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Helper and Cytotoxic T Cell Precursor Frequencies Are Not Predictive For Bone Marrow Transplantation, (1998) 22, 1049–1055 1998 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0268–3369/98 $12.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/bmt Helper and cytotoxic T cell precursor frequencies are not predictive for development of acute graft-versus-host disease after partially T cell-depleted HLA-identical sibling BMT A van der Meer1, WA Allebes1, CEM Voorter2, EM van den Berg-Loonen2, AV Schattenberg3, TJ de Witte3 and I Joosten1 1Blood Transfusion Service, and 3Division of Haematology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen; and 2Tissue Typing Laboratory, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands Summary: therefore crucial to reduce the incidence of aGVHD. As the HLA gene cluster is inherited in a Mendelian fashion, HLA Despite the use of partially T cell-depleted grafts, 20% identity between patient and donor can be achieved by of the recipients of an HLA-identical sibling marrow using sibling donors who have inherited the same HLA graft develop aGVHD уII. This indicates that the cur- haplotypes. However, 20–40% of these patients still rent method for selecting a sibling donor, ie serological develop moderate to severe aGVHD.1 It would obviously typing for HLA-A, B and DR, and a mixed lymphocyte be a great achievement if this risk could be identified before culture (MLC) or molecular typing for HLA- transplantation, in order to either search for a more histo- DRB/DQB, is not predictive for aGVHD. In order to compatible (sibling) donor or alternatively, to intensify optimise our selection procedure, we retrospectively GVHD prophylaxis. analysed patients who developed aGVHD уII by means The current procedures used for the identification of of sequencing based typing for HLA-DPB and fre- HLA-identical siblings are largely based on serological quency analysis of alloreactive helper and cytotoxic T typing of HLA-A, B and DR, whereby class II identity is lymphocyte precursors (HTLp-f and CTLp-f). Patients confirmed either by a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) or who did not develop aGVHD or developed aGVHD by molecular typing for HLA-DRB and DQB. This selec- grade I served as controls. Retrospective typing for tion procedure does not take into account the following two HLA-DPB revealed only a single disparity in the group aspects: firstly, although patient and sibling donor have with aGVHD уII, indicating that mismatches for anti- inherited the same HLA haplotypes, it has become apparent gens other than HLA are the major cause of aGVHD that due to recombination, HLA-DP mismatches can be in these patients. Furthermore, in our patient group, present in 6–13% of the presumptive HLA-identical sib- neither HTLp-f nor CTLp-f were predictive for devel- lings.2–6 It has been shown that HLA-DP can function as a opment of aGVHD indicating that these assays in their target antigen after BMT7,8 and severe aGVHD after BMT current set-up are insufficiently sensitive to predict with HLA-DP mismatched sibling grafts has been aGVHD in BMT with a partially T cell-depleted graft. reported.4,6 On the other hand, not all DP mismatches We conclude, that HLA-identical siblings can be ident- appear to be associated with the occurrence of aGVHD.3,9,10 ified by means of serological typing for HLA-A and B As HLA-DP mismatches cannot always be detected in a and intermediate resolution molecular typing for DRB primary MLC2,9 and HLA-DP typing is not routinely per- and DQB, but that for the prediction of aGVHD cellular formed in a donor selection procedure, HLA-DP mis- tests with higher sensitivity and specificity as compared matches might remain unnoticed. Thus, so-called HLA- to the currently used HTLp-f and CTLp-f assays need identical siblings may in fact be mismatched for at least to be developed. one HLA locus. Secondly, in fully HLA-identical siblings, Keywords: bone marrow transplantation; HLA-identical distinct sets of polymorphic peptides can be presented in sibling; cytotoxic T cell precursor frequency; helper T cell the context of HLA molecules, thus causing aGVHD.11 precursor frequency; HLA-DP Only a few of these so-called minor histocompatibility anti- gens (mH) have been characterised and typing is not yet routinely available. One might circumvent the problems of detecting anti- Alloreactive T cells present in the allogeneic marrow graft genic mismatches by functional matching of patient and are the initiators of acute graft-versus-host disease donor by virtue of frequency analysis of alloreactive donor (aGVHD) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation T cells. It has already been shown that a high frequency (BMT). Matching for human leukocyte antigens (HLA) is of IL-2 producing alloreactive donor T cells (HTLp-f) is associated with an increased risk for aGVHD in non-T cell- 12–14 Correspondence: Dr A van der Meer, Transfusion Service, University Hos- depleted BMT allthough this was not consistently 15 pital Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands found. In contrast, two limited studies revealed that the Received 9 May 1998; accepted 28 July 1998 frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp-f) Donor selection in HLA-identical sibling BMT A van der Meer et al 1050 appeared insufficiently sensitive for detection of alloreac- our standard matching criteria for HLA-identical sibling tivity in HLA-identical siblings.16,17 However, the number donors, ie serological identity for HLA-A, B and DR and of patients studied thus far is limited, and all studies have a negative MLC or serological identity for HLA-A, B and been performed with siblings who received an unmanipul- HLA identity at the molecular level for HLA-DRB and ated bone marrow graft. DQB. Haplotype segregation patterns could be identified in In our centre, T cells are partially depleted from the mar- 24 donor/recipient pairs of the group with aGVHD у grade row graft by counterflow centrifugation. However, despite II and in 22 in the group with aGVHD group grade 0 or I. T cell depletion, 20% of the patients receiving an HLA- identical sibling graft developed aGVHD у grade II.18 Conditioning for transplantation With the objective of improving the selection of sibling donors we retrospectively analysed our current matching Donor marrow was partially depleted of lymphocytes by procedures by comparing the outcome of the MLC in counterflow centrifugation as published previously.22,23 relation to DRB/DQB typing and the development of 0.7 ϫ 106 to 1.0 ϫ 106 T lymphocytes per kg body weight aGVHD. Subsequently, to determine whether HLA-DPB were left in the graft. The standard conditioning regimen mismatches were responsible for the induction of aGVHD, consisted of cyclophosphamide (2 ϫ 60 mg/kg body HLA-DPB was analysed by a sequence-based typing weight) and total body irradiation (2 ϫ 4.5 Gy or method.19,20 Furthermore, HTLp-f and CTLp-f were 2 ϫ 6 Gy). In 42 patients demethoxydaunorubicine determined to investigate whether the presence of alloreac- (42 mg/m2) was added to the conditioning regimen. Post tive T cells before transplantation was predictive for devel- transplant, all patients received cyclosporin A. opment of aGVHD after BMT. Our data show that neither the functional assays (HTLp-f/CTLp-f/MLC) nor detailed HLA-typing HLA typing is predictive for the development of aGVHD in recipients of a partially T cell-depleted HLA-identical PBMC of patients and donors were typed by serology for sibling graft. HLA-A, B and DR by the standard microcytotoxicity assay. Molecular typing for DRB and DQB at intermediate re- solution was performed by PCR SSOP as previously Material and methods described.24–27 Patients HLA-DPB1 sequence-based typing In the period between January 1990 and May 1995, we For sequence-based typing of DPB1 a PCR product is gen- performed 153 HLA-identical sibling transplants. Acute erated by amplification of exon 2 of the DPB1 gene. GVHD у grade II, as established by standard criteria,21 The primers used for amplification and sequencing are occurred in 38 patients. Due to lack of pre-transplant located in introns 1 and 2 (3Ј primer: TGAATCCCCAA- material, only 30 of these 38 recipient/donor combinations CCCAAAGTCCCC, 5Ј primer: AGGACCACAGAA-CT- could be analysed in this retrospective study. Twenty-two CGGTACTAGGA). For sequencing a solid phase approach patients had aGVHD grade II, five patients suffered from was used as described previously using the Autoread aGVHD grade III, and three patients had aGVHD grade Sequencing kit from Pharmacia Biotech (Uppsala, IV. As a control group, 13 patients who did not develop Sweden).19,20 Typing was performed using Pharmacia aGVHD and 20 patients with aGVHD grade I were selected Typing Software. to match the group with aGVHD у grade II for a number of criteria as depicted in Table 1. Variables were compared by the Wilcoxon/Mann Whitney U test and did not differ Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) significantly between the two groups. Indications for trans- 28 = MLC were performed according to ASHI standards. plantation were: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (n 9), ϫ 4 ϫ 4 = Briefly, 5 10 donor PBMC were incubated with 5 10 acute myeloid leukaemia (n 21), chronic myeloid leu- irradiated (30 Gy) patient PBMC and vice versa in 96 U- kaemia (n = 12), multiple myeloma (n = 7), refractory anae- bottom well plates (Greiner, Frickenhausen, Germany) in mia (n = 6), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (n = 6) and severe = RPMI-1640 with glutamax (Gibco, Paisley, UK) sup- aplastic anaemia (n 2). All donor–recipient pairs fulfilled plemented with pyruvate containing 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 ␮g/ml streptomycin (all from Gibco) and 10% heat Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patient–donor combinations inactivated pooled human serum (PHS).
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