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Moossen, Heiko Michael (2012) Palaeoclimate Reconstructions from Arctic and Nordic Shelf Seas: Development and Application of Multiple Proxies

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Moossen, Heiko Michael (2012) Palaeoclimate Reconstructions from Arctic and Nordic Shelf Seas: Development and Application of Multiple Proxies Moossen, Heiko Michael (2012) Palaeoclimate reconstructions from Arctic and Nordic Shelf seas: development and application of multiple proxies. PhD thesis http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3491/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Palaeoclimate reconstructions from Arctic and Nordic Shelf seas: development and application of multiple proxies. Heiko Michael Moossen Dipl. Chem.; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Philosophiae doctor, PhD. University of Glasgow School of Geographical and Earth Sciences College of Science and Engineering Glasgow United Kingdom March 2012 © Heiko Michael Moossen, March 2012 Vielleicht werden Menschen späterer Jahrhunderte in die Arktis gehen, so wie Menschen in biblischen Zeiten in die Wüste zogen, um zur Wahrheit zurückzufinden.* Maybe people of future centuries will go into the Arctic, as people journeyed into the desert during biblical times, to rediscover truth.* (Translation by Heiko Moossen) * Christiane Ritter; Eine Frau Erlebt die Polarnacht; p. 83; 23rd ed. 2010: Ullstein Buchverlag This PhD is dedicated to my mother Heiderose Friederike Moossen Acknowledgements The completion of this PhD would not have been possible without the input and support from a number of people to whom I am extremely grateful. First and foremost I would like to thank Dr. James Bendle for investing his faith in me to tackle this project. I would also like to thank him for his support and the many hours he spent with me in discussion about various aspects of the project, and for the valuable help he offered during the course of the PhD. Furthermore, I would like to thank him for giving me the opportunity to take part in two research cruises in the course of the PhD. I would also like to thank Dr. James Bendle for running isotopic analyses on a number of my samples during his stay in Japan. Secondly, I would like to thank Dr. Jaime Toney, a post-doctoral research associate in the Glasgow Molecular Organic Geochemistry Laboratory for the very valuable and interesting discussion and feedback on my research. My thanks also go to my secondary and tertiary supervisors Dr. Finlo Cottier and Dr. William Austin, respectively, for their support. The sediment core MD99-2266 was sub sampled at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) at the University of Colorado, Boulder. I would like to thank Prof. John T. Andrews and Ursula Quillmann. Ursula and John welcomed me in Boulder and helped me to sub sample the sediment core. Furthermore, throughout my PhD, they have been more than helpful in answering any questions I have had. Here I would also like to thank Dr. Ellen Roosen from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution who sent u-channels of the top most 3.5 meters of the archive half of the sediment core to Glasgow for me to analyse. The bulk geochemical proxy measurements (Chapter 4) were done at the Scottish Association of Marine Science (SAMS) by Dr. Richard Abell and Dr. John Howe. Thank you for analysing my samples for me. The GDGT analyses were conducted in the Organic Geochemistry Unit at the University of Bristol. I would like to thank Dr. Richard Pancost and his staff for analysing the samples for me. Furthermore, I would like to thank Dr. Pancost for valuable discussions on the GDGT results. Prof. Osamu Seki from the Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, is thanked for conducting carbon isotopic analyses on a number of my samples. I would like to thank the crew and scientists of the ICE CHASER 2010 cruise aboard the RRS James Clark Ross. Special thanks go to the principal scientific officer Dr. Raymond Leakey for granting me a berth on the cruise and for giving me the opportunity to dive in the Fram Strait to collect my own samples. Here I would also like to thank the dive team led by Hugh Brown. The two dives in the Fram Strait are among the greatest dives I have done and will ever do! My thanks also go to Dr. Juliane Müller at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, who supplied me with a sediment sample containing the IP25 molecule. Throughout my PhD, from setting up the laboratory, to logistical organisation for the cruises, to the use of the freeze dryer, Kenny Roberts has always been more than helpful. Thank you Kenny, for all your technical support. Special thanks go out to Dr. Nick Kamenos and Heidi Burdett for letting me dive with them to help collect samples for various projects. Even though Loch Sween isn’t one of the most exciting diving spots, it is always good to get ones head under water and to get away from the lab and office. Furthermore, I would like to thank Dr. Kamenos for his help with statistics on a number of occasions. I have shared the PhD office with a number of people throughout the period of my PhD. I know that it has not always been easy to share an office with me (especially when I am stressed). So thanks to Heidi, Penny, Eric, Gill, Susan, Clare, Joanne, Laura, Rachel, Mark, Ram, Neil, and all the rest for enduring my rants, sharing the office with me and for making my time here as enjoyable as it was. I’d like to thank Dr. Fiona Meade. Fiona, you’ve been a great friend throughout my time in Glasgow. Thank you for what must have been 1000 cups of coffee (the usual) and short walks. Without these coffee breaks I would have gone insane! Thanks for two great conferences and sharing hostel rooms with me. Thanks for driving me halfway through England to Grimsby. Thanks you also for showing me the virtues of gin. There is so much more to say here, but words really can’t express how grateful I am to you. Thank you Fiona, for everything! I would like to thank my mother, Heiderose Moossen. She encouraged and enabled me to go to University and to pursue my dreams. Without her continued support, encouragement and love, I would not be where I am today. I would also like to thank Elmarie who has accompanied me for part of my PhD. I am happiest with you. Finally I thank the Scottish Alliance for Geoscience, Environment and Society (SAGES) who have funded this PhD. Declaration of Originality The material presented in this thesis is the result of three years independent research carried out at the School of Geographical and Earth Sciences at the University of Glasgow. The research was supervised by Dr. James Bendle, Dr. Finlo Cottier and Dr. William Austin. This thesis represents my own research and any published or unpublished work by other authors has been given full acknowledgement in the text. Heiko Michael Moossen Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................... I Table of Figures .............................................................................. VIII Table of equations ............................................................................ XI List of Tables .................................................................................. XIII List of Abbreviations ..................................................................... XIV Abstract ......................................................................................... XVII 1 Introduction ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Aims of this PhD ........................................................................................ 3 1.2 Biomarker concept ..................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 n-Alkanes ................................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Alkenones .................................................................................................. 9 1.2.3 Diglycerol tetraether lipids ........................................................................ 13 1.2.3.1 Archaeal tetraether lipids ...................................................................... 13 1.2.3.1 Bacterial tetraether lipids ...................................................................... 18 1.2.4 Highly Branched Isoprenoids ................................................................... 23 1.2.5 Fatty acids in marine environments ......................................................... 24 1.3 Using contemporary observations to reconstruct changing climates ....... 25 2 Materials and Methods .............................................................. 29 I 2.1 Elemental analysis ................................................................................... 30 2.2 Biomarker extraction and purification ....................................................... 31 2.2.1 Extraction ................................................................................................. 31 2.2.2 Sulphur removal ....................................................................................... 31 2.2.3 Standardisation .......................................................................................
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