Keynote speaker Henry Kissinger, left, and OU President David Boren welcome the distinguished participants and guests at the International Programs Center's Foreign Policy Conference .

Foreign Policy for the 21st Century P1110 11 KuRAPwIY IIV itt rttF,tt`C TAYl oR

4 SOONER MAGAZINE QUr•.,1;1'ro:\': Why did this stellar group of experts come to Norman, Oklahoma, to discuss U .S . foreign policy?

Where else could they breakfast with Sam Nunn, lunch with ,7eane Kirkpatrick and dine with Henry Kissinger?

n U .S. foreign policy dis- cussions this fall, all roads led to the campus of the University of Oklahoma . J"Preparing America's Foreign Policy for the 21" Century" show- cased OU's new International Pro- grams Center. For the event, OU President David Boren and the center's director, former U .S . Am- bassador to the United Nations Ed- Members of the International Programs Center Board of Visitors, on campus for the ward J . Perkins, assembled the foreign policy conference, gathered for the advisory group's first official meeting in the center's Whitehand Hall conference room . year's most impressive array of dip- lomats : intelligence and national security experts ; economic, busi- ness and legal analysts ; scholars ; and journalists . director of't.he International Programs Center at OU . The three days of major addresses, roundtables and An invaluable preamble to the address of the second day's panel discussions-September 12, 15 and IA-attracted luncheon speaker, the ambassador to the United States approximately 6,000 individuals to 12 separate public from the People's Republic of China, Li Daoyu, was the panel events . In less structured environments, such as a reception, discussion, "The U . S. and Asia ." The panelists included two a private dinner, incidental encounters and late-night re- well-known authorities on China Jan C . Berris, vice presi- caps, the participants interacted with faculty, students . dent of the National Committee on U .S.-China Relations . University guests-and each other . and Professor Michel Oksenberg, senior fellow at Stanford The celebrity of the principal speakers guaranteed ven- University's Asia/Pacific Research Center-and U .S.-China ues filled to overflowing-former Secretary of State Henry relations specialist . Professor Dunren Zhou, of the Center A. Kissinger . former U .N . Ambassador Jeane J . Kirkpatrick, for American Studies at Fudan University in Shanghai, former U .S. Senator Sam Nunn, economist Richard L . Sandor, China. Offering the perspective on Japan was Ambassador ,journalist and former presidential adviser David R . Gergen, Francis lMcNeil, senior advisor to the Pacific "Task Force of Chinese Ambassador to the United States Li Dayou, best- the Chief of Naval Operations Executive Panel . Discus- selling author and scholar Colleen McCullough . But the sants were OU professors Mikael S . Adolphson, history, and expertise at the roundtables provided some of the most Marl an Downey, J . Denny Bartell Professor of Geology and stimulating give-and-take, both among the panelists them- Geophysics. selves and with their audiences . Experts in international trade, business and finance In a laudatory post-conference Washington Post article, took center stage at the roundtable, "Trade Policy and Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Jim Hoagland found the Preparing America's Economy for the 21"' Century," which knowledgeable and insightful questions from students, built on the preceding two days of speakers and discussions. faculty, community leaders and others to be the most in- Ambassador Clayton K. Yeutter, former U.S. trade repre- triguing part ofthe sessions-includingt.heone in which he sentative, chief U .S . trade negotiator and former secretary participated . "The State of the World as We Enter the 2l of agriculture, dealt with U.S. trade policy. John S . Wolf. Century" was moderated by Yale University's Larned Pro- U .S . ambassador to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation fessorofHistoryGaddisSmith . Hoagland shared the panel Forum, addressed trade organizations, while Wall Street with former U.S. ambassadors Perkins, James R . Jones and financier Michael F. Price's topic was the strengthening of Jack F . Matlock Jr., and Peter Rodman . director of National the U.S. economy for international competition . Kerr- Security Programs for the Nixon Center for Peace and McGee chairman, CEO and president Luke R . Corbett Freedom, Middle East . Discussants were former ambas- discussed the pluses and minuses of trade sanctions . Dis- sadors George C . McGhee and Edwin G . Corr. associate cussants were prominent Washington, D.C., attorneys W . Foreign l)oli

A panel of diplomats and foreign policy experts discussed "The State of the World as We Enter the 21" Century," one of several roundtables that were part of the OU International Programs Center conference in September . National security expert Peter Rodman, from the Nixon Center for Peace and Freedom, joined five former ambassadors, a history professor and a journalist to discuss the state of the world at the dawn of a new century .

Ounren Zhou, a specialist on U.S .-China relations at Fudan George C . McGhee, right, former assistant secretary of University in Shanghai, offered his perspective to the panel state and U .S . ambassador to Turkey and West Germany, discussion . "The U .S . and Asia," which also featured Michel was one of the roundtable discussants at the OU Foreign Oksenberg, left, from the Asia ./Pacific Research Center at Stanford . Policy Conference .

6 SOONER MAGAZINE

for the 21St Century

Below, OU President David Boren, left, opens a Foreign Policy Conference panel discussion featuring authorities on United States relations with Asia, in particular China and Japan .

OU Business Dean Richard Cosier, left, moderated the roundtable addressing the issue of trade policy, with expert opinions coming from participants such as Ambassador Clayton K . Yeutter, right, former U .S . trade representative and chief trade negotiator and former secretary of agriculture .

Jan C . Berris, right, original staffer to the historic "ping Wall Street fund manager Michael F . Price, an OU alumnus . gong" diplomacy in U.S--Chinese relations, was part of raised the issue of "Strengthening the U .S . Economy for the Foreign Policy panel discussing "The U .S . and Asia ." International Competition" during a Foreign Policy Conference At left is the director of OU's International Programs roundtable . At left is John S. Wolf, U .S . ambassador to the Center, Ambassador Edward Perkins . Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum .

1997 FALL 7 A reception in the Great Reading Room of Bizzell Memorial Library gave conference attendees, which included many students, the opportunity to meet participants, such as Henry Kissinger, left, and OU President David Boren .

DeVier Pierson and Max N . Berry. Indicative of the unique nature and scope of this conference was the participation of the current CIA director and four former directors . True to the spirit of academic freedom-and to no one's surprise or consternation-a small group of demonstrators was on hand with their placards quietly protesting CIA activities and representation at the conference . "With 21,000 students, you would almost worry if there were not a few people who ex- pressed diversity," Boren commented . Former CIA Director William Webster agreed, recalling similar incidents on other campuses . "They just wanted to make a point . Orderly expressions are healthy and never bothered me ." Carol ,I. Burr

The Conference Keynoter Kissinger, That single name, like that of others famous and infamous, conjures up notjust the physical image ofthe person who answers to it but also a host of more abstract associations . In the case of super diplomat and interna- tional scholar Henry Kissinger, those associations include everything from his trademark speech pattern-heavily accented and quite deliberately paced-to his extensive knowledge about all things related to foreign policy . As the keynoter delivering a pre-banquet speech at the University of Oklahoma's International Foreign Policy Conference, Kissinger captivated an overflow room of hun- gry people for almost an hour,- In his prepared text titled "The Architecture of an American Foreign Policy for the Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger shared his vision of 21st Century" and his answers to questions from students U .S. foreign policy for the next century with an overflow and guests, Kissinger shone in the beautifully redecorated audience in the Oklahoma Memorial Union Ballroom . Oklahoma Memorial Union Ballroom, sit.e of this and sev- eral other conference events . Using his dry wit and complete grasp of complex foreign policy issues in all regions of the world, Kissinger en- Expressing his profound admiration and respect for thralled an audience that included such dignitaries as Kissinger, Boren said, "The keynote speaker is a man who former presidential adviser and current "Lehrer News inrnany ways dominated intellectual leadership in the field Hour" commentator David Gergen, former CIA Director of foreign affairs and led the intellectual dialog about our Richard Helms and author and historian Colleen relations with other nations for approximately three dec- McCollough, also conference participants . ades." OLJ President David Boren delivered a powerful intro- Beginning with an anecdote made all the more humor- duction of Kissinger-whose resume includes the 1973 ous by its deadpan delivery . Kissinger thanked Boren for a Nobel Peace Prize, the 1977 Presidential Medal of Freedom glowing introduction and commented that such pre-speech and the 1986 Medal of Liberty . as well as an impressive list praise was both satisfying and anxiety-causing. of publications, most recently 1994's Diplomacy . Boren "Such an introduction puts me in the same position I noted Kissinger's years of service as the 56th secretary of found myself in at a reception," he said, "when a lady came state from 1973 to 1977 and as assistant to the president for up to me and said `I understand you are a fascinat.i rig."' man national security affairs from 1969 to 19 75, ending with the Kissinger paused foreffect before deliveringthe punch line . impact Kissinger has had on international relations . "'Fascinate me,'she said ." He paused again for the swell of

8 SOONER MAGAZINE The audience for Henry Kissinger's foreign policy speech was liberally dotted with students eager to have the eminent campus visitor autograph their conference programs .

can history, you give me a year. If I ask the ambassador (the following day's conference speaker, Li Daoyu, ambassador of the People's Republic of China to the United States) when something happened in China's history, he'll give me a dynasty. There have been 14 dynasties, 10 of'which have had a longer history than that of the United States . So when my friend the ambassador tells me when something happened, with luck, I'm within about 200 years of what I want to know ." This different historical view cannot be dismissed, Kissinger said. While human rights violations should never be accepted, the United States must strive to accommodate the points of cultural conflictt between itself and China . "In the communist states, the definition of human rights is quite different from our definition, but I don't think China is a communist state of the sortt we have known in the Soviet Union or Eastern Europe," he said . "It seems to me that as China becomes a modern state, a certain degree of constitu- tionalism will develop because you need that in a complex society. My views are not based on approval of everything laughter to recede. "This turned into one of the least that takes place in China . They're based on the importance successful social confrontations I've had ." of China and the U .S . cooperating to promote stability in On a roll and clearly enjoying the response to his joke, Asia and Europe . Kissinger lobbed another crowd pleaser . "Whatever one can say about China, the quality of life of "David forgot to mention that att one time I served as its population has greatly improved . Without any doubt, national security adviser and secretary of state simulta- without any question, there are differences in perception neously." he said . He paused again for two beats . "I between China and the U .S. The question is whether the mention this only because never before and never since most populous country in the world and the most techno- have relations between the White House and the State logically advanced have a basis for cooperation ." Department been as harmonious ." Kissinger's answer to his own question is a resounding As the laughter subsided . Kissinger launched into a yes. He said that the United States should not make China serious speech focusing on the United States' relationship an enemy but should, instead, determine what is in its own with China and the importance of the upcoming visit of its best national interest and pursue the course that decision president, Jiang Zemin-a visit that took place in late dictates . Octoberlearly November amid much media discussion of Kissinger also addressed issues of foreign policy in Latin the very issues Kissinger addressed in his speech . America, the Middle East and Bosnia in response to ques- Kissinger's primary point was one simple to summarize but tions from the audience . Noting the changes in the United difficult for many to accept: While the United States is the States' position in the world in the last 50 years, Kissinger primary international power today, it cannot use its lead- said that the United States no longer can solve world ership role to impose its values and ideals on all other problems by overwhelming them with its vast resources . nations . The area of dispute is, of course, human rights in Instead, those in power mustt deal with the problems by China, from the treatment of dissidents before, during and strategic design . after Tiananmen Square to the Asian nation's continued "Today we live in a more complex world," he said . "We control of Tibet . don't have a clear-cut enemy . We don't confront a military "Some of you may know that the current administration challenge. We don't confront an overwhelming ideological was my second choice in the last election," he said . "Never- challenge. So the question we have to ask is "What are we theless, I strongly support the initiative they have taken trying to do and why?' You must perceive of your goal as a concerning China. The Chinese historic experience is quite series of steps . You cannot reach it in one jump. so every different from ours . They have 5,000 years of recorded step is imperfect ." history . They believe they have gotten through 4,800 years With a series of strategically planned steps based on an of this history without significantt advice on their domestic understanding of the "limitations of our reach," Kissinger structure from the United States . So it is not taken for said, the United States can, indeed, meet the challenge of granted that we are necessarily competent to teach them . being the economic and moral leader among the nations of "Certainly, they have a different historical perspective . the world. When 1 ask one of you when something happened in Ameri- - Kathryn Jenson Whitr, offense than we are at defense . . . . The same things that are making us more efficient are making us more vulnerable," he said in discussing the increasing dependence on com- puter technology and networking in the economic sector's of telecommunications, energy . transportation, pipelines, fi- nance . water supply and emergency human services . "A 23-year-old with a personal computer ." he concluded, "can do as much harm from his own living room today as hundreds of saboteurs and spies planted carefully in places around the country ." -Crrrol ]. Burr

On Rethinking International Affairs Addressingconference attendees at lunch on day two was Ambassador .Jeane Kirkpatrick, the woman oft-mentioned when talk turns to viable women candidates for America's highest political offices . A third-generation native Oklaho- man, Kirkpatrick served more than four years as the U. S. ambassador to the United Nations and as the first woman presidential cabinet member . Former U .S . Senator Sam Ntinn shared his expertise in national security affairs with a breakfast audience at the OU Foreign Policy Conference .

A National Security Wake-Up Call The first breakfast speaker, former U .S . Senator Sam Nunn, attracted an early-morning audience dotted with his celebrated conference colleagues to hear "Protecting and Defining Our National Security in a Changed World." While contending that the opportunity for a peaceful and prosper- ous world is the greatest in history, he admitted that the end of the Cold War had changed the equation . "We had along, long period of very high risk," Nunn said . "but stability was also very high because the risk watt so high. . . .(Today) we have much lower risks, but we also have much lower stability because we no longer have two super- powers with proxies around the world that we control. . . There is no Soviet Union to restrain some of their clients ." In the breakdown of the Soviet Union, leaving an enor- mous arsenal of nuclear, chemical and biological weap- ons-and the scientific personnel and means to deliver them-Nunn sees the primary threat to national security. The former senator agreed with several other conference speakers that North Korea is the area in which American ground troops are most likely to he engaged . He recounted a recent private trip to the North Korean capital of Pyongyang, where he saw nothing for sale, a people neither buying anything nor eating anything and clearly without energy. This is a nation, he warned, putting all its money The Foreign Policy Conference offered opportunities for one-to- into the military, a nation ready for war . one exchanges between the students, faculty . staff and guests Nunn lakes comfort in the fantastic U .S . capability in attending the sessions and the speakers, such as Ambassador iiiloi'mation warfhr£ but admits that "we are iiiuch hetterat Jeane Kirkpatrick . shown here following her luncheon address .

10 SOON E N MAGAZINE

The Cold War was never the whole focus of Kirkpatrick was introduced by Am- of Government at Georgetown University bassador Edward J . Perkins, one of her our foreign and senior fellow at the American Enter- successors at the U.N. post . "She made policy, but it was prise institute, the ambassador's re- such a difference at the U.N.," he said . marks, "United States Relationships "She talked tough when it was necessary the focus of a with Nations Emerging as World Lead- to talk tough . She made America's point ers," outlined changes in the world and in many different ways ." very large America's foreign pol icy brought about by Kirkpatrick preceded her address with the end of the ('old War, praise for OU President David Boren and portion of it. "The Cold War was never the whole Perkins, who had assembled a confer- focus of our foreign policy, but it was the ence that "any university in the world would he proud to host . focus of a very large portion of it," she said . "We must rethink The International Programs Center can be nott only a center much of whatt we had thought about international affairs . of education but also a catalyst for the preparation of "The most important single process about that post-Cold Oklahoma ns for full participation in this world that is ever War world was the challenge, hope, prospect of transforma- more international . . . . Almost everything today is interna- tion and democratization in what we were still calling the tional and multinational, and Oklahoma must participate . Soviet Union. in Russia . That democratic revolution is so . . .The international Programs Center will help ." volatile ." Kirkpatrick said . "We need, I think, to give a Currently on leave from her positions as Leavey Professor democratic Russia a very special status as the emerging government in the world that matters most to peace in Europe and the United States ." She admitted that this notion is not in keeping with the traditional conceptt of emerging Native Oklahoman Jeane Kirkpatrick, former ambassador to the nations, those usually of middle class, size and influence . United Nations, emphasizes a point during her talk, "United States Relationships with Nations Emerging as World Leaders ." Worthy of remembering, she stressed, is Richard Nixon's caution to Americans following his last visit to Moscow . Despite the demise of the Cold War . Russia remains the most important country in the world for America, iffir no other reason than it alone holds the capacity "to destroy the a The University United States in a matter of half an hour or so . "Russia has on hand and essentially readily on target," 2 the ambassador noted dramatically . `enough very power- oi»~ Univers ful, very accurate, intercontinental ballistic missiles that we have a very special interest in the democratic revolution of Russia ." lah( l'he Univ The worldwide spread of'democracy is all-important, she said-in central and eastern Europe, the former Warsaw Pact states, those formerly part of'the Soviet, Union, Latin ()1 Tel and Central America, in Asia and Africa and even what Kirkpatrick termed "inroads toward democracy and consti- IT, tutional government" in the Middle East . "Democracies such as ours can be ferocious in defense, but. they do not. invade and commit aggression against their 10 neighbors ." Thus democracies make good neighbors, good trading partners and good citizens of a peaceful world, she said, ample incentive for supporting the reinforcement and strengthening of democratic governments . `Nothing is more important to the United States . . .," Kirkpatrick said to the capacity crowd in the Union Ballroom, "than the established consolidation of those democratic gov- ernments in those diverse and far-flung areas of the world ." Shrinking the world somewhat by the reorganization and unification of Europe was another important process under way at the Cold War's end, she said . A united Europe, inclusive rather than exclusive, open rather than protectionist, would constitute an ideal partner in building a peaceful world . However, the ambassador emphasized, the United

1997 FALL 1 1 States has little input in the process she foresees will The CIA: Past, Present continue but "probably not quite in the form that has and Future been anticipated . We must face the fact that. other people may not call on us-as supremely qualified as we think plates have shifted ." we are-to help them resolve their problems ." "It's almost asifthe world's geologic George .J. Tenet, current director of the Central Intelli- Kirkpatrick then turned her attention to the prolifera- tion of weapons of mass destruction, which, she noted, gence Agency, gave a lunch-time OU audience food for ironically was aided by the "breakdowns, reorientations thought in assessing the dramatically changed world facing and reconfigurations of the end of the Cold War ." The U .S. foreign-policy planners in the years and decades ahead . parallel threat of Islamic extremism was probably the Tenet was one of five prominent Americans with access "least understood problem ." to some of the darkest secrets of the world's past who came The internationalization of the Islamic extremist move- to OU in September to help shed light on the nation's ment was a concern expressed regularly by her colleagues prospects in the world of the future . at the United Nations . Unfortunately, she said, "they have At the OU International Programs Center conference, not, as T understand it_, become less concerned since the "Preparing America's Foreign Policy for the 2Ist Century," time 1 left the UN ." Tenet was joined by former CIA directors Robert M . Gates, Finally, the ambassador discussed the importance of Richard M. Helms, William H . Webster and R. .James the economic and military growth and development in Wool sey . In two separate sessions, the five addressed the hopes, challenges and Asia and China . The changes brought about in that, part dangers facing U .S. Foreign policy in of the world by expanding democratic capitalism breed the post-Cold War era . the development of democracy . Likewise, the openness necessary for investment and good export is encouraged by capitalism, which in turn fosters individualism and freedom . "The countries that will advance most quickly, the true emerging nations. will be countries that have developed some of these qualities . . . that we associate . . . with democratic capitalism. I think that's the trend, and . . . I think China is an emerging modern country ." The status of the world today provides "a better opportu- nity to see emerge in the next year a world which more closely resembles our hope for the world . The world isn't wholly safe, and we're not wholly safe," she said . Kirkpatrick fielded audience questions and addressed other worries, including the Korean peninsula, which har- bors the "greatest potential" for war; and Libya, Syria, Iran and Iraq and all the places thatt make "our government's list of so-called terrorist states. But I believe we have arrived att thatt point where our state department can make its transition from focus above all on serious political problems to more focus on economic prob- lems, and our government can make a transition from more focus on military problems to more Focus on trade and travel . "I think the American economyis wonderfully well suited for the world in which we live, and T think Americans are wonderfully well suited for our time . We are clearly the world's only superpower . We're the strongest, richest coun- try in the world . "I believe that our future is going to be even more brilliantt than our past, but I think that's going to be widely shared in the new world . The first decade of'the Three former CIA directors-from left, Richard Helms, James next century ought to be fantastic ." Woolsey and William Webster-joined OU President Oavid Margaret I'rrnch Boren for a roundtable discussion telecast on C-Span .

12 SOONER MAGAZINE Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the world is different, but it is not safe.

Tenet and Gates both spoke at a luncheon held in the Union Ballroom on the opening day of the conference . Tenet set the tone for the discussions that would dominate the remainder of the three-day conference . Looking back . Tenet, paid tribute to the 70 CIA agents who were killed in the line of duty during the agency's 50 years of existence . He recalled the "consuming passion" with which U.S_ intelligence professionals assisted in re- sisting communistt expansion abroad . But since the fall of the Soviet Union, he warned, "the world is different, but it is not safe." Two men privy to a wealth of international secrets-former CIA Tenet noted that "more wars are being fought within Director Robert Gates, left, and the current director . George Tenet-exchange words before their presentations to the states than between them," and that greater world eco- opening session of the Foreign Policy Conference . nomic interdependence and political openness have had a price. "We confront lethal weapons, illicit drug-, and dirty money flowing more eas- ily across porous borders ." Steadily rising world popula- tion and energy use also threatens potential instabil- ity, he warned. In the face of these pos-

k. sible dangers, Tenet vowed that the CLA would "embrace

Ir- the challenges and opportu- nities of the era ahead" and would "continue to help our leaders shape this new world and make it less threaten- ing." Former CIA Director Gates led the audience through the history of the CIA's efforts to provide American policy- makers with reliable infor- . y mation during the Cold War, noting the agency's successes and failures-moral as well as material-during five dec- ades of service . "From the Berlin tunnel of the early 1950s to the very end of the Cold War," Gates During a lively question-and-answer period, former CIA Director Richard Helms, at right with said, "the CIA developed as- David Boren, reiterates his concern that the United States at the end of the Cold War "seems tonishingly imaginative and to be withdrawing into itself more than ever ." advanced techniques, devices and technical schemes that yielded much information on the Soviet military and its operations." Although battling communist forces in the Third World sometimes meant developing alliances with "unsavory" figures, and some projections of future Soviet strength were errant, "for a quarter of a century American presidents negotiated and made strategic decisions with confidence in our knowledge of the adversary's actual military strength." U.S. intelligence information made arms control agree- ments possible and "helped keep the Cold War'cold, - Gates said. A gatheringof former CIA directors Helms, Webster and Woolsey look place on the second day of the conference, in which they and President Boren amplified on the themes discussed at the luncheon . The session was telecast on C- Former CIA directors William Webster, left, and James Woolsey Span and moderated by the Close Up Foundation's John were members of the panel discussing the role and organization Milewski . of U.S . intelligence in the coming century . Boren, former chair of the Senate Intelligence Commit- tee, joined his one-time colleagues in a plea for the Ameri- can public to pay closer attention to world issues and for continued support of the U .S. intelligence community . called for a more "interdisciplinary" approach in intelli- Helms, in particular, recalled that immediately follow- gence work . He said he foresaw a future in which "imagery ing the end of the Cold War, he had hoped that "the United engineers" and other technical experts who work with spy States would get really interested in the world out there and satellites and other high-tech forms of data gathering pay attention to other cultures . languages, religions and so would be better trained in human espionage-while "case forth ." However, he said, "To my horror, the United States officers and managers"would be better trained to "under- seems to be withdrawing into itself more than ever." stand something about how satellites work ." Woolsey agreed, adding, "During the good and easy In addition, Webster emphasized thatt future intelli- times, whether it's the 'Roaring'20s,' or, you might say, the gence gathered for policymakers be "absolutely objective 'Roaring '90s,' this country tends to pull back into itself, [and] absolutely divorced from political agenda ." tends to get relaxed, I and] tends to think it's made the world Perhaps . in the end, it was Helms who provided the most safe for its own way of life ." succinct definition of the intelligence community's mission Boren commented on the popular misconception that the in service to Americans . CIA and the "intelligence community" are synonymous, "The mission," he explained, "is to save all your skins ." noting that the Department of Defense spends "consider- Michael Waters ably more" on intelligence than the CIA itself does . He said that, while the future might require eliminating duplica- tion among different U .S. intelligence agencies in the armed Financial Markets forces and the executive branch, America inhabits "a world and the Environment in which we still need intelligence desperately." The conferees cited new challenges to American policy- The power of economic speculation may someday solve makers in the years ahead, coming from developments such the world's environmental problems . Financial markets as the continued influence of Islamic fundamentalism in already are cooperating with governments to make that the Middle East and a rise in nationalistic fervor in China . happen, pioneering economist Richard San dor said in an In lightt of the "very changed world' that America now address at the OU foreign policy conference . faces, Webster said, a major priority for intelligence-gath- Formerly an economics professor at the University of ering in the years ahead could be summed up in "one simple California, Berkeley, and Stanford University and chief word-relevancy." economist on the Chicago Board of Trade, Sandor origi- An intelligence apparatus geared toward Cold War needs nated the first spot and futures markets in environmen- must be retooled, Webster added, not only to deal with tal contracts. different challenges to world stability, but also in recogni- Trading in futures contracts, Sandor said, once re- tion of new means of subversion, such as misuse of the stricted to agricultural commodities and metals, grew Internet to disrupt the work of businesses and govern- more sophisticated in the 1970s when the government ments. began regulating them . It was during l .he '70s that Woolsey said that technological advances in our time trading began in currencies and financial futures .

14 SOONER MAGAZINE Sandor was at the forefront of developing futures and sions allowances to other plants that were not as efficient . options contracts on Treasury bond and Treasury note A commodity was formed . interest rates . Today he concentrates on applying mar- "The Clean Air Act said that, as a method of compli- ket-based solutions to social problems, such as protecting ance, you could deliver somebody else's promise to clean the environment . up the environment . Plants getting below the target Credit cards, pharmacy prescriptions and even cable could sell the credit for it, to some other plant ." TV networks are being stimulated by the sale of junk Sander said investments pegged to the value of emis- bonds traded in the futures markets . Sandor said . "Re- sions allowances were responsible for dramatic reduc- cently, the United States Auto Association issued a bond tions in the cost of cleaning up the sulfur dioxide prob- indexed to hurricanes . We're at the dawn of an era when lem . "In the '70s, the bestt private sector estimates to the most important commodities will he standardized- clean up sulfur dioxide was $1,500 per ton . The EPA said it could cost $600 a ton, or $5 bil- lion a year. "Today, futures contracts for sulfur dioxide credits are trading at $90 a ton. It's now a $1 billion problem ." Last year the reduced sulfur dioxide levels saved about $13 billion in medical benefits alone . Sandor said government mandates for low sulfur coal and deregulation of the power industry deserve some of the credit for reducing acid rain, but most of the improvement came from futures trading . "People sharpen their pencils when their money is involved ." -Ranrlall Turk

The Isolationism of Politicians and the Press Politicians and the reporters who cover them are increasingly turning their backs on international news, a noted editor told a breakfast audience at OU's foreign policy conference . "In politics and in the press, Economist Richard Sandor, a pioneer in developing futures and options contracts we are turning inward," said David Gergen, on Treasury bond and Treasury note interest rates, addressed his current activity, editor at large for U.S . News and World the application of market-based solutions to social problems, such as Report. environmental protection . Gergen's speech, "The Media and Inter- national Relations and Foreign Policy," preceded a panel response by David Dary, the air we breathe and the water we drink ." director of the 0U School of Journalism and Mass Com- Acid rain, a phenomenon that kills plant life when munication ; Lee CullumC columnist for the Dallas Morn- precipitation combines with pollutants in the air, was ing News ; and Lois Romano . regional correspondent for eliminated in the Northeast when the problem created a The Washington Post. commodity to be traded, he said . Gergen, a Yale classmate of OU President David Boren. Sandor helped establish futures contracts based on said 200 members of the German government visited the tradable sulfur dioxide emission allowances established United States last year but no member of the U .S. by the 1990 Clean Air Act . The act required industrial Congress traveled to Bonn . The leadership of Congress plants to cut by 50 percent the emissions responsible for has a global view, but many of the younger members have acid rain. Plants that did a better .job at cleaning up their less interest in international affairs, he said . smokestacks were allowed to transfer or sell their emis- "There has been a precipitous decline in travel over-

1997 FALL 15

China is a developing country. It will remain a seas by new members of Congress," he developing country world . We are deeply imbedded as a said . "They represent the future lead- leader of the world ." ers, and they are not very international ." for a long time-at Gergen cited telecommunicatioft, Gergen suggested regional newspa- culture, computer software and biotech- pers have ignored international cover- least the first 50 nology as examples of American prod- age, which is expensive and often dan- ucts that now have transcended the gerous to gather . The Internet is help- years in the next globe . Nearly a third of the U .S. ful but does not fill the information gap century . . . economy is tied to international trade . that occurs when the press becomes Like business, universities such as disengaged . OU are becoming more international The casualties include a decline in the quality of our in their approach, Gergen said . "There is a high degree of diplomatic corps, less of a sustained presence overseas synergy in international training of our young people ." and a growing chasm between the elite and the rest of the While Cullum and Romano insisted that both their country . newspapers stress international coverage, Dary, a former "We have an increasing gap between those who are CBS White House correspondent, concurred with Gergen's information rich and those who are information poor," assessment of the press corps and the politicians they Gergen said . "Those who are information poor see the cover . He said fewer dollars for news coverage forces world as a threat ." producers to opt for soft and easy issues often staged by An adviser to four presidents, Gergen said the isola- Washington politicians . tionist trend in the midst of the growth of democracies Dary also blamed educators for failing to stress civics . worldwide makes a paradox of modern society . "We have "Too many students are not challenged by the educa- become the home of the revolutions that are changing the tional system ." - Andy Rieger

At right, columnist Lee Cullum, serving as a discussant on "The Media and International Relations and Foreign Policy," insisted that her newspaper, the Dallas Morning News, still stresses international coverage.

Below, former presidential adviser David Gergen, now editor at large for U.S . News and World Report, refers to the OU student newspaper, The Oklahoma Daily, in his opening remarks at the Foreign Policy Conference . laho The Okl~", ~1 ~1 T of( its e~

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16 SOONER MAGAZINE The U.S. and China: trade competitor. Claiming an overstatement of China's trade surplus, Li Daoyu said that more than 46 percent of Differences and Common Interests China's exports is manufactured by foreign-funded enter- While acknowledging the adversarial nature of the past prises or joint ventures, a large part of which is American . relationship between the United States and the People's He described most of China's exports as "low valued labor- Republic of China, Ambassador Li Daoyu insisted to his ing kinds of good that the U.S. stopped producing 1.0 or 20 foreign policy conference audience that the two nations now years ago." share the responsibility for maintaining peace and stability In discussing the contentious area of human rights, the and promoting global economic prosperity . Chinese ambassador fell back on arguments of differences "Though China and the United States have differences in cultural, social, historical and economic values . He in social systems, culture and other aspects," he said . "our insisted, however, that human rights progress is being made common interests far outweigh our differences ." in China . Born and educated in Shanghai, Li Daoyu played a wide- Li Daoyu views the future of Taiwan as potentially the ranging leadership role in his country's internal affairs greatest obstacle to growth of good relations between China before heingnamed ambassador to the United Nations and and the United States . "Taiwan is the question of our in 1993, ambassador to the United States . He views the national dignity, national sovereignty," he said, "Taiwan is current opportunity for bilateral cooperation as a "unique partt of China," moment" in history. when international organizations can In an obvious parallel . the ambassador alluded to the function as they never could during the Cold War . recent return of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of The ambassador sees commonality in the desire of both China . "Hong Kong was taken by Britain . This is a China and the United States "to maintain global and humiliation of the Chinese people. For 150 years . But China regional peace and stability and to continue strengthening wants no retaliation . We want a peaceful turnover, so the the forces working for peace in the prevention of new wars ." peaceful turnover happened . . . . We took back Hong Kong This mutual interest is most important on the Korean in dignity. It's a win -win situation ." peninsula, where the need for peace, stability and creation of a nuclear weapon-free zone is paramount . "North Korea used to be our closest ally in the Korean War," he admitted . "but we share nothing about nuclear with them. No nuclear material, no nuclear reactor. no nuclear technology and no nuclear experts . And how they got that? Russia . Not w5 ." Li Daoyuy then listed as areas of shared objectives general disarmament to achieve non-proliferation of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction ; promotion of Asian Pacific stability and economic prosperity ; environmental protection ; and cooperative efforts to combat international terrorism, drug trafficking and illegal immigration . The most important common interest, he insisted, lies in eco- nomic and trade ties, with the United States as China's second largest trading partner and China the fourth ranking trading partner for the United States . The ambassador refuted predictions that the United States and China are destined for confrontation and con- flict. He contends that China has no tradition of expansion, has never occupied a single inch of foreign soil nor stationed a single soldier abroad and has no intention of doing so. "China is a developing country," he said . "It will remain a developing country for a long, time-at least the first 50 years in the next century . . . .The Chinese leadership has their hands full . . . and desires most a peaceful interna- tional environment so that it can focus on that gigantic long-term economic development ." He characterized Japan, "a highly developed industrial- ized economy superpower," not China, "a developi ng co untry with a weak industrial base," as the United States' strong A Historical Perspective the short term, in the long term it was an expensive hobby ['or the state to indulge in. . . . The senate always preferred Many in the SRO audience undoubtedly came to see the a treaty to a war ." author of the modern classic love story, The Thorn Birds, But Rome with its "overwhelming, military mighthacked by while others came to hear the author of the historical series, gTreat resources" began to absorb its neighbors, McCullough The Masters of Rome . What the participants encountered related . Convinced that "Roman ways were better," the con- att this closing session of the Foreign policy conference was a querors tidied up their provinces with the gift of Roman scholarly lecture that cut through preoccupation with the republican government as well as freedom from thei cold rulers . future with a disquieting lesson from the past . Often, McCullough said, "the experiment didn't . work . Australian Colleen McCullough speaks with authority . Not all peoples want to enjoy even limited democratic on ancient Rome . However, in government ; sonic are just too addressing her topic-"The used to autocracy ." Lessons of the Roman Experi- The republic disappeared as ence fir the United States of the empire gained world domi- America as a Superpower in nance under,) ul i us Caesar and the 21'' Century"-she told the Augustus, McCullough said, story and left to her audience to but already the seeds were sown find the parallels . for a Rome in which "the army McCullough traced the de- was the true ruler of the em- velopment of Rome from its pire ." Financing the massive roots as a tiny city-state on the military machine required the south bank of the Tiber River', imposition of unacceptable lev- to a thriving, highly organized els of taxation on all classes of and complex republic and fi- citizens . The importance of the nally to the mighty Ronian Em- city of Rome as the place that pire, its people's democracy sac- bred the ruling class lessened ; rificed to its superpower sta- the empire became increasingly tus . less Roman . "For the central thousand McCullough ended her story years of its (2,000-year) exist- with the beginning of the end, ence, it stood as a superpower, explaining. "In its decline, I see first in contention with another less relevance for America's superpower, Carthage, then as situation going into the 21" the sole superpower in the ba- century than I see in Rome's sin of the Mediterranean Sea," rise and zenith . . . . What les- McCullough said . "All truly sons then should the Roman Western nations are to some experience teach the United extent what Rome made them, Best-selling Australian author Colleen McCullough States_? Whereabouts on the for Rome left heirs to Roman charmed a standing-room-only audience at the closing imperial evolutionary scale thought and systems in com- session of the Foreign Policy Conference before getting does America stand at this merce, politics and govern- serious about lessons to be learned and parallels to be moment, in time? ment, law and justice, and drawn from the rise and fall of Rome . "The greatest lesson of all is much more ." certainly that the systems . in- McCullough led her listen- stitutions, ethics and ideals of ers through the Romans' concept of equality, both of oppor- democracy must be preserved at any cost, even if that means tunity and of social eminence and discussed the rise and fall they cannot always be propagated outside of America . . . . of their republican form of government. Throughout her "When a superpower loses its innate conceptt of itself, it lecture, she alluded to the shifts in Roman foreign policy must decline, andthat decline will be more devastating than from its origins in non-expansionist exclusivity to conquest if it suddenly loses all its material wealth," she concluded . and world domination . "Let the United States of America remain true to the "The senate did have a foreign policy," she said of Repub- intentions and aims ofits founding fathers . who were steeped lican Rome . "Namely that what was Rome's must remain in the classics and borrowed heavily from the legacy of Rome's . . . War was a last resort . Part of senatorial Republican Rome . Let America continue to survive as a reluctance to make war arose out ofthe senate's shrewdness beacon for the world until time immemorial ." in realizing that while victorious war might be profitable in -Crrrrrl .J. Burr

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