Epipremnum Pinnatum Cv. Aureum Family: Araceae Nicolson, D.H

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Epipremnum Pinnatum Cv. Aureum Family: Araceae Nicolson, D.H Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants - Online edition Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum Family: Araceae Nicolson, D.H. (1978) Allertonia 1: 347. Type: LIlluustration Horticole pl. 381. Common name: Ivy, Devil's; Devil's Ivy; Hunter's Robe; Taro Vine; Vine, Taro; Pothos; Solomon Island Ivy; Golden Pothos; Ivy, Solomon Island; Pothos, Golden Stem Vine stem diameters to 4 cm recorded. Stems marked by large leaf base scars. Stem surface a patchwork of orange and green. Adventitious roots often present. Leaves Leaf blades usually marked by a few yellowish stripes extending from the midrib to the leaf blade margin. Leaf blades about 30-50 x 25-34 cm, margins somewhat thickened. Petioles about 30-40 cm long, flattened or shallowly grooved on the upper surface. Veins +/- translucent when viewed from the underside. 'Stipules' about 38 cm long, papery in texture, enclosing the petiole until the leaf has Habit. © CSIRO fully expanded. 'Oil dots' readily visible with a lens and occur in bands close to the lateral veins. White bundles of rhaphides visible on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf blade. Flowers Features not available. Fruit Features not available. Seedlings Features not available. Distribution and Ecology Scale bar 10mm. © CSIRO An introduced species originally from Malesia, now occurs in NEQ. Altitudinal range very small, from near sea level to 350 m. Grows in gallery forest on the coastal lowlands. This species does not appear to set seed but regenerates and propagates itself by runners, Quite vigorous and plentiful under favourable conditions. Natural History & Notes Often cultivated in tropical gardens from where it has escaped. Synonyms Vine stem bark and vine stem Epipremnum aureum (L.Linden & Andre) G.S.Bunting, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 50: 28(1963). transverse section. © CSIRO Pothos aureus L. Linden & Andre, Ill. Hort. 27: 69(1880). Scindapsus aureus (L. Linden & Andre) Engl., Pflanzenr. 37: 80(1908). Rhaphidophora aurea (L. Linden & Andre) Birdsey, Baileya 10: 159(1962). RFK Code 2210 Copyright © CSIRO 2020, all rights reserved. Web edition hosted at https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest.
Recommended publications
  • 197-1572431971.Pdf
    Innovare Journal of Critical Reviews Academic Sciences ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 2, Issue 2, 2015 Review Article EPIPREMNUM AUREUM (JADE POTHOS): A MULTIPURPOSE PLANT WITH ITS MEDICINAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ANJU MESHRAM, NIDHI SRIVASTAVA* Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India Email: [email protected] Received: 13 Dec 2014 Revised and Accepted: 10 Jan 2015 ABSTRACT Plants belonging to the Arum family (Araceae) are commonly known as aroids as they contain crystals of calcium oxalate and toxic proteins which can cause intense irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, and poisoning if the raw plant tissue is eaten. Aroids range from tiny floating aquatic plants to forest climbers. Many are cultivated for their ornamental flowers or foliage and others for their food value. Present article critically reviews the growth conditions of Epipremnum aureum (Linden and Andre) Bunting with special emphasis on their ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities, beneficial to both human and the environment. In this article, we review the origin, distribution, brief morphological characters, medicinal and pharmacological properties of Epipremnum aureum, commonly known as ornamental plant having indoor air pollution removing capacity. There are very few reports to the medicinal properties of E. aureum. In our investigation, it has been found that each part of this plant possesses antibacterial, anti-termite and antioxidant properties. However, apart from these it can also turn out to be anti-malarial, anti- cancerous, anti-tuberculosis, anti-arthritis and wound healing etc which are a severe international problem. In the present study, details about the pharmacological actions of medicinal plant E. aureum (Linden and Andre) Bunting and Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.
    [Show full text]
  • Approved Plant List 10/04/12
    FLORIDA The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time to plant a tree is today. City of Sunrise Approved Plant List 10/04/12 Appendix A 10/4/12 APPROVED PLANT LIST FOR SINGLE FAMILY HOMES SG xx Slow Growing “xx” = minimum height in Small Mature tree height of less than 20 feet at time of planting feet OH Trees adjacent to overhead power lines Medium Mature tree height of between 21 – 40 feet U Trees within Utility Easements Large Mature tree height greater than 41 N Not acceptable for use as a replacement feet * Native Florida Species Varies Mature tree height depends on variety Mature size information based on Betrock’s Florida Landscape Plants Published 2001 GROUP “A” TREES Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Avocado Persea Americana L Bahama Strongbark Bourreria orata * U, SG 6 S Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum * L Black Olive Shady Bucida buceras ‘Shady Lady’ L Lady Black Olive Bucida buceras L Brazil Beautyleaf Calophyllum brasiliense L Blolly Guapira discolor* M Bridalveil Tree Caesalpinia granadillo M Bulnesia Bulnesia arboria M Cinnecord Acacia choriophylla * U, SG 6 S Group ‘A’ Plant List for Single Family Homes Common Name Botanical Name Uses Mature Tree Size Citrus: Lemon, Citrus spp. OH S (except orange, Lime ect. Grapefruit) Citrus: Grapefruit Citrus paradisi M Trees Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum L Fiddlewood Citharexylum fruticosum * U, SG 8 S Floss Silk Tree Chorisia speciosa L Golden – Shower Cassia fistula L Green Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus * L Gumbo Limbo Bursera simaruba * L
    [Show full text]
  • Araceae) in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia: Collection, Conservation and Utilization
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 19, Number 1, January 2018 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 140-152 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190121 The diversity of aroids (Araceae) in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia: Collection, conservation and utilization YUZAMMI Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens (Bogor Botanic Gardens), Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 13, Bogor 16122, West Java, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-251-8352518, Fax. +62-251-8322187, ♥email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 4 October 2017. Revision accepted: 18 December 2017. Abstract. Yuzammi. 2018. The diversity of aroids (Araceae) in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia: Collection, conservation and utilization. Biodiversitas 19: 140-152. Bogor Botanic Gardens is an ex-situ conservation centre, covering an area of 87 ha, with 12,376 plant specimens, collected from Indonesia and other tropical countries throughout the world. One of the richest collections in the Gardens comprises members of the aroid family (Araceae). The aroids are planted in several garden beds as well as in the nursery. They have been collected from the time of the Dutch era until now. These collections were obtained from botanical explorations throughout the forests of Indonesia and through seed exchange with botanic gardens around the world. Several of the Bogor aroid collections represent ‘living types’, such as Scindapsus splendidus Alderw., Scindapsus mamilliferus Alderw. and Epipremnum falcifolium Engl. These have survived in the garden from the time of their collection up until the present day. There are many aroid collections in the Gardens that have potentialities not widely recognised. The aim of this study is to reveal the diversity of aroids species in the Bogor Botanic Gardens, their scientific value, their conservation status, and their potential as ornamental plants, medicinal plants and food.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhaphidophora Aurea: a Review on Phytotherapeutic and Ethnopharmacological Attributes
    Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 69(1), July - August 2021; Article No. 35, Pages: 236-247 ISSN 0976 – 044X Review Article Rhaphidophora aurea: A Review on Phytotherapeutic and Ethnopharmacological Attributes *Kriti Saxena, Rajat Yadav, Dr. Dharmendra Solanki Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering and Technology Pharmacy, Bareilly U.P, India. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] Received: 05-02-2021; Revised: 12-06-2021; Accepted: 21-06-2021; Published on: 15-07-2021. ABSTRACT Epipremnum aureum (Golden pothos), a naturally vari-coloured vascular plant that produces overabundance of foliage. it's among the foremost standard tropical decorative plant used as hanging basket crop. Associated in Nursing insight has been provided regarding the various styles of liana together with noble gas, Marble Queen, Jade Pothos and N Joy. This paper presents a review on botanic study and necessary characteristics of liana and special stress has been provided on varicolored leaves and plastids biogenesis explaining the necessary genes concerned throughout the method and numerous proteins related to it. Studies are enclosed comprising the special options of Epipremnum aureum in phytoremediation for the removal of metallic element and caesium and within the purification of air against gas. The antimicrobial activity of roots and leaf extracts of Epipremnum aureum against several microorganism strains are enclosed. It additionally presents the anti-termite activity of liana which will be controlled for cuss management. This article summarizes review meted out on many approaches to choosing honesty for drug development with the best chance of success. This review document presents a large vary of factual info regarding analysis work on honesty until date, sorted below headings: Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial, and inhibitor activity, vasoconstrictor, environmental and alternative fields.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cuban Botanical Illustrations of Nancy Kingsbury Wollestonecraft
    The Cuban Botanical illustrations (1819- 1828) of Nancy Kingsbury Wollstonecraft (1781-1828) at Cornell University Ithaca, New York Emilio Cueto University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida November 8, 2018 Cornell University, October 16, 2018 Judith Russell (UF) and Emilio Cueto Preliminary Progress Report Pieces of the puzzle • “Mrs. Walstoncraft” • “Mrs. Wolstoncraft” • “Mary Wolstoncraft” • “A.K. Wollestonecroft” • “Anne Kingsbury Wollestonecroft” • “D´Anville” (pseudonym) • “Nancy Kingsbury Wollestonecraft” Cuba and her neighbors/ Cuba y sus vecinos The beginnings • Columbus (Diary, 1492/ 1825) • Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (Historia General y Natural de las Indias Occidentales, 1535) • IMAGES • Francisco Hernández, Philip II´s physician. 1570. Cuba, Mexico. Ms. Burnt in Escorial fire (1671) Carl Linnaeus (Sweden, 1707-1778) SPECIES PLANTARUM Holmia [Stockholm, Estocolmo], 1753 “Ancestry.com” for plants PIONEERS OF CUBAN BOTANICAL ILLUSTRATIONS 1763-1827: 144 ills. Only 49 printed when made • 1763. Nikolaus Jacquin (1727-1817). Printed. 29 ills. • 1795-1796. Atanasio Echevarría (1769?-1820s?). Expedition of Martín de Sesé (1751-1808) and José Mariano Mociño (1757-1819). Ms. 14 ills. • 1796-1802. José Guío. Expedition of Conde de Mopox. Ms. 66 ills. • 1790s. Olof Swartz (1760/1818). Printed. 1 ill. • 1801, 1804. Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859). Printed. 12 ills. • 1802-1824. Curtis´s Botanical Magazine. Printed. 4 ills. • 1804. Antonio Joseph Cavanilles (1745-1804). Royal Botanical Garden in Madrid. Ms. 14 ills. • 1816-27. Pancrace Bessa (1772-1835). Printed. 1 ill. • 1819. Rafael Gomez Rombaud. Tobacco plant. Ms. 1 ill. • 1827. Michel Etienne Descourtilz (1775-1835/38). Printed 2 ill. 1763. Nikolaus Jacquin (Dutch, 1727-1817). Visited Cuba in the 1750s. 29 printed ills Pl.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular and Physiological Role of Epipremnum Aureum
    Molecular and physiological role of Epipremnum aureum TICLE R Anju Meshram, Nidhi Srivastava Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India A Epipremnum aureum (Golden pothos) is a naturally variegated climbing vine that produces abundant yellow-marbled foliage. It is among the most popular tropical ornamental plant used as hanging basket crop. An insight has been provided about the different varieties of Golden pothos including Neon, Marble Queen, Jade Pothos and N Joy. This paper presents a critical review on botanical study and important characteristics of Golden pothos and special emphasis has been provided on variegated leaves and chloroplast EVIEW biogenesis explaining the important genes involved during the process and various proteins associated with it. Studies have been included comprising the special features of Epipremnum aureum in phytoremediation for the removal of Cobalt and Cesium and in R the purification of air against formaldehyde. The antimicrobial activity of roots and leaf extracts of Epipremnum aureum against many bacterial strains have been included. It also presents the antitermite activity of Golden pothos that can be harnessed for pest control. Key words: Antimicrobial, antitermite, calcium oxalate, Epipremnum aureum, formaldehyde INTRODUCTION Other Species of Epipremnum • Epipremnum amplissimum (Schott) Engl Epipremnum comprises 15 speciesof slender to gigantic • Epipremnum amplissimum (Schott) Engl root‑climbing Iianes.[1] All these herbaceous evergreens • Epipremnum carolinense Volkens are native to South East Asia and Solomon islands.[2] • Epipremnum ceramense (Engl. and K.Krause) Alderw Variegated clones of E. aureum (Linden and Andre) • Epipremnum dahlii Engl G.S. Bunting are extremely popular as cultivated plants • Epipremnum falcifolium Engl.
    [Show full text]
  • Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503 the Vascular Plants Of
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 503 THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS BY NANCY VANDER VELDE ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. AUGUST 2003 Uliga Figure 1. Majuro Atoll THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ABSTRACT Majuro Atoll has been a center of activity for the Marshall Islands since 1944 and is now the major population center and port of entry for the country. Previous to the accompanying study, no thorough documentation has been made of the vascular plants of Majuro Atoll. There were only reports that were either part of much larger discussions on the entire Micronesian region or the Marshall Islands as a whole, and were of a very limited scope. Previous reports by Fosberg, Sachet & Oliver (1979, 1982, 1987) presented only 115 vascular plants on Majuro Atoll. In this study, 563 vascular plants have been recorded on Majuro. INTRODUCTION The accompanying report presents a complete flora of Majuro Atoll, which has never been done before. It includes a listing of all species, notation as to origin (i.e. indigenous, aboriginal introduction, recent introduction), as well as the original range of each. The major synonyms are also listed. For almost all, English common names are presented. Marshallese names are given, where these were found, and spelled according to the current spelling system, aside from limitations in diacritic markings. A brief notation of location is given for many of the species. The entire list of 563 plants is provided to give the people a means of gaining a better understanding of the nature of the plants of Majuro Atoll.
    [Show full text]
  • Epipremnum Aureum1
    Fact Sheet FPS-194 October, 1999 Epipremnum aureum1 Edward F. Gilman2 Introduction The green and yellow heart-shaped leaves of Golden Pothos are easily recognized from its use as hanging baskets indoors, but this plant makes a suitable groundcover or climbing vine in frost-free climates (Fig. 1). Growing quickly up the trunks of pine, palm, oak, or other coarse-barked trees, the normally small leaves change to a mature form averaging 18 inches in length, lending a tropical effect to the landscape. The leaves sometime become so large that they may cause the vine to lose its tendril-hold on the trunk, especially after heavy rain storms. When not allowed to climb, Golden Pothos rapidly covers the ground with a dense cover of its variegated foliage. General Information Scientific name: Epipremnum aureum Pronunciation: epp-pip-PREM-num AR-ee-um Common name(s): Golden Pothos, Pothos Family: Araceae Plant type: ground cover USDA hardiness zones: 10 through 11 (Fig. 2) Figure 1. Golden Pothos. Planting month for zone 10 and 11: year round Origin: not native to North America Uses: ground cover; container or above-ground planter; Description naturalizing; suitable for growing indoors; cut foliage/twigs; Height: depends upon supporting structure hanging basket; cascading down a wall Spread: depends upon supporting structure Availablity: generally available in many areas within its Plant habit: prostrate (flat); spreading hardiness range Plant density: moderate Growth rate: fast Texture: medium 1. This document is Fact Sheet FPS-194, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Dans Collection
    DANS COLLECTION by Dans Plants MODERN MINIMALISM PEPEROMIA ARGYREIA MELON PERU Peperomia argyreia melon peru is a new dual coloured plant in Dans Collection. This Peperomia is special because of its striking leaves. This variety, also known as ‘Watermelon’, has oval leaves with a silver-green colour pattern and sturdy red stems, Pot size 12 resembling the fruit. healthy green home PAGE 2 PHILODENDRON HASTATUM MINIMALISM A new, real jungle plant; namely Bigger, fast growing plants, Philodendron hastatum. This plant is also called Silver Sword. Take a with beautiful leaves in unique good look at the beautiful, shapes. silvery leaves which, as they grow older, take on the shape of a sword. Philodendron hastatum is native to Brazil. Pot size 19 RHAPHIDOPHORA TETRASPERMA Rhaphidophora tetrasp- Pot size 12 erma is one of the newest plants in Dans Collection. It has thin and flexible leaves. The plant originates from Southern Thailand healthy green home and Malaysia. PAGE 3 PBR PEPEROMIA Peperomia Mendoza Peperomia Dans-Sunrise Peperomia Quito Pot size 6 / 9.5 / 12 / 17 Pot size 6 / 9.5 / 12 / 17 Pot size 6 / 9.5 / 12 Peperomia Costa Rica Peperomia Brasilia Peperomia Moonlight Pot size 9.5 / 12 Pot size 6 / 9.5 / 12 / 17 Pot size 9.5 / 12 Peperomia Piccolo Banda Peperomia Rosso Peperomia Napoli Nights Pot size 6 / 9.5 / 12 / 17 Pot size 6 / 9.5 / 12 / 17 Pot size 6 / 9.5 / 12 / 17 Peperomia Rana Verde Peperomia argyreia melon peru Pot size 6 / 9.5 / 12 Pot size 9.5 / 12 PAGE 4 PEPEROMIA Peperomia pixie Peperomia pixie lime Peperomia rocca verde
    [Show full text]
  • Exempted Trees List
    Prohibited Plants List The following plants should not be planted within the City of North Miami. They do not require a Tree Removal Permit to remove. City of North Miami, 2017 Comprehensive List of Exempted Species Pg. 1/4 Scientific Name Common Name Abrus precatorius Rosary pea Acacia auriculiformis Earleaf acacia Adenanthera pavonina Red beadtree, red sandalwood Aibezzia lebbek woman's tongue Albizia lebbeck Woman's tongue, lebbeck tree, siris tree Antigonon leptopus Coral vine, queen's jewels Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Island pine Ardisia crenata Scratchthroat, coral ardisia Ardisia elliptica Shoebutton, shoebutton ardisia Bauhinia purpurea orchid tree; Butterfly Tree; Mountain Ebony Bauhinia variegate orchid tree; Mountain Ebony; Buddhist Bauhinia Bischofia javanica bishop wood Brassia actino-phylla schefflera Calophyllum antillanum =C inophyllum Casuarina equisetifolia Australian pine Casuarina spp. Australian pine, sheoak, beefwood Catharanthus roseus Madagascar periwinkle, Rose Periwinkle; Old Maid; Cape Periwinkle Cestrum diurnum Dayflowering jessamine, day blooming jasmine, day jessamine Cinnamomum camphora Camphortree, camphor tree Colubrina asiatica Asian nakedwood, leatherleaf, latherleaf Cupaniopsis anacardioides Carrotwood Dalbergia sissoo Indian rosewood, sissoo Dioscorea alata White yam, winged yam Pg. 2/4 Comprehensive List of Exempted Species Scientific Name Common Name Dioscorea bulbifera Air potato, bitter yam, potato vine Eichhornia crassipes Common water-hyacinth, water-hyacinth Epipremnum pinnatum pothos; Taro
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of Houseplants in Reducing the Indoor Air Pollutant
    as a result of increased input of the Effectiveness of Houseplants in Reducing precursors of ozone into the atmos- the Indoor Air Pollutant Ozone phere (Mustafa, 1990). Automobiles are the principal contributors to sec- ondary tropospheric ozone genera- Heather L. Papinchak1, E. Jay Holcomb2,4, tion (Maroni et al., 1995). Teodora Orendovici Best3, and Dennis R. Decoteau2 Ozone as an indoor air pollutant can be prevalent in homes and offices due to infiltration of outdoor ambient ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. mitigation, depletion rates, foliage air indoors (Weschler, 2000). Ozone- emitting equipment such as copy UMMARY Sansevieria trifasciata S . Three common indoor houseplants, snake plant ( ), machines, laser printers, ultraviolet spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum), and golden pothos (Epipremnum aureum), were evaluated for their species effectiveness in reducing ozone concentrations in a lighting, and some electrostatic air simulated indoor environment. Continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) chambers purification systems may also contrib- housed within a greenhouse equipped with a charcoal filtration air supply system ute to indoor ozone levels (Maroni were used to simulate an indoor environment in which ozone concentrations could et al., 1995; Weschler, 2000). Ozone be measured and regulated. Ozone was injected into the chambers and when generation from appliances such as concentrations reached 200 ± 5 ppb, the ozone-generating system was turned off photocopiers on average yield 5.2 and ozone concentrations over time (ozone was monitored every 5–6 min in each mgÁh–1 and laser printers on average chamber) were recorded until about <5 ppb were measured in the treatment produce 1.2 mgÁh–1; however, con- chamber. On average, ozone depletion time (time from when the ozone generating centrations could vary based on < system was turned off at 200 ppb to 5 ppb in the chamber) ranged from 38 to equipment maintenance (Black and 120 min per evaluation.
    [Show full text]
  • Epipremnum Pinnatum Global Invasive Species Database (GISD)
    FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Epipremnum pinnatum Epipremnum pinnatum System: Terrestrial Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Plantae Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Arales Araceae Common name enredadera (Spanish), devil's ivy (English), long wei cao (Chinese), ara (English, Cook Islands), centipede tongavine (English), pothos (English), money plant (English), golden pothos (English), gefleckte Efeutute (German), cortina (Spanish), selkasohlap (English, Pohnpei), variegated-philodendron (English), Tongavine (English), taro vine (English) Synonym Epipremnum mirabile , Schott Philodendron nechodomae , Britton Pothos pinnatus , L. Rhaphidophora merrillii , Engl. Scindapsus aureus , (Lindl. & Andr?) Engl. Similar species Summary Pothos vine (Epipremnum pinnatum) is a common escaped garden vine. It climbs up tree trunks and into the forest canopy, primarily in disturbed areas and along roadsides, smothering native plants. The plant is poisonous when eaten and can cause minor skin irritation when touched. view this species on IUCN Red List Species Description Please follow this link for images of Epipremnum pinnatum Management Info Preventative measures: A Risk Assessment of Epipremnum pinnatum for the Pacific Region was prepared by Dr. Curtis Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service. The alien plant screening system is derived from Pheloung et al. (1999) with minor modifications for use in Pacific islands (Daehler et al. 2004). The result is a high score of 9 and a recommendation of: \"Likely to cause significant ecological or economic harm in Hawaii and on other Pacific Islands as determined by a high WRA score, which is based on published sources describing species biology and behavior in Hawaii and/or other parts of the world.\" A Risk Assessment of Epipremnum pinnatum for Florida in the USA returned a high score of 11 with a recommendation to 'reject' the plant for import.
    [Show full text]