How Counselors Are Trained to Work with Bisexual Clients in CACREP-Accredited Programs Laurie Anne Bonjo Old Dominion University
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Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations in Early Childhood Communication Disorders & Special Education Education Summer 2013 How Counselors Are Trained to Work with Bisexual Clients in CACREP-Accredited Programs Laurie Anne Bonjo Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/earlychildhood_etds Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons, Counselor Education Commons, Higher Education Commons, and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies Commons Recommended Citation Bonjo, Laurie A.. "How Counselors Are Trained to Work with Bisexual Clients in CACREP-Accredited Programs" (2013). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), dissertation, Comm Disorders & Special Educ, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/pya3-3523 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/earlychildhood_etds/5 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Communication Disorders & Special Education at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations in Early Childhood Education by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HOW COUNSELORS ARE TRAINED TO WORK WITH BISEXUAL CLIENTS IN CACREP-ACCREDITED PROGRAMS by Laurie Anne Bonjo B.A. May 1991, University of Pennsylvania M.Ed. May 2009, The Pennsylvania State University A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August 2013 Approved by: Dr. Garrett McAunffe (Chair) Dr. Shana Pribesh (Member) Dr. Kaprea Johnson (Member) ABSTRACT HOW COUNSELORS ARE TRAINED TO WORK WITH BISEXUAL CLIENTS IN CACREP-ACCREDITED PROGRAMS: A CONTENT ANALYSIS Laurie Bonjo Old Dominion University, 2013 In spite of recent progress toward addressing the need for cultural competence with lesbian and gay-identified clients, bisexual-identified clients continue to be marginalized in the principles, theories, and methods of studying sexuality as well as in the training provided by counselor educators. A descriptive content analysis was conducted to determine what is currently taught about bisexuality and bisexual-identified clients in CACREP-accredited counseling programs. Instructors teaching multicultural counseling in CACREP-accredited programs were asked to provide syllabi, as well as information on textbooks and supplemental materials. Combining constructionism with queer theory and elements of post-positivism, I explore the magnitude to which bisexuality is addressed. Qualitative analysis provided insight into the essence of the information provided to counselors-in-training concerning bisexuality and the needs of bisexual-identified clients. Using the critical lens provided by queer theory and the tripartite model of multicultural counseling competencies, the results of this study suggest that increased attention to training regarding bisexual-identified clients should be included in counselor education curriculum and materials. Dedication This dissertation is for Forrest and Eden, as well as all of my students. It is also for all of the bisexual people and the people who love them. It is for the counselors and counselor educators who believe in inclusive education and inclusive practice. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation, like so many others before it, was completed with the assistance of many people who offered time, attention, patience, support, experience and expertise. I would especially like to thank Dr. Garrett McAuliffe, Dr. Kaprea Johnson, and Dr. Shana Pribesh for their insight and guidance throughout this process. This dissertation would not have happened without their insight and thoughtful mentorship. I would also like to thank Dr. Elizabeth Proseck and Dr. Christine Ward for their professional as well as personal support throughout my doctoral studies. A very special thanks to Dr. David Capuzzi, who was the first person to suggest I consider pursuing my doctorate—and who continued to check up on me throughout my graduate studies. Another very special thanks to Dr. Mary McClanahan, who served as my clinical supervisor at Penn State and whose wisdom and guidance continue to be valuable resources—and whose faith in me pushes me to continue to work to reach the bar that she has set so high. Another note of thanks to Dr. Danica Hays, who first encouraged me to pursue this line of research, and who gave me my first taste of following my passion through qualitative inquiry. Ms. Katherine Heimsch also deserves a special shout-out for serving as independent auditor to the study. Another shout out goes to Dr. Ryan Hancock, who provided advice and late- night encouragement. I also need to thank some people for their love and friendship. Joy Maweu, Susan Lester, Dr. Kate Bender and Katherine Heimsch became my sisters in spirit as we met the challenges of doctoral study. My son, Forrest, and my daughter, Eden, gave their mommy to her studies and cheered her on through weeks full of insomnia and deadlines. My sisters, Hollie Walker and Meredith Menerey were the cheerleaders that reminded me that this dissertation has always been my destiny. Nehemiah Hodges, thank you for your support and love. Finally, I would like to thank my clients and my students for reminding me to make the world a better place for all of us. TABLE OF CONTENTS P age LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................................................................ii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 B is e x u a l P o p u l a t io n ...............................................................................................................2 B is e x u a l id e n t it y a n d bir a c ia l i d e n t i t y ....................................................3 M ulticultural c o m p e t e n c y a n d so c ia l justice ADVOCACY APPLIED TO BISEXUALITY IN COUNSELOR EDUCATION...............................................................................................................................4 P u r po se s t a t e m e n t .....................................................................................................................5 D e sc r iptio n of the p r o b l e m ...........................................................................................6 R e se a r c h e r c o m m it m e n t a n d b i a s ..........................................................................8 D e f in it io n s..................................................:.....................................................................................11 B is e x u a l it y ........................................................................................................................11 B i- invisibility................................................................................................................12 D iv e r sit y a n d multicultural .................................................................13 P l u r a l is m .,...........................................................................................................................14 T erm s u se d to refer to n o n- heterosexuals ..........................................15 A l g b t ic ............................................... 16 H eteronormative a n d heterosexism...............................................................20 M o n o s e x i s m .................................................................... 20 T he n a t u r e of this p r o j e c t ..........................................................................................21 R e sea r c h P a r a d ig m a n d undergirding assumptions .....................22 C onstructivism ...........................................................................................................................22 O v er a ll m e t h o d .................. 23 P o s t - p o s it iv is m ,...........................................................................................................23 S ocial constructivism w ith a spr in k le of p o s t p o s it iv is m .............................................................................................................................24 C o n t e n t a n a l y s is ...................................................................................................................25 C o n c e pt u a l A n a l y s is .........................................................................................................27 S u m m a r y ................................................................................................................................................27 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .......................................................................................29 Introduction ................................ 29 K ey c o n c e pt s in bisexuality ....................................................................................29 P r o blem s w ith c o n f l a t i o n ...........................................................................................30 B ise x u a l m e n t a l h e a l t h ......................................... 31 B arriers to w e l l n e ss encountered by b is e x u a l s ..........................33 S tigmatization .............................................................................................................33 S exualization