South Laggan – Land Management Plan
Lochaber Forest District
Land Management Plan
South Laggan
South Laggan – Land Management Plan
Lochaber Forest District FOREST ENTERPRISE
Application for Land Management Plan Approvals Forest Enterprise – Property
Forest District: Lochaber FD Property name: South Laggan Nearest town, village or locality: South Laggan Village OS Grid reference: NN29449742
Local Authority: Highland Council
Plan Area 1740 Ha
Conifer Felling 170ha Broadleaved Felling 0
1. I apply for Forest Design Plan approval for the property described above and in the enclosed Forest Design Plan.
2. I apply for an opinion under the terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment (Forestry Scotland) Regulations 1999 for Afforestation*/deforestation*/roads*/quarries* as detailed in my application.
3. I confirm that the initial scoping of the plan was carried out with FC staff on 11/07/2012 Updated scoping carried out during March 2015. Signed………………………………………. Signed…………………………………. 4. I confirm that the proposals contained in this plan comply with the UK Forestry Standard. Forest District Manager Conservator
5. I confirm that the scoping, carried out and documented in the Consultation Record attached, incorporated those stakeholders which the FC agreed must be included. Date…………………………………… Date…………………………………….
6. I confirm that consultation and scoping has been carried out with all relevant stakeholders over the content of the design plan. Consideration of all of the issues raised by stakeholders has Date of Approval…………………….. been included in the process of plan preparation and the outcome recorded on the attached consultation record. I confirm that we have informed all stakeholders about the extent to which we have been able to address their concerns. We have reminded them of the opportunity to Date Approval Ends……………………………………………………………………… make further comment during the public consultation process.
7. I undertake to obtain any permission necessary for the implementation of the approved plan. Plan Reference no. 030/519/151
South Laggan – Land Management Plan
People As above Request For Determination Under The E.I.A. (Forestry) (Scotland) Regulations 1999 Operation Felling/Restocking and Road Construction Other Information A large scale project aimed at landscape and Location South Laggan environmental improvement while maintaining a core of productive commercial conifers. Grid Reference NN29449742 Is The Location Of The Proposed Works Within A “Sensitive Area”, As Defined In The Regulations? If So, What Type Of Sensitive Area? No If Operation Is Afforestation, Deforestation or Forest Quarries, What Area Is Involved? N/A If Operation Is Forest Roads, Tracks, or Paths, Signed Signed What Is Specification And What Length And Quad track upgrade = 5km @ 2.5m width Width is Involved?
Is The Proposed Operation Immediately Adjacent To An Area Of The Same Project Type Which Has Been Completed Since 06/09/1999? If So, Give Details. No Ben Lennon
Proposed Timing 2015 – 2025 Forest District Manager Conservator
Sate Any Perceived Impact On The Date Date Following Archaeology None. Archaeological sites identified and protected. Conservation Positive impact through the expansion of native Approval Date Approval Ends woodland, water vole habitat protection and expansion, Montane woodland establishment, deer management, LISS management and the restoration of Fen/Mire areas. Will all improve the habitat for iconic species such as Black grouse, Squirrels, Otters and various raptors. Landscape Improvement to forest edges so that the forest sits more naturally within the landscape.
Water Positive impact due to the gradual slowdown of run off. Recreation/Access The Forest is open to all within the framework of the Scottish Outdoor Access Code and we will continue to promote best practice in relation to access.
The District will work closely with the Access Authorities to promote both the Great Glen Way and the National Cycle Network Route.
Lochaber Forest District has agreed a 21 year lease with the South Laggan Railway Preservation Society for the abandoned railway platform and a section of the railway line.
South Laggan – Land Management Plan
Location Map South Laggan – Land Management Plan
Factor Description Implications for Management Proposals Location The South Laggan LMP is situated on the east side of The South Laggan LMP area is visually prominent Management will take into account the visual the Great Glen, above Loch Lochy and Loch Oich. The from some sections of the A82 trunk road. It is also prominence of the area, with proper regard to coupe forest is situated approximately 37Km north of Fort highly visible from the Great Glen Way, National size and shape, species choice, and overall design, to William in the district of Lochaber. The forest is Cycle Network route, boats on Loch Lochy, Loch Oich ensure that the woodland sits comfortably within the accessed from the A82 at the village of South Laggan. and the Caledonian Canal and also from the peaks of general landscape. Meall na Dearcag and Ben Tee.
Tenure The land within the South Laggan LMP was acquired in Forest operations must be managed and planned in a During all Forest Operations public safety will be 1921 with a further acquisition in 1930 of the manner that will protect the PROW’s Core Paths or paramount and where necessary sensible temporary Corriegour Woods. other official access agreements within the national diversion routes will be created. forest estate. There are no sporting rights associated with this area. The Forestry Commission will work in harmony with SNH and other stakeholder to ensure that all Statutory Designations: - South Laggan Wetland designated areas will be protected and where possible Fen/Mire SSSI. enhanced.
Public Rights of Way (PROW) and Access. Deer numbers will be regulated and populations will be kept at a level that is compatible with their Lochaber Forest District has now agreed a 21 year environment and our other management objectives. lease of the disused Railway Station platform and a section of the railway line with the South Laggan Railway Preservation Society.
History of the Forest Afforestation began in the 1920’s soon after the first The area covered by the South Laggan LMP was Lochaber FD will continue to establish native acquisition. The principal species choice was Sitka originally established for the purpose of growing woodlands not only on sites identified as PAWS but spruce but Norway Spruce, Larch and Lodgepole pine commercial conifers. Over the last few years there will continue along the steep face above the A82 and were also planted. Felling of the original crop have been some significant changes in policy which South Laggan village, through the phased felling of commenced in the 1970’s and has lasted through to will have a major impact on this area. clearfell coupes and subsequent natural regeneration the present day, though some areas were left due to of native species from local seed sources. If their inaccessibility and have now grown to a double While there is approximately150.0 Ha designated as regeneration is not evident after 5 years, enrichment rotation. PAWS which will be restored to native woodland. It is planting may take place. anticipated that a much greater area will be There are still remnants of native woodland scattered converted to native woodlands. Maintain a core of productive commercial conifers in throughout the LMP area. A band of mature Beech the area known as Glen Buck where soil, aspect and trees line the route of the old railway line and mature The very steep slopes above Loch Oich, South climate dictate, consider the establishment of Scots pine can be found in the area of forest opposite Laggan Village and Loch Lochy will gradually be ‘premier’ conifers such as DF, WRC, EL, NS. Laggan Locks. restocked with native woodlands. Design the felling coupes, restocking areas, and There are now 150.0 Ha within the LMP designate as A core area of commercial conifers will be retained in external boundaries so that the LMP area fits more Previous Ancient Woodland Sites (PAWS). the Glen Buck area of the LMP. comfortably into the surrounding landscape.
The woodland has sections of the abandoned route of The establishment of the adjacent South Laggan Through a system of phased clear felling coupes the the Fort William to Fort Augustus railway branch line Fen/Mire SSSI will impact on the management of areas designated as PAWS will gradually be restored running through it. This was acquired together with forest operations. to native woodland through a process of natural three cottages and the station platform in 1956 from regeneration from local seed sources. British Rail. In consultation with SNH, manage the area in a There are sections of Wades Military Road in the manner that protects and where possible northern end of the forest. Ruins of livestock pens can complements the adjacent SSSI. be found in parts of the forest, left over from previous agricultural land use in this area. Forest operations must be planned to protect all known and yet to be discovered archaeological sites.
South Laggan – Land Management Plan
Much of the South Laggan LMP area has been Identify and establish an area of montane woodland identified as the site of the Battle of Blar na Leine, an above the more commercially productive area of the important inter-clan battle fought on the 15th July 1544 woodland. See Map Appendix 16
The South Laggan Fen/Mire SSSI is adjacent to the LMP and will impact on the management and forest operations within the LMP.
Access The South Laggan LMP area is accessed from the A82 We will maintain the current programme of road and The maintenance of existing forest roads and bridges at Grid Reference:- NN29459740 bridge maintenance. will comply with the relevant guidance in line with appendix 1 of Forest Practice Guidance: Forest Design Planning. Physical Site Factors Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), Publication 97, Pressures for change are dominated by commercial The LMP will aim to conserve the smooth and open Setting & Context Lochaber Landscape Assessment 1998 describes the forest operations, although encroachment of new landform by careful landscape design planning, the area of South Laggan as being on the Cusp of several build development and neglect of traditional phased felling of clearfell coupes and subsequent landscape types, but principally is defined as Smooth landscape features are also evident; the landscape is restocking with more mixed and diverse species will Moorland Ridges of which the key Characteristics sensitive in that its smooth open slopes are highly ensure that the woodlands sit more comfortably are; visible. within the landscape setting and compliment the Gentle undulating hills with smooth elongated existing character of the Great Glen. ridge profiles developing a more undulating Smooth, open profiles are sensitive to changes landform in transitional areas with Rugged in texture and land cover which arises due to Massif; changes in management or commercial Simple large scale landscape pattern dictated by forestry operations; uniform land cover and uncomplicated landform; Broadleaf woodlands on the lower slopes Plateau summits generally draped in a mixture which provide a landscape framework are of grasses, heathers and sedges, with exposed sensitive to replacement by conifers; peat hags; Distinctive grazed heather slopes which Large blocks of conifer plantations along the provide a landscape framework are sensitive hillsides and lower foothills; to replacement by conifers; Broadleaved woods on lower slopes and along Distinctive grazed heather slopes, important loch edges, often framing crofts; for wildlife, archaeology and landscape Scattered croft settlements with stone dykes amenity, are vulnerable to forest concentrated on lower slopes, particularly on encroachment. lower roads and south facing slopes; Roads & Transmissions lines follow the base of hills.
Climate The climate is mild wet and windy with a mean annual Overall the growing conditions are good, though it The lower less exposed and more fertile areas will be rainfall of 2032-2286mm. Wind exposure across the can become challenging at higher elevations. restocked with premium conifers and native broadleaf forest is measured using the DAMS score 0 – 12. species. The higher elevation more exposed and less fertile areas will be restocked with a Sitka See Appendix 9 DAMS score map. Spruce/Lodgepole Pine mixture.
Geology and Soils Soils represent a dynamic interface between physical, Soil is one of the critical factors when deciding on The areas on the lower slopes which consist mainly of biological and hydrological systems. Soils are an tree species for a particular area. The range of soils Brown Earths, Podzols and Ironpans are suitable for a integral part of the landscape, reflecting not only within the South Laggan LMP area will allow for wide range of native broadleaf species and premium natural processes from which they have been formed, species diversity and assist in meeting the objectives conifers such as DF, EL and WRC and this will be the but also the influences of human activities, present and of the plan. objective in these areas. past. The ever-evolving nature of soils is that they are being continually formed and modified, both by natural See attached Soils Map, Appendix 7. At higher more exposed elevations where Upland processes and by human activities. The lower slopes of Gleys and Peaty soils dominate, there will be a shift South Laggan – Land Management Plan
the South Laggan LMP consists of Brown Earths, to a mixture of SS and LP. Podzols and Ironpans giving way to Ironpans and Much of the ground at the highest elevations which is Surface Water Gleys at mid elevation and finally classified as Blanket bog or Hagged Eroded Bog will Calluna Blanket Bog and Shallow Hagged Eroded Bog mainly remain open, though there may be some on the upper margins. opportunity here for the creation of a montane scrub zone. Where possible these areas should be identified and managed to create a continuum of woodland cover ‘up the hill’ enhancing biodiversity and creating a softer visual boundary between the forest and open hill. The principal species in these areas will be Scots Pine, Birch, Willow, Juniper and Rowan. Water The whole of South Laggan LMP drains westwards into The UK Forestry Standard identifies that forest The following guidelines will be observed during the freshwater lochs, Loch Oich and Loch Lochy which management should contribute towards achieving forest operations. are linked by the Caledonian Canal. Numerous small the objectives of the RBMP to protect and improve streams drain straight down the hill into these lochs. the water environment, and ensure that forestry Harvesting For both Loch Lochy and Loch Oich SEPA have set the pressures in the aquatic environment are addressed. Minimise compaction, rutting and erosion overall environmental objectives for the first, second The Water Body Data Sheets from the RBMP during harvesting operations by selecting the
and third River Basin Management Planning (RBMP) confirms that there are no water bodies within or most appropriate working method for the site cycle as GOOD. adjacent to the LMP which are not currently at less conditions; than good ecological status/potential, this standard Monitor operations and modify, postpone or The River Basin Management Plans (RBMP’s) are a should be maintained and if possible enhanced. stop operations if degradation occurs; requirement of the Water Framework Directive and On vulnerable sites, consider the weather and a means of achieving the protection, improvement and All forest operations will comply with the Water aim to carry out operations during dry periods; sustainable use of the water environment. This Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Keep streams and buffer areas clear of brash includes surface freshwaters (including lochs, streams Regulations (CAR) and will follow the related and avoid felling trees into watercourses and and rivers), groundwater, and eco systems such as elements of the Forests and Water Guidelines immediately remove any blockages that may some wetlands that depend on ground water, estuaries 2011 General Binding Rules with respect to occur; and coastal waters out to one nautical mile. The aim appropriate buffer strips between new Where necessary install adequate culverts or of the RBNP is to achieve at the least a ‘Good’ status planting/restocking and water bodies. All forest bridges on crossing points, removing as work
in each water body. operations plans will detail the mitigation procedures progresses; required for each operation. The Forest Research Maintain adequate brash mats throughout ‘Woodland for Water: Woodland Measures for extraction operations; Meeting Water Framework Directive Objectives’ Avoid clear felling more that 20% of the provides guidance on this issue. Other guidance will catchment area within any three year period. be sought from SEPA: ‘Guidance Management of Forest Waste’. Ground Preparation
Well managed forests and woodlands protect the soil Identify sites of protected aquatic and wetland from disturbance and improve soil structure, due to habitats and species including spawning areas, high inputs of organic matter and the action of tree and ensure protective buffer zones are roots. These conditions enhance soil infiltration established;
pathways and water storage capacity thereby Identify any private or public water supplies reducing surface water run-off, erosion and down and ensure sources are protected from stream siltation. New woodlands can therefore help disturbance; to reduce the higher rates of sediment delivery and Minimise the soil disturbance necessary to resulting turbidity and siltation that are associated secure management objectives, particularly on with more intensive land uses – such as arable organic soils. Avoid forest drains discharging cropping. A reduction in sediment-laden run-off from directly into watercourses; such sites and reduces delivery to watercourses. Align forest drains to run at a maximum gradient of 3.5% and lead towards the head of See attached Hydrological map Appendix 8. glens; No land to be cultivated within buffer zones; Land must be cultivated in such a way as to South Laggan – Land Management Plan
minimise the risk pollution to the water environment; Run-off must be discharged in such a way as to minimise the risk of pollution of the water environment; No discharge from drains shall result in the de-
stabilisation of the banks or bed of the receiving water course; Minimise compaction, rutting and erosion during harvesting operations by selecting the most appropriate working method for the site conditions; Monitor operations and modify, postpone or stop operations if degradation occurs.
Restocking & Species Selection
With the advent of PAWS and a greater recognition of
riparian zones and open space, there will be a relative decrease in the area allocated to commercial conifers than was previously the case in South Laggan. While Sitka spruce will still be the dominant commercial conifer, where soils and DAMS scores indicate other species like Douglas fir, European Larch, Norway Spruce and Scots Pine will be considered. While there are already plans to increase the area managed under Continuous Cover Forestry, this will continually be under review and should the opportunity exist the area may be expanded, though again this will be dependent on soil conditions and DAMS scores. Restocking of native tree and shrub species in the designated PAWS sites and riparian zones will be by natural regeneration from local seed sources. These areas will be monitored and if necessary or appropriate enrichment planting may take place.
Roads It is anticipated that the present forest road network We will maintain the current programme of road and The maintenance of existing forest roads and bridges will be sufficient to access the programmed clearfell bridge maintenance. will comply with the relevant guidance in line with coupes within the 10 year life span of the LMP. appendix 1 of Forest Practice Guidance: Forest Design Planning.
Low Ground Pressure Haulage Network Low ground pressure vehicles Low Ground Pressure Network
Transporting timber from the National Forest Estate is Low ground pressure vehicles and those fitted with After due consideration it is proposed to move in a strategic requirement that requires a network of tyre pressure control systems, cause less damage to April 2018 to a Forest Road network that will be, in well-maintained roads. roads and provide an opportunity to significantly part, restricted to use by only Low Ground Pressure reduce maintenance costs. The Timber Transport timber haulage vehicles. To simplify things forest FES has been looking at ways to reduce the need and Forum document, 'Tread Softly' - provides further blocks have been classified as either, not restricted cost of road maintenance with the goal of providing information. (can be used by all timber haulage vehicles), or greater open access to the network. Our aim is to restricted (timber haulage by low ground pressure ensure that the overall costs of maintenance and vehicles only. The following web link haulage are optimised, and that safety is never http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/low-ground-pressure- compromised. haulage-network provides further information including maps by Operations Area showing the South Laggan – Land Management Plan
classification of each forest block.
After the implementation date, April 2018, it will become a condition of future contracts to use low ground pressure vehicles when transporting timber over the low ground pressure network.
Non Native Invasive Throughout the South Laggan LMP area there is the Lochaber FD has a rolling programme to identify and Lochaber FD has embarked on a programme to Species presence of Rhododendron Ponticum. The South monitor the species and scale of Invasive Non-Native eradicate Rhododendron Ponticum. Laggan LMP will also be monitored for the presence Species within its boundaries and to deal with these Himalayan Balsam, and Japanese Knotweed, which will species in the recommended manner. If necessary eradicate Japanese Knotweed and be dealt with accordingly. Himalayan Balsam with follow up treatment. Biodiversity & South Laggan Wetlands Fen/Mire SSSI. It is important that Lochaber Forest District liaises All forest operations within the SSSI catchment area Environmental While the SSSI is not within the LMP area, it is closely with SNH regarding the management and will comply with advice from SEPA and SNH. Designations immediately to the west and adjacent to the LMP area. forest operations within the SSSI catchment area. See attached map appendix 6. Neighbouring Land Use The main neighbouring land uses are sheep farming All neighbouring land uses have the potential to Lochaber Forest District will be represented on the and deer stalking. There is also a neighbouring impact on the management of the Sunart LMP area. local ‘Deer Management Group’. Statutory Designations - South Laggan Fen SSSI. The main issues regard deer control, sheep incursions, fencing, water supplies and the impact of FCS staff will liaise with neighbours to ensure that the South Laggan SSSI. external fences are fit for purpose.
Forest operations must be managed in a manner that will avoid contamination or disruption to private water supplies. Previous Ancient The area covered by the South Laggan LMP was The restoration of areas identified as PAWS back to The areas identified as PAWS (150Ha) and much of Woodland Sites (PAWS) originally established for the purpose of growing native woodland will be one of the priorities of this the steep slopes above the A82 and South Laggan Restoration commercial conifers. Over the last few years there LMP. village will be returned to native woodland, through have been some significant changes in policy which will the phased felling of clearfell coupes and the have a major impact on this area. See Attached PAWS Map Appendix 4. subsequent natural regeneration from local seed sources. If regeneration is not evident after 5 years, enrichment planting of native species may take place.
Deer Management The South Laggan woodlands are home to Red, Roe All species are capable of causing significant damage The main objective of deer management within the and Sika deer. Red are the predominate species with to productive forests and woodlands as well as South Laggan LMP area, is to regulate deer Roe and then Sika following. reducing species diversity in the ground flora, populations at a level that is compatible with their resulting in the prevention of natural regeneration of environment and our other management objectives. See attached Deer Management Programme - native tree species. This is increasingly recognised as The aim is to reduce leader browsing on restocking Appendix 1. a major barrier to maintaining and increasing sites to 10% or less on at least 75% of all restock biodiversity in Scottish woodlands. coupes. This means that we will aim to prevent unacceptable damage to commercial tree crops and At very high densities deer are prone to increased in key areas to maintain or enhance biodiversity. This levels of parasitism and disease (rare in UK will be done in a professional and humane way, conditions), poor breeding success and early ensuring the physical well being of the remaining mortality. In impoverished upland habitats they can deer populations within the forest boundaries. also suffer from starvation.
Regular close liaison with the SNH Deer Officer and the local Deer Management Group will be a high priority with assistance being sought where problems exist. Existing Forest – Age There is a wide range of yield classes ranging from a There is 150.0 Ha designated as PAWS and these The removal of commercial conifer by a process of Structure, Species and low of YC4 in the poor soils at high altitude to YC 24 on areas will gradually be restored to native woodland phased felling of clearfell coupes. South Laggan – Land Management Plan
Yield Class. the better soils on the lower slopes. from local seed sources through a process of phased felling of clearfell coupes. In addition to the The re-designing of the forest area to sit more See Appendix 10. designated PAWS sites, much of the land above the comfortably in the landscape. A82 and South Laggan village will also be restocked While there are still some small areas of original with native broadleaves through the same process. planted 1920s commercial conifers the bulk of the woodland is much younger, planted between 1960 and the present day. The areas planted after 1970 are second rotation.
See Appendix 11 & 12 Age and Species Graphs. Harvesting The west facing slopes above the A82 and South Most of the forest above South Laggan village and The removal of commercial conifer by the process of Laggan Village are very steep. Motor manual felling the A82 sits on very steep slopes. As a result costly the phased felling of clearfell coupes, which will with skyline extraction and roadside processing is the motor manual felling with skyline extraction and facilitate the opportunity of redesigning of the forest only harvesting option in these areas. roadside processing is the only suitable harvesting area to sit more comfortably in the overall landscape. system on this type of terrain. The slopes in the Glen Buck area are not as severe as The harvesting of commercial conifers will continue at those on the west facing slopes of the Great Glen and Due to the nature of the terrain and the harvesting the current level for the next 50 years. After that much of it is accessible by Harvester/Forwarder. techniques necessary, the road and bridge there will continue to be a core element of productive infrastructure required is very expensive. woodland managed on a sustainable basis.
The production of utilisable commercial conifer crops will continue at the present rate for the next 50 years before the expansion of broadleaf species has an effect, though there will always be a strong core of commercial conifers within the LMP area.
See Appendix 14 Future Felling. Low Impact Silvicultural Most of the present woodland has passed the window Most of the original first rotation commercial conifers On a basis of species, soils and DAMS scores, the Systems (LISS) Potential suitable for LISS or is not suitable for this type of have passed the window of opportunity for Low district will identify and manage accordingly areas management. However with some of the newer restock Impact Management Systems. However new re- suitable for LISS management. areas and future restocking, there will be an stocking policies should provide more potential for opportunity to manage parts of the woodlands in this LISS management on 2nd and 3rd rotation crops. manner. Restocking The area covered by the South Laggan LMP was PAWS; The restoration back to native woodlands of PAWS;- The establishment of native broadleaf originally established for the purpose of growing areas identified as PAWS. species through the phased felling of clearfell coupes commercial conifers. Over the last few years there and the subsequent natural regeneration from local have been some significant changes in policy and Montane Woodland Restoration; Identify areas on seed sources. If regeneration is not evident after 5 guidelines which will have a major impact on this area- the upper margins suitable for montane woodland years, enrichment planting of native species may The introduction of PAWS; restoration and manage accordingly. take place. Montane Woodland Restoration. Steep & Unstable Slopes; Much of the existing See attached map – Appendix 4. In addition there are several physical factors that will conifer forest on the west facing slope above the A82 influence the restocking policy - and South Laggan village is on very steep slopes Montane Woodland Restoration; In line with Steep and unstable slopes; requiring expensive harvesting techniques and recent guidelines, the area of ground above the Soil Conditions; roads/bridges infrastructure. It will be necessary to commercial conifer tree line will be available for the Climate & DAMS scores; rationalise the extent of commercial conifer establishment/expansion of montane woodlands. Poor conifer YC; restocking in these areas. While it is expected that natural regeneration from Landscape setting. local seed sources would be the best possible form of Soil Conditions, Climate & DAMS scores; will be restocking. It may be necessary to carry out some All these factors will have a strong influence on the a major influence on the location and choice of tree enrichment planting, especially in areas where the restocking programme in relation to tree species species. previous conifer crop was <6 Yield Class. choice and location. Yield Class; Due to poor commercial conifer YC <6 See attached map – Appendix 5. South Laggan – Land Management Plan
at higher elevations, there will be an opportunity to restructure some of these areas to montane Steep Slopes:- Given the difficult steep terrain and woodland. the exceedingly high infrastructure costs involved for motor manual felling, skyline extraction and the Landscape Design; Re-design the woodland so that road/bridge infrastructure, these areas will gradually it reflects and sits more comfortably within the be returned to native woodland through the phased overall landscape. felling of clearfell coupes and the subsequent natural regeneration from local seed sources. If regeneration is not evident after 5 years, enrichment planting of native species may take place.
Yield Class:- In the upper margins where the YC has been less than 8 on first rotation crops they will not be restocked with commercial conifers. These areas which generally are on the upper margins of the forest are ideal for the restoration & expansion of montane woodland. See Map Appendix 10.
Soil Conditions Climate & DAMS scores All these factors are critical in the selection of tree species. In the areas identified as suitable for commercial conifers, premium species such as DF, SP, WRC and Larch will be planted in the more nutrient rich lower slopes. At higher more exposed elevations where the soil is less fertile the species choice will be a SS/LP mix.
See attached maps – Appendix 7 & 9.
Landscape Design:- The LMP will aim to conserve the smooth and open landform by careful landscape design planning; the phased felling of clearfell coupes and subsequent restocking with more mixed and diverse species will ensure that the woodlands sit more comfortably within the landscape setting and compliment the existing character of the Great Glen. Species Choice While there will be a shift from a predominately Where soil conditions and DAMS scores are suitable, Through the phased felling of clearfell coupes Conifers commercial conifer forest to a woodland that will be premium conifers such as Douglas Fir and European premium conifers will be established on the lower dominated by native broadleaf species, a core of Larch will be planted. In the less fertile and more more sheltered slopes with better soils, with a commercial conifers will be maintained. exposed areas at higher elevations, the species will gradual transition to Sitka spruce & Lodge pole pine be a Sitka Spruce Lodgepole Pine mix. in the less fertile more exposed higher elevations.
See attached Restock/Future Forest Map Appendix 15.
Species Choice The area covered by the South Laggan LMP was Through the phased felling of clearfell coupes, those The areas where broadleaf species have been allowed Broadleaves originally established for the purpose of growing areas that have been identified in the LMP as suitable to regenerate naturally from local seed sources will commercial conifers. Over the last few years there for broadleaf tree species, will gradually be restored be monitored over a 5 year period and if necessary have been some significant changes in policy which will through natural regeneration from local seed enrichment planting will take place. have a major impact on this area. sources. The district will try to achieve a phased transition from native broadleaf species and See attached Restock/Future Forest Map While there is approximately150.0 Ha designated as premium commercial conifers on the lower slopes to Appendix 15. PAWS which will be restored to native woodland, it is a Sitka Spruce/Lodgepole Pine mix in the higher less anticipated that a much greater area will be converted fertile soils of Glen Buck. South Laggan – Land Management Plan
to native woodlands. The additional native woodland will be established on the very steep slopes above Loch In areas where the previous conifer crop has failed to Oich, South Laggan Village and Loch Lochy. achieve YC 6 they will not be restocked with conifer species but the planting of Birch, Willow, Rowan, Some restoration and expansion of montane woodland Juniper and Scots Pine will be considered to will take place at the higher elevations. encourage the establishment and expansion of montane woodland.
Heritage There are a number of sites of heritage value identified The sites identified within the LMP area come in All known heritage/archaeological features will appear within the LMP area. All known features have been various forms including old agricultural pens, as an operational constraint in contract maps and added to the GIS database. None of these sites are abandoned railway line and station, sections of work plans. Site planning will seek to protect any scheduled. Wade’s military road and the site of the Battlefield of known and as yet undiscovered sites as appropriate Blar na Leine. These sites will be protected and and in accordance with the relevant guidelines. Much of the area covered by the South Laggan LMP preserved from damage by forest operations. was the scene of the Battle of Blar na Leine on the 15th July 1544, between a group of Frasers and The Blar na Leine battlefield is a significant historical MacIntoshes under Lord Lovat and Ranald Gallda site and it is vital that the FC appreciate its (pretender to the chiefdom Of Clanranald) and a group importance. of MacDonalds and Camerons under John Chief of Clan MacDonald of Clanranald. The battle settled the issue The shift from commercial conifers to native of the leadership of Clanranald in favour of the woodland on the steep slopes will better reflect the MacDonalds. nature of the landscape in the 16th century.
See attached Blar na Leine Battlefield Map Appendix 16. Social/Community The small village of South Laggan is situated to the west of the LMP area in the Strath between Loch Lochy and Loch Oich which is represented by the Invergarry Community Council.
The South Laggan Railway Preservation Society Liaise with the SLRPS to co-ordinate work activities (SLRPS) has entered into a 21 year lease with the in the area. Forestry Commission for the abandoned railway station platform, plus a section of abandoned railway track within the boundaries of the South Laggan LMP.
Recreation & Tourism The forest is open to all within the framework of the Forest operations must be managed and planned in a Be alert to develop tourism. Scottish Outdoor Access Code and we will continue to manner that will protect the PROW’s Core Paths or promote best practice in relation to access. other official access agreements within the national Work plans should reflect CRT sites/developments. forest estate. We work closely with the Access Authority to promote both the Great Glen Way and the National Cycle Network (NCN) route.
Objectives of Management Maintaining a smaller but productive commercial conifer forest core.
The restoration of native woodland on a landscape scale.
Key species management including Water Voles, Black Grouse and Raptors.
The enhancement of the external landscape values, with long-term management towards ‘Protection Forest’ on the steep slopes.
South Laggan – Land Management Plan Achieving National Priorities Locally
District Priorities and Actions
The following sections follow the themes introduced in the National Strategic Directions document to ensure clear linkages through the planning framework. Lochaber Forest District will apply an approach based on a strategic assessment of national and regional priorities with the overall aspiration of the estate being:
1. Healthy, achieving good environmental and silvicultural condition in a changing climate.
2. Productive, providing sustainable economic benefits from the land.
3. Treasured, as a multi-purpose resource that sustains livelihoods, improves quality of life, and offers involvement and enjoyment.
4. Accessible, local woodlands and national treasures which are well promoted, welcoming and open for all.
5. Cared for, working with nature and respecting landscapes, natural and cultural heritage.
6. Good value, exemplary, effective and efficient delivery of public benefits.
National Key Commitment (Healthy) District Specific Action Crosscutting Themes
Healthy Healthy Productive Treasured Accessible Cared for Good value We are committed to high quality Our focus over the next few years will be to maintain the thinning regime where it has been silviculture and, increasingly, to using started, and bring young crops into a thinning cycle where conditions allow. alternatives to clearfelling We will continue the silvicultural management of these regenerated stands by instigating a management programme. The initial phase of this will focus on re-spacing and tending young crops.
We are exploring how to best steward We will survey significant areas of peat and carry out attribute surveys to inform our silviculture, the carbon resources locked up in the species choice and thinning potential. Estate’s trees and soils
We will help the Estate adapt to We will survey soils and carry out attribute surveys to inform our silviculture choices, such as climate change and become more choice of species and thinning potential. resilient to pressure The District has a wet temperate climate (which is unlikely to become drier under climate change
scenarios) and is especially suitable for Sitka spruce. A broad range of tree species grow well in the District but vigilance to climate change will be maintained.
We will undertake geotechnical surveys and implement operations to stabilise steep ground vulnerable to land slips beside the A82 trunk road and in other vulnerable areas.
We are committed to dealing with We will continue the programme of Rhododendron eradication within all designated sites and will invasive plants and animals that continue to control other invasive plant species, including Japanese Knotweed and Himalayan threaten habitats and biodiversity Balsam.
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National Key Commitment (Productive) District Specific Action Crosscutting Themes
Healthy Healthy Productive Treasured Accessible Cared for Good value We aim to increase the contribution of We are working with the Strategic Timber Transport Forum and our neighbours to establish the National Forest Estate to the strategic timber haul routes. economy of Scotland and its regions, and recognise the potential of the Estate to assist transition to a low carbon economy We aim to provide at least three We will continue to provide 180,000 cubic metres of softwood timber every year. million cubic metres of softwood timber per year on a sustainable basis
We intend to manage at least a We will manage broadleaf woodland to produce hardwood timber wherever possible. quarter of our expanding broadleaf woodlands to produce quality hardwoods and wood fuel.
We will market timber in ways that We will make timber available to local sawmills and businesses, and will also market small parcels of encourage value adding and job timber that are suitable for small local businesses to support the local rural economy. creation, and contribute to local economic activity
We will use our work programmes to Operations that are required to complete our work programmes will be tendered on the open market. promote the development of the We will continue to develop our expertise in steep ground working and producing timber from along forestry and land management the A82. This will be carried out through joint-working with Inverness, Ross and Skye District to sectors manage the impact on road users and local businesses.
We aim to realise the Estate’s We will develop run-of-river hydro-electric schemes in partnership with renewable energy renewable energy potential in balance companies. with other objectives
We will work with partners to find We will continue to work closely with the Nevis Range Development Company in the operation of new ways to harness our natural and their gondola and associated activities (including the mountain bike trails at Leanachan Forest) to cultural heritage and develop the ensure continued support for the local visitor economy. Estate’s potential for tourism
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National Key Commitment (Treasured) District Specific Action Crosscutting Themes
Healthy Healthy Productive Treasured Accessible Cared for Good value We want to encourage local people We will continue to work with others through the Lochaber Partnership (eg, public/private to get involved in using and managing organisations, agencies, groups and companies) to support the delivery of the Community Action local Estate woodlands, so we will Plan for Lochaber. actively engage with local We will be responsive to new and existing projects initiated by community groups who express an communities and be open to work interest in getting involved in the management of the National Forest Estate within Lochaber. in partnership Working with them at an early stage to understand their aspirations, we will help formulate their
proposals and assist with delivery.
We are committed to creating more We will build on the work achieved to date in our core visitor destinations by building a programme uniquely special places across the of forest management that is aimed at improving the visitor experience of the wider visitor zone. Estate and to delivering benefits to an We will utilise every opportunity afforded by our day-to-day management activities to further increasingly diverse range of enhance important woodland habitats in Lochaber District (eg, Atlantic Oak Woods, Atlantic Hazel Scotland’s people Woods, Caledonian Pinewoods).
National Key Commitment (Accessible) District Specific Action Crosscutting Themes
Accessible Accessible Cared for Good value Healthy Healthy Productive Treasured We will continue to encourage use of We will continue to explore opportunities for outdoor learning on the National Forest Estate. We will the Estate for health benefits and support High Life through the summer programme of Ranger-led events, working with The Highland outdoor learning Council Ranger Service and sharing resources as appropriate.
We will continue to work with event organisers to ensure events take place in a sustainable, safe
and enjoyable setting for participants and other forest users.
We will work with local education providers and interested parties to encourage and promote the use of the National Forest Estate in Lochaber as an outdoor learning resource.
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National Key Commitment (Cared for) District Specific Action Crosscutting Themes
Healthy Healthy Productive Treasured Accessible Cared for Good value We are restoring around 85% of Over the next ten years, we will initiate the restoration through a range of operations, including the areas on ancient woodland sites to removal of invasive non-native species and deer management. largely native species – the remaining areas will be enhanced through our management
We aim to increase broadleaf tree We will plant native broadleaf species on restocking sites where the soil is suitable, with the twin cover from the current 8% of objectives of producing timber and increasing the area of native broadleaf woodland. woodland cover to around 20%
We are committed to maintaining the We will ensure that all our Land Management Plans take into consideration the requirements of the best open habitats in good ecological Water Framework Directive. condition
We will identify particularly We will continue to maintain and improve Black Grouse habitats in Glengarry and Glen Loy. vulnerable species for which the We will survey and record populations of Water Voles, which are only found in small and isolated National Forest Estate is important numbers in the District. and take specific conservation action We will safeguard archaeological We will continue to update the Forester GIS Heritage Module with new discoveries, and will sites through our planning and commission archaeological surveys as appropriate. management, and recognise special We will work with appropriate agencies to ensure the content of our signs and promotional places and features with local cultural literature is aligned to best practice and FCS’s Gaelic Language Policy. meaning
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National Key Commitment (Good value) District Specific Action Crosscutting Themes
Healthy Healthy Productive Treasured Accessible Cared for Good value We will seek a diverse range of We will continue to market venison produced from deer management on the National Forest Estate income sources to underpin the cost to local and national outlets. of managing the Estate, and we will continually look for ways to achieve best value in delivery of public benefits
We will make progressive reductions Through ISO14001, we will continue to seek ways of reducing our carbon footprint by reducing in the emissions from our Estate travelling whenever possible, and using video/tele-conferencing. We will continue to management activities reduce/improve the vehicle fleet and our use of it. We will continue to rationalise and reduce the number of buildings we use.
Consultation Process Types of activity National Regional Local District Strategic Plans Forestry Commission Scotland, Statutory and FCS Conservancy, timber trade, local Neighbours, businesses, residents, Council non-statutory consultees (e.g. timber trade, authorities, statutory and non-statutory members, Community Councils SNH, SEPA, RSPB) consultees
Land Management Plans (including FCS Conservancy, timber trade, local Neighbours, businesses, residents, Council Forest Design Plans) authorities, statutory and non-statutory members, Community Councils consultees
Renewable energy projects – wind and FCS Conservancy, local authorities, statutory Neighbours, Community Councils and hydro and non-statutory consultees community groups
Development Plans Ministers, statutory and non-statutory FCS Conservancy, local authorities, statutory Neighbours, businesses, Residents, Council consultees (e.g., timber trade, SNH, SEPA, and non-statutory consultees members, Community Councils RSPB) Work plans Utility companies, access officers, highways Neighbours, businesses, utility companies agencies
Repositioning programmes Ministers, FCS, SGRPID FCS, SGRPID, local authorities Neighbours, Community Councils
Recreation events Access officers, local authorities, highways Access officers, local authorities, highways agencies, neighbours agencies, neighbours
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Tolerance Tables
Adjustment to felling coupe Timing of restocking Change to species Windthrow response Adjustment to road lines boundaries
FC Approval not normally <10% of coupe size. Up to 7 planting seasons after Change within species group Low sensitivity area Low sensitivity area required On A82 coupes up to 1 Ha or felling (allowing fallow periods E.g. Scots Pine to Birch. 10%. for hylobius). Where wind throw represents Creation of turning points/ (record and notify FC) Non-native conifers e.g. Sitka more than 60% of the crop the loading bays. Deviation of Spruce to Douglas Fir. area including standing trees <100m either side of the may be felled plus up to 5Ha predicted centre line of the Non-native to native species beyond in order to seek a road/ track. (allowing for changes to windfirm edge. facilitate Ancient Woodland High sensitivity area policy). Deviation <75m in either direction from centre of road/track.
Approval by exchange of 10-15% of coupe size. 7 years + Change of coupe objective that Low sensitivity area Low sensitivity area letters and map On A82 Coupes 1-5 Ha. is likely to be consistent with current policy (e.g. from As above to include 5-10 Ha of Deviation of 100-150m in productive to open, open to standing crop to seek a wind either direction from centre of native species). firm edge. road/track. Areas where wind throw represents <60%. High sensitivity area
High sensitivity area Deviation of 75-100m in either direction from centre of Areas where windthrow road/track. represents <60%.
Approval by formal plan >15% of coupe size. Major change of objective likely Low sensitivity area Deviations exceeding the amendment On A82 coupes over 5 Ha. to be contrary to policy, e.g. above. native to non-native species, As above. Windblown area + an open to non-native. area >10 Ha to find a windfirm edge.
High sensitivity area
Felling of standing trees beyond the area of windblow.
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Appendix 1. Deer Management
Main land use is productive forest with areas of native woodland and several ancient woodland sites. Deer are managed to attempt to achieve a balance with their habitat. This requires a low density population of 5/100ha or less.
Perimeter deer fences are important to separate the woodland from the higher deer populations densities maintained on neighbouring sporting estates. Internal fencing is used where particularly vulnerable sites and species require extra protection.
Previous Cull Records
Year Red Roe Sika 09/10 45 6 31
10/11 53 2 28
11/12 53 6 40
12/13 93 10 23
14/15 49 9 20
Cull Records: Comment /Additional Information
Culls have increased in 2012/13 this is due to fencing and likely to continue to increase until damage levels decline. The very high reproductive rates show a very dynamic woodland deer population throughout the area.
Culls will be taken both in and out of season and night shooting is employed as necessary. Male deer of all species are shot throughout the year, while females are not shot from 1st April to 30th September.
SNH deer count 2013 recorded 10595 Red Deer on the West area of the Monadhliath Deer Management Group.
Nearest Neighbour assessments are also conducted annually on all P1 restocks. As one of our key objectives in deer management is the prevention of damage. Damage assessment is therefore given a high priority in terms of determining appropriate cull levels.
Woodland Deer Density Indicators
4-8/100 Ha 8-15/100Ha 15+/100Ha Evidence Low Density Medium Density High Density Difficult to find deer slot marks or Defined paths slot marks easy to find in Many well defined tracks and paths often black with Tracks defined paths. areas of soft ground. constant use.
(Tick) Dung Difficult to find with just the odd Pellet groups relatively easy to find, Pellet groups very easy to find. Highly concentrated isolated pellet group. particularly on woodland edges and good on favoured feed areas. feeding areas. (Tick) Browsing Natural regeneration of broad- Broad-leaved saplings present but showing No seedlings growing above dominant vegetation of leaved trees taking place with no significant damage. height. Often well defined browse lines on established Vegetation or little damage to current years shrubs and plants. incremental growth. (Tick) South Laggan – Land Management Plan
Management Plan Objectives
The main objective of deer management within the FCS Woodlands is to regulate deer populations at a level that is compatible with their environment and our other management objectives. This means that we aim to prevent unacceptable damage to commercial tree crops and in key areas to maintain or enhance biodiversity. This will be done in a professional and humane way, ensuring the physical well being of the remaining deer populations within the forest boundaries. Venison income will be optimised and opportunities to create revenue from permit stalking and leasing will be taken, but without compromising the over-riding issue of damage prevention. This strategy should be read in conjunction with FC Operational Guidance Booklet 5.
All species are capable of causing significant damage to productive forests and woodlands as well as reducing species diversity in the ground flora, resulting in the prevention of natural regeneration by native tree species. This is increasingly recognised as a major barrier to maintaining and increasing biodiversity in British woodlands. At very high densities deer are prone to increased levels of parasitism and disease (rare in UK conditions), poor breeding success and early mortality. In impoverished upland habitats they can also suffer from starvation.
Method(s) used to assess if objectives are being met
Objective Monitoring period and Method of assessment Who is responsible Use of information or issue frequency Deer EDU Clearance Dung Counts 5 yearly FCS Set cull levels numbers/ Density SSSI / SAC Site Condition Monitoring SNH Set cull levels etc Grazing Toolbox FCS Impacts
Dung Counts, NN assessments, Site Constant and ongoing FCS Set cull levels Cull figures Condition Monitoring, Local Knowledge and Experience Browsing, NN Assessments Annual Set cull levels Bark Stripping, Fraying Annual Cull data Annual FCS Set cull levels Recruitmen t South Laggan – Land Management Plan
Appendix 2 Site Analysis Map
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Appendix 3 Concept Map
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Appendix 4 PAWS Map
Lochaber Forest District
South Laggan
Ancient Woodland Sites
March 2015.
South Laggan
Land Management Plan
2015 - 2025
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Appendix 5 Montane Woodland Expansion
Montane Woodlands:-The Forestry Commission Guidance Note, Treeline Woodlands and the Woodland Grant Scheme states: "It is now widely accepted that extending woodland cover 'up the hill' enhances Lochaber Forest District biodiversity and can create a softer visual boundary between forest and open hill. By encouraging montane woodlands, the aim is to create a continuum of South Laggan woodland cover which reflects climatic and edaphic (i.e., soil) gradients from the valley floor to the Montane Woodland biological limit of tree growth (the tree line)." The incorporation of montane woodlands into Forest Land Expansion Management Plans represents an exciting and cost- effective way to conserve and expand this valuable Date: March 2015. habitat.
Neighbours: The neighbouring Landscape Design:-Improving the landowner would like to South Laggan condition and extent of montane formalise a joint deer woodland will diversify the scenery, management agreement adding to its visual qualities and bringing Land Management Plan a stronger sense of seasonality, as the deciduous species change colour from 2015 - 2025 spring through to autumn. Just as the most magnificent curtains look inadequate without an elegant pelmet to set them off, so hill forests also need 'topping off'. That is a key role for montane scrub. It softens the hard and unnatural edges of plantations, and allows for a gentle gradation between the forest and the montane heath, both visually and ecologically. Area Suitable for Montane Woodland Expansion
Biodiversity: - Montane woodland would somewhat increase the forage available to Protection: - In the relatively extreme situation of high grazing animals and birds such as Black altitudes, montane scrub can have a valuable protection Grouse. The shade from the scrub would role. By establishing greater shelter and deeper, tend to exclude grass species of low more robust root systems, it helps to prevent nutritive value, such as mat grass (Nardus erosion, especially on hillsides which have stricta), and encourage shade-tolerant suffered from heavy grazing in the past. It can also species, which generally have a higher reduce leaching (the process by which rain washes digestibility for herbivores. By holding minerals and nutrients deep down into the soil or into winter snows for longer, the scrub would streams, so that surface soils become progressively also improve soil moisture regimes, more impoverished). The roots of the shrubs draw compared to open hillsides, and this would goodness from the soil and return it to the soil surface further enhance the grazing for small in their leaf litter, helping to maintain the natural numbers herbivores. nutrient capital of the soil.
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Appendix 7 Soils Map
Appendix 8
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Appendix 8 Hydrological Features Map
SSSI: South Laggan Fen/Mire is a designated Water Vole Habitat: The area SSSI. All forest operations adjacent to or within identified as Water Vole habitat the water catchment area of the site must be will be cleared of conifers and carried out in a manner that will not managed in a way to protect and compromise the integrity of the site. Forest enhance this habitat. Lochaber Forest District Enterprise should consult with SNH/SEPA before work commences. LMP: South Laggan
Type: Hydrological Features Unstable Slopes: The ground on the steep slopes above the A82 and South Laggan Date: February 2015 village has been identified as being unstable and prone to landslips. Through the process of phased felling coupes the first rotation of conifer crops will be removed. Much of this area will be left to regenerate with native broadleaves from local seed sources to improve soil stability. This area will be monitored and if necessary enrichment planting will take place. Area suitable for montane woodland establishment.
Water Supply: There is a private water supply connected to several houses in the village The Supply infrastructure and water quality must not be compromised by forest operations.
INNS: There is a programme to eradicate invasive non-native species Watercourse: Will not normally be crossed by including Rhododendron ponticum from machinery during forestry operations, but where the South Laggan LMP area. crossings are necessary, the watercourse will be adequately bridged or piped. Drains will not exceed 3.5% slope and will not run directly into watercourses. On completion of operations, appropriate buffer zones will be created in the riparian zones. These riparian zones will be allowed to regenerate naturally from local seed sources.
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Appendix 9 DAMS Map (Wind Hazard Classification)
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Appendix 10 Yield Class Map
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Appendix 11 Existing Forest Structure March 2015
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Appendix 12 Existing Species & Age Class
South Laggan Age Group South Laggan Species 3.6 300.0 53.7 15.0 Alder 2.1 22.1 0.2 Beech 0.3 6.0 0.8 6.6 2.4 Birch 250.0 Coast Redwood 4.5 Douglas Fir European larch 200.0 31.6 Hazel 37.2 Hybrid Larch 150.0 Japanese Cedar Series1 Japanese Larch Lawson's cypress 0.5 100.0 Lodgepole Pine 23.9 Mixed Broadleaves Mixed Conifer 50.0 0.6 498.3 8.8 Norway Spruce Open 0.0 Scots Pine 1801- 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Open Sitka Spruce 1900 Western hemlock
Alder South Laggan Species Beech
Birch 2% 0% 1% 7% 0% 1% 0% Coast Redw ood 0% 3% 0% Douglas Fir 0% 1% European larch
4% Haz el
5% Hybrid Larch 0% Japanese Cedar 3% Japanese Larch
1% Law son's cypress 69% 0% Lodgepole Pine Mixed Broadleaves Mix ed Conif er
Norw ay Spruce
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Appendix 13 Lines of Force
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Appendix 14 Future Felling
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Appendix 15 Future Forest
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Appendix 16 Battlefield Site (Battle of Blar na Leine 15th July 1544) South Laggan – Land Management Plan