Review of the Reflexes and Neurological Signs in the Lower Extremity
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Focusing on the Re-Emergence of Primitive Reflexes Following Acquired Brain Injuries
33 Focusing on The Re-Emergence of Primitive Reflexes Following Acquired Brain Injuries Resiliency Through Reconnections - Reflex Integration Following Brain Injury Alex Andrich, OD, FCOVD Scottsdale, Arizona Patti Andrich, MA, OTR/L, COVT, CINPP September 19, 2019 Alex Andrich, OD, FCOVD Patti Andrich, MA, OTR/L, COVT, CINPP © 2019 Sensory Focus No Pictures or Videos of Patients The contents of this presentation are the property of Sensory Focus / The VISION Development Team and may not be reproduced or shared in any format without express written permission. Disclosure: BINOVI The patients shown today have given us permission to use their pictures and videos for educational purposes only. They would not want their images/videos distributed or shared. We are not receiving any financial compensation for mentioning any other device, equipment, or services that are mentioned during this presentation. Objectives – Advanced Course Objectives Detail what primitive reflexes (PR) are Learn how to effectively screen for the presence of PRs Why they re-emerge following a brain injury Learn how to reintegrate these reflexes to improve patient How they affect sensory-motor integration outcomes How integration techniques can be used in the treatment Current research regarding PR integration and brain of brain injuries injuries will be highlighted Cases will be presented Pioneers to Present Day Leaders Getting Back to Life After Brain Injury (BI) Descartes (1596-1650) What is Vision? Neuro-Optometric Testing Vision writes spatial equations -
Retained Neonatal Reflexes | the Chiropractic Office of Dr
Retained Neonatal Reflexes | The Chiropractic Office of Dr. Bob Apol 12/24/16, 1:56 PM Temper tantrums Hypersensitive to touch, sound, change in visual field Moro Reflex The Moro Reflex is present at 9-12 weeks after conception and is normally fully developed at birth. It is the baby’s “danger signal”. The baby is ill-equipped to determine whether a signal is threatening or not, and will undergo instantaneous arousal. This may be due to sudden unexpected occurrences such as change in head position, noise, sudden movement or change of light or even pain or temperature change. This activates the stress response system of “fight or flight”. If the Moro Reflex is present after 6 months of age, the following signs may be present: Reaction to foods Poor regulation of blood sugar Fatigues easily, if adrenalin stores have been depleted Anxiety Mood swings, tense muscles and tone, inability to accept criticism Hyperactivity Low self-esteem and insecurity Juvenile Suck Reflex This is active together with the “Rooting Reflex” which allows the baby to feed and suck. If this reflex is not sufficiently integrated, the baby will continue to thrust their tongue forward, pushing on the upper jaw and causing an overbite. This by nature affects the jaw and bite position. This may affect: Chewing Difficulties with solid foods Dribbling Rooting Reflex Light touch around the mouth and cheek causes the baby’s head to turn to the stimulation, the mouth to open and tongue extended in preparation for feeding. It is present from birth usually to 4 months. -
The Corneomandibular Reflex1
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.34.3.236 on 1 June 1971. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1971, 34, 236-242 The corneomandibular reflex1 ROBERT M. GORDON2 AND MORRIS B. BENDER From the Department of Neurology, the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, U.S.A. SUMMARY Seven patients are presented in whom a prominent corneomandibular reflex was observed. These patients all had severe cerebral and/or brain-stem disease with altered states of consciousness. Two additional patients with less prominent and inconstant corneomandibular reflexes were seen; one had bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and one had no evidence of brain disease. The corneomandibular reflex, when found to be prominent, reflects an exaggeration of the normal. Therefore one may consider the corneomandibular hyper-reflexia as possibly due to disease of the corticobulbar system. The corneomandibular reflex consists of an involun- weak bilateral response on a few occasions. This tary contralateral deviation and protrusion of the was a woman with bulbar and spinal amyotrophic lower jaw during corneal stimulation. It is not a lateral sclerosis. The other seven patients hadProtected by copyright. common phenomenon and has been rediscovered prominent and consistently elicited corneo- several times since its initial description by Von mandibular reflexes. The clinical features common to Solder in 1902. It is found mostly in patients with these patients were (1) the presence of bilateral brain-stem or bilateral cerebral lesions who are in corneomandibular reflexes, in some cases more coma or semicomatose. prominent on one side; (2) a depressed state of con- There have been differing opinions as to the sciousness, usually coma; and (3) the presence of incidence, anatomical basis, and clinical significance severe neurological abnormalities, usually motor, of this reflex. -
What's the Connection?
WHAT’S THE CONNECTION? Sharon Winter Lake Washington High School Directions for Teachers 12033 NE 80th Street Kirkland, WA 98033 SYNOPSIS Students elicit and observe reflex responses and distinguish between types STUDENT PRIOR KNOWL- of reflexes. They then design and conduct experiments to learn more about EDGE reflexes and their control by the nervous system. Before participating in this LEVEL activity students should be able to: Exploration, Concept/Term Introduction Phases ■ Describe the parts of a Application Phase neuron and explain their functions. ■ Distinguish between sensory and motor neurons. Getting Ready ■ Describe briefly the See sidebars for additional information regarding preparation of this lab. organization of the nervous system. Directions for Setting Up the Lab General: INTEGRATION Into the Biology Curriculum ■ Make an “X” on the chalkboard for the teacher-led introduction. ■ Health ■ Photocopy the Directions for Students pages. ■ Biology I, II ■ Human Anatomy and Teacher Background Physiology A reflex is an involuntary neural response to a specific sensory stimulus ■ AP Biology that threatens the survival or homeostatic state of an organism. Reflexes Across the Curriculum exist in the most primitive of species, usually with a protective function for ■ Mathematics animals when they encounter external and internal stimuli. A primitive ■ Physics ■ example of this protective reflex is the gill withdrawal reflex of the sea slug Psychology Aplysia. In humans and other vertebrates, protective reflexes have been OBJECTIVES maintained and expanded in number. Examples are the gag reflex that At the end of this activity, occurs when objects touch the sides students will be able to: or the back of the throat, and the carotid sinus reflex that restores blood ■ Identify common reflexes pressure to normal when baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure. -
Normal Plantar Response: Integration of Flexor and Extensor Reflex Components
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.26.1.39 on 1 February 1963. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1963, 26, 39 Normal plantar response: integration of flexor and extensor reflex components LENNART GRIMBY From the Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Serafimerlasarettet, Stockholm, Sweden The reflexes elicited by painful stimulation of the the suprasegmental control of the reflex centres, the plantar surface of the foot have been studied receptive field of the reflex is limited to the skin area extensively for a long time and the relation between where it is adequate for protective purposes, viz., the reflexes obtained in normal and in pathological the ball of the great toe. cases has been the subject of considerable debate. An Previous investigations (Eklund et al., 1959; excellent survey of previous investigations is to be Kugelberg et al., 1960) have shown that the main found in the review by Walshe (1956). As in most difference between the electromyographic pattern of studies of human reflexes, the technique commonly a flexor plantar response and that of an extensor used has, however, not permitted an exact deter- plantar response is that the reflex plantar flexion of mination of the latency values of the reflexes, and the great toe is associated with activity in the short it has thus not been possible to judge with certainty hallux flexor and reciprocal inhibition of the guest. Protected by copyright. to what extent the movements studied have been voluntary activity in the short hallux extensor, purely spinal and to what extent of cerebral origin. whereas, conversely, reflex dorsiflexion of the great By means of brief electric stimuli and an electro- toe is accompanied by activity in the short hallux myographic recording technique these latency values extensor and reciprocal inhibition of the voluntary can, however, be exactly determined, and in this way activity in the short hallux flexor. -
Neurologic Assessment Skills for the Acute Medical Surgical Nurse
on230103.qxd 1/20/2004 12:01 PM Page 3 Neurologic Assessment Skills for the Acute Medical Surgical Nurse Janet T. Crimlisk ▼ Margaret M. Grande Practical and efficient neurologic assessment skills are vital for when neurologic conditions are changing and what acute care nurses. During an acute neurologic event, the should be the nurse’s immediate response? nurse needs a focused assessment of the pertinent history and symptom analysis and an immediate head-to-toe survey, Review of Central Nervous System eliciting any abnormal signs to identify and correctly report the medical problem. When a patient requires routine moni- To identify appropriate assessment information and toring of neurologic signs, the nurse’s role includes a neuro- apply these skills, a brief overview of the central nervous system (CNS) is presented. The CNS consists of the brain, logic assessment, collecting and assimilating that data, inter- which comprises the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain- preting the patient problem, notifying the physician when stem (see Figure 1). The brain consists of two central appropriate, and documenting that data. This article presents hemispheres, right and left, which form the largest part of an overview of a staff nurse’s neurologic assessment, explains the brain. There are four main lobes: frontal (Broca’s common neurologic tests performed at the bedside, identifies area, judgment, insight, problem solving, and emotion), an efficient way to perform the assessment, and indicates temporal (auditory, comprehension, speech, and taste), what to include and document when “neuro signs” are parietal (sensory and proprioception), and occipital ordered. (vision). In the central part of the cerebrum is the dien- KEY WORDS: Neurologic assessment, Education, Medical surgi- cephalon, which surrounds the third ventricle and forms cal nurse the central core and contains the thalamus and the hypo- thalamus (the autonomic nervous system regulator). -
Overshunting-Associated Myelopathy: Report of 2 Cases
NEUROSURGICAL FOCUS Neurosurg Focus 41 (3):E16, 2016 Overshunting-associated myelopathy: report of 2 cases Jason Man-kit Ho, MBChB, Hing-Yuen Law, FRCS(SN), Shing-Chau Yuen, FRCS, and Kwong-Yui Yam, FRCS Department of Neurosurgery, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China The authors present 2 cases of cervical myelopathy produced by engorged vertebral veins due to overshunting. Over shuntingassociated myelopathy is a rare complication of CSF shunting. Coexisting cervical degenerative disc disease may further increase the difficulty of diagnosing the condition. Neurosurgeons and others who routinely evaluate patients with intracranial shunts should be familiar with this rare but possible diagnosis. http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2016.7.FOCUS16179 KEY WOrdS overshunting; myelopathy; hydrocephalus; ventriculoperitoneal shunt VERSHUNTING-ASSOCIATED myelopathy is a rare com- temperature sensation were impaired on the right palm. plication of CSF shunting.4 Few case reports have The patient had an upgoing plantar reflex and ankle clonus been published over the years. Here we add 2 cas- bilaterally. Tandem walking could barely be performed. esO to the literature. T1-weighted Gd-enhanced MRI of the brain and cervi- cal spine revealed diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement Case Reports (Fig. 1 upper) and engorgement of vertebral veins from Case 1 the C-1 to the C-3 level causing cord compression at the History and Presentation corresponding levels (Fig. 2A and B). T2-weighted imag- ing showed signal hyperintensity in the spinal cord (Fig. 3 This 64-year-old woman had undergone ventriculoperi- left) at the C-1 level. Degenerative changes (marginal os- toneal (VP) shunt placement for treatment of hydrocepha- teophytes and disc bulging) were noted at the C5–6 and lus after clipping of a ruptured posterior communicating C6–7 levels, with indentation of the anterior thecal sac. -
THE BABINSKI REFLEX.1 by C
THE BABINSKI REFLEX.1 By C. Van Epps, M.D. I owe the opportunity to make the following study to my chiefs at the Philadelphia Hospital, Drs. Mills, Dercum, Lloyd and Burr, and to the chief resident physician, Dr. Daniel E. Hughes. The purpose of my investigation was to determine the conditions in which the Babinski reflex is present. The data consisted of one thousand persons classi¬ fied as follows:— Babies and children. ioo Patients in medical wards presenting no ner¬ vous symptoms. 165 Insane patients presenting no organic cerebro¬ spinal disease. 335 Patients suffering from nervous disease but pre¬ senting no symptoms of involvement of the lateral tracts . 213 Hemiplegics and diplegics . 125 Patients having disease of the spinal cord with manifest involvement of the lateral tracts. 62 In health on stroking the sole there follows flexion of the toes with or without movement of the ankle and leg. This reflex is not present in every one, some normal persons hav¬ ing no plantar reflex at all. Babinski discovered that in certain diseases the plantar reflex is altered and claimed that this alteration is constantly present whenever there is “perturbation” of the lateral tracts. He described the alteration as follows: There is extension of the great toe with or without extension and separation of the other toes, the movement being slower than the normal reflex and more readily produced by stroking the outer than the inner side of the sole. In testing for the reflex I used, as a rule, an ordinary blunt tooth-pick; if the sole was very sensitive I used my ‘Read before the Philadelphia Neurological Society, October 22, 1900. -
High-Yield Neuroanatomy, FOURTH EDITION
LWBK110-3895G-FM[i-xviii].qxd 8/14/08 5:57 AM Page i Aptara Inc. High-Yield TM Neuroanatomy FOURTH EDITION LWBK110-3895G-FM[i-xviii].qxd 8/14/08 5:57 AM Page ii Aptara Inc. LWBK110-3895G-FM[i-xviii].qxd 8/14/08 5:57 AM Page iii Aptara Inc. High-Yield TM Neuroanatomy FOURTH EDITION James D. Fix, PhD Professor Emeritus of Anatomy Marshall University School of Medicine Huntington, West Virginia With Contributions by Jennifer K. Brueckner, PhD Associate Professor Assistant Dean for Student Affairs Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, Kentucky LWBK110-3895G-FM[i-xviii].qxd 8/14/08 5:57 AM Page iv Aptara Inc. Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Managing Editor: Kelley Squazzo Marketing Manager: Emilie Moyer Designer: Terry Mallon Compositor: Aptara Fourth Edition Copyright © 2009, 2005, 2000, 1995 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street 530 Walnut Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Philadelphia, PA 19106 Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, via email at [email protected], or via website at http://www.lww.com (products and services). -
Lab Exercise 10
Lab Exercise 10 Sensory Tests Eye Anatomy Vision Tests Ear Anatomy Hearing Tests Textbook Reference: See Chapter 15 What you need to be able to do on the exam after completing this lab exercise: Be able to answer any question regarding the reflex/sensory tests, including the name of the reflex/sensory test, how it is performed, and what it is testing. For example, the patellar reflex test is testing the conduction of the femoral nerve. Be able to identify the listed parts of the eye on the eye models. Be able to answer any question regarding the vision tests, including the name of the test, how the test is performed, and what the results mean. Be able to identify the listed parts of the ear on the ear models. Be able to answer any question regarding the hearing tests, including the name of the test, how the test is performed, and what the results mean. 10-1 Sensory Tests Reflexes are involuntary, instantaneous movements in response to stimuli. Reflexes are mediated via a reflex arc, which includes a receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector. Stretch Reflexes A stretch reflex is a muscle contraction in response to stretching within a muscle. Patellar Reflex The patellar (knee-jerk) reflex is an example of a stretch reflex. The patellar reflex tests the conduction of the femoral nerve. 1. Sit on the lab bench with your feet dangling down. 2. Have your lab partner tap the patellar ligament with the blunt side of a patellar reflex hammer. The tap should be 3-4 inches below the kneecap, and firm, but not hard enough to hurt. -
Skeletal Muscle Reflexes
Experiment NP-2: Skeletal Muscle Reflexes Background Studying the vertebrate stretch reflex is a good way to introduce students to the topics of stretch receptors, nerve conduction velocity, electromyograms (EMG), and motor control. Specialized receptors in the muscle respond to the stretching of the tendon attached to the muscle, and then send signals to motor neurons through a single synapse. The muscle fibers depolarize and twitch (contract) in response to the incoming impulse from the motor neuron. The Stretch Receptor Skeletal muscles have specialized receptors which convey information about muscle length, tension, and pressure to the central nervous system. The sensory receptors responsible for providing information about the length, or the rate of change of the length, of a muscle are called muscle spindles. Arranged in parallel with muscle fibers (Figure NP-2-B1), the spindles are stretched when the muscle is stretched by an external force. Therefore, these receptors play a significant role in developing antigravity reflexes and maintaining muscle tone. Muscle spindles contain a small bundle of intrafusal fibers which do not contribute to the overall tension of the muscle, but regulate the excitability of the sensory afferent spindle nerves by mechanically deforming the receptors. These fibers are innervated by gamma motor neurons. The majority of a muscle consists of extrafusal fibers, which are innervated by alpha motor neurons and are responsible for developing muscle tension. Figure NP-2-B1: A monosynaptic stretch reflex arc. The Stretch Reflex When a muscle is stretched, excitation of its muscle spindles causes a reflex contraction of the muscle. This reflex response is known as a stretch (myotatic) reflex. -
Testing the Reflexes
Page 1 of 6 ESSENTIALS Testing the reflexes 1 2 A J Lees neurologist , Brian Hurwitz former general practitioner 1The National Hospital, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; 2King’s College London, London WC2B 6LE, UK with muscles via the nerve roots, plexuses, peripheral nerves, What you need to know and neuromuscular junction) and an upper motor neurone lesion • Tendon reflex testing allows lower and upper motor neurone lesions to (due to damage upstream from the anterior horn cell, including be distinguished reliably the corticospinal tracts, the brain stem, and motor cortex). This • Interpret reflexes alongside a clinical history and any abnormalities of distinction is the first stage in locating the site of neurological power, tone, and sensation found on examination damage. • Reflex testing is essential if you suspect spinal cord and cauda equina compression, acute cervical or lumbar disc compression, or acute There are situations where all the neurological symptoms occur inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy above the neck (such as bulbar symptoms due to motor neurone disease) where reflex testing is also essential. Eliciting the deep tendon reflexes is a vital component of Box 1 lists some clinical scenarios where testing the deep tendon medical assessments in general practice (where 9% of medical reflexes is discriminatory when coming to a diagnosis. problems are believed to be neurological in origin1) and in hospital (where 10-20% of admissions have a primary Box 1: Presentations in general practice where tendon reflex