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Finding Voice: Exploring Possibilities of Healing in Conversations on An Lesley University DigitalCommons@Lesley Educational Studies Dissertations Graduate School of Education (GSOE) 2006 Finding Voice: Exploring Possibilities of Healing in Conversations on an Event of Collective Mass Violence between Self and Other - an Interaction between Indian and Pakistani Youth on the 1947 Partition: A Dissertation Meenakshi Chhabra Lesley University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/education_dissertations Part of the Education Commons, and the International and Intercultural Communication Commons Recommended Citation Chhabra, Meenakshi, "Finding Voice: Exploring Possibilities of Healing in Conversations on an Event of Collective Mass Violence between Self and Other - an Interaction between Indian and Pakistani Youth on the 1947 Partition: A Dissertation" (2006). Educational Studies Dissertations. 78. https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/education_dissertations/78 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School of Education (GSOE) at DigitalCommons@Lesley. It has been accepted for inclusion in Educational Studies Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Lesley. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Lesley University, Sherrill Library http://www.archive.org/details/findingvoiceexplOOmeen LUDCKE LIBRARY Lesley University 30 Meilen Street Cambridge. MA 02130-2700 FOR REFERENCE Do Not Take From This Room - Finding Voice: Exploring Possibilities of Healing in Conversations on an Event of Collective Mass Violence between Self and Other An Interaction between Indian and Pakistani Youth on the 1947 Partition A DISSERTATION Submitted by Meenakshi Chhabra In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lesley University June 13^2006 "War is caused by people. It is therefore up to people whether or not we will create a world ofpeace. This is the challenge, indeed the mission that has been entrusted to each individual- each young person, in particular- alive today. It is a challenge that goes to the very heart ofhuman civilization. And it is my sincere wish that each ofyou- as young people, as the rising generation- will meet this challenge with great energy and courage. There, indeed, I perceive the light of limitless hope. It is with this immense sense ofhope and expectation that I share with " you this thought: The world is yours to change. Daisaku Ikeda I dedicate this study to the youth, with a promise to always work alongside them to create a peaceful world. Acknowledgements i Acknowledgements As I look back on the process of this research, I think of all the magnificent people who have made me realize one thing; that it is only human beings who can make us despair and it is only human beings who can remove that despair from our lives. I want to thank all the people who have encouraged, inspired and removed the despair from my life as they accompanied me on this journey. I think of my mother whose resilience and quiet strength have been a constant support for me. Her showing up from 1 0,000 miles afar whenever I have needed her, her unconditional belief in me, and her ability to nurture and rejoice my every success, is something I cannot appreciate enough. I thank my father. His presence has always been with me on this journey. His life even after passing continues to encourage and inspire me. My brother, my sister and their spouses, all of whom are elder to me, I am grateful to them for watching over me and always being there. I thank my in-laws who have taken tremendous interest and pride in my work. Most of all I want to offer my deepest gratitude to my husband for his patience, his love for me and most of all his technical skills with computers which saved me innumerable times. My kids, for their energy and never ending joy that has helped me keep balance in my life and kept me going. I offer my deepest gratitude to Dalia Llera, my core advisor and my committee chair. In her compassionate way, she has never failed to urge me to find my own voice and express it. I admire the way she has allowed me to carve my own path of research, and continue in the direction of what I believed in and cared about. I thank, Mickey Cronin and Krishna Mallick, the other two advisors, who have also encouraged me in my Acknowledgements ii writing, to be who I am. I deeply appreciate the harmony and unity with which all the three advisors supported my work and made it an enjoyable process. I wish to offer thanks to the doctoral program at Lesley, for its openness and flexibility which has made it possible for me to give full play to my creativity. I did not use quantitative methods for the research, but I want to offer my sincere thanks to Frank Davis, for showing me that it's possible to enjoy working with numbers. I would like to acknowledge, Susan Gere, whose seminars for practitioners, titled, "Finding Our Voice," is the inspiration for the title of this dissertation. I would like to thank Robert Selman, from the Harvard School of Education, and Judith Jordan from the Jean Baker Miller Institute, for their willingness to work with me. Their theories on Personal Meaning and Relational Cultural Theory helped me set my doctoral course. 1 owe gratitude to other who I have had the fortune to learn from. Herbert Kelman and Donna Hicks from what used be, the Program of International Conflict Analysis and Resolution(PICAR) at Harvard, Janet Gerson, from the Peace Education Program at Columbia University, Marc Weinblatt from the Mandala Center of the Theatre of the Oppressed, Father Narva' ez from the Forgiveness Schools, Ginny Strauss from the Boston Research Center for the 21^' Century (BRC), all my comrades from the Learning Circle, Meenakshi Gopinath from the Women in Security, Conflict Management and Peace (WISCOMP), in New Delhi, India and many others, whose commitment and passion for peace has humbled me and inspired me to continue. I would also like to offer my gratitude for all those who I have encountered on this journey, whose names I may have forgotten, with whom I have had enriching and valuable conversations about my study. Acknowledgements iii A special thanks to Anila Asghar, my colleague and dear friend. Her ability to listen deeply and willingly engage in challenging conversations has been a constant source of nourishment for my study. To all the incredible people in Seeds of Peace without whom this research would not have been possible. I like to thank Marieke Von Woerkom who is no longer with the Seeds of Peace, for inviting me in 2001 to get involved with the Program. Thanks to, Timothy Wilson, Leslie Lewin and Barbara Zasloff and all the other staff at camp, who have welcomed me to the camp in Maine, year after year. I feel grateful for their trust, warm support and encouragement. I want to thank, Feruzan Mehta and Sajjad Ahmad, the local coordinators in India and Pakistan, for their friendship and their help in collecting the data. Most of all I would like to extend my gratitude to the Indian and Pakistani youth and their parents for allowing me to observe the sessions at camp and for their time. I am grateful to my neighbors and the friends in my community. I truly appreciate their help, each time I traveled to India and Pakistan. I want to thank, Gretchen Hayden and Sue Katz for getting me out to dance. They made it possible for me to have a life other than my study and home. I would like to thank my friends from the Buddhist Community of the Soka Gakkai International (SGI) of which I am a member, for their prayers and their never letting me give up on my dreams and visions. They have been together with me through all my struggles and my victories. Acknowledgements iv I offer my most sincere gratitude to my life mentor, the President of the SGI, Daisaku Ikeda. His life and words constantly remind me, to use every experience and every encounter, to transform my life, to win over my negativities, and allow others to do the same. This process, Ikeda calls the "human revolution; whereby people can awaken to their inherent dignity and potential. The following words by him, like an anchor, continue to give a direction and a larger purpose to my life and work- "A great human revolution in Just a single individual will help achieve a change in the destiny ofa nation andfurther, will enable a change in the destiny of all " humankind. (Ikeda, Daisaku, 2004. p. viii) Abstract v Abstract Arc there alternatives to using violence between groups that have a history of collective mass violence between them? This is the underlying concern motivating the study: This concern is guided by my personal experience as a third generation Indian, growing up on stories of the 1947 India -Pakistan partition. The 1947 Partition was an event of collective mass violence between Hindus and Muslims. The two countries have since been "enemies." Despite the death and displacement of millions across the border, the event of partition, has been largely kept outside the public discourse. All that remains are personal stories of brutality about the "other"' that have been told and retold in the families. This continues to feed cycle of hate and violence for the 'other" among the younger generation, on both sides. Thus, the understandings of the India and Pakistani youth about the event of partition, is an important inquiry in the study. The study employs the methodology of Participatory Action Research to conduct the inquiry.
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