspurious and does not negatethe needfor on the ground collectionof informationin theseareas.

The faunacovered in this reviewincludes all tenestrialvertebrates and invertebrates, plusreptiles, frogs and waterbirds associated with freshwaterwetland systems (all are referredto as terrestrialfauna in the text). Informationon the faunaof estuariesand coastallagoons in the reviewarea may be foundin Hodgkinand Clark (1987,1988 a,b,c,1989,1990 a,b). A reviewofthe faunainhabiting streams in the south-westcan befound in Pen(1999).

Abbreviationsof localitiesfrequently used in thetext areshown in Appendix1 .

2. OVERVIEW OF THE TERRESTRIAL FAUNA OF THE SOUTH COAST

2.1Faunal biodiversity - general

Biodiversityrefers to the varietyof species,the geneticinformation they contain and the conmunitiesofthose organisms and associated ecosystem processes. A central focusofconservation biology is the maintenanceofbiodiversity by preventingthe extinctionofspecies (Hobbs and Mooney 1998). This focusis criticalbecause species extinctionsare irreversible. In manycases however, species do not go extinctbut are lost from a largepart oftheir formerrange through habitat loss and fragmentation. Thesepopulation extinctions or rangecontractions, which may leadto the lossof functionalgroups from ecosytems,are also important for biodiversityconservation (Hobbs1992, Lambeck 1992).

In WestemAustralia, have suffered both a highextinction rate and extensiverange contractions (Burbidge and McKenzie 1989). The statehas the highestextinction rate for mammalsin the world (10 species),which is highestamong the criticalweight range mammals (CWR: non-flying mammals with a meanbody weightbetween 35g and5.5 kg). Thesespecies are particularly vulnerable to environmentalchange because of their limitedmobility coupledwith a relativelyhigh daily metabolicrequirement (Burbidge and McKenzie 1989). An exceptionamong mammalsis the bats,which have not sufferedany extinctions since European settlementdue to their ability to fly andtherefore forage widely andrecolonise areas following food shortage(Start and McKenzie 1988).

Two speciesof birds,Dasyornis broadbenti liloralls (RufousBristlebird) and Rallus pectoralisclelandii (Lewin's Water Rail), are presumed to be extinctin WA, and manyspecies have undergone significant range contractions, ie. population extinctions,at a local andregional scale (eg. Carnaby's Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris)Smith 1987,Gamett 1992). No speciesof reptileor frog hasbecome extinctin WestemAustralia and little is knownabout range contractions of thesetaxa. Reptilesare less vulnerable to modificationsin theenvironment due to their low energyrequirements and physiological adaptations (Recher and Lim 1990),and can persistin remnantpatches and corridors ofvegetation (Kitchener et al 1980a). Biologicaland ecological information about frogs is quitelimited (Tyler 1997),but thereis someevidence that WA frog specieshave followed the globaltrend of a declinein numbersand species diversity (Fenaro and Burgin 1993),through habitat destruction,and susceptibility to pollution(eg. Geocrinia alba,Majors et al. 1991). 2.2 Important areasfor terrestrial faunal biodiversityon the south coast

2.1.1 Department of Conservationand Land Management(CALM) Managed Lands (ReserveSystem)

CALM managedpublic landsare protected under the Conservationand Land ManagementAct (1984)and vested in theNational Parks and Nature Conservation Authority (NPNCA).They form a systemof reservesthat are primarily managed for natureconservation (Figure 3). Historically,these areas were created after broadscale clearingofnative vegetationfor agriculturaluse, which accelerated in the 1950'sand 60's, resultedin manyremnants of naturalvegetation scattered within cleared farmland(Alan Danks,CALM. perscom). Most of thereserves were therefore createdto protect remnantsthat remainedafter clearing,and were not identified a priori asareas ofhigh conservationvalue (eg. high speciesdiversity, presence of rare or threatenedspecies, representation of biotic communities).However, by the mere fact that they are remnantsthey representvaluable areas for the conservationof biodiversitybecause of their role asrefuges.

Sbmereserves on the southcoast v)ere set aside with specificconservation purposes in mind. Two PeoplesBay NatureReserve was created in 1967solely for the protectionof the threatenedNoisy Scrub-bird(Atrichornis clamoszs) and its habitat (Departmentof Conservationand Land Management 1995b) and Mt Manypeaks NatureReserve w'as created as a sitefor relocationofthis species.Although the bulk of the areanow known as the FitzgeraldRiver National Parkwas left uncleared becauseof its unsuitabilityfor agriculture,its reservestatus was created in 1954 mainlybecause of recognitionof its uniquelydiverse flora (Chapmanand Newbey l99s).

2.1.2Areas outside the reservesJ)stem

While the systemofprotected areas is valuablein contributingto tlreconservation of faunal biodiversity, it is generallyagreed that thesenature conservation reserves alone do not adequatelyrepresent the full anay of ecosystemdiversity (Bennett 1990, Shea et al. 1997).Bennett (1990) outlines reasons why reservesystems may be inadequate for the effectiveconservation of biodiversity: . the sizeof manyare too smallto supportlong-term viable popuiations o movementpatterns of manyanimals cross boundaries of reserves . someanimals use resources that occur in markedlydifferent habitats . ecological,environmental and disturbance processes operate at scalesthat may be muchgreater than the sizeof reserves . numerousspecies whose populations occur mainly outside nature reserves.

In WestemAustralia, the currentreserve system as a wholeis seento be inadequate for the conservationof biodiversity,as evidenced by, for example,high extinctionrates and the occurrenceof 70 o/oof threatenedflora populationsoutside this system(Shea et al. 1997).Some threatened fauna species also occur on privateor non CALM managedlands in the review area,for example,Leipoa ocellata (Mallee F owl), Atrichornis clamosusQ'loisy Scrub-bird) and Pseudocheirus occidentalis (WestemRingtail Possum). As a consequenceof theseinadequacies, one of CALM's presentobjectives is to developa Comprehensive,Adequate, Representative (CAR) E$ =s**EE EEE 6g

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5 €Ef g E3s iei!i i9 E€e SegTE 9H;ii> $ 8nE gEBFF ReserveSystem (based on the InterimBiogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA), Thackwayand Cresswell 1995) and research is cunentlyunderway by the CALM ScienceDivision to providethe knowledgeto achievethis aim. "representativeness" The ofthe reservesystem in thereview area can be seenin Table 2 (seetable for criteriaused to determine"representativeness"). The wheatbelt region, wherevast tracts of landhave been cleared for agricultureand only smallisolated remnantsofnative vegetationremain, is includedfor comparison.It canbe seenthat within the reviewarea, "representativeness" is quite high, with all but oneof the IBRA regionshaving greater than 10oZreservation status and low to moderateindices ofbias. This is a reflectionofthe existenceofreserves such as the FitzgeraldRiver NationalPark (FRNP) and Nuytsland Nature Reserve (I.INR) that comprisevery large areasof relativelyundisturbed habitat.

Table 2: "Representativeness"ofreserves in eachofthe IBRA regionsofthe review area (adaptedfrom Thackwayand Cresswell1995). Reservationstatus : a measureof thepercentage of land area within an IBRA region which is dedicatedas protected area (> l0 % is the highestcategory); Index of bias = o measureofhow well thereserve network samples known environmental variation in the sameproportion as it occurswithin an IBRAregion. TheAvon Wheatbeltregion is includedfor comparison.

Despitethe existenceofa fairly representativereserve system, there are areas on the southcoast that areimportant for the conservationofbiodiversity which arenot representedwithin this system.These areas may constitutecorridors of native vegetation,isolated remnant native vegetation and wetlands.

Corridors

The lossand fragmentation of nativevegetation is a majorconcem for the conservationof biodiversity.However, habitat corridors in the form oflinear stripsof unclearednative vegetation exist in mostlandscapes. The reservesystem within the reviewarea, essentially consists of isolatedvegetation "islands" within a landscape clearedfor agriculture(Department of Conservationand Land Management 1992). However,in somecases well-defined corridors remain linking majorreserves (Watson1991). A projectis underwayby CALM to identirythese macro-conidors, with the aim of developinga landscapeapproach to biodiversityconservation (Peter Wilkins, CALM, pers.com.). The main macro-corridors in thereview area, that comprisea combinationof CALM Reserve,Shire Reserve, unallocated crown land and private land are: Hassel NP, Pallinup River / CorackerupCreek, Fitzgerald River, Phillips River, RavensthorpeRange, OldJield River, Munglinup River, YoungRiver, Lort River (Watsonand Leighton 1992, Department of Conservationand Land Managernent1992b).

Anotherimportant macro-corridor from a biodiversityconservation perspective is the coastalcorridor that forms an almostcontinuous corridor ofvegetation extending from OysterHarbour, near Albany, to the unclearedregions east ofEsperance. This corridorconsists ofCALM Reserves,Shire Reserves, vacant crown land, and some privateland. However, all ofthe vegetationtypes that occur within this corridorare representedwithin the resen/esystem (Peter Wilkins, CALM, pers.com.).

Watsonand Leighton (1992) surveyed four macro-corridorsthat are present or extend into the reviewarea (Corackerup Creek, Fitzgerald River, Young River, Lort River). Their work providesvaluable baseline data on thepresence of faunalspecies in these corridors,however, little work hasbeen caried out investigatingfaunal use of corridors.Where corridors provide links betweenisolated habitats for the interchange of individualsbetween populations, they may reduce the mlnerabilityof small populationsto local extinction(Bennett 1990), and are therefore very importantfor an integratedapproach to biodiversityconservation. An examplewithin the reviewarea is the role of corridorsin allowingthe dispersal,decolonisation and genetic exchange betweensub-populations ofthe Noisy Scrub-bird,Atrichornis clamosus, atTwo PeoplesBay NatureReserve (TPBNR) (Danks 1991).

The idealcorridor for animalmovement is a continuouscorridor. A numberof "steppingstone" corridors exist within the reviewarea ie. areaslinking majorpatches ofvegetationthat consist of discontinuouspatches of smallerremnant vegetation. However,the valueofthese corridors to faunais not known.A projectcurrently underwayby CSIROis investigatingthe faunaluse ofplantations of bluegumswhich areeither isolated or adjacentto remnantvegetation (Richard Hobbs, CSIRO, pers. com.).This studymay elucidatethe role ofdiscontinuouscorridors in fauna conservation.

Remnantnative ve getdtio n

Fifty-two percentand 44 %6of the two main phytogoegraphicdistricts (Eyre and Roe respectively)represented in the reviewarea has been cleared for agriculture(Beard andSprenger 1984). While this clearingis not asdramatic as the wheatbeltarea to the north(Avon District;93%), ft doesconstitute a largeloss of faunalhabitat. The land eastof Esperanceis largelyintact, and the role of remnantsin the conservationof biodiversityis not asrelevant for this area.As well asclearing of vegetation,habitat fragmentationcan occur through fire creatingpatches of differingsuccessional stages andthus isolating fauna that require particular seral stages (Bennett 1990). Some threatenedspecies that occurwithin thereview area depend on long-unbumtpatches of vegetation(eg. Atrichornis clamosus (l.Joisy Scrub-bird) Smith 1985a),and it may be thatpopulations are essentially isolated within them.

Fragmentationand isolation of habitathas a profoundeffect on fauna.Three main consequencesof habitatloss are (from Bennett1990): r changesto the numberofspecies in fragments . changesto the compositionof faunalassemblages . changesto ecologicalprocesses in fragments

l0 The effectsof habitatfragmentation on faunahas been quite extensively studied in the wheatbeltregion (Kitchener e/ al 1980a,b,1982). No similarstudies have been carriedout in the reviewarea, however, information does exist on the role of habitat lossin the declineofa numberof threatenedspecies (eg. Potorous gilbertii (Gilbert's Potoroo)(Courtney et al. 1998) andDasyurus geoflroii (Chuditch)(Orell and Monis 1994))(see Appendix 7 for furtherinformation).

While muchof this remnantvegetation is representedin the reservesystem, there are signifrcantpatches that occuroutside the system. Shire road reserves often contain vegetationthat is a goodrepresentation ofpreviously existing ecosystems, which are now limited in extent(Napier 1997). These are valuable in isolation,particularly for flora,however, they may alsobe importantas corridors fbr animalsto 'move' over time. Remnantvegetation exists on privateland, generally in areasunsuitable for agriculture(eg. swamps and sandy soils)

A significantarea ofhabitat locatedoutside the reserve system is thatcontained within the FitzgeraldBiosphere Reserve Buffer Zone.In 1978the FRNPwas designatedas one of 12Australian Biosphere Reserves under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphereprogram. The FRNPrepresents the coreof this reserve,and the surroundingremnant vegetation included in thebuffer zone is a combinationof shire reserve,unallocated crown land and private land. The purpose ofthe bufferzone is to act asan areawhere threatening influences on thecore area are minimised (Sanders 1996).A surveyof the vertebratefauna ofthe remnantvegetation within the FitzgeraldBiosphere Reserve Buffer Zonewas carried out in the mid ninetiesto evaluatethe conservationvalue ofthis zone(Sanders 1996). This is oneof only a few biologicalsurveys carried out on non-reservesystem land in thereview area (see section3.5).

Wetlands

The Directory of Important Wetlands(Australian Nature ConservationAgency (ANCA) 1996)lists all *'etlandsin Australiathat have a uniquenessor representativenessaccording to biological,historical and cultural criteria set out by the Australianand New ZealandEnvironment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) WetlandsNetwork. To reducethe difficulty in applyingthese criteria, the Directory attemptsto increasethe representationof wetlandsin eachof thebioregions outlined by Thackwayand Cresswell (1995). Nine non-estuarinewetlands occur within the reviewarea. Most oftheseare under the jurisdiction ofCALM , however,some do occuroutside the reservesystem (eg. Yellilup YateSwamp near Bremer Bay, and partsofthe LakeGore System near Esperance, which areunder freehold title).

Communityinvolvement in fauna consert)ation

Valuableinformation on faunaoutside the reservesystem comes from various communitygroups; Malleefowl Preservation Society, Friends of the GroundParrot, Frogwatch,Birds on FarmsProject, Land for Wildlife. Thesegroups consist of volunteerland-holders or communitymembers with an interestin faunaconservation, andtheir contributionto the knowledgeof thefauna on the southcoast is highly beneficial to biodiversityconservation.

ll 2.3 Terrestrial faunal assemblages

Faunalendemism is low in Mediterraneanclimates through out Australia.This is particularlyso for birdsand mammals but lessso for reptiles.Frogs are an exception to this trendwith a greaterthan 50 % levelof endemism(Lambeck 1992). The low level of endemismsuggests that the distribution of manyvertebrate species in the regionmay be largelya consequenceofhistorical and biogeographic factors, rather thana resultofadaptations to localecological conditions (Lambeck 1992).

In termsof distribution,the faunawithin the reviewarea can be categorisedas one of the following:

Endemic:As the reviewarea covers three botanical provinces and two broad zoogeographicalzones, it is not surprisingthat there are no specieswhich areendemic to the reviewarea as a whole.Only two species,the reptiles baynesi and Aprasiainaurita, which occur on the RoePlain near Eucla, have ranges totally confinedwithin the reviewarea. However, there are a numberofspecies that have very restricteddistributions, parts of whichextend into the reviewarea. For example, Pseudomysoccidentalis, which hasa smalldistribution in a trianglefrom Tambellup, Benderingto Ravensthorpe,the snakesRhinoplocephalus bicolor andNotechis minor, which arerestricted to coastalareas in the far south-west(Christensen e/ a/.1985)and the Ctenotusbrooksi euclae and,Lerista arenicola. which arerestricted to the easterncoastal area but extendinto SA (Ston el al. 1999).

Relict : Thesespecies are now reshictedto areaswithin the reviewarea but oncehad wider distributions,for example,TPBNR supports relict populationsof Potorous gilbertii (Gilbert'sPotoroo) ar'd Atrichornis clamosus (Noisy Scrub-bird).

Restrictedto south-westWA but alsooccurring in south-easternAustralia: A higherrainfall on the southcoast of Australiain thepast enabled a morecontinuous distributionof mesicadapted fauna. Present day south-westand south-east Australia arenow separatedby extensivearid andsemi-arid . This resultsin distjunct distributionsof the sameor similarspecies on bothlower extremes of continent (Wilson 1984).Examples incl:ude Isoodon obesuhts (Southem Brown Bandicoot), Pseudomysshortridgei (HeathRat), Notechis sc*aras (Tigersnake) and the pygopod striolata.

Widespread:There are several species that occur in the reviewarea, particularly birds,which havewide distributionsover WA or thewhole of Australia,for example, Charadrius ntficapillus (Red-cappedPlover) and,Tachyglossus acttleatus (Echidna).

Broadfaunal assemblages within thereview area change from westto east,mainly as a resultof climate(particularly rainfall amount and timing) andproximity to other biogeographicregions which actas source areas. This is particularlyso for mammals andrepliles. These changes can be investigatedby synthesisingresults of surveysor reviewsthat havebeen canied out in eachof theIBRA bioregionsrepresented in the reviewarea. These are as follows:

t2 lilarren (Ctristensenet al. 1985:.How et al. 1987;Smith 1990;Regan 1996,1997, 1998;Abbott 1999) farrah Forrest(TPBNR (Bannister 1970, Hopper 1981) EsperancePlains (FRNP(Chapman and Newbey 1995, Sanders 1996, 1997); SNp (.{ewbeyand Bradby 1989); CLGNP (Kitchener et al. 1975);Harold 1996; Anon (a)). Mallee and Coolgardie (McKenzie et al. 1993) Eampton (McKenzieand Robinson 1987, Eastern Goldfields) Hampton/ Mallee border(Eyre Bird ObservatoryReports (RAOU 1980,1982, 1985, 1988,1989) tr[allee,Coolgardie and Hampton (Ston et a1.1981a,Great Australian Bight)

2.3.1Mammals

The Warrenbioregion within the reviewarea was represented in a majorsurvey of the southernforests (Christensen et al. (1985)).These authors identified five faunalzones with distinctassemblages of fauna.They found a fairly distinctmammal fauna of the southerncoastal banksia woodland and heathland areas of theforest region (including the ll'arren bioregion)which included Tarsipesrostatas (HoneyPossum) and Cercartetusconcinnus (Westem Pygmy Possum) (Christensen et al. 1985).However, no mammalsare restricted to the part of the Warrenbioregion that occursin the reviewarea. Much overlapoccurred between zones and many species of the coastal areasare generally those which also occur in the southemforests (eg. Phascogale tapoatafa(Brushtail Phascogale), Rattus fuscipes (Bush Rat), andAntechinus flavipes(Yellow-footed Antechinus)). How et al. (1987)surveyed the coastalareas betweenBusselton and Albany, however,mammal captures were too infrequentto ascertainthe completeassemblages at the subregionallevel. They recorded the southemmost live recordof Pseudomys albocinerens (Ash-grey Mouse) in WA, within the partof the Warrenbioregionrepresented in the reviewarea.

Furthertowards Albany, but still in theWarrenbioregion , Smith(1990) recorded a similar assemblageof mammalsin Tomdimrp NP (TNP) to that of Christensenef a/. (1985)'sFauna Zone 1, asdid Regan(1998) at QunamNR andWilliam Bay NP. The exceptionwas the presenceofthe threatenedspecies Parantechinus apicalis (Dibbler),and the absence of Cercartetusconcinnus (Western Pygmy-possum) at TNP. Parantechinusapicalis was probably never present in theforest region and are not expectedto occurwest of TNP (Baczochaand Start 1997).

Specieswhich occurin the wetterparts ofthe south-westreach the eastemlimit of their rangesat variouspoints along the coast. Further east at TPBNRand Mt Manypeaks,in the bioregion,the mammalianfauna is predominantly south-westernbut containssome species that areat or nearthe eastemlimit oftheir range(Bannister 1970, Hopper 1981) eg. Pseudocheirus occidentalis (fungtailed Possum)(Jones et al. l994a,Barretl1996) and Setonix brachyurus (Quokka) (Tony Friendpers. com.).

In the central areaof the EsperancePlains bioregion,the mammalfauna of the FRNP representsa transition from the influenceofthe wetter southemforests to a stronger influencefrom the drierwheatbelt to the north.Mammals of thewetter south-west still occur here (eg. Bettongiapencillata (Woylie)), but someare at the easternlimit oftheir range(eg. Hydromyschrysogaster at the GairdnerRiver (Chapmanand

l3 Newby 1995)).The FRNPsupports a highly diversemammal fauna, and contains morespecies (20) than any otherconservation reserve in the south-west,owing to a blendingof serni-aridand mesic components (Chapman and Newbey 1995). Many of thesespecies are remnantsof a much more widespreadand rich faunaof the wheatbelt.These include, Macropus eugenii (Tammar Wallaby) and two threatened species,Phascogale calura (Red-tailedPhascogale or Wambenger)and Parantechinusaplcaiis (Dibbler), whose best long-term survival prospects lie in the FRNP.At CheyneBay, westof FRNPonly 9 speciesof nativemammals were recorded(Anon.a). The only speciesrecorded here and not at FRI'IPwas Antechinus flavipes(Yellorv-footed Antechinus), and this may representthe easternmost range of this species.

Still within the EsperancePlains bioregion but furthereast ofFRNP, anothersurvey at StokesNP (SNP)recorded a quiteimpoverished mammal fauna (five native species,excluding bats) compared to FRNP(20). At LakeMonjingup, near Esperance,Harold (1996) recorded only threenative species (excluding bats), but listedfour additionalspecies that may be expectedto occurhere.

The areanorth-east of Esperance,bounded by Norsemanin thenorth, Eucla in the eastand the coastlinein the southencompasses four IBRA bioregions,and includes part ofthe SW InterzoneBotanical Province. This arearepresents a transition zone betweenthe faunasof the moist south-westand the arid interior. For the purposeof this discussionthe areanorth-east ofEsperance can be dividedinto the coastalregion which containssections of the Esperance,Mallee, Coolgardie ard Hampton bioregions(largely NuytslandNR (NNR) with CapeArid NP (CANP) and CapeLe GrandNP (CLGNP) at the westernend), and the inland region covering the Mallee andC o o I gar di e bioregions.

Within the coastalregion, CLGNP falls into the samerainfall belt asFRNP (500-600 mm), but the southemend of CLGNP receivesas much as 200 mm more on average becauseit is a headland.The numberof mammalspecies recorded here is alsoless thanthat at FRNP(8 vs.20), probably due to the lack ofblendingof semi-aridand mesiccomponents seen in the latterpark. Thus, the higher rainfall of CLGNPresults in the absenceofdrier countryspecies such as Notomys mitcftel/ii (which occurs in FRNP) and Sninthopsiscrassicaudata (Kitchener et al. 1975).The widespread speciesof wettersouth coastal areas, Isoodon obesulus (Southem Brown Bandicoot), is quitecommon in CLGNPand has its eastemmost range here.

TheNNR andIsraelite Bay areain particularrepresents the southemboundary ofthe overlapzone between the faunasofthe moistsouth-west and the arid zone(Burbidge 1976).The mammalfauna of theNNR hasa dominantEryean element and a low diversity(Burbidge 1976), which may resultin partfrom the lossof mediumsized mammalsfrom semi-aridcommunities (see section 2.1). Many south-westspecies havetheir eastemmost distribution in theNNR. For exampleRaltus fiscipes (SouthemBush Rat) extendsto Bilbunya Dunes, and Tarsipesrostratus (Honey Possum)extends to Eyre(Watkins 1989).

A rnajorbiological survey of theNullarbor Region (McKenzie and Robinson 1987) includedsites within the coastalregion east ofEsperance. These sites contained mammal speciesthat are widespreadacross southern WA (eg. Cercdrtetusconcinnus

l4 (WestemPygmy-Possum), Notomys mitchel/i (Mitchells Hopping Mouse), and Sminthopsisgilberlii (Gilbert'sDunnart), which has outlying populations in this area with a main distributionin the wheatbelt.In a regionalsurvey ofthe Eastem Goldfields,one survey study area between Norseman and Balladonia (largely the DundasNR), falls into the inlandregion east of Esperance(McKenzie et al. 1993). The mammalassemblage here is a mixtureof semi-arid(eg. Pseudomys bolami (Bolam'sMotse), yvonneae (Southern Ningaui)) and mesic adapted species (eg.Cercartetus concinnus (Westem Pygmy Possum). Lasiorhinus latifrons (SouthemHairy-nosed Wombat) occurs in thefar north-eastof thereview area (McKenzieand Robinson 1987, Wells 1995)

Bats

The batshave never been systematically documented within the reviewarea, and thereforenot muchcan be concludedabout assemblages ofthis groupof mammalsin south coastalareas. Commonly recorded and widespreadbats in the forest region (Warrenbioregion) recorded by Christensenel al (1985)were Vespadelusregulus (as Eptesicusregulus, King River Eptesicus)and Falsistrellus mackenziei(Western False Pipistrelle)(as Pipistrellus tasmaniensis, Great Pipistrelle). The range ofF. mackenzieiprobably does not extendout of the forestregion, it foragesunder the forestcanopy but abovethe understory(Tony Start, CALM, perscom). Vespadelus regulus howeverhas a wide distribution throughoutsouth-west and south-east Australia.

Bat speciesrecorded from the southcoast lodged in the WestemAustralian museum arelisted by Anon (a); Chalinolobusmorio (ChocolateWattled Bat), C. gouldi (Gould'sWattled Bat), lr'y ctuphilus geoffroyi (Lesser Long-earcdBat), Nyctinomus australis (White StripedFreetail Bat) arrdMormopterus planiceps (Sottthern Freetail Bat).All thesespecies occur throughout southem Australia. McKenzieet al. (1993)recorded a similarassemblage at DundasNR in the Eastem Goldfields,with the additionof Nyctophilustimoriensis (as N. major),which is widespreadthroughout southern and cenhalAustralla, andScotorepens balstoni (as Nycticeiusbalstoni) whichis restrictedto drier,inland regions throughout Australia. In theNullarbor region survey, McKenzie and Robinson (1987) recorded similar speciesas McKenzie et al. 1993,and Eyre Bird Observatoryrecords also consist ofa similarbat assemblage.

Therefore,all the speciesrecorded in surveysare likely to bedistributed throughout the reviewarea, except S. balstoni.All thesespecies are members of the Microchiroptera(microbats) which aresmall, mostly insectivorous bats and use echolocationto locatetheir prey(Shahan 1995). New bat speciesare still being recognised,and it is likely thatmany species still awaitdiscovery (Start and McKenzie1988).

2.3.2 Birds

Takenas a whole,the south-westof WA hasa broadintermingling of Bassian, Eyereanand some Torresian (high tropical rainfall parts of Australia)elements within the avifauna,suggesting that present bioclimatic zones have had only a minor influenceon speciesdistributions in this taxa(Smith 1987, Abbott 1999).Most birds

l5 havebroad distributions, and within the reviewarea there is only onespecies confined to the Bassianzone (Atrichornis clamosus (Noisy Scrub-bird)) and only two species restrictedto the Eyrean zone,(Pachycephala inornata (Gilbert's Whistler) and Aphelocephalalezcopsis (Southem Whiteface)(Smith 1987). Thus, most regions within the reviewarea contain a mixtureofBassian and Eyrean species.

In the westofthe reviewarea (Warren bioregion), a 50 % sharingofbird speciesin Christensenet al. (1985)'sfaunal zones suggests a lack ofzoning of avifauna(Abbott 1999)in the forestregion. Although birds of Bassianorigin arepredominantly forest dwelling,some are found on themallee-sandplain and several range east along the southerncoast, possibly because of thehumidifling effectsofthe sea(eg. east to Esperance(Platycercus spurizs (Red-capped Panot)), east to IsraeliteB ay (Stipiturus malachurus(Southem Emu Wren)) and eastto Ercla (Pachycephalapectoralis (GoldenWhistler)). The coastalstrip between Israelite Bay andEucla is well wooded andBanksia andproteaceous shrubs occur as far eastas Twighlight cove,resulting in a rich assemblageofbush birds.In themore open country east ofEyre (Hampton bioregion)the numberof speciesdeclines rapidly (Storr 1987). The mallee communitv of the SW Interzonefunctions as a zoneof intergradationbetween Bassianand Eyrean avifaunas (Burbidge 1976), with theNullarbor acting as an effectivebarrier to the distributionof Bassianbirds (McKenzie and Robinson 1987).

Habitattype also contributes greatly to the distributionofbirds. TheFRNP supports morespecies ofbirds thanany otherconservation reserve in south-westWA because ofthe wide variety of habitatsit contains(coastlines, rivers, inlets, and wide variety of terrestrial landfonns) and its large size (Chapmanand Newbey 1995).Honeyeaters (Meliphagidae)are prominantowing to the high floriferous natureof vegetation (eucalyptsand proteaceous species) providing a yearround source of nectarfor nectivorousbirds. Other proteaceousheath habitats on the southcoast also contain high speciesrichness ofhoneyeaters (eg. Faunal Zone I of Christensen et al. 1985). Woodlandsare also importantfor bird diversity, and in certainlocalities, some species arerestricted to this habitattype. In theFRNP, ten out of54 speciesrecorded in woodlandswere not recordedin other habitats,and, in addition someof thesespecies wererestricted to eithermallee or very openmallee (Chapman and Newbey 1995).

Many speciesof seabirdsnest on offshoreislands along the southcoast (eg. Thalassarchemelanophrys (Black-browed Albatross) and Plero droma macroptera (GreatwingedPetrel) (Lindsay 1996). These species breed exclusively on off-shore islandsbut canforage close to themainland (Peter Collins, CALM, pers.com.). An exceptionare Little Penguins(Eudyptula minor) which nest in rock falls at thebase of cliffs in the IsraeliteBay - the only areain Australiawhere this speciesnests on the mainland((Burbidge 1976). Minor studieshave been undertaken regarding seabird distributionon somesouth coast islands, although these are often not comprehensive (seeBurbidge et al.l993).

Wetlandsand waterbirds

Waterbirdson the southcoast include some resident species, however, many are migrantsthat breedin northemAsia during the borealsummer (Johnstone and Ston 1998).A numberof wetlandswithin thereview area are important for waterbird numbersand breeding. Owingup swamp(ll'arren bioregion)and The Moats Lake System(Jarrah Forest bioregion)support a significantnumber of the vulnerable

l6 AustralasianBittem (Botauruspoiciloptilus), and the LakePleasant View Systemis oneofthe few knownbreeding areas for this species.Inthe EsperancePlains bioregionLake Warden System is a majordry seasonrefuge for waterbirds.This is the only RAMSAR (Wetlandsof InternationalImportance) listed wetland within the reviewarea. Lake Gore ( bioregion) is the singlemost important wetlandyet knownfor numbersofthe residentspecies Charadrius rubricollis (HoodedPlover) throughout its range(Newbey 1996). Mortijinup Lake System is a goodexample of anundisturbed coastal lake in south-westWA andis theprincipal knownrefuge for the FreckledDuck (Stictonettanaevosa). YellillupYate Swamp Systemis a majorbreeding area for waterbirds,especially the RufusNight Heron (Nyc t i co r ax cal edo nic us).

2.3.3Reptiles

In a surweyof TPBNR(Jarrah Forest broregion), Ston (in Bannister1970) outlined a characteristicreptile fauna of "wet southcoastal" areas with TPBNRat the eastem limit of this subfauna.The characteristicsof this subfaunaare: . povertyof the arid adaptedfamilies, Geckonidae and Agamidae, which occuron the drier coastalplains immediately to the eastand north-east . amongskinks, richness in Egerniaspp. but povertyin Ctenotusspecies . occurrenceof Egernialuctosa, Lerista microtis microtus (as L. microtis)and Elapognathusminor r absenceof generaotherwise distributed throughout the stateeg. Gehyra, Alenetiaand P seudec his

This assemblagecan be usedas a benchmarkto compareassemblages in othercoastal areas.To the westof TPBNR in the Warrenbioregionthe fauna of Tomdimrp NP, William Bay NP andWilson Inlet is typically"wet coastal"(sensz Ston (in Bannister1970)) (Smith 1990,Regan 1996,1997)- The Long-necked turtle (Chelodinaoblonga) has been recorded in this area(Regan 1997). This speciesis commontlroughout the forestregion to thenorth (Christensen et al. 1985)and in the fresh watersof the south-westcoastal belt eastto FRNP (Chapmanand Newbey 1995).The CarpetPython (Morelia spilota imbricata) is a protectedspecies (see section2.4) that occurs throughout the south-west. It is foundin Banksiaheathand Peppermint(lgonis Jlexuosa)woodland in TNP (Smith1990), and is alsofound in FRNPand potentially in areasofremnant vegetation with suitablehabitat (Cogger et al. 1993).

Westof Denmark,the reptile faunal assemblage of the southcoastal area is impoverishedcompared to areasfurther east (How et a|.1987)and contains many elementsofthe southernforest region. The diversity and abundance of reptilesis greatestin the coastalareas ofthe forestregion (Christensen et al. 1985).Again, geckosare poorly represented and agamids are absent. This partof thereview area falls into Christensenet al. (1985)Faunal Zone I, whichcontains a uniqueassemblage ofspeciesrestricted to the south-westcoastal areas, eg. the snakesE/ap ognathus minor (Little Brown Snake)and Rhinoplocephalus bicolor (Muellers Snake). To the eastof TPBNR,at FRNP,the reptilefauna is impoverishedcompared with arid regions(Chapman and Newbey 1995), but morediverse than coastal areas further west.The arid-adaptedfamilies Geckonidae and Agamidae are still poorly represented,but with a greaternumber ofspecies ofthese families than at TPBNR.

l"l This is alsothe casefurther along the coast at LakeMonjingup Botanical Park (Harold1996) and CLGNP ( Kitcheneret al. 1975).Thus, some influence ofthe drier conditionson thereptile faunal assemblage is evidentin this area.CLGNP also representsthe eastemmost limits of severalcommon wetter coast species eg. the skinksAcritoscinus trilinedtum (=Leiolopsimatrilineatum) andEgernia kingii, and thepygopod Aprasia slriolata.

Along the coasteast of Esperance,the reptilefauna ofthe coastofthe Great AustralianBight (from IsraeliteBay to Eucla)is moderatelyrich comparedwith coastalareas to the west(Ston et al. 1981a).This probablyresults from thediversity ofhabitats;bluebush steppe, semi-arid woodlands and scrub and coastal dunes and sandplains.The treeless plain ofthe NullarborRegion acts as a barrierto the dispersal of manyreptile species, resulting in an endemicelement in thereptile fauna ofthe eastemcoast. Endemics include the lizardsCtenotus brooksi euclae and Lerista arenicola, which extendinto SA, andthe Lerista baynesi(as Lersita picturata baynesi)andthepygopod Aprasia inaurita which ue restrictedto this region (Storr et al. l98la, McKenzieand Robinson 1987). There is alsoa muchmore diverse element ofarid-adaptedspecies from the Geckonidaeand Agamidae families, than that found in coastalareas further west. Many south-westspecies reach their eastemlimit in the IsraeliteBay areaeg. the pygopod Delntafraseri and Notechis scutatus occidentalis (TigerSnake) (Ston e/ a/. 1981a).

Two distinctreptile faunal assemblages have been delineated in the areaaround Esperance(from IsraeliteBay to Ravensthorpeand north to ).The coastal heathssupport one assemblage and the semi-aridand arid inlandareas support another,with the changeoccurring just northof SalmonGums (Bush 1981). In the inland malleeregion the reptile faunahas an affinity with the Eyreanzone, with many speciesoccurring that arewidespread in arid areas,and a dominanceofgenera that havespeciated extensively in arid environmentseg. the Ctenotus,and Lerista and the geckoso f the genen Diplodactylw (Merk'horstand Bennett 1990).In this regionMcKenzie et al. (1993)recorded a highproportion of normallyallopatric species,reflecting its locationwithin the SW Interzone.

2.3.4 Frogs

The broaddistribution of frogsin WA closelyfollows rainfali zones with very little overlap.(Tyler et al. 1994).Thus, within the reviewarea, there is a winterrainfall zone(Bassian Fauna) and an arid (low, irregularrainfall) zone(Eyrean fauna), with the boundaryin the reviewarea at SalmonGums and across to IsraeliteBay. The Eyreanand Bassian faunas can be readilyrecognised on thebasis of life historydata andecological preferences. Thus, Bassian species are those that have access to pemranentwater and breed when suitable conditions occur and Eyrean species are opportunisticbreeders requiring specific conditions of temperature(Main 1965).

Therefore,in contrastto mammalsand reptiles, assemblages offrogs changelittle overthe reviewarea, except for thetransition from winterrainfall to arid zonefaunas. Most frog speciesinhabiting the forestregion also extend along the southcoast and into the wheatbeltregion, although population densities are generally lower in the latterarea (Dale Roberts University of WA, pers.com.).The eastem limit of six south- westfrog speciescoincides with the eastemlimit of graniticoutcrops in the coastal

t8 regioneast of Esperance(Ston et al. 1981a)(eg. Lymnodynastes dorsalls (Banjo Frog) andLitoria adelaidensis(Slender Tree Frog)) and CLGNP is eastemlimit of Crinictgeorgiani (Quacking Frog) (Kitchener et a1.1975).

Richnessin frogsspecies is characteristicof"wet southcoastal" areas, with six to eightspecies recorded at varioussites along the coast(TPBNR (Ston (in Bannister i970), SNP(Newbey and Bradby 1989), CLGNP (Kitchener et al. 1975),Lake Monjingup(l{arold 1996)).Eleven species were recorded in FRNP,more than any otherconservation reserve in the south-west,owing to a blendingof winter rainfall andarid adaptedspecies (Chapman and Newbey 1995).

Most speciesoccurring within thereview area are ground-dwelling or burrowing speciesbut two arecapable of climbingvegelalion (Litoria moorei(Bell Frcg) andL. cyclorhynchus(Spotted- thighed Frog)). Most speciesdo not requirethe presence of permanentwater for survival,however pond water (ephemeral or permanent)is essentialfor someparl ofthe life cyclein all speciesexcept Myobatrachus gouldii (TurtleFrog). Species offrogs occurringin the semi-aridand arid regionshave adaptationsto preventdessication (behaviour, increased amounts ofbody waterand rapidrehydration) (Main 1965)

2.3.5Invertebrates

Within Australiaas a wholethere is a lack of knowledgeof taxonomic,ecological and distributionalbaseline data on invertebrates,and this taxais oftennot includedin biologicalsurveys in conservationareas (Major 1987a).This is certainlythe case on the southcoast, with only nineout of67 (13 %) of surveysincluding invertebrates in their sampling(Appendix 4). Most oftheseare far from comprehensiveand often only list ordersof invertebrateswith no discussionon faunalcomposition. Because of the lack of comprehensivespecies lists on distributionsof invertebrateswithin the reviewarea, little canbe saidabout assemblages of this taxa.

Only onecomprehensive survey, detailing faunal composition and community structure,has been carried out on any group of invertebrates.Anderson and Burbidge (1992)surveyed the ant faunaofCANP. Theyfound that this areahas a rich ant fauna asa resultofan overlapbetween arid (Eyrean)species and cool temperate (Bassian) species.The arid genera,Camponatus, Iridomyrmex andMelophorus dominated but therewas also a significantelement ofBassian genera, for exarnple,Prolasius, Notoncus,Colobustruma and Dolichoderus. The dominanceofarid faunawithin the antsat CANP is the oppositeto thevertebrate fauna assemblage which is dominated by Bassianspecies. They concluded that this assemblagewas typical of themesic fringeofthe southernarid zone(400-500mm) throughout Australia.

Invertebratesplay sucha vital role in the functioningof ecosystems,it is hardto justifu omittingthem from surveysdue to thedifficulty of samplingor identifying them.Their potentialin playingan importantrole asindicators of habitatquality (Major 1987b)should be an incentiveto increaseknowledge ofthis poorlyknown taxa.

l9 2.3.6Summary

Thus,broadly speaking, the mammal and reptile faunas of thewestem, higher rainfall, endofthe reviewarea have affinities with the forestregion to thenorth, those ofthe centralarea have affinities with boththe wetter south-west and the drier semi-arid wheatbeltto the north,and those ofthe driereastem portion have a greateraffinity with the semi-aridand arid zone.Obviously there are exceptions to this general pattem,with somespecies being distributed throughout the review area, and a gradual gradationin faunalassemblages. The transition zone between the two main phytogeographicprovinces (the SW Interzone)is an importantarea for biodiversityas it containsa higli speciesdiversity due to a blendingofarid andmesic faunas. Most speciesofbats, birds and frogs range widely acrossthe review area, and therefore zonationin thesetaxa is lessevident.

2.4Threatened species

The conservationstatus ofthreatened fauna in WestemAustralia is assessed accordingto the IUCN RedList categories(1994) (IUCN 1994)and listed under the llestern Australian WrildlifeConservation Acr 19J0.Recommendations are madeby CALM to the CommonwealthGovernment (Environment Australia) which lists threatenedfauna under the CommonwealthEndangered Species Protection Act 1992.

The IUCN RedList Categories(1994) are as follows:

Extinct(EX): No reasonabledoubt that the lastindividual has died

Extinctin the Wild (E\): Known only to survivein cultivation,in captivityor asa naturalisedpopulation (or populationswell outsidethe past range)

Critically Endangered(CR): Facing an extrenely high risk of extinctionin the wild in the immediatefuture asdefined by criteriaA-E outlinedby theIUCN.

Endangered(EN): Not CriticallyEndangered but facinga very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future asdefined by criteriaA-E outlinedby the IUCN

Vulnerable(VU): Not CR or EN but facinga high risk of extinctionin thewild in the medium-termfuture, asdefined by criteriaA-E outlinedby the IUCN

Two othercategories of conservationstatus are recognised by CALM "otherspecially protected"and "priority". Thesecategories do not haveany legalstatus but list speciesconsidered to potentiallybe at risk andwhose status is reviewedannually.

The conservationstatus of threatenedspecies within thereview area, according to both the stateand commonwealth acts, is shownin Appendix2. A totalof fifteen speciesofterrestrial vertebrates are considered threatened by the Statelist. These compriseseven mammals and eight birds. There are no endangeredor wlnerable speciesof reptilesor amphibianswithin the reviewarea.

20 Other"priority" or "otherspecially protected" fauna within the reviewarea include Isoodonobesuhs rtncivenror (Quenda), Macropus irma (WestemBrush Wallaby), Falcoperegrinus (Peregrine falcon), Morelia spilota imbricata (Carpet Python), the geckoPhyllodaclylus sp."Cape Le Grand" and the elapid snakeRftinoplocephalus spectablisbzslzl. Recently down listed species are Pseerdomys occidentalis (Western Mouse),downlisted from vulnerableto "priority 4"asthere are now morethan 10,000 matureindividuals in thewild (Monis in prep.)and Bettongia pencillata (Woylie) which hasbeen removed from the Stateand Commonwealth lists due to a dramatic recoveryin numbersas a resultoffox baiting(see section 2.5.2) (Armstrong 1998).

The Commonwealthlist is almostidentical to the Statelist ie. specieson the Statelist fall into samecategories as the Commonwealthlist exceptthat; a critically endangeredcategory is not recognisedon the Commonwealthlist (Potorousgibertii is listedin Endangeredcategory); and the Australasian Bittern (BoIaurus poiciloptilus) is not listedon the Commonwealthlist.

Importantinformation relating to theconservation ofthese species is alsooutlined in Appendix2. Threatenedspecies occur in a rangeofhabitats and possess varied ecologicalrequirements. Management to conservethese species therefore requires manydifferent approaches, and an integrationof managementplans to ensure recoveryactions for a particularspecies are not detrimentalto anotherspecies or to the ecosystemas a whole.

The maincurrent management actions that benefit many, ifnot all, threatenedspecies arethe management offire, the controloffoxes andthe prevention ofthe spreadof Phytophthora.Work is underwayfor many threatenedspecies to monitor existing populationsand to locatenew populations. Translocations ofboth captiveand wild animalsto suitablehabitats where foxes have been controlled are being carried out for a numberof species.Research into the ecologyofthreatened species is alsoa priority, but muchis still unknown.Recovery actions are ongoing and change as knowledge is increased.

Comparedto WesternAustralia as a wholethe reviewarea has a high propodon of extinctmammals (60 %), criticallyendangered mammals (50 %, oneout of two), endangeredmammals (29%) and birds (75 %), andwlnerable birds (36 %) (Table3).

Six speciesof mammalsthat once had ranges within thereview area are presumed extinct(5 marsupialsand 1 rodent),however no speciesofbirds, reptiles,amphibians or invertebratesare presumed extinct within the reviewarea. Within the mammals,the Dasyuridsand the bats are the only two majorgroups with no extinctions.

Althoughthere is a fairly high proportionof threatenedspecies within the reviewarea this is dueto the factthat many ofthese species represent a relict faunawhich once hada muchwider distribution.From the present distributions outlined in Appendix2 it canbe seenthat the reservesystem on the southcoast represent a strongholdfor a numberofthreatened species, in particularTPBNR and FRNP. These are extremely imDortantareas for the conservationof remnantfauna.

2l Table 3: Number of terrestrial vertebrateslisted as threatenedin the review area and all of WA. Statelist = lYesternAustralian Wildlife Conservatiow Act 1950

Mammals 10 Birds 0 2 Reptiles 0 0 Amphibians 0 0

Mammals 1 Birds 0 Reptiles 0 Amphibians 0 0

Mammals 2 7 Birds 3 4 Reptiles 0 ribians 0

Mammals Bird 14 Reptiles 0 8 Amphibians 0 2

2.5 Threateningprocesses

FromAppendix 2 it canbeseen that the maintlueats to speciesin the reviewarea are: land clearanceleading to habitatfragmentation and destruction;changed fire regimes; predationby inhoducedpredators; and changesin vegetationstructure or loss offood plants by the fun gal pathogenPhytophthora. Competition from, and changein vegetationstructure caused by introducedherbivores, particularly the rabbit, hasnot beenimplicated, however these effects should be investigatedfurther. For every speciesthere is probablyno onesingle cause of declineor extinction.These processes aimostcertainly did, anddo not, occurin isolationand it is diffrcultto separatetheir effects(Recher and Lim 1990).

2.5.1Fire

Fire hasbeen implicated as having a majorimpact on fauna,both historically and as ariongoing threat. Low intensityfrequent buming canied out by Aboriginesfor hunting resultedin considerableareas ofdense unburntvegetation. with European settlernent,the fire regime changedto one of infrequenthot fires which resultedin the lossofdense stands ofvegetation. These changing fire regimeshave been implicated asthe maincause of the declineof Atrichornisclsnosas (Noisy Scrub-bird), Dasyornislongirostris (westem Bristlebird) arldPsophodes n. nigrogulrars (westem WhipbiLd)(Smith 1985a,Smith 1987).

22 Fire is now usedin selectedareas as a faunalhabitat management tool. Detailed investigationsinto the useoffire asmanagement tool with particularrespect to fauna havebeen carried out outsidethe review area in DryandraForest (Burrows el al 1987)and Perup Forest (Christensen and Maisy 1987).These studies emphasise the importanceoftranslating research findings into managementpractice. Major reserves within the reviewarea are managed for fire with the ecologicalrequirements of threatenedspecies as one of a numberof priorities(FRNP, W-NNP, TPBNR, WCHNP,(Department of Conservationand Land Management, 1991,1992a,1995a andb respectively).

Despiteits useas a managementtool, researchinto theresponse to fire ofmany speciesis lacking.A reviewofthe shortand long-term responses of vertebratesto fire in temperateheathland and woodlands throughout Australia, strongly indicated a high degreeof consistencybetween species post fire responseand their life history parameters(Friend 1993). Within thereview area, Chapman and Newbey (1994) have investigatedthe responseof vertebratesto a largesummer wildfire at FRNP.They foundthat srnallmammals had a broadspectrum of vegetationfire-age tolerance, with severalspecies surviving in vegetationat 5 yearspost fite (Sminthopsisgriseoventor (Grey-belliedD tnnart),Cercartetus concinnus (Western Pygmy Possum) , Pseudomys albocinereus(Ash-grey Mouse) and Rattus fuscipes (Bush Rat)), but with the rare small mammalsParantechinus apicaiis (Dibbler), Sminthopsisgranulipes (White- tailed Dunnart),Pseudomys occidentalis (WestemMouse) and P. shortridgei (HeaIh Rat)requiring 30+ years post fire to survive.Reptiles generally survived the firesby usingnon-flammable refuges, and some sedentary passerine birds survived in pockets of unburntvegetation. Research is also currently underwayin FRNP to investigatethe fire responseof the threatenedGround Parrot (Pezoporuswallicus flavivenlrls) (Allan Burbidge,CALM, pers.com).

Smith(1985a,1987) investigated the effectoffire on thethree rare bird speciesat TPBNR (ltricft ornis clamosus(f{oisy Scrub-bird),Dasyornis longirostris (Westem Bristlebird) andPsophodes n. nigrogulafis (WestemWhipbird)) by consideringthe changesin populationin relation to changingfire patterns.He found that thesespecies generallyrequire long unburntvegetation to maintainviable populations. Smith (1987)emphasised the compromisesneeded between the requirementsof all species present,the protectionof rarespecies and the maintenance ofan acceptablefire risk, whenusing fire asa managementtool. Thechallenge to managersand researchers is to balancethese while consen-ingbiodiversity. Clearly, research into specieshabitat requirements,life historyparameters and fire responsesare essential for effective managementof fire.

2.5.2 Feral Predators

Predationby the Europeanre d fox (Vulpesvulpes) has been implicated as a factorin the declineof the CWR mammals(see section 2.1) and some ground birds in Westem Australia(Burbidge and McKenzie 1989, Gamett 1992). Experimental removal of foxeshas been shown to increasepopulations ofnative mammals(eg. Petrogale Iateralis,Kinnear el al 1988).

The impact of predationby the feral car(Felis catzs) can be strongly infened from historical.circumstantial and observational evidence. On the mainland,feral cats

23 impactmost heavily on mammalsweighing less than 220 g andhave been implicated in declineand extinction of speciesof WestemAustralian rodents (Monis in prep., Dickman1996). Ground foraging and nesting birds weighing less than 200 g arealso vulnerableto catpredation (Dickman 1996).

Fortunately,baiting for foxesand cats with 1080is successfulin WesternAustralia becausethese species are highly susceptibleto thetoxin, whereas many native WesternAustralian mammal species are extremely tolerant to it (King 1993).

WesternShield Monitoring

An importantprogram underway is themonitoring of mammalpopulations under the IlesternShieldProgram. This programis an initiativeof CALM, with the aim to increasenumbers and populations of threatenedspecies through the controlofthe fox andthe feral cat in WesternAustralia's conservation lands. Broadscale fox baitingis now usedas an effectivetool for the managementofpopulations ofthreatened species on the southcoast by aerialdelivery ofdried meatbaits at 5 baitsper km / (Armstrong 1998).Baiting for catsis not yet conductedon an operationalbasis, but researchis underwayto developthe besttechnique for thedelivery of 1080baits to feral cats. The 1080bait for catsis palatableto thenative camivorous Chuditch (Dasyarr.r geoffroii),and therefore cannot be trialedwhere Chuditch are present. A feline specifictoxin (FST)is alsobeing developed which only affectsferal catsand is thereforesafe to usein the presenceof Chuditch.

WesternShield Monitoring - preliminary results

Publisheddata on resultsof WesternShield monitoring in thereview area is not yet available.The following informationwas obtained as a personalcomment from Peter Collins(Wildlife Officer,CALM.) andKlaus Tiddeman (Esperance District Manager, CALM),

WesternShield Monitoring sites: Albany District WNP in the Mount ManypeaksNature Reserve, Bakers Junction (ust northof the HassellHwy), FRNP(Twertup and Moir Track)

EsperanceDistrict CLGNP,CANP, HelmsForestry Reserve (ust northof Esperance).

A monitoringprogram recording the abundanceof smallto mediumsized mammals commencedat all siteswithin CALM's AlbanyDistrict in mid 1997.This correspondedto the commencementof the WestemShield fox baitingprogram, howeverfox baitingwas already underway since 1991 at theFRNP sites twice a year, aspalt ofanotherstudy prior to the startof faunamonitoring (see below). Baiting occtus4 timesa year.Fauna monitoring is caniedout twice a year,in Autumnand Spring,and is ongoing.The mostsignificant results to comeout ofthe monitoring programto datehave occurred in the FRNP. The threatenedspecies, the Dasyrus geoffroii(Chuditch) was captured in September1998 for the first time in FRNPsince 1980.There has also been a markedsignificant increase in the capturerate (14 % to 40 %o)of Trichosurusvupecula (Brrush-tail possum) at the Twertup site, and a recent

24 increasein numbersof anotherthreatened species, Parantechinus apicalls (Dibbler). Trappingat the Bakersjunction andWNP siteshave not yieldeda significantchange in the faunasince the startof monitoring.This is alsothe caseat the Esperance District sites. The fact that theseincreases were not recordeduntil 6 to 7 yearsafter initial fox baitingindicates that recoveries may not be evidentfor sometime afterthe impactof foxesis reduced.

Recentexperimental rvork by JackKinnear in FRNPinvestigated the impactof twice yearly aerialbaitings for foxeson mediumsized mammals from 1991-1996.The park waspartitioned into two areas,one of which wasbaited. Possums and tammars increaseddramatically in baitedarea. The FRNPoffers a greatopportunity to increase our understandingof the role ofexotic predatorson a suiteof habitatsand their habitatrequirements ( Jack Kinnear, CALM pers.com)

Clearlythe fox hasbeen, and continues to be,one of the greatestthreats to CWR mamnrals.The dramaticrecovery of a numberofthreatened species (eg. Betongia pencillata(woylie)) underbroadscale fox baitingis an unequivocalindication of this.

2,5. 3 Phytophtho ra cinnamomi

Phytophthoracinnamomi is a soil-bomefungal pathogen occurring in the south-west in areaswith greaterthan 400 mm annualrainfall. It causesthe plant disease "dieback"in Proteaceousand Myrtaceous species, leading to thedeath of the plant and subsequentchange in the vegetationfloristics and structureofthe community. Phytophthoracinnamomi impacts on faunaspecies by removingthe structural componentsof vegetation(and hencerefugia), andthe seedand nectarfood sourcesof manymammal, bird andinsect species (Wilson el a/. 1994).This constitutesthe removalofa functionalgroup from an ecosystem,which effectsecosystem function (Hobbs1992).

No quantitativedata existson the impactsof P. cinnamomion faunawithin the review a."u. In the forest region to the north the impactsofP. cinnamomion invertebrates, frogsand reptiles have been investigated. The results were inconclusive but suggested lower speciesrichness and abundance in diseasedforest (Nichols and Burrows 1985, Nichols andBamford 1985). Studies in south-eastAustralia are more conclusive. Wilson el c/.(1990)found the percentage of vegetationmodified by P. cinnamomiin coastalheaths in Victoriato be a significantvariable in explainingsmall mammal diversity and abundance.Further, it was found that changesin vegetationstructure ratherthan food supplybetween diseased and non-diseased areas was the main factorcontributing to the abundanceof the dasyuridmatsupial Antechinus sludrtii (Brown Anlechinus).

It canbe speculatedthat P. cinnamomiis having,and will continueto have,a major impactonipecies which rely specificallyon Proteaceousand Myrtaceous species for fooa 1eg.Tarsipes rostratzs (Honey Possum) and on any specieswhich require particularvegetation structures that are effected by P. cinnamomi.Prevention ofthe spreadof P. cinnamomiis a managementpriority on all CALM managedlands (see ManagementPlans for FRNP,W-NNP, TPBNR, WCHNP, FRNP, (Department of Conservationand Land Management, 1991,1992'1995a and b respectively)).

25 2.5.4 Habitat fragmentation The devastatingrole of habitatfragmentation and destruction on faunalspecies has beendiscussed previously in section2.2.

Mrile landclearing has had a majorimpact in thepast, threatened species occurring within the reservesystem are no longerunder direct threat from this process. However,the presenceof somethreatened species on non-protectedland (eg. Noisy Scrub-bird(Atrichornis clamosus)) requires careful liaison with privatelandholders andother managing bodies to ensurethe protectionofhabitat.

2.5. 5 I ntro ducedher bivores

The Europeanrabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus) can occur in very high numberson deep sandysoils in remnantvegetation on agricultural land, and havebeen recorded on mountaintops in southemWA (Banett 1996).While the rabbithas not beendirectly implicatedin the declineofthreatened species in the reviewarea its potentialimpact, both past and present,cannot be ignored.Almost no quantitativedata exists on the critical level ofunacceptabledamage to faunacaused by the rabbit.This damageis commonly chronic and subtle,and difficult to measureand differentiatefrom damage doneby otherthreatening processes (Armstrong 1998). One recent study attempted to measurethe impactof reducedrabbit numbers through Rabbit Calicivirus Disease (RCD) on the vegetationand faunain an areaof Stirling RangeNational Park (Gilfrllan 1999).No sustainedchanges in rabbitnumbers occurred and therefore the long-term impactscould not be assessed.The potential impactsof rabbits on fauna include direct competition,changes in vegetationstructure through grazingand the maintenanceof a prey basefor feral predators.

Rabbitsare the primary prey of foxes and cats(Catling 1988)in many parts of Australia where rabbitsare cornmon.Any sustainedreduction in rabbits may be expectedto causea decline in the abundanceof foxes and cats,after an initial increase with increasedsupply ofcarcases(feast effect). However,any reductionin rabbits needsto be carefullymonitored, especially in areaswhere only smallpopulations of nativespecies exist, as initial preyswitching from rabbitsto nativespecies may occur (Pechand Hood 1998).

3. SOURCESOF INFORMATION ON TERRESTRIAL FAUNA OF THE SOUTH COAST

3.1Historical and fossilrecords

Historicaland fossil records are important for identifyingchanges in distribution, contractionofrange, or localextinctions ofspecies.

26 3.l. I Historical records

The southcoast was visited by maritimeexpeditions in the lateeighteenth and early nineteenthcentury. These expeditions had professional naturalists aboard who made collectionsofplants andanimals, and were made mostly around regional centres. In 1801-1803an expeditionby the Frenchexplorer Nicolas Baudin, with the zoologist FrancoisPeron aboard, made extensive collections around King GeorgeSound. King GeorgeSound was a focusfor collecting,it wasthe siteofthe first rodentcollected in WA, by CharlesDarwin in 1836(Walton 1988),and Pseadomys occidentalis (WestemMouse) was first collectedhere by JohnGilbert in the 1840's(Kitchener 1992).John Gilbert, a significantcollector ofbirds, alsomade discoveries ofthe Atrichornisc/anosas (Noisy Scrub-bird),Psophodes n. nigrogrularis(Westem Whipbird) andDasyornis longirostris (Westem Bristlebird) (Serventy 1979). Gilbert collectedthe typespecimens for almosthalfofthe speciesofrecent occurringin the south-westof WA, which weredescribed by JohnGould. (Serventy 1979).Another significant expedition for the regionwas the Balston Expedition of 1904-1905led by OldfieldThomas, a mammalogistfrom the British Museum.The collectoron this expedition,G.C. Shortridge,made significant contibutions to distributionalknowledge of birdsand mammals (Shorhidge 1909).

Rediscoveries

Latercollections and surveys led to rediscoveriesofspecies thought to be extinct: Atrichornisclamosr.o (Noisy Scrub-birdGould 1844)in 1961at TPBNR (Webster 1962,a inNSC RP);Parantechinus apicalis (Dibbler Gray 1842)in 1967at Cheyne Beach(=11ar."1 Beach), east of Albany (Morcombe1967), and Potorous gilbertii (as P. tridactylus)(Gilbert's Potoroo(Gould 1841)) inl994 at TPBNR (SincIairet al. 1996).

Historical information can be usedto determinerange contractions or population extinctions of speciessince European settlement, and help to determinethe primary reasonsfor thesedeclines. Recently, historical records have been used in a major studyassessing the changesin distributionof forestbirds since European settlement in the south-westof WA (Abbott 1999).

3.1.2 Fossilrecords

Recentfossil records are valuable in assessingdistributions of speciesimmediately prior to the arrivalof Europeansin Australia,as much ofthe comprehensivehistorical collectingof specieswas carried out afterthe extinctionof manyground-dwelling mammals(Baynes and Baird 1992).Remains on the surfacesof cavedeposits are importantsources of fossilrecords. Within thereview area original faunal assemblages,as assessed by examinationoffossil records,are known from areaswith largenumbers ofcaves. The regionfrom Esperanceto Eucla(Baynes 1987) has been assessedfor cavedeposits (Baynes 1987). The originalcoastal mammalian fauna of this regionconsisted entirely of specieswith southemdistributions. For mammals,the HamptonTableland represents an ecotonewith arid zone,southem and arboreal elementsall presentin the originalfauna. The boundaryof the South-Westem BotanicalProvince and the South-WesternInterzone represents the originaleastem limit of south-westemAustralia sand-plain mammals such as Paran techinus apicalis

2'l (Dibbler), Tarsipesrostratus (HorrcyPossum), Pseado mys albocinerus (Ash-grey Mouse) and P. shortridgei (HeathRat).

Examplesofdocuments that provide past fossil distributions ofspecies include Strahan(1995) (for Australianmammals), Recovery Plans for threatenedspecies (eg. Orell andMonis 1994,Danks et al. 1996,Cowtney et al. 1998),Action Plansfor threatenedspecies (eg. Cogger et a|.1993,Maxwell et al.1996,Tyler1997) and rediscoveries(eg. Morcombe 1967).

3.2Museum records

A searchof museumrecords of mammals,reptiles and amphibians in thereview area wascarried out (andis available).However, the listingof all speciesrecorded in the areais not purposeof this review.Also, thenumber ofrecords and the numberof specieslodged with the museumfor a large areasuch as the areaunder review does not give a true indicationas to the abundance,diversity or distributionofspecies in that area.Museum records are biasedtowards either areaswhere specimensare easily found(roadside collections), or areaswhere biological studies have been carried out (generallywithin the reservesystem) (Mazzer and Ellis 1997).Museum records are useful,however, in providing,for example,information about species which occurin specificareas, or to speculateas to which speciesmay occurwhen constraints of resourcesinhibit groundsurveys. A numberof documentscontain species lists derivedfrom museumrecords for specificareas (Table 4).

Table 4: Documentscontaining species lists for specificareas derived from museumrecords

Mammals,birds, CaDeRiche to BeaufortInlet reptiles,frogs

McKenzieand Robinson, Mammals,birds, NullarborRegion reptiles,frogs (1e87)

Mammals,birds, Pallinup/ Beaufort Inlet Area Newbey(1987) reptiles,frogs

Mammals(includes Albanyshire, Pallinup River Leighton(1996) bats) to GreenRange

28 3.3 Documentsproviding detailedinformation on singlespecies ecolory (Appendix 3)

Thesedocuments provide detailed information on oneor moreof the following on a singlespecies; (population demography, reproduction, diet, habitat selection, impact offire, environmentaleffects on abundance).

Therehas been few detailedecological studies canied out on populationsofsingle speciesin the reviewarea. Those that exist are confined mostly to mammalsand birds,with only onerelatively limited studyon a speciesofreptile (Tiliqua rugosa). Tarsipesrostratus (Honey Possum) has been the focus of muchecological work, as havethe threatenedbird speciesat TPBNR.

3.4 Documentsproviding information on communityecology (Appendix 4)

Thesedocuments provide information on oneor moreaspect ofthe ecologyofa communityofeither onetaxa (eg. reptiles) or the interactionsof severaltaxa.

As with singlespecies ecology studies, studies investigating the ecologyof communitiesof animalsare also limited. Only two studiesdeal with the ecologyof whole vertebratecommunities; one investigatesthe effectsoffire on the numbersand diversity of vertebratesin open scrubmallee habitat (Eucalyptus decipiens and Banl

3.5 Documentsproviding information on fauna surveys(Appendix 5)

Biologicalsurveys provide basic information about species distributions and are a prerequisitefor developingrneaningful biodiversity conservationprograms (BiotogicalSurveys Committee 1984). The surveys outlined here include those that eitherprovide information on the presenceof species,or morecomprehensive suweys that outlinedetailed data on distribution,abundance or generalhabitat associations of species.Included in the tableare studies that provide species lists arising from the surveyresults.

Only six comprehensivebiological surveys have been carried out in the reviewarea. Four of thesedeal with areasentirely within thereview area (FRNP (Chapman and Newbey 1995,Sanders 1997); CLGNP (Kitchener el al 1975);SNP (Newbey and Bradby 1989)),and two aremajor regional surveys encompassing part of the review area(Nullarbor region (McKenzie and Robinson 1987) and Eastem Goldfields region McKenzieet al. 1993).There has also been a considerableamount of work carriedout at the Eyre Bird Observatorywhich provides valuable information on the presence, distributionand abundance of mammals,birds and reptiles (RAOU 1980,1982, 1985, 1988.1989).

29 Therehas been a numberofless extensivesurveys undertaken. Some ofthese surveys cover a much wider areathan the review area(eg. frogs in south-westWA (Jaensch 1993)),survey for particularspecies (eg. Thinornis rubricol/is, Hooded Plover (Newbey 1996))or are confined to particularhabitats over a wide area(eg. wetlands (Halseet al.l990), mountaintops (Barrett 1996)).

Surveysthat havebeen undertaken off the reservesystem have generally been performedby community membersand / or environmentalconsultants. ' A survey at CheyneBay (CapeRiche to Pallinup River) was conductedby the WellsteadLand ConservationDistrict (Anon.a). Permanenttrapping grids were set up andmonitoring is on-going.Surveys such as these are valuable in increasingknowledge of biodiveristyoutside the reserve system.

3.6 Specieslists (Appendix 6)

Specieslists existfor a numberofspecific areas.These lists are compiled from various sourcesof knowledgeofa particular area,rather than a list arising specifically from an on-groundsurvey. These are predominantlyrelated to birds.

3.7 Documentsoutlining generaldistributions of speciesin WA (Appendix 7)

Considerablework hasbeen canied out by the WesternAustralian Museum on the distribution of speciesover largeregions, either the whole of WA or sub-regions. Relevantpublications dealing in part with the review areaare listed in Appendix 7.

30 4. GAPS IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE TERR.ESTRIALFAUNA OF THE SOTITH COAST

While muchvaluable work hasbeen undertaken, the knowledge of southcoast fauna remainslimited. A summaryof the numberof documentsoutlining information on faunawithin the reviewarea in termsofstudy type,taxa and land category can be seenin Table5. Gapsin the knowledgeof faunain termsofthese aftributes is discussedbelow:

4.1Study type

Scantecological work hasbeen carried out within the reviewarea, the majority dealingwith threatenedfauna. This is reflectedin the high proportionof ecological studieson singlespecies of mammalsand birds (all but one),the only two vertebrate taxacontaining threatened species. Ecological work investigatingcommunities has receivedlittle attention.Knowledge of communityecology is importantfor identifuing the functional significanceof specieswithin a community.This knowledgeis importantif functionalbiodiversity is to be maintained(Hobbs 1992)

4.2Taxa

Ecologicalknowledge ofbats, frogsand reptiles is lacking,and even broad distribution patternsofbats are unknown.The distribution, abundanceand ecology of bats are poorly known throughoutAustralia, probably as a result ofonly the recent developmentof effective surveytechniques (Mllls et a1.1997).Apart ftom a few specificgroups (eg. Maglomorph and ants), the ecologyand regional distribution pattemsof terrestrialinvertebrates are also virtually unknown

4.3 Land category

The majority (71 %) of studieshave been carried out within the reservesystem. This is understandableto somedegree as these areas contain the natural systemswhich are generallythe foci of researchand it is easyto obtain permitsto work in theseareas sincepart ofthe reasonfor their creationis for scientificresearch (Mazzler and Ellis 1997).However, even some reserves have not hadbasic biological surveys carried out on them(eg. WCHNP, Department of Conservationand Land Management 1995). Also, the importanceof off-reserveareas for biodiversityconservation has been discussed,and steps should be takento increasebaseline biological knowledge, and faunal use of major corridors and patchesof remnantvegetation' Community surveys on off-reserveland are few (examplesinclude the WellsteadLand Conservation District surveyand the Birds on Farmsproject) and should be encouraged'

4.4 Geographicalarea

Surveyshave been carried out in eachofthe bioregionsrepresented within the review area,but thereis still manyareas in which knowledgeofbiodiversity is virtually unknown.The continualcoastal conidor extending from OysterHarbour to Esperance hasonly informationfrom reservesurveys and a few smalloff-reserve surveys. In particular, the coastalarea immediately west of FRNP is unknown, and containssome

JI intacthabitat which may be importantfor biodiversity(Angela Sanders, Tony Friend pers.com). The vast coastlinefrom CANP to Eucla(NNR) hashad limited survey work carried out on it, as has the areafrom Albany to Denmark.

Table 5: Summary of the number of studiesfor eachstudy type, taxa and land category. RS : ReserveSystem (CALM managedland), Non RS : Non ReserveSystem

mammats o 0 0 birds 15 0 0 reptiles 1 0 0 0 frogs 0 0 invertebrates 0 0 0 vertebrates 0 0 inverte brates 0 0 U vertebrates ano 0 0 0 0 invertebrates mammats n 0 0 0 birds 1 I reptiles 1 0 U 0 frogs n vertebrates 10 invertebrates 0 0 U vertebrates and 1 0 invertebrates mammals o 1 0 0 birds 14 c 1 reptiles 2 0 frogs 2 n 0 2 71 9 11 I

32 5, EXTRAPOLATION OF INFORMATION TO OTHER AREAS

Wheresuitable habitat exists within the knownpre-European or fossilrange of a species,there is a reasonablechance that populations of thatspecies may still exist in that area.For example,suitable habitat for Parantechinusapicalis (Dibbler) occurs at CANP andNNR, which arewithin the knownfossil range of this species(Start 1998). Surveysfor populationsof P. apicalisin theseareas form partof therecovery action for this threatenedspecies. In fact,surveys for newpopulations form an important part of all recoveryactions for threatenedspecies, and the selectionofrelease sites for the translocationof threatenedspecies is alsoprimarily based on the identifrcationof suitablehabitat within the knownrange ofspecies.

Museumrecords may be usedto speculateas to which speciesmay occur in a particulararea (see section 3.2). There are still manyareas that have not been surveyed,so thepotential for the discoveryof newpopulations of threatenedspecies, or extensionsofthe knownranges ofspecies in little knowntaxa, for example,bats and invertebrates,is higir.

Somestudies outside the reviewarea that investigatebroad pattems in species distributionsor ecologymay be appliedto populationswithin thereview area. For example,a reviewof the impactof fire on smallvertebrates in malleewoodlands and heathlandsin temperateAustralia identified broad trends in specieslong andshort- term responsesto fire (Friend1993). These general trends can probably be appliedto populationsin similarhabitat types within the reviewarea.

Ecologicalstudies on populationsof specieswith wide distributionsoften reveal differencesin ecologicalattributes of populationsacross their range.For example,a recentecological study of a population of Trichosurusvulpecula (Common Brushtail Possum)near Busseltonin the extremesouth-west found rnarkeddifferences in the demographyof this populationcompared with thatof a semi-aridpopulation. This speciesshows demographic flexibility with populationsresponding to different habitatsby changingdemographic responses (How andHillox 2000)'Therefore extrapolationof resultsfrom studieson populationsoutside the review area to populationswithin is not wholly reliableand does not negatethe needfor studieson populationsin slla. 6. SPECIFIC ACTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The following actionsand recommendations have been identified though the productionof this review.They are not consideredexhaustive and provide initial guidancefor the developmentofthe south coastRegional coastal Strategy in regard io the conservationand protection of faunawithin the coastalarea ofthe region.

* Ensureall vegetationcommunities are adequately represented in the reserve system.with the aim ofproviding sufficienthabitat for viablepopulations ofall representativefaunal species.

.t Continueinvestigation ofthe distributionand ecology ofthreatened species'

* Investigatethe response ofspecies or communitiesto fire andPhytophthora cinnamomi..

* Documentthe regionaldistribution ofpoorly knowntaxa (invertebrates and bats) and focus ecologicalstudies on communitiesto increaseour understanding of community function, with the aim of maintainingfunctional biodiversity'

t Documentsite-specific faunal assemblages in areasofthe reservesystem that arepoorly known(eg. West Cape Howe National Park)

* Increaseknowledge of faunalbiodiversity ofoff-reserve land, particularly the coastalcorridor, which providesthe strongesteast west link in the landscapeat present.

* To substantiallyincrease the resourcesto undertakethese actions, community memberscould be encouragedto participatein the collectionof information underthe directionofa RegionalNature conservation Facilitator. The focus of thesefauna surveys could be on taxa that can be samplednon-invasively, including invertebrates,frogs and bats.Invertebrates, which are easyto collect andhandle and play an importantrole asindicators of habitatquality, could be an invaluabletool in increasingknowledge of southcoast ecosystems'

n Ensurea centrallocation is establishedfor thecollation, collection, storage and disseminationof spatialand aspatial information relating to thenatural coastal environmentof the SouthCoast region.

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49

|' PLATES

50 4.

Lersitam. mrbrofus() Photo:Greg Harold, courtesy of S. Barett

Phy odactylusm. marmoratus(Matbled ) photo: Greg Harold, courtesy of S. Banett Rhinopocephalusbicolor (square-nosed snake) photo: Greg Harord, courtesy of s. Banett

Moreila python) spilotusimbricafus (Carpet Photo:Greg Harold, murtesy of S. Barrett Utoia moorei(Moores Tree Frog) Photo:Greg Harold, courtesy of S. Barett APPENDICES

54 Appendix 1: Tabte of abbreviationsof localitiesused frequently in the text

55 bH 9= rr>^Eq 5EFoF

I b.F E ra _z 9ot € 8= e6.-s EeFsE =:=

5 *.9 E;€EEg=rqo,E EE.O x'ii a-z ; 436 i ir4E iiEet;gtEgF.

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