Ontogenèse Et Socialité Chez Les Araignées Violette Chiara

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Ontogenèse Et Socialité Chez Les Araignées Violette Chiara Ontogenèse et socialité chez les araignées Violette Chiara To cite this version: Violette Chiara. Ontogenèse et socialité chez les araignées. Biologie animale. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2019. Français. NNT : 2019TOU30312. tel-03191316 HAL Id: tel-03191316 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03191316 Submitted on 7 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens en premier lieu à remercier mon directeur de thèse, Raphaël Jeanson, qui m’a encadrée tout au long de ces trois années. Je souhaite lui signifier toute ma gratitude pour sa patience, sa disponibilité permanente et son soutien indéfectible. Grâce à lui, j’ai appris énormément et je suis heureuse d’avoir pu travailler à ses côtés. Je souhaiterais également remercier Marie Trabalon. C’est grâce à elle que j’ai découvert à quel point les araignées pouvaient être fascinantes et que je me suis passionnée pour ce modèle. Je la remercie aussi pour son soutien et sa gentillesse lors de mes deux stages de Master mais également tout au long de ma thèse. Je remercie les autres membres du jury François-Xavier Dechaume-Moncharmont, Jean- Marc Devaud, Marlène Goubault et Joël Meunier qui m’ont fait l’honneur d’accepter de donner de leur temps pour juger mon travail. Je remercie Claire Rampon et Martin Guirfa pour m’avoir accueillie au CRCA ; merci aussi à l’école doctorale SEVAB d’avoir soutenu ce projet. Mes remerciements vont également à Jean-Louis Deneubourg pour l’accueil chaleureux dans son laboratoire et pour les échanges que nous avons eus et qui m’ont apporté beaucoup. Je remercie les nombreuses personnes qui m’ont aidée dans la réalisation de ce projet, et tout particulièrement Felipe Ramon Portugual qui m’a initiée à la GC-MS. Je tiens à remercier Gérard Latil et Patrick Arrufat pour leur aide au quotidien et leur bonne humeur. Je remercie tous les membres du CRCA et en particulier l’équipe IVEP pour leur aide, leurs conseils et leur soutien, sans oublier les anciens doctorants et post-docs. Je tiens à remercier Louis et Pierre, deux étudiants que j’ai eu la chance d’encadrer au cours de cette thèse et dont le travail m’a été d’une grande aide. Mes remerciements vont également à Marjorie et Lorraine qui ont toujours été présentes pour moi et sur qui j’ai toujours pu compter. Je remercie Iago qui m’a supportée, encouragée et conseillée, et dont le soutien sans faille et la patience m’ont beaucoup aidée. Enfin je remercie mes parents et mon frère qui ont toujours été à mes côtés et qui ont toujours cru en moi. C'est aussi grâce à eux que j’ai pu mener à bien ce projet. REMERCIEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ................................................................................................... 1 I. La socialité chez les araignées .......................................................................................... 3 1. Les différents niveaux de socialité : .............................................................................. 3 i. Les espèces sociales ............................................................................................... 3 ii. Les espèces coloniales/communales ...................................................................... 6 iii. Les espèces subsociales ......................................................................................... 6 iv. Les espèces subsociales transitoires ....................................................................... 7 v. Les espèces solitaires ............................................................................................. 7 vi. Limites de cette classification ................................................................................ 8 2. Préadaptations à la socialité .......................................................................................... 8 3. Les voies de transitions vers la socialité ..................................................................... 10 II. Phase grégaire transitoire, connaissances actuelles ......................................................... 13 1. Interattraction .............................................................................................................. 16 2. Facteurs influençant la tolérance sociale ..................................................................... 16 3. Connaissances sur les mécanismes potentiellement impliqués dans la tolérance ....... 17 4. La dispersion ............................................................................................................... 17 III. Les coûts et avantages de la socialité .......................................................................... 18 1. Les avantages de la vie sociale .................................................................................... 18 2. Les coûts associés à la vie sociale ............................................................................... 20 IV. Objectifs de la thèse .................................................................................................... 22 1. Espèces étudiées .......................................................................................................... 22 i. Agelena labyrinthica ............................................................................................ 22 ii. Anelosimus eximius ............................................................................................. 24 2. Choix de méthodologie ............................................................................................... 25 3. Plan de la thèse ............................................................................................................ 28 CHAPITRE 1 .............................................................................................................................. 30 CHAPITRE 2 .............................................................................................................................. 78 CHAPITRE 3 .............................................................................................................................. 93 DISCUSSION GÉNÉRALE ..................................................................................................... 116 I. La socialité chez les araignées solitaires : la phase grégaire transitoire ........................ 117 1. Pourquoi les araignées solitaires présentent une phase grégaire transitoire ? ........... 117 2. La tolérance sociale chez les espèces solitaires ......................................................... 119 i. La discrimination proies-congénères ................................................................. 119 ii. La disparition de la tolérance sociale ................................................................. 121 3. Le retard de dispersion comme lien vers la socialité ................................................. 124 II. La chasse coopérative .................................................................................................... 126 1. La chasse coopérative comme vecteur de la socialité ............................................... 126 2. La communication lors de la chasse coopérative ...................................................... 127 III. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 129 RÉFÉRENCES .......................................................................................................................... 130 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE 1 - INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE - La question de l’évolution de la socialité chez les animaux est un sujet passionnant sur lequel de nombreux chercheurs se sont penchés (Darwin 1859; Fisher 1930; Hamilton 1964; Wilson 1971). Les taxons dans lesquels on retrouve des espèces avec différents niveaux de socialité sont d’un intérêt tout particulier pour l’étude de l’origine de la socialité. Les abeilles appartenant aux sous-familles des Halictines ou des Allodapines en sont un bon exemple (Schwarz et al. 2007). Les études comparatives basées sur les espèces de ces sous-familles ont permis une avancée majeure dans la compréhension des phénomènes évolutifs ayant favorisé l’apparition de la socialité. En effet, on trouve dans ces taxons des espèces solitaires et eusociales mais aussi des espèces avec des niveaux intermédiaires de socialité (Schwarz et al. 2007). C’est notamment grâce aux études comparatives de ces taxons qu’ont été étudiées les voies de transitions évolutives qui mèneraient du stade solitaire au stade social (Lin & Michener 1972). Les araignées représentent, à l’heure actuelle, plus de 48 000 espèces réparties dans plus d’une centaine de familles. Il existe des araignées solitaires qui cannibalisent volontiers leurs conspécifiques, alors que d’autres vivent en sociétés où la coopération est fréquente. Entre ces deux extrêmes, de nombreuses espèces intermédiaires sont observables (Avilés 1997; Lubin & Bilde 2007). Les araignées sont donc un modèle
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