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Peripheral Nervous System

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Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System 1 Sensory Receptors and Sensation • Sensory Receptors – Respond to changes (stimuli) in the environment – Generate graded potentials that can trigger an action potential that is carried to the CNS • Sensation – awareness of the stimulus • Perception – interpretation of the stimulus • Classification by Stimulus Type – Mechanoreceptors – Thermoreceptors – Photoreceptors – Chemoreceptors – nociceptors 2 Sensory Receptors and Sensation • Classification by Location – Exteroceptors – Interoceptors – Proprioceptors • Classification by Structural Complexity – Simple Receptors • Modified dendritic endings • Found throughout the body • Monitor general sensation – Complex Receptors • Sense organs (special senses) 3 Sensory Receptors and Sensation • Simple Receptors of the General Senses 4 Sensory Receptors and Sensation 5 Sensory Receptors and Sensation • Sensation to Perception – General Organization of the Somatosensory System – three major levels – Receptor Level Processing – sensory neurons • For a sensation to occur a stimulus must excite a receptor – Receptor specificity – Stimulus must be applied to the receptor’s receptive field (the smaller the field the better the brain can localize the stimulus) – Energy of the stimulus must be converted to a graded potential (receptor potential); called transduction – Generator potential of the first order neuron must reach threshold to be transmitted – Strength of stimulus is encoded in frequency (the faster the stronger) – Terminology » Tonic receptors – usually firing at a particular rate constantly; stimulus changes the rate » Phasic receptors – usually off; stimulus turns them on » Adaptation – reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus 6 Sensory Receptors and Sensation – Circuit Level Processing – ascending (sensory) pathways (tracts) • Job is to deliver impulses the correct area of the cerebral cortex • Impulses first goes from the a nerve to the spinal cord, ultimately to either the cerebellum or thalamus (second order neuron) • If the information is going to the cerebral cortex a third order neuron carries it from the thalamus to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex – Perceptual Level Processing – cerebral cortex, but also along the way – perception is defined by the region of the brain interpreting it not necessarily the stimulus – the brain interprets and projects where in the body the stimulus is coming from 7 Sensory Receptors and Sensation – Main Aspects of Perception • Perceptual Detection • Magnitude Estimation • Spatial Discrimination – two-point discrimination test • Feature Abstraction – interpreting several features of a perception to determine the actual “make-up” of the stimulus • Quality Discrimination – some modalities have different qualities, ex. taste; bitter, sour, sweet, salty • Pattern Recognition – misspelled sheet I handed out 8 Transmission Lines: Nerves and Their Structure and Repair • Nerves and Associated Ganglia – Structure 9 Transmission Lines: Nerves and Their Structure and Repair – Classification • Sensory (afferent) nerves • Motor (efferent) nerves • Mixed nerves – Ganglia 10 Transmission Lines: Nerves and Their Structure and Repair – Regeneration of Nerve Fibers 11 Cranial Nerves • Naming – Use of Roman numerals I – XII – Named according to structures served or function(s) On occasion our trust truck acts funny – very good vehicle anyhow Some say marry money but my brothers say bad business marry money 12 Spinal Nerves • General Features – 31 pairs – Naming 13 Spinal Nerves – Anatomy 14 Spinal Nerves 15 Spinal Nerves • Innervation of Specific Body Regions – Dorsal Rami – supply skin and muscles of posterior trunk – Ventral Rami – anterior trunk and limbs • All but T1 – T12 form plexuses 16 Cervical Plexus 17 Brachial Plexus 18 Skin of the inferior, lateral portion of the shoulder – m uscles of the lateral arm for rotation and abduction 19 Skin of posterior surface of the arm and forearm , lateral 2/3 of back of hand – m uscles for extension of elbow , extends w rist, fingers, thum b, supinates 20 forearm Skin of lateral surface of forearm – m uscles for elbow (flexion) 21 Skin of m edial 1/3 of hand, little finger, and m edial ½ of ring finger– m uscles for w rist (flexion), m ost intrinsic finger m uscles 22 Lateral 2/3 of palm of hand, thum b, index and m iddle finger, and the lateral ½ of ring finger, and dorsal tips of the sam e fingers – m uscles for forearm (pronation), w rist (flexion/abduction), finger (flexion) 23 24 Superior m edial side of thigh – m uscles for: thigh (lateral rotation/adduction), hip (flexion) 25 Anterior and lateral branches supply the anterior and lateral thigh; saphenous branch supplies the m edial leg and foot – m uscles for: thigh (flexion), leg (flexion, extension) Carry inform ation concerning pain and tem perature 26 27 Branches from tibial nerve serve the sole of the foot and lateral and posterior 1/3 of leg and lateral side of foot – m uscles for: thigh (extension/adduction), leg (flexion), foot (plantar flexes), toes 28 (flexes) CaLrrayt etwraol- psouinrfta dcisec orifm kinnaeteio, ng, rperaotp raioncde psteiocno,n pdr etsoseu,r ed,o arnsda lv aibnrta.t itohni rd seonsf aletigon asnd top of foot – m uscles for: thigh (extension), leg 29 (flexion), foot (flexion/eversion), toes (extension) Dermatomes 30 Motor Endings and Motor Activity • Peripheral Motor Endings – Innervation of Skeletal Muscle - neuromuscular junctions – Innvervation of Visceral (Smooth) Muscle and Glands • Possess varicosities that typically contain either acetylcholine or norepinephrine 31 Reflexes • Reflex Arc 32 Spinal Reflexes • Stretch and Golgi Tendon Reflexes – Functional anatomy 33 Spinal Reflexes 34 Spinal Reflexes • Stretch Reflex – Demonstrates reciprocal inhibition – Example is the knee-jerk or patellar reflex • Monosynaptic • Ipsilateral • Gives us information concerning – The status of both the sensory and motor pathway – The status of the spinal cord 35 Spinal Reflexes 36 Spinal Reflexes • Golgi Tendon Reflex – Polysynaptic – Results in reciprocal activation 37 Spinal Reflexes • Flexor (Withdrawl) Reflex/Crossed Extensor Reflex 38 Spinal Reflexes • Superficial Reflexes – Plantar Reflex – blunt object stroked along lateral side of the plantar surface • Test spinal cord segment (L4 – S2) • Integrity of corticospinal tracts • Normal response downward deflection of toes • Abnormal – Babinski’s sign – toes dorsiflex, smaller toes flare laterally – this is normal in children – Abdominal Reflexes - stroke skin on lateral side of abdomen to the side, above or below the umbilicus • Normal – umbilicus should move towards stroked side • Test cord segments (T8 – T12) • Integrity of corticospinal tracts 39.
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