Report on Action Research Project on Gendering Microfinance under SGSY
National Institute of National Institute of Bank Management Public Finance and Policy Report on Action Research Project on Gendering Microfinance under SGSY Contents
Acknowledgement i
Abbreviations iii
Team Members v
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Implementation of SGSY 10
Chapter 3 Lending Environment of SGSY 44
Chapter 4 Self Help Groups 62
Chapter 5 Feedback Mechanism 85
Chapter 6 Economic and Social Empowerment 93
Chapter 7 Business Portfolio of Bank Branches 112
Chapter 8 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 131
Appendices 141
Exhibits 191
Maps 192
Annexures 199 Acknowledgement
We are grateful to Ministry of Rural Development (MORD), Government of India, for initiating and sponsoring the Action Research Project (ARP) on Gendering Microfinance under Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY). Not only that, MORD financed fifty per cent of the project cost, and it took all the pains to coordinate with the state governments for carrying out the action research.
Nine public sector banks, viz. Andhra Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of Maharashtra, Central Bank of India, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Punjab National Bank, State Bank of India, Syndicate Bank and UCO Bank, financed remaining fifty per cent of the project cost and agreed to select nine of their lead districts for conducting the action research. They took keen interest in the implementation, and ensured the ground support at district and block levels. We are thankful to them.
At the nine districts of Sriganganagar, Kanpur Dehat, Arrah, Cuttack, Raisen, Bongaigaon, Pune, Uttar Kannada and East Godavari all the Project Directors (PDs) of District Rural Development Agencies (DRDA) and Lead District Managers of the sponsoring Public Sector Banks (PSBs) provided all the necessary supports required during the three years of formulation, implementation and monitoring of SGSY plans and conducting field works. District Development Managers of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) also cooperated with us in our endeavour. Credit Officers of DRDA supplied all necessary information. Officers of Line Departments provided their inputs. In the disturbed district of Bongaigaon, the PD took extra care for the safety of the researchers. We are grateful to all of them.
The actual action was at the nine blocks, viz. Sriganganagar, Maitha, Sanchi, Arrah, Salepur, Sidli, Daund, Kumta and Rayavaram only. All the Block Development Officers (BDO), other officers of the Block Development Offices, Village Level Workers and Branch Managers of 19 PSBs, 2 Private Sector Banks, 6 Regional Rural Banks and 4 District Central Cooperative Banks fully participated in this ARP. We are thankful to all of them. I would like to make special mention of Shri R Mashahary, BDO of Sidli Block who took extra effort to make the scheme successful in the most difficult interiors of Bodoland. Because of him, we could interact with the SHG members freely without any fear even in the late night in their villages, which are otherwise considered as a sensitive area. We are thankful to all the investigators who were temporarily engaged for collection of field level data.
At home all the team members wholly involved themselves in the conduct of orientation workshops, formulation and monitoring of block level SGSY plans, development of questionnaires and varieties of formats and coordination and supervision of the field work. Research staff especially Veena Panse took great pains in computerizing different kinds of field level data and preparing a large number of tables after filtering the data. Shainaz Baig prepared several drafts of the report; Deepali Kulkarni and Manjiri Kulkarni supplemented the effort. John T D provided editorial help and Nitin Mehendele rendered DTP support. We are grateful to all them.
i Lastly, we would like to express our gratitude to all the SGSY borrowers and Self Help Group members with whom we had several rounds of discussions during three years : 2003-04 to 2005-06. We interviewed about 1400 borrowers for this research study and 500 women separately for our earlier study on Gender Perspective. All engaged themselves in discussions to enrich our understanding of the dynamics of SGSY. Each of them deserves special thanks.
Finally, we are thankful to both National Institute of Bank Management, Pune and National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, Delhi for providing all the required support for the completion of this long duration project.
R Dasgupta Coordinator ARP on Gendering Microfinance under SGSY NIBM, Pune January 31, 2007
ii Abbreviations
ANB Andhra Bank ARP Action Research Project AW Anganwadi Worker BDO Block Development Officer BPL Below Poverty Line BLSC Block Level SGSY Committee BM Branch Manager BOB Bank of Baroda BOI Bank of India BOM Bank of Maharashtra BRGB Bhojpur Rohtas Grameen Bank CAN Canara Bank CB Commercial Bank CBI Central Bank of India CCO Coordinating and Controlling Officer CGB Cuttack Gramya Bank CLCC Central Level Coordination Committee COR Corporation Bank DCCB District Central Cooperative Bank DDM District Development Manager DLSC District Level SGSY Committee DRDA District Rural Development Agency GOI Government of India GSSB Gram Seva Sahakari Bank IBA Indian Banks' Association IGA Income Generating Activity Indian Indian Bank IRDP Integrated Rural Development Programme KAR Karnataka Bank KDCC Karnataka District Central Cooperative Bank KHMS Kagal Hini Meenugarala Sahakari Sangha KKGB Kanpur Khetriya Grameen Bank LD Line Department LDM Lead District Manager LBO Lead Bank Officer MAVIM Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal MF MicroFinance MFI MicroFinance Institutions
iii MORD Ministry of Rural Development NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development NGO Non-Government Organization NIBM National Institute of Bank Management NIPFP National Institute of Public Finance and Policy NIRD National Institute of Rural Development NPA Non-Performing Asset NS Non-Subsidized OBC Oriental Bank of Commerce PD Project Director PGB Prag Jyotish Grameen Bank PLDB Primary Land Development Bank PLR Prime Lending Rate PNB Punjab National Bank PSB Public Sector Bank P&SB Punjab & Sind Bank PVSB Private Sector Bank RBI Reserve Bank of India RF Revolving Fund RRB Regional Rural Bank RSSN Rayat Seva Sahakari Bank SBBJ State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur SBI State Bank of India SBIN State Bank of Indore SC Scheduled Caste SGSY Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana SHG Self Help Group SHPI Self Help Promotion Institution SLBC State Level Bankers' Committee SLSC State Level SGSY Committee ST Scheduled Tribe SYN Syndicate Bank TM Top Management UBI United Bank of India UCO UCO Bank VGB Varda Grameen Bank VIJ Vijaya Bank VLW Village Level Worker VSSN Vyabsyay Seva Sahakari Bank
iv Team Members
Coordinator(s) K Dinker Rao, NIBM, Till July, 2004 R Dasgupta, NIBM, Since August, 2004
Report Writing L S Chakraborty, NIPFP R Dasgupta, NIBM
Resource Team K Dinker Rao, NIBM D P Khankhoje, NIBM A U Gadewar, NIBM L S Chakraborty, NIPFP V A Deshpande, BOM R Yadav, OBC R Dasgupta, NIBM
Research Staff Veena Panse Darshay Sinha Samik Chowdhury
Coordinating Officials Lead District Managers O P Jindger/M K Sharma OBC, Sriganganagar M S Trivedi CBI, Raisen G K Dixit/A K Srivastava BOB, Kanpur S R Singh PNB, Arrah R Mahapatra/S Behra UCO, Cuttack B N Karmakar/N Sharma SBI, Bongaigaon P T Gavde/ G H Y Tirandaz BOM, Pune B R Hiremath SYN, Karwar A S Chary ANB, Kakinada
Block Development Officers J Juneja Sriganganagar F C Das Salepur Laxmi Choudhury Sanchi R Mashahary Sidli R K Trivedi Maitha M S Ghule Daund K Biswas Arrah R N Naik Kumta A R Reddy Rayavaram
v Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) The Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) replacing the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), the most important credit related development intervention in 1999 has following salient features :
(i) A few key activities in a block to be financed; project approach to be adopted;
(ii) A cluster approach for each activity to be adopted for selection of villages for financing; and technology up gradation is ensured in identified activity clusters;
(iii) Encouraging the Self Help Group (SHG) model for disbursement of credit; adopting a gradual multiple credit approach of Revolving Fund (RF) followed by Income Generating Activity (IGA) credit;
(iv) Emphasizing on women’s access to SGSY;
(v) Ensuring capacity building and skill training and promotion of marketing of the goods; and
(vi) Adopting planning approach, which is implicit.
The SGSY programme has similarity with IRDP with regard to : (a) sponsoring of clients by government institutions, and (b) providing subsidy to the borrower with the exception that (i) the SHGs as clients are to be rated by a team of government, credit institutions and NGOs where available, and (ii) the subsidy component to be adjusted at the end of repayment schedule only. While the first two of the salient features are to ensure economies of scale, focused approach and market attention, the third and fourth features are recognition of efficiency of SHG model in terms of credit utilization, credit discipline and necessity of women empowerment to address development holistically. Fifth feature is to emphasize the importance of ‘credit plus’ in the credit-led development process to improve the productivity of credit and repayment level.
Lastly, planning approach ensures systematic and scientific lending; identifies the varieties of gaps; and attempts to reduce the gap optimally.
1.2 Background A study on SGSY by National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM) indicated that the main tenets of SGSY as enunciated earlier were not adhered to. The Central Level Coordination Committee (CLCC) too had revealed the inadequacies. With this background, a proposal to launch an Action Research Project (ARP) in association with National Institute of Public Finance & Policy (NIPFP), New Delhi was discussed with the Top Management (TM) of the banks and the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India at the Punjab National Bank (PNB) Training College at New Delhi on January 17, 2003. The proposal was accepted with 1:1 participation by the Rural Development Ministry of Government of India and the selected Public Sector Banks (PSBs) with regard to funding in the meeting organized at National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), Hyderabad on March 17, 2003.
1 1.3 Action Research Project (ARP) Ministry of Rural Development (MORD), Government of India (GOI) decided to support an ARP to be taken up by NIBM with the participation of NIPFP for developing a prototype for SGSY.
This ARP is to be backed up with a research study with following objectives :
to identify the patterns of access and utilization of major centrally sponsored microfinance programme, SGSY across gender;
to analyse the structure of interest rates, loan size, loan portfolio, pattern of collateral, frequency of repayment terms and the lending methods of microfinance programme, SGSY from a gender perspective;
to analyse the process of formation of SHGs and their participatory management in microfinance programme, SGSY;
to analyse the feedback mechanism of microfinance and economic activity, whether microfinance is a strategic tool for income generating activities and poverty alleviation;
to analyse whether access to microfinance leads to economic empowerment of women; and
to analyse the financial implications of microfinance on bank branch business.
The ARP involving orientation, planning, implementation, monitoring and research study covering 9 blocks in 9 districts of 9 states representing all the six banking regions (Table 1.1) spans three years : 2003-04 to 2005-06. Twenty Public Sector Banks (PSBs), two Private Sector Banks (PVSBs), six Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and four District Central Cooperative Banks/Primary Land Development Banks (DCCBs/PLDBs) besides District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), Line Departments (LDs), Block Development Offices and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) at the grassroots level are participating in ARP (Table 1.2).
Although, SGSY is a credit programme to be executed by the credit institutions, sustained participation of Project Director (PD), DRDA, Lead District Manager (LDM), Block Development Officer (BDO) and the LDs is most crucial to the implementation and success of the ARP. District Development Managers (DDMs) of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) have scope to play an important role in providing guidance to the SHG movement.
The first stage of SGSY implementation is the planning process. A SGSY Plan for a district is expected to be drawn before the new financial year starting in the month of April. The Plan is expected to : (i) take stock of SHGs functioning in different villages and find out the potential for new SHGs in all these villages, (ii) identify a few income generating activities considering the market conditions, availability of infrastructure and skill level, (iii) select villages with SHGs in such a way that they form cluster for a particular activity, (iv) decide the number of cases to be financed depending upon the availability of finance, (v) identify SHGs through proper graduation for absorbing revolving fund, (vi) identify SHGs through rigorous evaluation process for absorbing credit and subsidy for income generating activities, (vii) make infrastructural plan necessary for the income generating key activities, (viii) schedule capacity-building training plan for SHGs, and (ix) arrange skill training to prospective borrowers on the respective activities.
2 This plan is supposed to be split into quarterly plan, and then expected to be implemented according to the design. A task force constituted in each of the nine experimental blocks is expected to draft the plan which is to be discussed in different SGSY forums like BLSC and DLSC before being accepted for implementation.
The launching of the ARP was done with Orientation Workshops of one and half days. Beginning with Pune on April 9-10, 2003, nine Orientation Workshops were completed with the last one being held at Uttara Kannada on May 13-14, 2003. The Workshop at Bongaigaon had to be confined to one day due to Boro agitation. The Orientation Workshop sensitized the participants on Development Strategy, main tenets of SGSY, design of the ARP, planning, implementation and monitoring of ARP, the gender aspect, the focus on SHG, and drew up an action plan (Table 1.3).
1.4 Implementation of ARP in 2004-05
1.4.1 Formats A set of Review Formats, Monitoring Formats and Plan Formats was circulated to all the nine LDMs in November, 2003. As “SHG” is the core of planning process or the ultimate unit to be financed, the first task was to take stock of the existing SHGs, estimate potential SHGs for future, and to decide how many SHGs to be formed in the current year. For this, villagewise information on (a) number of total households, (b) number of BPL households, (c) number of households covered under different anti-poverty schemes, and (d) number of existing SHGs was to be collected by the Task Force for the Plan Format 1 (Annexure 11). Assuming an average size of 10 members, the potential number of SHGs of (i) predominantly BPL households, or (ii) only BPL households who have not availed any other poverty alleviation credit can be estimated. Whereas the SHGs of second type are relevant for SGSY credit, the former type of SHGs may be relevant for micro credit without subsidy. The preceding exercise is in regard to planning for formation of SHGs.
Next step is the identification of SHGs for credit absorption. Gradation of SHGs of certain age is to be done by a team of BDO and Branch Manager (BM). Different scoring models are already in practice. NIBM too had circulated a scoring model (Annexure 1) in the first year, i.e. 2003-04. It is, however, not known what kind of grading mechanism, and at what point of time, was adopted in nine different blocks. There is, however, a feeling that grading is being done as a compliance just before sanctioning loan, whereas grading should have been done quite in advance. The entire planning process should have been around the qualitative status of SHGs.
Later villagewise plan was prepared for (i) revolving fund (RF) and (ii) income generating activity credit (IGA) for SHGs and individual Swarozgaris with cluster concept in mind.
Monitoring formats (Annexures 2-5) were circulated among LDMs by NIBM in November, 2004 for monitoring the implementation and discussing the same in BLBC and DLCC meetings.
Finally, Review Formats (Annexures 6-10) were circulated in March 2005 for providing information on implementation during 2004-05, i.e. total achievement till March 31, 2005.
During the year, the faculty members of NIBM and NIPFP made visits to the nine experimental blocks for (i) discussing the plan and progress of the same, and (ii) conducting field studies.
Listing of villages with village code and service area branch and preparation of block map with boundaries of each village were already done in the first year of planning, i.e. 2003-04 (Appendices 1-8).
3 1.4.2 Central Workshops Besides holding meeting and workshops at 9 blocks and districts two days central workshop were held in NIBM, Pune during March 22-23, 2004 and May 17-18, 2005 to analyse the formulation and implementation of SGSY plans. Whereas the first central Workshop was chaired by the Joint Secretary, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, the second was chaired by the Director, (SGSY) of the same Ministry. In both the Workshops all the 9 Lead District Managers (LDMs) (100%) and 6 District Development Managers (DDMs) of NABARD (67%) attended the Workshop. On the contrary only two Project Directors (PDs) and one Project Officer/Assistant Project Officer (33%) attended the workshop each time. In the second central workshop, Block Development Officers (BDOs) who are the most important persons in the implementation of SGSY were also requested to participate. Only one BDO and one Extension Officer (22%) attended.
Even at the field level workshops although there was a good representation of district level government officials, PDs in most of the cases either did not attend or took part in inaugural sessions only. Bulk of the government staff which attended the orientation workshop were either junior officials of DRDA or village level workers (VLW) who are definitely very important agents of implementation but do not have much understanding of the planning mechanism for contribution in the process.
Implementation Reports (2003-04 and 2004-05) were presented in these Workshops and strategy for the future plan was discussed.
1.5 Research Reports During these three years, besides preparing two implementation reports, a Gender Report was prepared and submitted in October 2005. Summary and conclusion of that report are given below :
1.5.1 Summary Responses of 472 women across nine blocks reveal following issues :
(a) Except in Maithi, Sidli and Kumta in all other six blocks 80 per cent or more of the respondents do not possess land.
(b) If ‘three meals per day’ is considered as a benchmark, Sanchi respondents are extremely poor with regard to food security.
(c) In Arrah, majority of the respondents do not possess ration card, and thus do not have access to Public Distribution System. However, non-availability of subsidized foodgrains and fuel oil followed by poor quality of items is a major problem in all the blocks. Procurement problem seems to be worse in Sidli.
(d) Sanchi is worst with regard to availability of water and availability of electricity is extremely in bad shape in Sanchi, Arrah, Sidli and Maitha. Sanitation facility is almost non-existent in all the blocks except Sriganganagar.
(e) Livestock-rearing is the main or secondary source of livelihood for the respondents. However, in Arrah, Sanchi and Rayavaram, majority of the respondents do not possess this asset.
(f) Illiteracy rate among the SHG women is very high in Sriganganagar and Arrah; it is less in Sidli, Daund, Salepur and Rayavaram.
4 There is no preference or bias between the boys and girls as far as schooling within the village is concerned. Financial problem is most important factor for drop-out for both boys and girls in 5 of the blocks.
(g) So far as medical service is concerned, no discrimination by parents against females has been found.
(h) Individual savings level (accumulated) is lowest in Arrah and higher in Sidli and Rayavaram.
(i) SHG loan has been used more for production purpose in Sanchi, Maitha, Salepur and Daund and for consumption purpose in Sidli, Rayavaram, Kumta and Arrah. Education and health are the main items within consumption loan.
(j) Except in Daund and Sriganganagar a portion of the respondents admitted that ‘they do not repay in time’. Main reason is lack of income. For others who ‘pay in time’ ponzi finance, i.e. another loan to repay the former one is not a case.
(k) Respondents have been found to take loan from outside SHG. This incidence is least in Sriganganagar, Sidli and Daund; and higher in other blocks. Dependence on informal system seems to be more in Arrah and Salepur.
(l) Incidence of domestic violence is least in Sidli and Rayavaram and highest in Arrah.
(m) Self decision-making power among women according to field data has been found to be highest in Sriganganagar and least in Maitha.
(n) Women experience dual work burden of care economy and market economy and lack proper access to basic amenities in life which eventually graduate into livelihood crisis.
1.5.2 Conclusion and Recommendations (a) Access to basic amenities in life, viz. water and sanitation, power and other physical infrastructure has been found heavily inadequate across blocks. Under these circumstances, which severely affect the well-being of women, Infrastructure Fund assigned under SGSY may be utilized for the improvement of the physical infrastructure of the area rather than using it on income-generating activities or not utilizing it at all. It is noted that in some blocks, group activity for income generation is found abysmally low. Reluctance towards IGA at group level is noticed in certain blocks, where women prefer to do IGA on their own.
(b) The accounting practices of SHGs are in a state of confusion and lacks clarity and precision. Scientific training on accounting practices needs to be introduced.
(c) The care economy burden of women is high. It is important to think about how to incorporate the care economy in the macro policy making, in particular, in the planning stages of mF programmes.
1.6 Methodology of the Current Report The report has been written on the basis of four sets of data : (i) macro level data on SGSY provided by Ministry of Rural Development, (ii) secondary data collected from Lead District Managers and DRDA office on implementation of SGSY in respective blocks, (iii) primary data collected from
5 borrowers and district level functionaries like PD, BDO, LDM, DDM, BM and VLWs, and (iv) transaction data of borrowers from the bank ledgers.
150 borrowers, on an average, were selected from each of the nine districts : 100 from the ARP block and 50 from a comparable block. Except in Sriganganagar and Arrah, in all other seven blocks all these borrowers were SHG members. Those SHGs which had taken IGA loan at least a year before the interview data were selected for primary data collection. In most of the blocks, there was not much option for randomization as adequate number of eligible SHGs were not available. Field level functionaries of ARP blocks only were interviewed.
Investigators with Bachelor’s degree were appointed for interviewing the borrowers. The questionnaires were translated into local language. A full day training was given to all the investigators. All the functionaries were, however, interviewed by the faculty members of NIBM and NIPFP.
1.7 Organization of the Report The report is organized in eight chapters including the Chapter 1 : Introduction. Chapter 2 discusses the implementation of SGSY at both macro and micro level. Chapter 3 analyses the lending environment for SGSY in terms of selection, appraisal, monitoring, terms and conditions of loans, collaterals, interest rates, etc. Chapter 4 examines the functioning of SHGs in terms of regularity, record keeping, and motives. Chapter 5 studies the feedbacks of district level and block level functionaries on the SGSY programme. Chapter 6 analyses the social and economic empowerment of the women borrowers. Chapter 7 examines the economics of branch business with regard to micro-finance. Chapter 8 presents the report summary and recommendations.
6 Table 1.1 Experimental Blocks in ARP on SGSY
Region State District Block SLBC Bank
Northern Rajasthan Sriganganagar Sriganganagar Oriental Bank of Commerce Central Uttar Pradesh Kanpur, Dehat Maitha Bank of Baroda Madhya Pradesh Raisen Sanchi Central Bank of India Eastern Bihar Arrah Arrah Punjab National Bank Orissa Cuttuck Salepur UCO Bank North-Eastern Assam Bongaigaon Sidli State Bank of India Western Maharashtra Pune Daund Bank of Maharashtra Southern Karnataka Uttar Kannada Kumta Syndicate Bank Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Rayavaram Andhra Bank
7 No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Participation in ARP √ √ √ Rayavaram √√ √ √√ √√ Kumta √ Daund √ Sidli √ √√√ Table 1.2 Arrah Salepur √√√√√√ √ √√√ √√√ Sanchi √√√ √√ √ √√√ ARP on SGSY : Banks Operating and Participating in the Experiment Blocks √ √√ √ √ √ √√ √√ Sriganganagar Maitha RRB = Regional Rural Bank; DCCB District Central Cooperative PLDB Primary Land Development Bank Union Bank of India Vijaya Bank Bank of India State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur State Bank of Hyderabad State Bank of Indore State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Patiala State Bank of Saurashtra State Travancore Bank of State Karnataka Bank Karur Vysya Bank RRB Andhra Bank Allahabad Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of Maharashtra Canara Bank Central Bank of India Corporation Bank Dena Bank Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce Punjab National Bank Punjab & Sind Bank Syndicate Bank UCO Bank United Bank of India Note : Block DCCB/PLDB
8 Table 1.3 ARP on SGSY – Agenda for Three Years
2003-04 April Orientation Training May Plan 2003-04 Preparation June Plan 2003-04 Confirmation July Initiation of Research Study September Plan 2003-04 Monitoring December Plan 2004-05 Formulation
2004-05 April Plan 2003-04 Review Plan 2004-05 Confirmation June Central Workshop September Implementation Report Plan 2004-05 Monitoring December Primary Data Collection for Gender Study Plan 2004-05 Monitoring Plan 2005-06 Formulation
2005-06 April Plan 2004-05 Review Plan 2005-06 Confirmation May Central Workshop June Plan 2005-06 Monitoring Implementation Report September Plan 2005-06 Monitoring Completion of Gender Report Collection of Primary Data from Borrowers for Final Report December Plan 2005-06 Monitoring Plan 2006-07 Formulation Collection of Primary from Field level Functionaries and Secondary Data from Branches
2006-07 September Completion of Research Report
9 Chapter 2 Implementation of SGSY
2.1 Introduction This chapter attempts to reveal the pattern of implementation of SGSY across the country and the nine blocks selected for the ARP. Two sets of data have been used for analyzing the implementation process. First set of data has been obtained from Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. It was available in the agenda for the eighth meeting of the CLCC. The second set of data has been collected from the nine ARP blocks during three years of the project period.
2.2 Implementation of SGSY across the Country SGSY is a package of financial assistance to the poor both directly and indirectly. The financial assistance includes grant from Central and the State Government and loan from banks. Whereas the credit component is directly used for private investment, the grant component is used to supplement the credit as capital subsidy and for investment, development, capacity building, revolving fund and other miscellaneous uses.
The centre allocates Rs 100 crores to all the states and union territories according to some formula, presumably according to distribution of the poor people. This constitutes only 75 per cent of total grant, rest 25 per cent being provided by the respective state/UT governments.
For a better understanding of the distribution, the states and union territories have been grouped into six banking regions (it is after all a credit led programme) : North (Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab and Rajasthan), East (Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal and Andaman & Nicobar Islands), North-East (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura), Central (Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal), West (Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Daman and Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli) and South (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep and Pondicherry).
Table 2.1 provides the distribution of population, allocation and release of fund and credit target across the above six regions. Poverty is more prevalent in eastern and central regions. If distribution of poor and that of central allocation is to be compared, it seems there is comparatively more allocation to north-eastern region and less to eastern, central and western regions. So far as actual release is concerned, the share of eastern and western regions is still less in 2004-05. Share of credit target too is less for these three regions. The allocation, release and targets however, depend not only upon the size of poverty, but also on the performance of the implementing agencies in the previous years.
Table 2.2 tells about the utilization capacity of different regions. Per cent of release from the Central Government in 2004-05 with respect to the targeted allocation from central has been highest in southern region, and lowest in eastern region. The reason may be non-release of allocated fund by the state governments. In 2004-05, the eastern states had released only 64 per cent of the committed fund; on the other hand, southern region had released more than 100 per cent of fund. In case of north-eastern region, the data may be incomplete. In 2005-06, the eastern states, however, had made great improvements.
10 Per cent of fund (opening balance, interests and release in the current year) utilization too is poor in eastern region; north and north-east too did not use the fund properly. Central, west and southern regions had utilized about 90 per cent of funds. In 2005-06, till October 2005, i.e. after 7 months or 58 per cent of the year, only 40 per cent of the available fund had been utilized at all India. South and west were almost on schedule. North, east and north-east had utilized around 30 per cent of fund only till October 2005. Overall utilization during the entire year of 2005-06 too had been smaller for these three regions. Per cent of credit achievement, however, had been very poor across the regions except north in 2004-05. In 2005-06, the central region too had a good performance with regard to credit achievement. However, if the information till October is considered, average credit achievement had been only around 17 per cent.
It only shows that credit disbursement gains pace only in the fourth quarter of the year to meet the target requirements. Centre cannot be fully blamed for this state of situation. It is either a reflection of bad planning and implementation or simply a mood of indifference. Till October, i.e. after 58 per cent of the year, whereas center had released 48 per cent of its committed allocation, the state government had released only 38 per cent of its allocated share. Even if it is assumed that the first quarter is just a warming up period, and the entire target having to be achieved in three-quarters, 33.3 per cent of targeted credit should have been achieved by the end of October.
Credit subsidy ratio had been 1.9 in 2004-05 and 2.0 in 2005-06. Except in north, in all other regions, this ratio had been more or less same. South had improved in this regard in 2005-06 from 1.9 to 2. Investment (credit + subsidy) per family, however, had been lowest in southern region in 2005-06.
Main vehicle for delivery of credit in SGSY is SHG. Per cent of SHG borrowers has increased from 70.7 per cent in 2004-05 to 74.4 per cent in 2005-06. This per cent is very high in south and north- east, high in west and central and low in north and east in 2004-05. However, this share is improving in these latter two regions but declined in west. What is interesting to note is that in all the regions both per cent of credit and subsidy are less for SHGs vis-à-vis their share of borrowers implying a lesser credit for SHG members.
So far as sectoral allocation is concerned, the SGSY credit is still tilted towards primary sector, and milch cattle within that (Table 2.4). East, however, shows a little different pattern.
With regard to benefit to different segments of population, per cent of women borrowers is more than 50 per cent. In south, however, it is 87 per cent; it is lowest in central region (Table 2.5). So far as Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe populations are concerned, 32 and 13 per cent of the borrowers are of SC and ST category, respectively, whereas about 16 and 8 per cent of population belongs to these respective categories. Their share in the poverty group, however, is not known. This needs to be looked into, as this creates a few technical problems at grassroots level. In some of the ARP districts, the government authority insists for stipulated SC/ST proportion even at block level, where there may not be enough such eligible numbers.
Lastly, Table 2.6 reveals that around 78 per cent of government fund is utilized for subsidy and revolving fund. Fourteen and six per cent of the fund are utilized for infrastructural development and capacity building, respectively.
1. Population data from Census, 2001 and Poverty data from Krith S Parikh and R Radhakrishna (ed.), India Development Report 2004-05, Oxford, Delhi, 2004.
11 2.3 Implementation of SGSY in the Project Area In the nine blocks under ARP, an attempt was made to implement SGSY with the six salient features, mentioned in the beginning (Chapter 1), in mind. Planning process in the field vis-à-vis the expectation and nature of implementation have been analyzed here.
2.4 Analysis of Plan 2004-05
2.4.1 Preparation of Plan Document With the exception of Arrah and Rayavaram all the other seven experimental blocks submitted villagewise, SGSY Plan. All the nine blocks except Kumta, submitted implementation data in Review Formats 1, 2A and 2B. Kumta, however, had submitted information in different format. Sriganganagar, Daund and Kumta had completed the planning process by August 2004 (Table 2.7). On the other hand Sanchi, Maitha and Salepur submitted the plan documents in the last quarter, i.e. January-March of the planning period. Perhaps, their planning process was completed in time but only the document was not ready.
2.4.2 Review Process While preparing the plan for 2004-05, review of earlier plan, i.e. 2003-04 plan was made at Sriganganagar, Maitha, Daund and Kumta only. These are the blocks where the Task Force was active, and had a number of meetings. There were in fact 16 meetings in Kumta. Although there were 5 meetings in Salepur, the Task Force did not analyse as to why the overall achievement was less than 50 per cent. Except Kumta all the seven other blocks which had prepared plan documents had provided quarterly break up.
2.4.3 SHG Plan All the blocks including Sriganganagar had made plan for SHG formation. Maitha, Sanchi, Sidli and Daund had defined targets for women separately. These four blocks along with Rayavaram had made plan for SC/ST population. Only Sanchi had planned for physically handicapped population.
Except Sriganganagar, all other seven blocks had pursued group approach either partially or fully for income generating credit activity. All the eight blocks had planned for RF too. Salepur, Kumta and Rayavaram had planned for non-subsidized SHG credit. There are large numbers of SHGs in the latter two blocks, and all cannot be accommodated under SGSY umbrella. They have to undergo a few rounds of normal SHG credit before getting their turn for subsidized SGSY credit. In Salepur, there are on the contrary very few SHGs eligible for RF; they need to undergo a few rounds of normal credit before graduating for access to RF.
2.4.4 Training Plan Leaving aside Sriganganagar and Maitha, all other seven blocks had made explicit plans for capacity- building and skill training. Maitha had mentioned about these plans in the document but had not made detailed work-out in terms of date, location, number of participants, trainer, cost, etc.
2.4.5 Infrastructure Plan Sanchi, Sidli and Salepur had made explicit plans for infrastructure. Maitha, Daund and Kumta though discussed infrastructural issues, had not made any specific plan. As no government fund
12 was available for infrastructural development in the Kumta block, it was proposed to identify suitable private entrepreneurs to provide infrastructure facilities like rural go-down, agri-clinics, marketing stalls, transport vehicles, mobile clinics, fodder centres, chilling centres, etc. Banks were expected to finance these entrepreneurs.
2.4.6 Key Activities Maitha and Daund had chosen only two key activities in line with the principles of specialization and economies of scale, in the spirit of SGSY (Table 2.8). In Sanchi and Rayavaram all the activities had not been specified; it is therefore not known about the number of key activities undertaken in these two blocks. There are four key activities in Sriganganagar, five in Sidli and Kumta and nine in Salepur.
Only Maitha and Daund had very categorically differentiated between key and non-key activities. In other blocks all the activities which had been planned to be financed have been categorized as key activities. It is evident that most common activities in these blocks are dairy and goat/sheep rearing which figured prominently during IRDP days.
Weightage of these activities in the planning can be gauged from Table 2.9 where activities have been classified under agriculture, allied, non-farm and also non-key. In Maitha and Daund less than 6 per cent of planning was done for non-key activities. Allied activity accounts for more than 80 per cent of planning in Sriganganagar, Maitha, Sidli and Daund.
Not only that the share of allied activity is very high in the aforesaid four blocks, it has increased over the last year, i.e. 2003-04. In Salepur and Kumta too, this share has increased. Agriculture, mostly horticulture, has been given some attention in Salepur and Kumta. Share of non-farm sector has been substantially reduced in Sriganganagar, Sidli, Salepur, Kumta and even Maitha which had a less than 10 per cent of non-farm share in the planning.
It may be noted that the marketing channel is extremely important for non-farm activities. For allied activities, local markets may absorb the supply. If this is the case, cluster approach may not be required for marketing the product. It may, however, still be important with regard to backward linkages like veterinary facility, fodder cultivation, etc.
2.4.7 Cluster Approach In Sriganganagar, cluster approach has been adopted to a large extent for dairy and goat/sheep rearing (see Map).
In Salepur, no cluster approach is visible for any of the activities.
In Sidli, there is a cluster for piggery and dairy. Weaving units including existing (financed earlier) and the planned ones (2004-05) do not form cluster in strict sense.
In Maitha, dairy units form cluster with regard to availability of milk route and milk society. Shops and rice mills in fact are not supposed to be clustered for the sake of viability. Goatery units do not form a cluster. The argument is that a meat product is easily sold in the local village market and there is no need for cluster for forward linkage.
No observation can be made for Sanchi as specification of activities has not been made in the plan document.
13 Daund follows a cluster approach for both dairy and goatery. Goat meat is, however, sold in the local village only. Even though milk routes are present, a good portion of milk is sold in local villages.
In Kumta, traditional key activities have evolved around some sort of clusters.
Another way of looking at the cluster approach is number of borrowers financed per village, instead of number of villages per cluster. Table 2.10 provides information on number of borrowers of particular activity financed per village in the two consecutive years : 2003-04 and 2004-05. Average number of borrowers per village are 27.7 of dairy in Maitha, 31.7 units of fishery in Kumta and 23.9 of piggery in Sidli indicated a little bit of concentration; otherwise number of units per village is too meagre. This, however, does not hold true for service sector like retail trade, band party, tailoring, etc.
The question is whether even this level of concentration (Maitha, Kumta, Sidli) attracts any market attention or not. Another question is whether cluster is a meaningful concept with regard to SGSY scheme alone. The cluster concept demands a total planning. Alternatively a conscious effort is made to choose few villages for financing a particular activity for a few years, so that a cluster is formed not in a single year but number of years. In any case, this requires either a planned infrastructural back up or necessary conditions for appropriate investment for absorbing the supply.
2.4.8 Group Approach SGSY is basically founded on ‘SHG Principle’ although there is a provision for individual lending too.
Even at the planning stage, Sriganganagar had no plan for SHG lending. There was no plan for SHGs in Arrah block (Table 2.11). In Salepur, Sidli and Kumta, 100 per cent of lending was supposed to be through SHG; 100 per cent of actual disbursement too was through SHGs. In Maitha, Sanchi and Daund both planning and implementation of lending through SHG was 80 per cent or more. In Rayavaram, although 100 per cent of loan was planned through SHGs, only 78 per cent of total Swarozgaris were SHG members. This follows the macro pattern (Table 2.3) – Sidli is supposed to represent the north-east; Salepur and Arrah the east; Maitha and Sanchi the central; Sriganganagar the north; Daund the west; and Kumta and Rayavaram the south.
2.5 Implementation of 2004-05 Plan Proper implementation implies achievement as per the plan schedule : village, activity, number (unit), etc. If an activity in a village has been financed, if either the village was not considered in the planning stage or that activity was not considered for that village, the implementation too was not proper. It can be treated as ‘superfluous’ or ‘unplanned’ achievement. If no credit has been disbursed in a planned village, it is non-achievement. If a planned activity has been financed in a planned village, but the number of cases differ widely (by more than 25 per cent) it can be termed as less desirable implementation because planned targets were either over estimated or underestimated. If the planned activity has been financed in a planned village and number of cases do not differ widely (less than 25 per cent), it is termed as “proper implementation”.
Appendices 10-18 provide the villagewise performance pattern, i.e. target and achievement for different activities in each of the village. ‘Proper implementation’, ‘non-implementation’, ‘less-desirable implementation’ and ‘superfluous implementation’ achievement figures have been coloured in black, violet, blue and red respectively. In the present analysis, black is the best colour and red is the worst as it shows utmost disregard for the plan.
14 In the case of implementation of plans for SHG, formation and disbursement of non-subsidized and revolving credit to SHGs, the performance may be categorized as (i) implementation in planned villages, and (ii) implementation in unplanned villages. The latter is definitely, less desirable.
Dominance of dark black colour reflects good implementation; violet colour indicates need for improvement of planning targets; blue colour indicates necessity for gearing up the entire machinery to implement the plans; and red colour indicates the need for complete re-look into the planning and implementation process.
2.5.1 SHG Formation Table 2.12 provides performance (achievement as per cent of target) with regard to formation of SHGs. SHGs under SGSY are generally formed by Village Level Workers (VLWs), Anganwadi Workers (AWs) and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) or Self Help Promotion Institutions (SHPIs).
Big targets for SHG formation had been set at Rayavaram, Maitha, Salepur, Daund and Kumta (Table 2.12). These are the blocks where already large number of SHGs exists. Excellent performance in terms of total achievement in planned villages has taken place in Sidli, Salepur and Kumta; good performance has been observed also in Maitha and Sanchi.
There has, however, been large scale SHG formation in unplanned villages too, which is not bad, if it is in addition to the performance which was planned. However, the issue is whether the promoters are devoting enough time to the groups for nurturing after forming them. It is extremely important for both sustainability of the SHG movement and development in a larger sense which is the core of SGSY.
2.5.2 Non-Subsidized Credit and Revolving Fund SGSY framework does not have a formal place for normal non-subsidized (NS)credit to the SHGs, which is informally known as ‘NABARD’ linkage credit. However, in the ARP blocks NS credit had been made a part of the SGSY planning since the second year of the project. It gives more time to the groups to develop creditworthiness for income generating activities and also to the banks to gain confidence. As per the plan document, only Sanchi, Salepur and Kumta had made explicit plans for NS credit (Table 2.13). In Rayavaram, although it is not formally included, few rounds of NS credit are almost mandatory for becoming eligible for subsidized SGSY credit because of a very large number of SHGs functioning there, all of which cannot be entertained by the limited SGSY fund. In Maitha and Sidli no plan was made with regard to NS credit, but a few SHGs have been given NS credit. Sanchi, in spite of making a very small plan could not disburse NS credit to a single SHG. Although 95 per cent of achievement was made in Salepur, only 62 per cent was in planned villages. In Kumta overall achievement was 64 per cent only; because of lack of information it is not known, how much achievement was made in planned villages.
So far as planning for RF is concerned, Sriganganagar, and Daund do not have any mention about this aspect in their plan documents. There are no SHGs in Sriganganagar as yet; in Daund it may be reporting lapse. Maitha had shown a good performance in this regard (Table 2.13). Sidli had achieved 55 per cent of target out of which 49 per cent was as per the plan. Sixty-four per cent was achieved in Kumta; it is however not known, how much was in planned villages.
15 2.5.3 Income Generating Activity (IGA) Credit IGA credit is the most important component of SGSY. There has been increase in the target in 2004-05 over the previous year in Sanchi, Sidli and Daund. Maitha and Kumta which have not shown any increase had already set a high target (more than 500) in the previous year (Table 2.14). It has to be noted that this target depends upon the subsidy fund available for the block. So far as the total achievement is concerned, except in Sanchi in all the other six blocks for which comparable information is available total achievement level has increased.
Total achievement level is around 100 per cent or more in Maitha, Salepur, Daund, Kumta and Rayavaram. It is more than 80 per cent in Sidli and Sriganganagar and low in Sanchi. As discussed earlier high achievement level by itself does not necessarily indicate good or proper implementation. If ‘planned’ and ‘superfluous’ achievements are considered separately, in the former case, excellent (more than 90 per cent) planned implementation has not been achieved anywhere; very good ‘planned’ implementation (more than 70 per cent) has been made in Kumta and Maitha and good implementation (more than 60 per cent) in Salepur and Daund. On the other hand ‘superfluous’ implementation is highest in Salepur and the least in Kumta. Superfluous implementation has come down significantly in Sanchi, Sidli and Kumta. Unfortunately it has increased in Maitha. Considering (i) high level of planned achievement, (ii) low level of superfluous achievement, and (iii) improvement in implementation over the previous year, Kumta seems to have administered the SGSY credit plan more seriously and efficiently during 2004-05.
What is evident from Table 2.11 is that in Sidli, Salepur and Kumta all the Swarozgaris financed during 2004-05 were SHG members; in Maitha SHG members constituted more than 90 per cent of Swarozgaris; in Daund and Sanchi it was more than 80 per cent.
Table 2.15 provides the achievement with regard to different segments of population. Whereas in Daund, Kumta and Rayavaram, the new SHGs are women centric, in Maitha and Sidli about 60 per cent members are women. Per cent of SC/ST members vary across the block. This, however, depends upon the share of SC/ST population itself. Per cent of handicapped members is less than one. This too depends upon the availability of such people. Similar distribution is observed with regard to RF and IGA too. In Sidli the per cent of women borrowers availing IGA credit is quite low (39 per cent).
2.5.4 Training With the exception of Arrah all the other 8 blocks had discussed training plan : both capacity and skill in their plan document (Table 2.7). However, Maitha did not have the quantitative plan. Rayavaram had plan for such skill development only (Table 2.16). Sidli and Daund had prepared skill development plan for different activities. Sanchi could not conduct any training; Salepur could not impart skill development training. Sriganganagar neither formed SHGs nor conducted capacity building training for SHGs. Sriganganagar could not conduct skill training too.
2.5.5 Infrastructure As seen earlier, only 3 blocks, viz. Sanchi, Sidli and Salepur had made explicit infrastructure plan (Table 2.7). Kumta due to lack of funds, proposed to identify private entrepreneurs to provide infrastructure facilities (Table 2.17). Sanchi could not provide tin-shed as planned (Table 2.17). In Sidli, neither SHG Haat (market) nor shed for decorative weaving could be done; instead of an artificial insemination centre at Kashikotra, farmer’s service centre was opened at Kajalgaon; training centre was, however, strengthened with the purchase of plastic chairs. SHG Haat could not be
16 built because of new geo-political alignment. Sidli block has now been made a part of Bodo Territorial Council (BTC) with headquarter at Kajalgaon. In Salepur none of the 8 market complexes were taken up. In Kumta, however, government spent Rs. 161 lakh on four stretches of road; and as proposed banks financed for goods cart and transport vehicles for facilitating sale of SGSY items. Thus, both planning and implementation of infrastructure plan is quite dismal. Nevertheless, Kumta has shown some innovativeness atleast in the planning.
2.5.6 Time Aspect of Credit Disbursement Generally the planning exercise is completed in the first quarter of the current fiscal year instead of the last quarter of the previous year because of quite a few technical constraints. There is, therefore, not much action in the first quarter and hence disbursement is spread over next three quarters. If planning is done as per schedule, there would be proper review of the entire plan before preparing the plan for next financial year.
Table 2.18 suggests that in Sriganganagar, Salepur and also Sanchi (if ‘not known’ category too is considered) major portion of disbursement took place in the fourth quarter. These are the blocks where either the extent of superfluous achievement is higher or total achievement level is low. In other blocks it is well spaced in three quarters. This may be due to both inefficiency at grass roots planning and implementation, and uneven fund utilization by state government (Table 2.2).
2.6 Repayment Performance As SGSY is a credit led poverty alleviation programme, recovery performance is a very useful parameter for sustainability of the programme. Tables 2.19 and 2.20 present repayment performances at different levels. Former is at macro level from the information provided by CLCC; latter is at the block level from the information provided by bank branches. While analyzing the recovery performance, it may be noted that about 50 per cent of disbursed amount is subsidy, which is adjusted at the end. So after the lock-in period is over, even if there is no or negligible repayment, the banks can adjust the subsidy amount and write-off the account which leads to about 40-50 per cent of recovery rate (depending upon the interest accumulation) automatically.
At macro level, recovery performance is better for SHG borrowers. And at regional level, it is highest in southern region (Table 2.19). So far as banking sector is concerned, it is better for private sector banks. At aggregate level recovery rate is 42 per cent only, which is quite a dismal picture. The only silver lining is SHG Swarozgaris portfolio of southern region.
Table 2.20 provides recovery information of SGSY accounts in ARP blocks. Average recovery rates in Maitha (Central), Salepur (East), Sidli (North East) and Kumta & Rayavaram (South) are quite high. In fact in Salepur and Maitha, they are more than 100 per cent implying an early repayment. There is nothing wrong in early repayment. This reduces the interest burden. However, if it is just for availing the subsidy without making proper investment and generation of income, the purpose of SGSY is defeated.
Table 2.20 presents per cents of branch with different levels of recovery rates. Neither too low nor too high recovery rate is good. The former is bad for banks, and the latter, in case of dubious reason defeats the purpose. Otherwise the latter (in case of normal genuine repayment) reduces the interest burden of the borrowers. At any point of time, 75-125 per cent of repayment (level 5) performance may be considered to indicate a healthy portfolio. Whereas less than 25 per cent (level 1) of repayment rate is too bad, more than 175 per cent of repayment rate is too good, which demands investigation.
17 Around 75 per cent of accounts in Sidli and Rayavaram belong to level 3 indicating healthy and genuine credit portfolio. In Sanchi, Salepur, Sriganganagar and Daund, 30-60 per cent of accounts belong to level 1, i.e. recovery rate of less than 25 per cent, which depicts a very dismal picture. At the same time 44 and 13 per cent of accounts in Maitha and Salepur belong to level 5, i.e. repayment rate of more than 175 per cent, which again needs investigation to find out the reason of early repayment.
2.7 A Comparison of Pre-ARP and ARP Plans Finally, a comparison has been made in the planning and implementation process during ARP and pre-ARP period. Pre-ARP and during ARP plans can be compared on two accounts : planning approach and implementation level. Pre-ARP information were obtained through benchmark format. Complete information was not available from Sriganganagar and Arrah. In Sanchi and Daund, number of villages under planning ceased substantially and in Salepur and Kumta per cent of villages covered in annual plan was confined to around 10 per cent (Table 2.21).
Activity-wise information for both the periods was available for only Maitha, Daund and Kumta. There has been a substantial increase in the total accounts, planned, in Daund; in other two blocks there has been a modest increase (Table 2.22).
In Maitha and Daund in both the plans, dairy occupied most important activity. Maitha stopped planning for piggery and retail trade, and reduced the quantum of retail trade; number of activities to be financed was reduced from 7 to 5; emphasis shifted away from rice mill and piggery. In Daund number of key activity was reduced from 5 to 2. Large number of people were, however, financed for non-key activities which had not been identified in the planning stage. In Kumta, number of activities was reduced from nine to four.
The ARP has, therefore, been able to narrow down the list of key activity. So far as activity-wise implementation is concerned, although at aggregate level, overall achievement rate has improved in all the three blocks, viz. Maitha, Daund and Kumta for which complete information is available, same is not true if individual items are concerned. In Maitha although achievement rate has substantially improved for dairy animals, it has slightly reduced for goatery and rice mill. Similar is the story in Daund. In Kumta achievement rate has improved for retail trade.
If villagewise implementation is looked into, number of planned villages, where not a single account has been financed has increased in Maitha, Sanchi and Daund, and has decreased in Salepur and Kumta. Incidentally, these latter two are the blocks where the annual plan covered a very few villages in both the periods. Also, Salepur is the block where, number of unplanned villages, where implementation of SGSY has taken place, has considerably reduced. In Kumta this number was already very low. These blocks seemed to have tried to stick to the villagewise plan. Opposite is the case in Sanchi and Daund.
18 Target Target 2005-06 in 2004-05 in 2005-06 in 2004-05 in 2005-06 , Oxford, Delhi, 2004 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Central Central Central Central Credit Credit Release Release Release Release in 2004-05 in Table 2.1 State Total India Development Report 2004-05 Allocation of SGSY Fund and Release the Same 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.8 9.3 8.0 7.9 9.7 9.7 Central Allocation Allocation Allocation 25.2 29.814.722.1 27.9 12.2 15.3 28.0 10.0 15.9 28.0 10.0 15.8 29.4 10.0 15.9 27.7 10.4 17.3 30.7 9.9 17.6 28.5 10.7 18.0 28.1 9.6 18.2 26.6 9.6 16.0 19.6 9.9 Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Population* Poor** * Census 2001 ** Kirith S Parikh and R Radhakrishna, (ed), NORTHCENTRAL 11.7WEST 4.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.1 5.8 6.2 6.0 7.6 7.9 EASTNORTH-EAST 3.8 22.4SOUTH 3.8 33.9 30.2 30.3 30.2 27.0 29.7 26.5 29.8 28.9 26.4 Regions ALL INDIA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Note :
19 (Rs) (Rs) 04-05 2005-06 Per FamilyInvestment Per Family Investment Ratio Ratio 20 Credit Credit ear) (Full (Till October) Y Credit Credit Credit Subsidy Subsidy Achievement Achievement Achievement (Full Table 2.2 (Till 31.1 67.6 33.9 9.5 33.0 1.8 1.5 14901.0 21295.0 October) Year) Fund Fund Fund 2004-05 2005-06 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 Absorption and Utilization Capacity of Regions State State 93.094.6 88.9 94.287.9 89.893.8 98.6 100.2 84.597.9 102.3 79.8 94.5 13.6* 89.0 96.8 27.3 90.1 31.7 100.8 44.9 96.2 73.9 77.1 96.6 92.4 93.9 94.0 99.9 49.9 77.5 50.8 19.7 94.1 20.3 95.6 98.7 63.6 67.5 92.6 3.2 15.0 1.9 3.3 15.8 34858.8 1.9 68.8 36347.0 24917.8 68.8 25999.0 1.7 1.9 1.8 2.4 24822.7 17358.7 25209.0 19666.0 Central Central 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 Release Release Release Release Utilization Utilization Utilization to Central to CentralState to State to Allocation Allocation Allocation Allocation Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of * Incomplete data. CENTRAL EASTNORTH-EAST SOUTH 80.4 86.4 64.3 105.4 79.8 33.9 79.9 57.0 15.6 62.4 1.8 1.8 22699.6 22077.0 Regions NORTH WEST ALL INDIANote : 90.0 91.0 78.7 94.6 85.6 39.9 85.7 66.1 16.6 72.3 1.9 2.0 22592.2 23942.0
20 Table 2.3 Distribution of Credit and Subsidy
Regions Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of SHG SHG Credit to Credit to Subsidy to Subsidy to Borrowers Borrowers SHG SHG SHG SHG 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
NORTH 47.1 54.7 40.1 46.8 46.8 52.7 CENTRAL 78.0 85.4 74.7 81.6 78.2 83.0 EAST 46.7 49.5 38.2 47.8 46.1 55.1 NORTH-EAST 96.1 97.3 87.2 97.8 93.1 96.9 WEST 67.4 54.0 63.2 62.5 69.1 69.8 SOUTH 88.0 90.3 79.6 86.3 83.7 88.0 ALL INDIA 70.7 74.4 62.0 70.0 68.3 74.2
21 Milch Credit Cattle 2005-06 Secondary Tertiary Primary Credit of Credit of Credit of Cattle rowers Sector Sector Sector 2005-06 2005-06 2005-06 2005-06 Borrowers ertiary Bor Sector Sector Secondary T Primary Credit Borrowers Borrowers Borrowers Milch Cattle 2004-05 2005-06 2005-06 2005-06 orrowers Sactor Table 2.4 ertiary Milch of of of Sectoral Allocation of Credit Sectoral Secondary T Primary Credit of Credit of Credit of Milch rowers Sector Sector Sector 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 B ertiary Bor Secondary T of of of Cattle 66.177.9 15.5 11.9 18.467.2 10.3 55.977.3 23.7 62.2 64.864.8 8.2 9.1 76.9 13.2 20.5 14.5 44.0 13.0 22.1 14.7 60.3 62.2 10.1 55.7 47.2 79.4 24.8 58.8 64.4 67.5 13.0 78.7 7.1 17.3 18.7 40.9 13.5 11.5 18.3 13.7 61.3 59.2 9.8 55.9 49.6 31.1 76.4 64.4 64.2 65.7 7.6 9.8 21.4 78.9 16.0 13.8 35.4 14.4 10.4 19.6 66.6 52.2 50.4 10.7 56.7 78.4 24.7 65.5 65.4 19.1 8.7 8.7 15.4 12.8 41.9 50.4 50.9 Sactor Sector Sector Primary 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 Borrowers Borrowers Borrowers Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of of Percent Percent of Percent of Percent of Regions NORTH CENTRAL EASTNORTH-EAST WEST SOUTH 54.6ALL INDIA 21.8 23.6 67.7 26.0 16.9 56.7 15.4 19.4 48.2 23.8 69.0 26.5 15.6 52.1 15.4 20.2 48.4 27.7 66.9 28.2 17.4 52.0 15.7 18.9 49.5 29.1 68.7 29.2 15.1 16.2 51.3
22 rained Assisted T of Percent of Percent of rained Women Women Women Women 2004-05 2004-05 2005-06 2005-06 Assisted T rained Trained Trained Trained Table 2.5 2004-05 2005-06 2005-06 2004-05 2004-05 2005-06 2005-06 Distribution of Credit to Different Segments Population 2004-05 Assisted Assisted Assisted Assisted T Areas 47.847.9 19.5 18.948.5 7.148.8 7.5 6.4 35.449.9 9.0 40.6 26.9 12.0 16.1 10.9 6.2 10.2 40.5 4.3 22.7 38.2 32.1 6.3 33.7 26.2 6.7 9.3 37.6 7.1 20.2 38.1 21.5 12.3 36.7 24.8 10.4 11.0 46.2 27.7 6.9 28.5 28.1 4.8 18.9 31.7 29.8 12.1 49.8 25.7 6.3 35.3 35.7 55.7 15.3 37.1 37.6 56.8 53.5 65.1 33.1 6.5 55.8 62.1 73.3 47.1 51.3 87.5 53.0 60.2 92.6 75.6 87.4 87.8 Female SC ST SC ST SC ST SC ST SC ST in Rural Population Population Population Population Population Population Population Population Population Population Population Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent Regions NORTH CENTRAL EASTNORTH-EAST WEST 48.6SOUTH ALL INDIA 17.9 48.6 9.0 16.2 28.2 8.3 16.5 31.7 25.9 13.2 18.7 30.8 32.6 12.6 12.5 30.4 37.5 14.1 9.2 30.8 45.9 17.7 60.3 54.4 45.8 53.7 60.2 52.4 61.8
23 Others Fund on Revolving on Subsidy 6.1 66.9 12.2 2.4 Building on Capacity on Infrastructure 2.1 12.2 Others Table 2.6 Fund volving on on Utilization of Government Fund in SGSY 77.2 6.3 1.1 7.6 4.4 76.6 7.9 1.4 Subsidy 5.9 66.5 10.8 Building on on Capacity onRe on 10.521.515.3 5.513.8 7.3 71.7 5.2 6.3 46.6 67.1 8.2 63.8 18.8 9.2 3.0 15.6 0.6 3.2 7.9 0.5 16.8 13.2 3.1 11.8 9.7 4.0 77.2 10.8 51.7 66.2 62.3 7.1 21.3 12.4 3.7 16.0 1.2 4.1 0.1 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 2004-05 2005-06 2005-06 2005-06 2005-06 2005-06 Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure Infrastructure NORTHEASTNORTH-EAST 11.7WEST SOUTH 16.5 4.0 6.3 65.4 10.1 2.1 16.3 6.2 61.9 13.1 2.5 CENTRAL Regions ALL INDIA 14.1
24 Task Force Meeting Number of Plan Formulation Ongoing Yes – es(P) Yes Yes – Approach SHG Table 2.7 Quarterly Plan Group o N Yes Yes(P) Yes Yes 16 Yes Y Yes Yes(P) Planning Process in 2003-04 and 2004-05 analysis No Y Yes Y analysis No Y Yes Yes(F) No Yes 5 Plan in Previous Review of Jan 05 Yes Yes Y Yes Yes(P) Yes Yes 8 Aug 04 Yes Yes Y Yes Yes(P) Yes Yes 8 Not Submitted – No – Yes – Yes – – Preparation of Plan Document Jan 04 Feb 05 No Oct 03Nov 03 04 Aug Yes Yes Y No No No Yes 6 Sep 03 Sep 04 No analysis 2003-04 2004-05 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2004-05 P : Partially F Fully Sanchi (C) Sriganganagar (N) Maitha (C) Arrah (E)Salepur (E)Sidli (NE)Daund (W) Jan 04 Kumta (S) Feb 04 Dec 03 Jan 05 Sep 03 No Sep 03 Oct 04 No analysis Aug 04 Yes Yes Y N Yes Yes(F) Yes Yes – ARP Block Rayavaram (S) Note :
25 374(-,491) Income Activities Targetted 648(650,345) 602(618,285) 197(314,250) Generating Borrowers for 2 590(559,245) 5 Not Provided Key Activities Yes 2 es No No 4 9 202(262,98) (Continued) Table 2.7 Skill Training Skill PlanTraining Planning for Number of Planned Yes Yes Fund Allocated Yes No No 5 Planning Process Plan Women Ongoing Process YesAllocated Fund Yes Yes No 2 Planned No Yes No Y Planned No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 4 Not Provided 171 Discussed No Yes Planning for Capacity Building Infrastructure Training 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2004-05 Planned Planned Planned Planned Yes Planned Yes Yes Yes 2 5 475 Discussed Discussed Discussed No Yes Discussed Discussed No Discussed No Discussed Yes Yes 4 2 Discussed No No Yes No Yes No 4 4 Figures in parenthesis indicate target and achievement of number borrowers for 2003-04. Kumta (S) Sanchi (C)Arrah (E)Salepur (E) Sidli (NE) No Daund (W) No - No - No - No - Not Mentioned - - Maitha (C) Sriganganagar (N) ARP Block Rayavaram (S) Planned No Note :
26 Table 2.8 Key Activities in ARP Block
ARP Blocks/ Key Activities Sectors Agriculture Allied Non-Farm
Sriganganagar (N) Goat, Dairy Khes/Dari, Furniture Maitha (C) Minor Irrigation Dairy, Goat/Sheep Rice Mill, Cycle,* Cloth Trading,* Retail Trade,* Washing Powder* Sanchi (C) Minor Irrigation Dairy, Goat/Sheep Arrah (E) – – – Salepur (E) Minor Irrigation, Diry, Goat/Sheep, Rice Processing, Fashion Horticulture, Mushroom, Pisciculture Tailoring, Clay Model, Banana, Beetle Wine Band Party Sidli (NE) Horticulture Dairy, Poultry, Piggery Weaving Daund (W) Dairy, Goat/Sheep Kumta (S) Minor Irrigation, Dairy, Fish Trading Retail Trade Horticulture Rayavaram (S) Readymade Garments, Coir Products
Note : * Non-Key Activity as per the Plan Document.
27 (SHGs) Rayavaram (Percent of Swarozgaris) Kumta Daund Sidli Table 2.9 Arrah Salepur 74.38 – – – – – – – – – – – – Sanchi Sectoral Distribution of Planning for Income Generating Activities Sectoral Distribution of Planning for Income Generating 0.00 0.84 6.71 12.50 – – 33.33 33.82 0.00 5.08 0.00 0.15 22.66 23.68 –––– 85.58 92.8614.42 85.09 7.14 91.55 77.18 8.43 6.25 1.69 16.11 – 6.88 – – 33.33 43.96 – 50.60 33.33 81.46 22.22 86.29 49.40 89.50 13.47 47.19 0.00 58.95 5.63 30.16 17.37 – – Sriganganagar Maitha 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 2003-04 2004-05 Allied Non-Farm Non-Key – – 6.48 5.91 0.00 - – – – – – – 13.71 4.72 0.00 0.00 Sector/ Year Agriculture – – Unknown(Number) – ARP Blocks Total 104 168 617 592 149 320 – – 210 207 83 453 569 657 640 380 32
28 Rayavaram 15.7 31.7 Kumta Daund 11* 13* Sidli 23.9* 11* 11* 4.4 14* 14* 10* 11.3 12* 15.3 10.0 Arrah Salepur Table 2.10 1.0 Sanchi 10.0 6.9 10.3 4.8 Maitha Number of Borrowers Financed per Village in 2003-04 & 2004-05 1.7 Sriganganagar ** * Group Activity * Group ** Individual Lending SERVICE SECTOR Minor Irrigation/ TractorTailoringRetail TradeFurnitureBand Party Note : 5.0 2.0 1.0 7.2 1.6 1.0 ARP Blocks Activities GOODS SECTOR DairyGoatery/Sheep 3.8 3.5 27.7Clay Work 5.2Other ISB 11.3 19.5* 12.1 8.0 Dry Fish/Fishery Pisciculture Horticulture Sericulture Mushroom Piggery Technology Fashion Handloom/Weaving/Khes 5.0
29 77.94 Swarozgaris Percent of SHG 834 Swarozgaris Implementation 650 Swarozgaris 184 Individual SHG Total 91.5580.94 41 2186.91 492 112 114 533 518 133 92.31 632 84.21 81.96 100.00100.00 0 0 366 420 366 420 100.00 100.00 100.00 Table 2.11 Table Percent of SHG 32* Group Approach in Planning and Implementation Group Planning Process 32* 0 Individual SHG Total Swarozgaris Swarozgaris Swarozgaris Swarozgaris Swarozgaris * SHGs, not Swarozgaris. Note : ARP Blocks SriganganagarMaithaSanchiArrah 168SalepurSidliDaund 50Kumta 61 0 - 0 542 259 0 168 86 0 207 - 592 320 453 571 0 380 207 - 453 657 110 380 100.00 - 0 0 - 110 265 - 265 0 100.00 - - Rayavaram
30 Table 2.12 Implementation of SHG Formation Plan 2004-05 (Percent of Achievement)
ARP Blocks Existing Target Implementation Implementation Total Number of (Number) in Planned in Unplanned Implementation SHGs Villages Villages
Sriganganagar 0 29 0 0 0 Maitha 318 258 60.9 0 60.9 Sanchi 50 91 74.7 87.9 162.6 Arrah - - - - - Salepur 417 232 130.6 38.8 169.4 Sidli 71 81 237 66.7 303.7 Daund 273 164 42.1 10.4 52.4 Kumta - 120 110 63.3 173.3 Rayavaram 1728 609 - - (3258)*
Notes : Figures in parenthesis indicate absolute number; percentage cannot be calculated as target is not available or there exists ambiguity. * Not clear whether SHGs formed during the year or total SHGs formed till date.
31 - - - 0 0 63.9 54.8 Total (105) 223.9 Implementation - - - - 0 0 5.9 64.2 (105) (Percent of Achievement) Villages Unplanned - - - - - 0 0 48.8 Revolving Credit 159.7 Villages Planned in Implementation Implementation - 0 0 11 84 67 42 108 863 Target (Number) in - - - - 0 (9) 64.0 94.5 (12) Total Table 2.13 Implementation - - - - - 0 33 Credit (9) (12) Villages Unplanned Non-Subsidized ------0 0 61.5 Villages Planned in - - 0 0 0 8 0 91 Implementation of the Plan with Regard to Non-Subsidized and Revolving Credit for 2004-05 Implementation of the Plan with Regard to Non-Subsidized 197 arget Implementation Implementation (Number) in Figures in parenthesis indicate absolute number; percentage cannot be calculated as target is not available. Kumta Daund Sidli Arrah Salepur Sanchi Maitha Sriganganagar ARP Blocks T Note : Rayavaram
32 (Number) 155.3 834 (Percent of Achievement) - 2004-05 Superfluous Total Total Achievement - Planned Achievement (Unplanned) Achievement Achievement 537 (Number) (Number) Table 2.14 - 56.7 59 168 58.3 29.2 87.5 147 - 2003-04 Implementation of SGSY Income Generating Credit Plan Superfluous Total Total Target Achievement - 44.612.8 1.6 154.472.339.0 46.2 166.421.4 120.5 4.8 285 248 33.3 192.8 43.8 592 54.7 320 160 249 72.5 350 0.0 453 657 27.5 41.6 446 41.1 62.4 100.0 75.6 41.6 42.1 33.9 592 18.6 83.2 133 96.7 94.2 377 635 420 Achievement (Unplanned) Achievement Achievement - arget Planned (Number) Figures in parenthesis indicate absolute number; percentage cannot be calculated as target is not available. ARP Blocks T SriganganagarMaithaSanchi 104ArrahSalepurSidli 30.8 617 Daund 149 Kumta 25.9 210 - 83 569 28.6 640 - 9.5 - 38.1 - 80 207 68.1 - 55.6 - 123.7 256 - - Rayavaram Note :
33 - 0.12 2.96 0.00 0.00 ndicapped SC/ST Ha Given IGA Credit -- Percent of Borrowers 69.45 23.57 91.77 45.18 1.30 Women - - 100.00 44.53 1363 2640 (Number) - - 0.9 1110 100.00 8.33 Members Members Handicapped Total SHG - - Members Given Revolving Fund SC/ST - - Percent of 57.70 58.10 0.00 430 39.05 84.80 Table 2.15 100.00 7.75 100.00 48.00 0.00 Women Members Members - 1453 3149 9300 (Number) Coverage of Different Segments Population - Members Members Handicapped Total SHG - SC/ST In Newly Formed SHGs Percent of - 63.30 66.00 0.48 59.04 21.85 0.52 2119 62.58 20.62 0.81 93.42 44.85 0.00 100.00 32.85 0.00 974 100.00 6.19 0.60 Women Members Members ARP Blocks Sanchi Arrah Salepur Sidli Daund Sriganganagar Maitha Kumta Rayavaram
34 Table 2.16 Implementation of Training Plan (Number of Trainees)
ARP Blocks Capacity Building Achievement Skill Development Achievement Plan Status Plan Status
Sriganganagar 2** 0 3** 0 Maitha - - - - Sanchi 600 0 560 0 Arrah - - - - Salepur 202 387 330 0 Sidli 554 573 Piggery 42 Piggery 141 Weaving 41 Weaving 52 Daund 258 634 Tailoring, Goatery, All (172) Dairy Products Kumta 380* 1106* - - Rayavaram 0 0 372 -
Notes : * Includes Skill Development Training ** Number of Trainings
35 Sidli Staus Plastic Chairs for Achievement Training Centre, - Item Planned Staus Service Farmer's Kajalgaon Achievement Centre, Centre, Artificial Kashikotra Insemination
Item Planned NO Staus by Bank Transport
Achievement Table 2.17 ehicle Financed V ------Goods cart and ------Shed for Weaving, Dhaligaon Decorative Implementation of Infrastructural Plan Item Planned - - - - NO NO NO Staus Government Achievement (Rs 161 lakh) - Roads by - - - - Tinshed 2 Haat, Dangaigaon Market Complex 8 Daund Kumta Arrah Salepur Sriganganagar Maitha Sanchi Sidli SHG ARP BlocksPlanned Item Rayavaram
36 Table 2.18 Quarterwise Disbursement in 2004-05 (Percent of Accounts)
ARP Blocks First Second Third Fourth Not Total Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Known Accounts April-June July- October- January- (Number) September December March
Sriganganagar 0.0 3.1 43.8 53.1 0.0 82 Maitha 0.0 35.0 27.5 37.5 0.0 40 Sanchi 0.0 0.0 20.0 23.6 56.4 55 Arrah ------Salepur 9.6 0.0 39.7 50.7 0.0 136 Sidli 33.3 10.3 18.4 37.9 0.0 87 Daund 6.6 23.0 31.1 36.1 3.3 61 Kumta ------Rayavaram 17.2 20.0 21.9 39.9 0.9 429
Table 2.19 Recovery Performance (Macro Level) (Percent)
Regions Individual Swarozgaris SHG Swarozgaris SC/ST Swarozgaris Total Swarozgaris
NORTH 41.7 50.4 39.1 43.2 CENTRAL 49.7 60.7 43.9 53.8 EAST 24.6 45.6 29.7 30.5 NORTH-EAST 25.2 58.1 37.8 39.8 WEST 45.1 69.2 43.6 51.6 SOUTH 54.4 80.8 68.6 69.7 ALL INDIA 34.3 58.6 37.3 42.2 Banks Public Sector 33.9 58.4 37.1 41.9 Private Sector 46.7 73.5 49.1 51.6 All Banks 34.3 58.6 37.3 42.2
37 Table 2.20 Recovery Performance at ARP Blocks (Percent of Accounts) as on 31.3.2005
Recovery Rate Less than 25-75 (2) 75-125 (3) 125-175 (4) More than Total Average (Percent)*/ 25 (1) 175 (5) Accounts Recovery ARP Blocks (Number) Rate (Percent)
Sriganganagar 42.4 32.3 25.3 0.0 0.0 99 44.4 Maitha 5.3 14.0 19.3 17.5 43.9 57 138.7 Sanchi 66.7 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 3 32.0 Arrah ------Salepur 46.3 16.7 16.7 7.4 13.0 54 100.7 Sidli 0.0 15.4 76.9 7.7 0.0 13 97.7 Daund 32.6 39.1 16.3 7.6 4.3 92 38.7 Kumta ------80.02** Rayavaram 11.1 12.1 72.9 1.0 3.0 199 87.3
Notes : * Numbers in parenthesis indicate Recovery Level ** As on 31.3.04 as per plan document 2004-05
38 Table 2.21 Distribution of Villages According to Achievement Level (%) (Number of Villages)
Nil <=25 25-75 75-100 100-150 >150 ARP Blocks/ Achievement Pre- During Pre- During Pre- During Pre- During Pre- During Pre- During Level (%) ARP ARP ARP ARP ARP ARP ARP ARP ARP ARP ARP ARP
Sriganganagar (N) NA 15 NA 1 NA 3 NA 3 NA 1 NA 1 Maitha (C) 9 18 1 1 4 2 15 1 0 3 0 5 Sanchi (C) 8 20 2 22 0 1 0 2 2 0 0 2 Arrah (E) NA - NA - NA - NA - NA - NA - Salepur (E) 12 4 0 0 1 1 4 0 7 0 1 Sidli (NE) - 15 - 0 - 2 - 4 - 3 - 1 Daund (W) 1 10 0 11 0 5 6 9 0 10 0 4 Kumta (S) 4 1 2 0 1 0 9 11 1 0 0 3 Rayavaram (S) 1 0 0 - 6 - 1 - 1 -
Table 2.21 (Contd...)
Overall Total Planned Percent of Achievement Achievement Villages Villages Planned in Unplanned Level of Plan Total Villages Target (%) ARP Blocks/ Villages Achievement Pre- During Pre- During Pre- During in the Pre- During Level (%) ARP ARP ARP ARP ARP ARP Block ARP ARP
Sriganganagar (N) NA 24 44.4 NA 13 54 35.6 64.8 Maitha (C) 29 30 28.2 29.1 10 103 0.09 100 Sanchi (C) 12 47 5.4 21.1 0 29 223 NA 54.4 Arrah (E) NA - NA - 88 88.8 - Salepur (E) 13 17 8.1 10.6 17 9 161 - 86.8 Sidli (NE) NA 25 32.9 - 11 76 88.42 83.2 Daund (W) 7 49 6.0 41.9 0 33 117 36.4 94.8 Kumta (S) 17 15 10.3 9.1 0 1 165 120.3 110.5 Rayavaram (S) 9 - 3 - -
39 0(20) 140(30) 160 (20) - NA - NA -(3) -- NA- - (3)(69) 138 (20) 110 - - ∞ ∞ - 31.1 (60) - NA - (2) - Sanchi (C) Arrah (E) Salepur (E) Table 2.22 ∞ Percent of Achievement Percent of During ARP Pre-ARP During ARP Pre-ARP During ARP Pre-ARP During ARP 100 (5) Pre-RP 24.4 (45) 0 (10) - - NA - (10) - - NA - During ARP Sriganganagar (N) Maitha (C) Pre-ARP TamarindMushroom Minor Irrigation/ Tractor NASericulture DairyBullock Rearing NA Goatery/Sheep NADry Fish/ Fishery/ NAPisiculture NAPiggery 68.1 (116)Poultry 55 (40) NARice Mill 33.3 (421) 42.1 (38)Washing Powder (495) 116.2 NAPapad/Pickle NAOil Extraction NA 0 (47)Handloom/ NAWeaving/Khes - NACoir Making NA 280 (20) - - 100 (11) NA 10 - (1) - 0(11) NA - - - - - NA - 226.7 (30) - - NA ------NA NA NA - - - - NA - NA - - NA - - AgricultureHorticulture NA NA 100 (1) - - - NA - (4) Activity/ ARP Blocks Gunny Bag NA
40 ∞ 120 (10) 86.8(174) During ARP (18) Pre-ARP During ARP - NA- - 71.4 (14) re-ARP ∞ 49.1(320) - NA - - 0.4 (239) - NA - Sanchi (C) Arrah (E) Salepur (E) (Contd...)
Table 2.22 100(592) - During ARP Pre-ARP During ARP P 100 (2) - 1400 (1) - NA - Pre-ARP 35.6 (523) ∞ ∞ 64.5(168) During ARP -ARP Sriganganagar (N) Maitha (C) Activity/ ARP Blocks Pre Achievement NA Tailoring/ Fashion Technology NAClay WorkBrick MakingCentering NABicycle Repair Shop NA NARetail TradeFurniture NABand Party NA Electric Decoration NACloth Trading/ NATaurpilineInternal LendingPetty Trade NA 50 (2) NANot KnownPercent of Overall NA NA ------NA - NA -(8) - - NA - (3) - NA - -(2) - NA(1) - NA NA - - -
41 - - - During ARP ------Rayavaram (S) - (1) - (1) - (1)- (1) - ARP Pre-ARP 100 (90) - - Kumta (S) 0(12) - (1) - 100 (40)100 (12) 105.8 (206) - - - - 108.3 (12) - - (Contd...)
During ARP Pre-ARP During Daund (W) Table 2.22 0(1) -ARP ∞ ∞ ∞ 52.2 0(35) 52.2(23) 57.4 (61) During ARP Pre Sidli (NE) - Pre-ARP Tamarind - Activity/ ARP Blocks Gunny Bag AgricultureHorticultureMushroomMinor Irrigation/ Tractor - Dairy - - Bullock RearingGoatery/Sheep - Dry Fish/ Fishery/Pisiculture - - Rice Mill -Washing Powder -Papad/Pickle 102.6 (14) - 85.3 (68) - - 121.5 (311) 100 (1) 100 (10) 23.5 (260) 100 (18) - (4) - - - Sericulture PiggeryOil ExtractionHandloom/Weaving/Khes - - 85 (220) - Poultry Coir Making -
42 - - During ARP - -- - Rayavaram (S) - (1) Pre-ARP 120.3 (13) - 10.5(380) During ARP Kumta (S) 0(24) - - 100 (1) - (1) - Pre-ARP 22.5 (120)36.4 (294) 1 - - (Contd...)
94.8(652) 220.1(81) Daund (W) Table 2.22 (83) 100(1)100(1) - - (1) - - 100(11) 83.2(153) 88 During ARP Pre-ARP During ARP Sidli (NE) Pre-ARP Note : Figures in Parenthesis indicate total number Activity/ ARP Blocks AchievementPercent of Overall - Tailoring/ Fashion Technology Fashion Tailoring/ Clay Work - Brick Making CenteringBicycle Repair ShopTradeRetail Furniture Band Party - Electric DecorationCloth Trading/Taurpiline - Internal Lending -Petty Trade - - Not Known - - - - (63) 11.3 (66) 142.4 - (1) -
43 Chapter 3 Lending Environment of SGSY
3.1 Introduction SGSY, which is a credit-led poverty alleviation programme, has SHG in the core although individual lending is allowed to a minimal extent. It is, therefore, expected that lending process in SGSY should follow lending principles applicable to SHG. Traditional rule may be followed for individual lending.
SHG is an informal group of not more than twenty members. Most important features of lending process are : (i) simple formalities and least amount of documentation process, (ii) collateral substitute instead of tangible collateral, and (iii) freedom to SHG to utilize the loan according to their own wisdom and need.
The core bondage between the lender and the borrower in SHG model is the ‘trust’. The lender, i.e. bank lends to the SHG, only when it acquires enough trust about the group which is determined by the internal strength and dynamism of the group. For this purpose, banks are expected to observe the functioning of the SHGs and apply appropriate rating methods. Once the ‘trust’ is generated, all other paper documents become redundant. However, for the sake of formality, following documents are generally expected to be taken from SHGs : (i) resolution signed by all the members indicating their decision to open savings bank (SB) account with the bank, (ii) inter-se agreement, i.e. authorizing a minimum of three members to operate the bank account, by all the members, (iii) photograph of members, (iv) application for loan by SHG, and (v) articles of agreement duly stamped wherein the parties (bank and SHG) agree to abide by the terms and conditions set thereon (Annexures 23.1 - 23.5).
Whereas the first three are taken during the opening of savings bank account, the last two are executed during the lending phase.
Banks should not ask for tangible collateral in any form. Instead, they are expected to examine, understand and evaluate the group in depth. Internal strength of the groups, is the best of collateral, the banks are expected to accept. So far as the freedom of use of resource is concerned, the SHG members are supposed to buy their requirements on their own. They may solicit support, but external advice and control are not supposed to be thrust. The members are expected to estimate their own needs both qualitatively and quantitatively.
The SGSY credit is subsidy linked. However, the full amount disbursed is considered as credit in the beginning, although interest is supposed to be calculated on the outstanding amount net of subsidy. The banks are free to fix the interest rate in relation to the prime lending rate (PLR) of the bank.
With this background, the present chapter attempts to examine (i) documentation process, (ii) lending process, (iii) lending method, (iv) interest rate, and (v) repayment condition with regard to mainly SHG accounts.
44 3.2 Documentation Process As discussed above, in the entire SHG linkage process, there are only 5 documents. Whereas three are one time requirement unless new members join the group, the other two are required for each loan. As against this 46 different documents have been found at the field level. Not that all the branches require all these documents. These documents may be classified under four categories as given below. Total list is given in Table 3.1.
(a) Credibility Documents (by borrowers, i.e. SHG) : Through these documents, the borrowers need to prove their credibility before taking loan, and proof of use of loan after the same.
(b) Contract Agreement/Collateral or Mortgage Documents (by banks) : Although these documents are generated by the banks, they are signed by the SHG office bearers. Through these agreements, the borrower agrees to abide by terms and conditions and also mortgage some of their aspects or hypothecate the loan asset to the bank to cover the risk of default.
(c) Facilitating Documents (by banks) : These documents are generated by banks for counselling and advising the borrower. These are indeed very positive and helpful steps, if properly executed.
(d) Supporting Documents (by lending system) : These documents are generated by the lending system including banks, DRDA and government departments to ‘satisfy’ the ‘lending system’ itself about the genuineness of the credit : (i) the borrower, (ii) purpose of loan, and (iii) amount of loan.
A few loan accounts were selected from each branch, and all the documents available in the loan file were listed. 40 such SHG accounts were examined.
What is observed from Table 3.1 is that in 85, 75, 48 and 44 per cent of cases inter se agreement, loan application, SHG resolution and photographs (group and individual) were found in the loan file. These are essentials of credibility documents. In remaining cases, these documents might have been either misplaced or overlooked by the investigator during the short visit, or there may be some alternative documents just as letter of authority or letter of consent instead of inter-se agreement. However, what is important to note is that in 48, 42, 38, 25 and 17 per cent of cases, the SHGs had to submit purchase receipt, no dues certificate, land deed, residence proof (voter’s identity) and quotation respectively.
So far as contract documents are concerned in 81 per cent cases either ‘article of agreement’ or `loan agreement’ had been executed. But besides this, DP note, hypothecation, letter of waiver, state recovery, additional guarantee letters, mortgage documents have been executed in 58, 42, 21, 23, 19 and 10 per cent of cases respectively.
All these are traditional lending tools. But SHG lending is based on the principle of microfinance (mF) which espouses the philosophy of linkage of formal and informal system. Informal system stands for simple formalities and flexibilities besides other operational aspects. Ironically in case of individual lending, much fewer documents are executed.
Table 3.2 provides average number of documents per account. Against the five credibility and contract documents required for SHG lending, 10, 9, 9, 8 and 6 documents have been demanded or generated at Daund, Sanchi, Salepur, Sidli and Kumta respectively. On the other hand only 5-6 documents have been generated for individual lending.
45 The cost of acquiring loan varies between Rs. 83 at Kumta to Rs. 730 in Daund. In Daund main reason for higher cost is high prevalence of stamped partnership deed. On the other hand cost of individual loan is Rs. 250.
Table 3.3 provides the number of documents executed for different activities. These numbers (credibility and contract) are exceptionally high for tractor, fashion technology, minor irrigation and brick-making.
It appears that banks are still guided by the ‘security’ rather than ‘microfinance’ principle which rests on trust and relationship.
3.3 Lending Process Typical traditional lending process follows project approach, which includes : (a) identification, (b) formulation, (c) appraisal, (d) implementation, (e) monitoring and (f) evaluation. Project in banker’s language is “an activity in which financial resources are expected to create capital assets that produce benefits.” However, microcredit is expected to finance ‘a person’ and not ‘a project’. There need not be creation of any capital asset. However, creation of capital asset, especially at some later stage is not ruled out. Secondly, in SHG model, which is an important microfinance strategy, SHG is financed not for any specific purpose, and there is a direct financial transaction between SHG and lender, which may be a bank or a Microfinance Institution (mFI).
However, in the SGSY framework, the loan is essentially given to an SHG for (i) an income generating activity (IGA), (ii) creation of an asset, and (iii) generally for a specific activity. The policy framework itself violates the SHG principle, although revolving fund is given in the beginning. But instead of using this tool of revolving fund to strengthen the SHGs, it has become a compliance tool for making the SHGs eligible for IGA loan.
Tables 3.4 and 3.5 provide information as to whom the loan disbursement is made. In 41 per cent of cases, the amount is given to the supplier. This proportion is very high in Daund and Rayavaram. Arrah and Sriganganagar have not been considered, as there are individual lendings. This again reflects traditional mode of lending. In only 38 per cent of cases the amount is given to borrower, i.e., SHG. This proportion is higher in Maitha and Sidli. Reliance on borrower is more for weaving, piggery, pisiculture, coir and ‘chatai trading’. All are, however, not activity specific. There are few lending to weaving and piggery in Sidli, where supplier has been given money; in Maitha all the dairy borrowers have been financed directly. In some cases of dairy, minor irrigation and fashion technology, etc. labour cost has been paid to the SHG and material cost to the supplier.
3.4 Lending Method Although project approach is not supposed to be applied and no tangible collateral is expected, the SHG need to be rigorously appraised as per the SHG principles, i.e., (i) attending meetings for understanding the internal bandage, (ii) checking records for examining the capability of financial management, and (iii) discussing with the SHGs for analyzing the borrowing motive. As discussed earlier, these three only generate collateral substitute in place of traditional collateral.
In very few cases, the branch staff have been found to attend SHG meetings in a systematic manner. The Branch Manager (BM), however, interact with the SHG leaders when they visit the branches for transactions.
46 What is, however, of concern is that even at the time of sanctioning the loan very little importance is given to SHG principles. Only 16, 9, 7, 11, 4, 4 and 7 percents of BMs consider regularity of saving, internal lending, “functioning of the group” (whatever it may mean), meetings, record keeping, direct linkage and grading marks respectively while sanctioning the loan. On the other hand 27 per cent of BMs do raise typical banking queries (Table 3.6).
As per the requirement, the branch has to involve itself in the grading process. Atleast, while grading 59, 55, 59, 64, 64 and 21 per cent of BMs check the record with regard to (i) number of meetings held, (ii) attendance, (iii) thrift collection, (iv) internal lending, (v) repayment of loan within the SHG, and (vi) bank pass book respectively. Remaining BMs do not seem to check the records. And only 48, 46, 50, 55, 55 and 14 per cent of BMs check all the above records respectively (Table 3.7). There seems to be some hope.
When the question of monitoring is asked, 54 per cent of BMs do not have any answer (Table 3.8) indicating that they do not monitor the account consciously. Two per cent of BMs were, however, candid enough to admit that they do not monitor. 27 per cent of BMs verify the asset and 21 per cent enquire about the production and sale of goods.
3.5 Terms and Conditions Major terms and conditions with regard to loans are : (i) interest rate, (ii) repayment period, (iii) frequency of installment including installment amount, and (iv) moratorium period.
In each of the sample branches of nine ARP blocks, entire ledger data (information and transactions) of a few randomly selected accounts were collected. A few such transactions, suppressing the name of the borrower and branch have been given as Exhibit 1.
It is observed from Table 3.9 that declared rate of interest varies widely from 8 to more than 12 (upto 14) per cent per annum. In Sriganganagar, Daund and Rayavaram majority of the borrowers have been charged interest not more than 10 per cent per annum. In Maitha, however, about 17 per cent of accounts have been charged interest at the rate of more than 12 per cent. Average interest rate is lowest in Rayavaram followed by Sriganganagar. It is highest in Kumta followed by Sidli. As mentioned earlier, banks are free to set the interest rate depending upon the PLR.
For most of the loans the repayment period is five years. Only in Daund and Kumta, a small proportion of loans has the tenure upto three years only. On the other hand, a few loans in Maitha and Daund have the tenure of more than five years (maximum of seven years).
Generally, moratorium period is upto three months, i.e. no instalment needs to be repaid in the first three months. In 11-33 per cent cases in Maitha, Sanchi, Daund and Rayavaram, the moratorium period is upto 6 months. Only in Sanchi and Arrah, 8 and 19 per cent of accounts respectively have the moratorium period of more than 6 months.
In majority of the cases in Maitha and Daund, monthly repayment is warranted in majority of the loans. In Kumta, in 67 per cent of cases, annual repayment has been sought.
3.6 Disbursement of Loan Amount In 90 per cent of cases in Maitha and Rayavaram (and also Sriganganagar, if ‘not known’ category is excluded) loan disbursement and sanction dates are same. In Sanchi, Daund and Kumta, in
47 more than 30 per cent cases disbursement is made after more than 30 days of sanction of the loan (Table 3.10).
Banks are supposed to disburse the loan as soon as the subsidy is released by DRDA. In about 20 per cent of cases in Sanchi, Salepur and Rayavaram, the loan had been disbursed even before the release of subsidy. In Maitha in 95 per cent of cases, loan has been disbursed within 7 days of release of the subsidy. But in 46, 29, 22, 19 and 10 per cent of cases in Sidli, Daund, Kumta, Sanchi and Sriganganagar loan has been disbursed after more than 60 days of release of subsidy. It is a too long period.
The above loan, however, has not been disbursed in a single lot. Only in 100, 100, 58, 55, 53 and 48 per cent of cases in Rayavaram, Sriganganagar, Arrah, Sanchi, Maitha and Daund entire loan amount has been disbursed on a single day. In contrast in 92 per cent of cases in Sidli, it took more than six months (180 days) to disburse the entire loan amount. It needs to be probed, whether it was a bureaucratic delay or staggered demand of loan by the borrowers. In case of group activity, infrastructure needs to be built over a time.
3.7 Interest Rate Interest rate is generally charged to the account every quarter. As mentioned earlier, although the entire disbursed amount is considered as loan till the outstanding level reaches the subsidy level, the interest is to be charged only on the outstanding level net of subsidy. Interest is supposed to be charged on the entire outstanding level, if the subsidy is not released by DRDA, and net amount (net of subsidy) is to be considered from the date of release of subsidy.
At the branch, the interest is calculated either manually by branch staff or through computer software.
Interest amount is calculated by the following formula :
Interest amount = (“Sum Product” * Interest Rate)/365 where “Sum Product” = ∑”Productt”
Productt = Product on date ‘t’ = outstanding level on date t * number of days elapsed between t and the next transaction date.
In our ledger data, interest amount had already been calculated by the branch staff and charged to the account. Interest rate, therefore, was calculated by the following formula :
Interest rate = (Interest Amount * 365)/”Sum Product”
Interest amount was available in the ledger transaction data. From the outstanding level, subsidy amount was deducted from the appropriate date. Then ‘product’, ‘sum product’ and interest rate were calculated. A typical calculation has been presented in Exhibit 1.
Table 3.11 provides a range of effective interest rate charged to each account and weighted average of all the interest rates with amount of loan disbursed as weights. If subsidy amount is deducted from outstanding balance and rate of interest is calculated from the amount of interest charged, it appears that rate of interest has been as high as 114 per cent in Salepur. In same Salepur, if instead, total loan amount is considered for calculation, the interest rate seems to 7.1 per cent only. Same is the story in all the blocks except that maximum rate of interests are in the range of 13.5 - 24.5 in Kumta, Sanchi and Sriganganagar.
48 Weighted average rate of interest on outstanding amount net of subsidy is highest (30.1 per cent) in Maitha and lowest (6.4 per cent) in Sriganganagar. And the same on entire loan amount is highest in Sanchi (8.5 per cent) and lowest in Kumta (3.6 per cent).
This only indicates that in most of the cases, subsidy amount has not been considered for deduction while calculating interest amount. In Sanchi, Sidli, Sriganganagar and Kumta, however, in 12,15.4, 7.1 and 22.2 per cent of accounts, interest amount has been reversed to rectify the above error. May be the branches reverse the interest amount at the time of closing the account.
One more point, which has emerged from the transaction data is that in 2.4 and 4.3 per cent cases in Sanchi and Salepur respectively, subsidy had not been released although loan had been disbursed.
49 Table 3.1 Documents Demanded or Prepared (Percent of Accounts)
Individual Self Help Groups Swarozgaris Type/ARP Blocks Salepur Kumta Sidli Sanchi Daund All Arrah, Daund Blocks and Sanchi Together
Credibility Documents (By Borrowers) Document 1 Loan Application 36.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 75.0 14.3 Document 2 Additional Application 15.8 0.0 25.0 12.5 40 20.8 14.3 Document 3 Voter's Identity/ Residence Proof 63.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 28.6 Document 4 Individual Photoraph 42.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 20 20.8 28.6 Document 5 Group Photograph 5.3 0.0 75.0 25.0 20 22.9 Document 6 Quotation 10.5 33.3 0.0 37.5 20 16.7 28.6 Document 7 Partnership Deed 21.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 70 10.4 Document 8 Money/Purchase Receipt 31.6 100.0 25.0 62.5 70 47.9 57.1 Document 9 Loan Receipt 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 70 12.5 14.3 Document 10 Supply Order 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 2.1 Document 11 Land Deed 63.2 0.0 25.0 50.0 0 37.5 28.6 Document 12 Deed of Lease 21.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 8.3 Document 13 Declaration/ Affidavit 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 30 10.4 28.6 Document 14 Inter se Agreement 100.0 100.0 75.0 87.5 60 85.4 Document 15 SHG Resolution 31.6 100.0 50.0 25.0 80 47.9 Document 16 Letter of Consent 47.4 0.0 0.0 62.5 0.0 29.2 14.3 Document 17 No Dues Certificate 36.8 33.3 25.0 87.5 30 41.7 57.1 Document 18 Passbook 15.8 0.0 0.0 25.0 20 14.6 Document 19 Rent Receipt /Doctor's Certificate 5.3 0.0 0.0 12.5 20 8.3 Document 20 Borrower's Profile 5.3 0.0 25.0 12.5 0.0 8.3 Document 21 Credit Plan within Group/ Letter of Authority, etc. 0.0 0.0 37.5 50.0 0.0 14.6 Document 22 Use of Working Capital 0.0 0.0 12.5 0.0 10 4.2 28.6 Document 23 Photograph of Asset 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 10 6.3 Dairy Society Agreement 20 4.0
50 Table 3.1 (contd..) Documents Demanded or Prepared (Percent of Accounts)
Individual Self Help Groups Swarozgaris Type/ARP Blocks Salepur Kumta Sidli Sanchi Daund All Arrah, Daund Blocks and Sanchi Together
Contract Agreement/ Collateral/Mortgage (By Banks) Document 24 Loan Agreement 42.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 42.9 Document 25 Article of Agreement 68.4 100.0 100.0 25.0 50 64.6 Document 26 Subsidy Agreement 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 20 8.3 14.3 Document 27 DP Note 57.9 0.0 100.0 25.0 70 58.3 28.6 Document 28 State Recovery Act 47.4 0.0 25.0 0.0 22.9 Document 29 Letter of Waiver 26.3 0.0 25.0 25.0 20.8 14.3 Document 30 Mortgage 10.5 0.0 0.0 25.0 10 10.4 Document 31 Attestation Memo 15.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.4 Document 32 Additional Guarantee Letters 26.3 33.3 0.0 12.5 20 18.8 14.3 Document 33 Hypothication 21.1 0.0 62.5 50.0 70 41.7 42.9 Document 34 Letter of Installment 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.5 6.3 Document 35 Extension Limit 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40 8.3 42.9
Facilitating Document (By Banks) Document 36 Satisfaction Letter 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 2.1 14.3 Document 37 Insurannce 31.6 0.0 0.0 25.0 70 31.3 14.3 Document 38 Sanction/ Arrangement Letter 84.2 0.0 25.0 12.5 60 52.1 28.6 Document 39 Vernacular Explanation/ Letter 42.1 0.0 25.0 0.0 10 22.9 28.6
Documents Generated by Lending System Document 40 Appraisal Report 47.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 60 35.4 14.3 Document 41 DRDA Application 84.2 100.0 100.0 87.5 70 81.3 42.9 Document 42 Search Report 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 8.3 Document 43 Grading Score 47.4 66.7 50.0 0.0 80 47.9 Document 44 BPL Proof 26.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 50 20.8 Document 45 Inspection Note/ Legal Opinion 15.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 20 7.2 14.3 Document 46 State Sponsorship 15.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 30 12.5
51 Table 3.2 Documents per Account in Different Blocks
Documents Sanchi Salepur Sidli Daund Kumta Individual (SHG) (SHG) (SHG) (SHG) (SHG) Loans at Arrah, Sanchi & Daund
Credibility Document 7 5.7 4.8 6.8 4.7 3.6 Contract Document 2 3.3 3.1 3.3 1.3 2 Total Credibility and Contract Documents 9 9 7.9 10.1 6 5.6 Facilitating Document 0.5 1.6 0.5 1.4 0 0.9 Supportive Document 1.1 2.4 1.5 3.6 1.7 1 Total Documents 10.6 13 9.9 15.1 7.7 7.4 Average Cost of Documentation (Rs) 600 124 - 730 83 250
52 Miscellaneous Individual Lending Generator Cobbler Goat Brick Miscllaneous Dairy echnology T ng Fashion Table 3.3 Minor Weavi Irrigation SHG Lending Agriculture Tractor Documents per Account for Different Activities Account for Different per Documents Vegetable Pisiculture 13.6 10 13 5 12.6 20 13.3 11.7 20 15.5 9 7.5 7 10 4 5 Goatery Piggery Documents Dairy Credibility DocumentContract Document 4.8 Credibility Total and Contract Documents 2.1 7Facilitating 4.7 2.3Document 6.9 3.3Supportive 6Document 9.3 0.9 3Total 8 2Documents 1.5 1.8 1 5.7 0.3 9 2.8 9.6 3.3 8 1.7 1 3 8 8.5 0.5 3 2.8 9 1.3 6 1.5 16 2.7 2 11.3 2.3 10 0.5 8.7 2 5 6 0.7 5 1.5 15 3.4 2.3 11 2.2 3.5 2 1.5 1.5 2 5.6 3 2 1.2 3 6 5 2 4 1 2 2.2 2 1 8 0.5 2.5 2 3 1 1.5 0 1 4 1 0 1
53 Table 3.4 Mode of Credit Disbursement to SGSY-SHGs in Different ARP Blocks
Total (Percent)
ARP Blocks Borrower Borrower & Supplier Supplier Total
Maitha 100.0 0.0 0.0 100 Sanchi 11.1 44.4 44.4 100 Salepur 29.6 33.3 37.0 100 Sidli 60.0 10.0 30.0 100 Daund 33.3 0.0 66.7 100 Rayavaram 16.7 0.0 83.3 100
Total 37.9 21.2 40.9 100
54 Table 3.5 Mode of Credit Disbursement for Different Activities (SHG Lending)
Activity Borrower Borrower & Supplier* Supplier Total
Dairy 37.5 18.8 43.8 100 Cattle & Shed 42.9 7.1 50.0 100 Goatery 28.6 28.6 42.9 100 Piggery 66.7 0.0 33.3 100 Pisiculture 100.0 0.0 0.0 100 Vegetable 25.0 75.0 0.0 100 Tractor 0.0 0.0 100.0 100 Minor Irrigation 0.0 66.7 33.3 100 Chatai Trading 100.0 0.0 0.0 100 Coir 100.0 0.0 0.0 100 Weaving 75.0 0.0 25.0 100 Band Party 0.0 0.0 100.0 100 Grinding 0.0 100.0 0.0 100 Fashion Technology 16.7 33.3 50.0 100
TOTAL 37.9 21.2 40.9 100
Note : * Animal, pumpset, machinery, etc. cost to supplier and labour cost to SHG.
55 27.3 Banking Queries 4.5 Repayment 6.8 Grading Marks 4.5 Direct Linkage Table 3.6 Meetings Records 6.8 11.4 4.5 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 71.4 9.1 Sanctioning Criteria of Loans to SHG by Branch Managers (Percent Managers) 15.9 100.0 60.0 0.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.0 40.0 Regular Savings Internal Lending Group Functioning MaithaSanchiSalepurSidliDaundRayavaram 0.0 0.0 22.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.2 0.0 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.2 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 55.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ARP Blocks Total
56 Total (Number) Attendance Thrift Repayment Table 3.7 Bank Passbok Loan Checking of Records While Grading (Percent Branch Managers) Meeting All Random All Random All Random All Random All Random All Random 88.942.9 11.1 14.3 100.066.7 42.933.3 0.060.0 0.0 14.3 66.7 0.0 66.7 0.0 42.9 33.3 0.0 33.3 60.0 0.0 66.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 42.9 0.0 0.0 40.0 0.0 14.3 0.0 100.0 66.7 42.9 0.0 33.3 0.0 33.3 14.3 60.0 66.7 88.9 66.7 42.9 0.0 0.0 11.1 33.3 14.3 60.0 66.7 66.7 9 0.0 7 0.0 0.0 40.0 66.7 0.0 3 3 5 45.7 10.9 52.2 8.7 13.0 6.5 52.2 8.7 47.8 8.7 43.5 8.7 46 Sanchi ArrahSalepurSidli Daund 0.0 44.4Rayavaram 11.1 0.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 0.0 33.3 0.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 55.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 55.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 9 4 SriganganagarMaitha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 ARP Blocks Total
57 None 2.1 2.1 Recovery Campaign 4.2 Site Visiting 0.0 Group Functioning 20.8 25.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 Production & Table 3.8 2.1 Notice sset 27.1 2.1 0.0 33.3 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Animator's A Comments VerificationEnquiry Sell Monitoring of the SGSY Portfolio by Bank Branches (Percent Branch Managers) 22.257.1 0.025.0 0.033.340.0 55.6 0.0 28.6 0.0 20.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 22.2 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 0.0 33.3 20.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 54.2 Reply SriganganagarMaitha 66.7 Sanchi ArrahSalepurSidli Daund Rayavaram 75.0 90.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Multiple Answers need not add upto 100. Note : Multiple ARP Blocks No Total
58 early Y Quarterly Half Annual Frequency of Repayment Not Monthly Known Months ------3.10-6 More Moratorium Period Upto 3 Months Months 6 than Known than 60 Months Table 3.9 37-60 More Not Repayment Period Months Months Interest Average Not Upto 36 Terms and Conditions of Lending (Percent of Accounts) and Conditions of Lending (Percent Terms 0.0 10.7 16.7 0.0 83.3 0.0 91.7 0.0 0.0 8.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 More than 12 Rate ofKnown
100.0 0.0 11.0 0.0 27.8 72.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 27.8 5.6 0.0 0.0 66.7 10.01-12 8-10 61.8 35.3 0.0 9.7 18.2 9.1 69.7 3.0 11.8 64.7 23.5 0.0 20.6 79.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.1 61.5 7.7 11.1 ------95.836.1 0.046.5 47.2 0.0 16.7 41.9 8.7 10.8 7.0 85.9 0.0 10.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 14.1 0.0 86.590.9 0.0 0.0 13.5 9.1 18.9 9.9 0.0 70.3 78.9 0.0 0.0 10.8 11.3 8.5 47.6 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 11.3 0.0 19.0 100.0 0.0 78.9 23.8 100.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.8 2.4 0.0 21.4 81.8 0.0 0.0 19.0 18.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Declared Rate of Interest (% per annum) Not Known DaundKumta 2.9 0.0 0.0 SalepurSidli 4.3 43.5 7.7 46.4 5.8 10.4 ------13.0 46.4 1.4 36.2 2.9 SriganganagarMaitha 4.2 SanchiArrah 0.0 4.7 8.3 0.0Rayavaram 91.7 0.0 ARP Blocks
59 than 180 -180 More Days Days Upto 60 61 Single More than 60 Day 8-30 30-60 Days Days Upto Table 3.10 Loan Subsidy Subsidy Sanction-Disbursement Gap Duration of Loan Disbursement Disbursed 7 Days Release of 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.3 41.7 0.0 0.0 Known More Not Days Before the Days Days Time Dimensions in Lending (Percent of Accounts) Dimensions in Lending (Percent of Time than 30 5.7 0 18.3 0 67.6 4.2 9.9 0.0 100 0.0 0.0 0.0 Days Nil Upto 30 89.240.5 10.8 21.4 0.0 33.352.9 0.061.1 9.5 0.0 5.4 5.6 19.0 38.2 94.6 33.3 26.2 44.1 0.0 11.9 0.0 14.3 0.0 2.9 5.6 19.0 20.6 0.0 33.3 54.8 0.0 52.8 0.0 2.9 11.9 5.6 38.9 19.0 29.4 8.3 22.2 14.3 48.0 22.2 33.3 20.0 33.3 4.0 11.1 28.0 33.3 90.9 9.1 0.0 0.0 27.3 0.0 9.1 63.6 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Loan Sanction-Disbursement Gap 46.2 0.0 30.8 23.1 30.8 7.7 0.0 7.7 7.7 46.2 0.0 8.3 0.0 91.7 Known Daund 8.8 SriganganagarMaitha 19.7Sanchi 74.6 ArrahSalepur 0.0 Sidli 4.8 100.0Kumta 20.0 0.0 57.1 0.0 8.6 0.0 0.0 14.3 32.4 19.7 45.1 2.8 0.0 0.0 23.0 13.1 44.3 19.7 ARP Blocks Not Rayavaram 0.0
60 Table 3.11 Interest Rates Charged in the Ledger and Related Information on Loans
ARP Blocks Range of Effective Interest Weighted Average of Reverse No Subsidy Rate (percent per annum) Interest Rate Transfer of Release (percent per annum) Interest (Percent of Amount Accounts) (Percent of Accounts) Loan net of Entire Loan Loan net of Entire Loan Subsidy Amount Subsidy Amount
Sriganganagar 0.4-18.9 0.2-12.6 6.4 4.2 7.1 - Maitha 0.4-64.1 0.2-17.5 30.1 7.4 - - Sanchi 5.9-24.3 3.5-11.7 14.5 8.5 12 2.4 Arrah - 6.7-7.9 - 6.3 - - Salepur 2.2-114.2 2.0-7.1 23.9 6.9 - 4.3 Sidli 0.2-34.5 0.1-14.2 26.2 6.6 15.4 - Daund 8.1-99.6 4.9-18.9 27.3 6.1 - Kumta 4.3-13.6 0.06-5.7 11.4 3.6 22.2 - Rayavaram 6.8-37.7 1.7-11.4 13.8 4.4 - -
61 Chapter 4 Self Help Groups
4.1 Introduction Self Help Group (SHG) is the core of the SGSY scheme. The success of the scheme depends upon the strength of the SHGs. Unless the foundation, i.e. functioning of the SHGs is strong, SGSY cannot deliver the goods, i.e. alleviation of poverty. It is, therefore, important to study the functioning of the SHGs and the process of formation and nurturing of these SHGs under the banner of SGSY. It is important to note that the functioning of SHGs to a great extent depends upon the process of formation and nurturing.
SHG is an extremely miniature form of a ‘bank’, mobilizing thrift, borrowing from outside and lending to its clients who are incidentally the members of this group. Since an SHG is expected to consist of majority of illiterate and poor, these groups have been exempted from any registration requirement. SHGs are, therefore, informal groups. Reserve Bank of India allowed all the banks to deal with these groups as normal clients although they are neither ‘individual entity’ nor any ‘formal body’.
However, since under Indian law, any association of more than 20 must be ‘formal’, i.e. registered under any suitable act, the membership of SHG is restricted to 20. Although this small size helps in building a process of direct democracy in decision-making, it constrains the size of thrift capital for lending purpose. This deficit is expected to be met by borrowing from banks, which may find a good lending opportunity through the SHGs, if they are functioning well. This reduces the transaction cost for both the lenders and the borrowers. This also reduces the risk cost as SHGs are expected to develop a healthy attitude towards loans because of (i) capacity building – training process, (ii) access to loan for appropriate need at right point of time, at right place, i.e. doorstep, (iii) simple formalities without hassle, and (iv) a very low net cost. All, however, depends upon how the SHGs have been formed and nurtured.
The main objective of this chapter is to study the structure of the SHGs, examine their functioning in seven experimental blocks (there being no SHGs in Arrah and Sriganganagar blocks) and one non-ARP (control) block in each of these seven districts; examine the participatory management process; and analyze the formation and nurturing process.
4.2 Profile of SHGs Except in Sanchi average size of the groups generally varies between 10 and 12 (Table 4.1) although it can be upto 20. In Sanchi, it is as low as 8.6 because of more of minor irrigation groups which may consist of 5 members only. In Salepur and Kumta blocks it is 13 or more. There is nothing wrong in small groups; in fact Bangladesh Grameen Group (BGG) consists of 5 members only and Joint Liability Groups (JLG) consists of 5-7 members. SHG, however, has different philosophy behind it. Unlike BGG and JLG which always have to depend upon external borrowing, which is costly, SHGs in the long run are expected to meet its credit demand from its own thrift capital. Bigger the thrift capital, lesser the dependence on costly external fund. It may be argued that as the size increases, total credit demand too increases. The main principle, however, is that all the members will not demand loan at the same time.
62 In SGSY operation, the reason for lower size in reality seems to be because of emphasis given on target of ‘number of groups’ to be formed not ‘number of persons mobilized’ or ‘number of good groups in existence’, as we will discuss later.
In the districts of Pune, Uttar Kannada, East Godavari and control block of Kanpur district (Rasulvada) more than 80 per cent members are women. In all other blocks which are generally in central, eastern and north-eastern regions, the percentages of female members are between 50 and 65. In Sanchi, it is as low as 35 per cent. All the village level workers (VLWs) who are engaged in the formation of groups are males in Sanchi. This may have the impact in the composition of the group.
Except in the two blocks of Bongaigaon district, in all other blocks, more than 90 per cent members are Hindus. In Bongaigaon 24 per cent members are Muslims. Comparatively Muslim percentages are higher in Raisen and Cuttack. Except in Uttar Kannada and Rayavaram in all other blocks, SC/ ST members constitute more than 45 per cent of the total membership.
Prevalence of illiterate members (including those who can sign only) is very high in Raisen and Rayavaram (>50%) and quite less (<15%) in Bongaigaon, Salepur and Kumta (Table 4.2). Although illiteracy of members is expected to be the reality within SHG, presence of a few ‘literate’ members in the group is desirable for maintenance of records. SHG is after all a financial institution dealing with the hard earned money of poor people. In the absence of a few literate members the group may have to depend upon external person for maintenance of records. An educational level of at least Std VII may be minimum requirement for maintaining records. Secondly, there must be at least two such members so that the probability of cheating the fellow illiterate member is reduced. If 25 per cent of members with at least Std VII level of education be considered as an acceptable parameter, 89 per cent of groups in Bongaigaon satisfy this criterion; in Pune and Uttar Kannada only 50 per cent of groups fulfill this condition. In Sanchi and Rayavaram ARP blocks this proportion is dismally low. Either the facilitator/animator/promoter of these groups have to regularly maintain their records or the group has to take external help. Otherwise the records will not be maintained properly and the true financial strength of the members may be at stake.
Except in both the blocks of Raisen, two non-ARP blocks of Cuttack Sader and Sirur of Pune, in all other blocks more than 75 per cent of members are of below 40 years of age.
In Sidli only 48 per cent of members are married whereas in other blocks 80 per cent or more members are married. Presence of large proportion of unmarried women may create instability of the group unless new members are inducted after the departure of newly married women members.
In East Godavari, Uttar Kannada, Pune and Bongaigaon more than 5 per cent of members are widow(er) or divorcee who may require more attention. Conversely, in other places more attention may be paid to bring such persons who may be more underprivileged to the fold of SHG.
Except in Daund, Sirur and Rayavaram in all other blocks, more than 90 per cent of members belong to BPL (Below Poverty Line) category. However, in Maitha, Sidli, Sanchi and Ankola, a large proportion of members have more than 1 acre of land. This raises doubt over the formulation of BPL list in these blocks.
63 4.3 Organizational Design of SHGs As SHG is an institutional, although informal, group it is expected to have rules for self governance which is based on the principle of direct democracy. This is one of the reasons why the size of SHGs is small so that all the members can effectively take part in the decision-making process. The groups are expected to meet regularly; all the members are supposed to attend the meetings; thrift collection must be regular; and different types of topics related to their daily life are expected to be discussed in the meetings. The first aspect is about selection of office bearers. Generally groups have two or less number of office bearers (Table 4.3). In Sidli, Tapatari and Ankola there is a great proportion of SHGs having more than 2 office bearers. These office bearers have similar responsibilities across the 14 blocks – organizing meetings, collecting thrift, writing proceedings, writing of account books, going to bank, sending notices, etc.
It is expected that all the groups would make a rule about the tenure of the office bearers, and the job would be rotated among the members for wider empowerment. However, except in Uttar Kannada and to some extent in Bongaigaon, Maitha and Rayavaram blocks most of the SHGs have not made any rules. In most of the blocks a high proportion of office bearers still continue for more than 3 years. If this percentage is less in few blocks, it is mainly because average age of the group is less. Only in Uttar Kannada, 50 per cent of the groups have office bearers continuing for more than 3 years although average is more than 4 years. Very few groups, as observed earlier, had made rules about the tenure. Even among them in more than 50 per cent of cases the office bearers have not been changed after the stipulated tenure.
This fact illustrates a contradiction. Although democratic principle demands rotation for wider empowerment and better transparency in financial transaction, the literacy level does not allow this rotation. Secondly, most of the members are busy for their survival and may not be able to devote much time for the group. The second argument may not be very much valid as even the office bearers may not have to spend much of extra time after the meeting. Main bottleneck is the extent of illiteracy and lack of leadership quality. These two are very important aspects of SHG movement. Continuous training and motivation are required from the promoting agency. Facilitators themselves need good quality of training. Mere target approach on number of groups formed may not serve the implicit objective of SGSY.
4.4 General Rules of Functioning Although SHGs are informal associations, they must have well defined rules, whether written or unwritten, mainly because the groups are engaged with financial transaction and act as custodian of members’ savings. There are various rules with regard to the management, viz., (i) criteria of membership, (ii) joining groups, (iii) leaving groups, (iv) attendance,(v) fine, (vi) rate of interest, (vii) thrift rate, (viii) calculation of profit and loss, (ix) use of profit and loss, (x) nomination, (xi) selection of office bearer, (xii) tenure of office bearer, (xiii) loan sanctioning process, etc.
Some of these rules may not be visualized in the beginning, yet they are very important, and must be discussed and finalized in the very beginning. Groups are supposed to be formed after a good amount of discussion and consultation. Even then, any member may intend to leave the group for some foreseen or unforeseen reason at a later stage. As the members have financial stake in the group, the most important rule of the group must be with regard to this aspect. Such rules influence the binding force of the group.
64 It is observed from Table 4.4 that only in Salepur, Sidli and Kumta among ARP blocks and Tapatari and Ankola among non-ARP blocks more than 60 per cent of group have made rules regarding migration of members. Among these groups, which have made rules, all the groups except 17 per cent in Sidli and 33 per cent in Rayavaram would refund the entire thrift amount of the member to him/her while leaving. The other few groups in Sidli and Rayavaram impose the stringent condition of impounding deposit to avoid disintegration. All the groups of Salepur and Sadar of Cuttack, Daund and Sirur of Pune and Aubedulla of Raisen would share the profit amount too with the leaving members. In Sidli, Ankola and Rayavaram this proportion is much less. Migration rules in these latter blocks are, therefore, less liberal; it is least in Sidli.
Second important aspect of the group functioning is regular meeting and thrift collection. These are the heart beats of group functioning. Groups are dead if these two activities stop. Carrot and stick or reward and punishment are the two intended tools to boost up the heart beats of SHGs. Imposing fine for not attending meeting or not depositing thrift is such a punishment method. Only in the ARP blocks of Sidli, Daund and Kumta, more than 75 per cent of groups have made such rules. Among the non-ARP blocks, Tapatari, Ankola and Rasulvada are the three where more than 60 per cent of groups have made such rules. However, in reality very few proportion of groups have imposed fine. Kumta, Maitha, Sirur and Tapatari are exceptions – either there is no default or laxity. Members, however, responded by saying that they do not impose fine if one is absent on genuine ground or deposit the thrift amount through any other member without much delay.
The third aspect in financial transaction system is with regard to the settlement arrangement in absentia. In case of migration the member herself settles the claim. But in the case of death, only an authorized person must have stake in the financial asset of the member in the group. There is, therefore, a need of nomination system. A very small proportion of groups in Uttar Kannada has framed any rule in this regard. In Kanpur it is nil. Other groups which have not yet framed rules explicitly regarding migrating and dying members would like to take the decision as and when the case arises. It is, however, better that rules be framed sooner.
There are three main financial benefits for being a part of the SHG : (a) accumulation of savings for future, (b) access to credit at affordable price, and (c) earning income because of the financial transactions within the group. All the groups must be consciously aware of these benefits, and for the last aspect they must calculate the profit or loss for the groups (through interest income).
Sixty or more per cent of groups in Salepur, Sidli, Kumta and Rayavaram of ARP blocks and Aubedulla, Sadar, Tapataria, Ankola of non-ARP blocks claimed to be calculating profit and loss of the income. Among these specific groups having claimed to calculate profit and loss, more than 70 per cent of groups (except in Rasulvada, Kumta and Rayavaram) informed that profit is ploughed back to the group account. This raises a doubt whether they indeed calculate profit or loss, as concrete evidence of income calculation was not available for all such groups. Any implicit income, however, is automatically ploughed back to the group’s resource if it is not either paid to the members or misappropriated. In this regard all such groups of Rasulvada and Kaljure and 17, 33 and 54 per cent of groups (calculating profit and loss) of Tapatari, Kumta, and Rayavaram respectively pay back the profit to members in cash and 9 per cent in Rayavaram credit the profit to member’s account. These groups indeed seem to be making income expenditure statement for the group.
65 4.5 Financial Rates Basically there are two important rates for the SHGs : thrift rate and interest rate. In both the cases affordability is the major concern. Although higher amount of thrift increases the capital base, it should never be beyond what the members can comfortably afford. Otherwise, there is the possibility of disintegration of the group. They should gradually increase the thrift rate as their economic conditions improve. Movement in the thrift rate rather than thrift rate per se is a better criterion for evaluating the performance.
Interest rate of lending is rather a controversial issue. The main objective behind SHG movement is weaning away the poor from moneylenders charging usurious rate of interest. However, interest rate within the SHG has a different meaning. It is definitely cost of fund in the short run which warrants a lower rate of interest; but it is also a source of profit for the members in the long run which demands a completely opposite strategy, i.e. higher rate of interest. Group has to balance between short run and long run considerations. If the group is homogeneous, i.e. similar financial interest of accumulating thrift and borrowing among all the members, net rate of interest in the long run is zero or interest rate charged by the external lender, whatever be the interest rate charged within the group. This argument, however, does not hold good if some members do not take part in the borrowing operation. Otherwise, higher rate of interest also prevents the misuse of cheaper loan taken from external source by lending outside the group at a higher interest. However, the question boils down to affordability. In the case of consumption loan how much one can sacrifice at the short run for the long run gain; and in the case of business loan how much cost one can afford in the competitive market?
Table 4.5 presents the distribution of thrift rates in different ARP and non-ARP blocks. In Maitha more than 50 per cent of groups have present thrift rate of less than Rs. 25 per month. In Sanchi, Salepur, Daund and Rayavaram of ARP area and Rasulvada, Aubedulla, Sadar and Kaljure of non- ARP area more than 50 per cent groups have thrift rate of Rs. 26-50. Around 30 per cent of groups of Salepur and Kumta have thrift rate of Rs. 50-75. In Sanchi, Sidli and Rayavaram less than 10 percent of groups have thrift rate of Rs. 75 or more. In the non-ARP blocks like Tapatari, Sirur and Ankola more than 25 per cent of the groups have thrift rate of Rs. 75 or more.
As argued earlier, it is the growth of thrift rate which is more important. Only 9, 10, 27, 11, 33 and 20 per cent of groups of ARP blocks Maitha, Salepur, Sidli, Daund, Kumta and Rayavaram have increased the rates. At the same time 18, 11 and 33 per cent of SHGs in Sidli, Daund and Kumta have reduced the rate. They might have started with high rate which could not be sustainable. So far as non-ARP blocks are concerned 40, 17, 20 and 75 per cent of SHGs in Rasulvada, Tapatari, Sirur and Ankola increased the thrift rate and 33 per cent of groups of Tapatari reduced the rate. What is, however, of major concern is that 21, 33, 9, 17 and 5 per cent of groups of Sanchi, Aubedulla, Sidli, Kumta and Rayavaram have stopped collecting the thrift.
Average rate of thrift per active group has, however, increased in some of the blocks and decreased in few and remained same in the rest of the groups.
As discussed above, interest rate is another important instrument in the functioning of SHG. It is strange that around 10-15 per cent of groups in Sanchi, Salepur, Sidli and Rayavaram of ARP and Aubedulla outside the ARP are not aware of the lending rate of interest (Table 4.6). In the four ARP blocks, viz., Sanchi, Salepur, Sidli and Kumta and non-ARP blocks like Aubedulla and Tapataria above 30 per cent or more groups charge more than 3 per cent per month as rate of interest. In Sidli and Tapatari of Bongaigaon district 12 per cent groups in fact charge more than 5 per cent of
66 rate of interest on loan. There is one SHG in Sidli which charges a differential rate of interest of 3 per cent on consumption and 5 per cent on business loan. Otherwise, majority of the groups charge 2 per cent or less as interest. But it seems the higher rate of interest is not sustainable as in three of the above blocks, viz., Salpeur, Sidli and Kumta, a good proportion of groups has reduced the rate of interest. The ARP block of Rayavaram and non-ARP blocks of Sirur and Ankola are, however, different cases where a large proportion of groups has reduced the rate although it is already at a low level there. Average rate of interest has decreased in Salepur, Sidli, Daund, Kumta and Rayavaram of ARP area and Sadar, Tapatari, Sirur of non-ARP area. They have considered short run benefit at the cost of long run gain of forced savings
4.6 Functioning of the SHGs So far, the basic structure and the unwritten constitution of different SHGs in 14 blocks have been studied. As so many responses were elicited after initiating a discussion in the focus group meetings there is a possibility that some responses may have been influenced by the tenor of the discussion.
It is, therefore, important to look into the records of the individual SHGs to understand their functioning better. The main functions of the SHGs are to : (i) conduct meetings and ensure participation of the members, (ii) collect thrift from the members, (iii) provide loans to the members, (iv) transact business with the bank, and (v) maintain records of all the daily operations. Whereas the first two and last one are the compulsory schedules the other two are as and when the need arised.
To document all the transactions, a set of records are necessary. First set of records, viz. (i) attendance register, (ii) minutes book, (iii) loan, and (iv) deposit ledgers pertain to group transactions. Second type of record, viz. individual passbook is meant for each member’s personal financial transactions in the group. Last three financial ledgers are mandatory for the functioning of SHGs. However, as the Table 4.7 reveals that only in Maitha and Kumta of ARP area and Sirur, Rasulvada, Ankola and Kaljure of non-ARP area all the SHGs have provided individual passbook to their members. This proportion is quite dismal in Sanchi and Salepur of ARP and Aubedulla and Sadar of non-ARP areas. Situation, however, is better with regard to loan and deposit ledger for group level transaction. Only in 36 and 5 per cent of group in ARP blocks of Sanchi and Rayavaram and 33, 33 and 25 per cent of groups in non-ARP blocks, viz. Aubedulla, Sadar and Ankola do not have these basic financial record books. Situation is still better with regard to attendance and minutes register. Only 15 and 5 per cent of groups in ARP blocks of Sanchi and Rayavaram and 17, 33 per cent of groups of non-ARP blocks, viz. Aubedulla and Sadar do not have minutes book or attendance register.
Above records were studied for drawing conclusion about the functioning of the groups. Besides these, the bank passbooks were also examined to find out the extent of bank transactions.
4.6.1 Meeting As discussed earlier the frequency of the meetings is the source of life for SHG’s existence and number of meetings actually conducted is the fundamental barometer for measuring performance. Weekly meetings are supposed to be held mostly in Sidli and Kumta of ARP area and Sadar, Tapatari and Ankola of non-ARP area (Table 4.8). Fortnightly meetings are more prevalent in Rasulvada, Ankola and Kaljure, three non-ARP blocks. Monthly meetings are prevalent in Maitha, Sanchi, Salepur, Daund and Rayavaram of ARP area and Aubedulla and Sirur of non-ARP area. Expected frequency of meeting (number of meetings per month) emerge to be higher in ARP blocks of Kumta and Sidli and non-ARP blocks of Sadar, Tapatari and Ankola. The expected frequency is lowest in Daund and Sirur.
67 On the basis of the expected frequency and age of the group on the date of interview, expected number of meetings to be held had been estimated, and number of meetings actually held were found out from the records. What is observed from Table 4.8 is that more than 75 per cent of expectation of holding meetings had been realized in ARP blocks of Sanchi, Salepur, Daund and Kumta and non-ARP blocks of Tapatari, Sirur and Ankola. Kumta and Ankola are the blocks where frequency too is high (more weekly meetings).
In Sidli and Sadar, the expected frequency is high but the per cent of expected meetings held is low. They may have to reduce the frequency. If, however, meetings held per month be considered as a yardstick, it is one or more in Sidli, Salepur, Daund and Kumta of ARP area.
Minutes are written in high proportion (more than 80 per cent of meeting being minuted) in Maitha, Sanchi, Sidli, Daund and Kumta of ARP and Rasulvada, Sadar, Tapatari, Sirur and Kajulore of non- ARP area. In the beginning, most of the members were enthusiastic and attendance rate in first three meetings was more than 80 per cent in all the blocks except Aubedulla. But this enthusiasm seems to have been reduced as attendance rate in last three meetings has decreased in all the blocks; the decrease is substantial in Sanchi and Rayavaram.
4.6.2 Thrift Collection Regular thrift collection is the most important or basic function of SHG. Assuming regular monthly thrift collection, expected number of times of thrift collection could be equated to the age of the group. From the records, number of times thrift has actually been collected is found out. Then per cent of thrift collection also provides information on regularity of thrift collection.
Except in Rayavaram and Sanchi in the ARP blocks, and Rasulvada, Sadar, Tapatari and Sirur in the non-ARP blocks, per cent of thrift collection in other blocks is 75 per cent or more, i.e. on less than 25 per cent of time thrift has not been collected (Table 4.9). If we look into individual groups, 46, 30, 46, 25 and 67 per cent of groups in Maitha, Salepur, Sidli, Daund and Kumta have collected thrift on 90 per cent of times; in non-ARP area, these percentages are 20, 67 and 50 in Rasulvada, Sadar and Tapatari, respectively. These are the groups which are highly regular in thrift collection. These percentages are too low in both the blocks of Raisen and East Godavari. In Rayavaram, where the average age of the groups is quite high, old records were missing. In Sanchi and Aubedulla, there was hardly any record.
Again multiplying the age with the thrift rate and number of members, expected amount of thrift to be collected could be estimated. Actual amount of thrift collected can be obtained from the record. Thus per cent of thrift amount realized can be calculated. More than 75 per cent of the expected thrift has been collected in all the ARP blocks, except Sanchi and all the non-ARP blocks except Ankola, Aubedulla and Kajulur. In some of the blocks, the per cent of realization is much more than 100 per cent. In these blocks, either the thrift rate has been more in the past so that total expected amount has been underestimated, or thrift is expected to be collected weekly or fortnightly or the collection amount includes both thrift and loan repayment. However, if each group is studied individually, more than 50 per cent of groups of Salepur and Rayavaram of ARP and Ankola and Kajulure of non-ARP area have collected less than 70 per cent of expected thrift amount, which is definitely not a healthy sign.
Even if the realization of thrift is very sound, i.e. about 100 per cent or so, it does not necessarily indicate the good performance. Regularity of thrift collection is more important.
68 4.6.3 Internal Loan Unlike the stipulated frequency of thrift collection, there is no rule on loan disbursement although SHGs had been conceived basically to address the problem of micro credit. Later, it turned out to be a microfinance model. Number of loans is a complex function of age. In the initial period, demand may be high, but loanable fund may be less. Initially, the demand for consumption loan is expected to dominate. As the economic condition of the members improves, the demand for consumption loans decreases and demand for investment loan increases, depending upon the production environment. Also, some of the SHGs might have been formed basically for micro savings, which is definitely not true for SGSY-SHGs. Nevertheless, a rule of thumb may be drawn that in a typically active group each member takes a loan atleast once in a year so that average number of loan per member per annum is 1 (one). The average number of loan per member per annum is around one or more only in ARP blocks of Kumta and non-ARP blocks of Rasulvada and Tapatari. As expected, it is very low in Sanchi. However, unexpectedly, it is too low in Daund and Rayavaram too. It raises a question whether these groups have a genuine credit demand or not.
4.6.4 Banking Transaction Generally, SHGs after meeting the internal credit demand are expected to deposit the collection amount in their bank account, and withdraw from the bank when the collection amount is not sufficient to meet the internal credit demand. There is no such rule or norm on SHGs regarding bank transaction except that bank savings account becomes dormant if there is no transaction in six months, and frequent transaction is definitely a sufficient condition (need not be necessary condition) to indicate the existence of the group. As expected the number of deposits is larger than that of withdrawn per month (Table 4.10). Bank transaction (deposit + withdrawal) is quite high in Sidli and Kumta, about one transaction per month. It is quite low in Sanchi, Salepur, Daund, Rayavaram and Kajulure. In Rayavaram, it may be because of loss of old records; in Salepur the thrift seems to be used for internal lending as average number of loan per member per month is 0.5 which is an average figure; in Sanchi perhaps thrift itself is not being collected. In Daund, although regularity of thrift collection is not poor, the number of loan generation is very less. Frequency of bank transaction in Daund is, therefore, less either because cash in hand is high or loan records are not adequate (Three groups, i.e. 40 per cent any way do not have loan records).
4.6.5 Continuity of the Groups Finally, the question is whether the groups continue to exist and if so how long. All transaction dates were studied for this purpose, and gap in months were collected between :
(i) Interview date and last thrift collection date,
(ii) Last thrift collection date and last bank loan withdrawal date, and
(iii) Interview date and last bank loan withdrawal date.
The first gap (Gap 1) tells how recently they had collected thrift. The groups are up-to-date if the gap is upto one month. All others are default groups, assuming that thrift is collected monthly. These are “thrift up-to-date groups”. ‘Thrift default groups’ which had stopped in last three months are ‘irregular groups’; which had stopped in last three to six months, are ‘dormant groups’; and which had stopped thrift collection more than six months ago, may be labeled as ‘dead groups’.
The second gap (Gap 2) with regard to thrift default indicates the motive behind the formation of the group and the collection of thrift. The groups may be termed as ‘dubious groups’ if they stopped
69 thrift collection within three months of availing of loan or even before withdrawing loan, or ‘enterprise deficient groups’ if they had stopped within three to six months of availing of loan; ‘perspective deficient groups’ if they stopped collection of thrift after six months of availing loan; ‘demoralized groups’ if they had stopped even before taking loan.
The third gap (Gap 3) tells about the prospect of the “thrift up-to-date” group. If these functioning groups had taken loan more than twelve months prior to the date of interview, they are definitely ‘stable groups’; which had taken loan in last three to six months, can be called ‘seemingly stable groups’; which had taken loan very recently, i.e. in last three months may be termed as ‘uncertain groups’, and the ones which had not taken loan, can be labelled as ‘untested groups’.
With the above classification in mind, what is observed from Table 4.11 is that 100, 9, 50, 20 and 40 per cent of groups in Sanchi, Sidli, Ankola, Rayavaram and Kaljure do not have adequate record at all, and these groups cannot be examined with regard to their recorded data. Among the other groups, for which adequate record was available, only in Maitha and Kumta among ARP blocks, more than 60 per cent of groups are “thrift up-to-date” groups. In Rasulvada and Sadar, two non- ARP blocks all the groups were up-to-date with regard to thrift collection. These percentages are 20, 40, 25 and 50 in Salepur, Sidli, Daund and Rayavaram. In total, 48 per cent groups are “thrift up-to-date” and remaining 52 per cent are default groups of different types : 16.5 per cent ‘irregular’, 7.1 per cent ‘dormant’ and 28 per cent ‘dead groups’.
So far as individual blocks are concerned in Sidli 50 per cent of the groups are dead with regard to thrift collection; these percentages are 38, 31, 30 and 18 in Daund, Rayavaram, Salepur and Maitha; none in Kumta. Dormant groups are there in all the districts except Kanpur and Uttar Kannada. Percentages of irregular groups are 18, 20, 38, 17 and 18 in Maitha, Salepur, Daund, Kumta and Rayavaram, respectively.
So far as the distribution of these default groups is concerned, 29 per cent groups stopped the collection of thrift even before availing loan, may be after the sanction of loan; and another 5 per cent within three months of availing the loan. These 34 per cent of total groups are ‘dubious groups’ which had been formed only to avail loan. These percentages are very high in Salepur and Daund – around 60 per cent; and 25 per cent in Maitha, Salepur and Rayavaram; none in Kumta. Twenty, 12 and 12 per cent groups in Salepur, Daund and Rayavaram, respectively are enterprise deficient groups, which stopped within three to six months of taking loan. They might have failed to utilize the loan properly. Lastly, 40, 17 and 12 per cent groups in Salepur, Kumta and Rayavaram continued for 6 months or more after taking loan and then stopped. They might have utilized the loan properly, and also run the activity efficiently, but could not continue the thrift, as they lacked the perspectives of SHGs. They are “perspective deficient” groups. Finally, 9 per cent of groups in Maitha closed even without availing loan. They might have been quite demoralized as they did not see the prospect of getting ‘subsidized credit’, which was perhaps the main objective.
On the other hand, so far as the “thrift up-to-date” groups are concerned, 15 per cent had taken loan more than 12 months ago and still continuing; they are definitely ‘stable groups’. Seventeen per cent had taken loan about three to twelve months earlier and still continuing; they seem to be ‘seemingly stable groups’. Thirteen per cent had taken loan very recently; they are ‘uncertain groups’. And 4 per cent have not taken loan as yet; they are ‘untested groups’.
In totality, 15 per cent are ‘stable groups’ which is the positive feature of SGSY, and 34 per cent are ‘dubious groups’ which is the negative feature of SGSY, so far as functioning of SHGs under the banner of SGSY is concerned.
70 4.7 Nuturing of the Groups The character of SHGs as discussed in the earlier section largely depends upon the facilitators who form and nurture these groups. All depends upon, how much time they devote to them, how are they themselves oriented, and how they mould them.
Table 4.12 provides information on number of SHGs handled by each facilitator. Average number of SHG per facilitator is higher in Rayavaram and Sidli. Twenty-five and 50 per cent of the grassroots workers look after more than 60 SHGs. It may not be a very large provided they do not have any other responsibility. In Rayavaram although each VLW is responsible for a large number of SHGs they make larger number of visits to SHGs too. It may be because of higher density of SHG in a village so that through single trip to a village he/she can meet a larger number of groups. More important aspect, however, is whether these grassroots workers are trained and motivated enough to form and nurture SHGs. What is observed from Table 4.13 is that a large proportion of VLW in Arrah, Salepur and Sanchi have not undergone any training. Maximum amount of training has been imparted in Maitha – 4 days per person. This too is not sufficient. Training includes classroom discussion, visit to the number of good groups, discussion with the successful field workers and indepth skill training on accounting procedure. One time training may not be sufficient. There must be repetition of training at appropriate intervals from different sources followed by an effective performance appraisal system.
In Sanchi, Sidli and Maitha a large proportion of grassroots workers could not clearly tell about the nature of interaction, they had with the SHG. Otherwise generally more interactions take place with regard to banking matters. In Sidli, of course, good amount of importance is attached to records. A very moderate amount of importance on SHG issue like thrift, internal recovery and SHG monitoring is given in Rayavaram. Internal lending which is the basic objective behind SHG movement is not discussed in any of the groups. It has already been observed earlier that SHGs have been found to be very weak with regard to internal lending.
It can, therefore, be safely concluded that lack of proper training to grassroots workers is one of the important factors behind the unsatisfactory quality of SHGs.
71 4.56 allenged Members 79.78 1.63 Members SC/ST Ch Belonging to Members Other Religions 12.15 Muslim 94.82 3.54 1.63 40.42 1.98 Hindu 186.21 Members Members Table 4.1 34.741.961.8 91.751.2 90.3 100.052.1 8.3 96.8 9.7 0.0 81.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.1 0.0 36.4 3.2 46.8 2.1 50.0 7.4 100.0 5.4 80.7 0.0 2.4 1.6 100.0100.0100.0 100.0 93.2 100.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 6.4 0.0 0.0 6.8 4.1 2.2 0.0 14.3 147.60 Female General Profile of the SHG Members Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of 1.29 68.71 10.810.010.6 65.5 100.0 75.712.6 96.6 100.0 97.610.9 53.7 2.5 0.012.1 1.813.3 86.7 93.3 0.8 0.0 84.7 0.6 91.310.8 93.9 6.7 37.0 80.0 95.5 49.7 100.0 100.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.0 94.4 1.0 48.8 0.7 0.0 0.4 53.1 1.2 44.6 1.3 5.2 0.0 0.0 2.5 6.3 2.6 10.88 78.89 91.39 8.61 0.00 39.36 2.58 22.18 Members) Members Average Size 115 (Number) (Number of MaithaRasulvada Kanpur (C)Total SanchiAubedulla Raisen (C)Total 16 Salepur 11 5 Sadar (E) Cuttack Total 20Sidli 14 6Tapatari Bongaigaon (NE)Total 13 Daund 10 17 9.3 Sirur 8.6 10.8 3 Pune (W)Total Kumta 13.0Ankola 11 11.3 6Total Uttar Kannada (S) 13 55.4 11.3 Rayavaram 10 9 Kajulure 11.4 East Godavari (S)Total 51.5 11.2 5 ARP BlocksTotal 25 6 87.7 Non-ARP BlocksTotal 12.5 4 20 34 81 91.5 11.8 53.7 5 12.3 94.4 11.3 11.0 1 8.5 81.4 53.7 9.8 0.0 100.0 46.3 98.3 0.0 66.2 0.0 1.7 0.0 48.5 0.0 1.5 44.8 0.0 1.5 0.8 30.5 0.0 2.4 0.0 and Blocks ARP DistrictsGroups Total Total
72 - - - 0.0 8.8 1.8 7.6 2.5 2.0 of Land of Land with Less with More Members Members than 1 Acre than 1 Acre Landless Members Members dow andBPL Divorcee Members Married Wi Members Table 4.2 ears 40 Years Members of Members of 40.0 95.9 4.1 93.9 6.1 100.0 20.4 - Level Std VII Groups Members more than Socio Economic Staus of SHG Members 1.8 66.7 41.2 58.8 85.3 5.9 - 26.5 64.7 or Moreor Education Level of Members Educational More or Y 40 Matriculation having evel Education with School with with 25%Below Age Age Above 9.0 50.7 40.3 100.0 83.6 16.4 76.1 4.5 100.0 10.4 52.2 31.3 20.6 67.6 1 27.7 67.7 2.3 30.0 88.5 11.5 93.8 1.5 - 13.1 86.9 51.3 39.8 4.1 24.0 83.6 11.5 92.2 7.1 82.9 41.3 - 42.0 54.1 3.8 50.0 73.9 26.1 93.0 9.6 74.5 86.6 0.0 26.215.2 67.7 48.0 4.3 30.426.3 38.531.1 81.828.0 60.0 78.747.7 53.3 88.0 57.6 13.8 21.3 41.8 15.6 12.0 14.4 50.0 92.1 50.0 4.5 48.0 50.0 77.5 2.4 77.8 20.0 6.4 77.6 22.5 22.2 80.9 100.0 22.4 - 72.5 71.1 13.2 15.2 72.0 15.9 8.8 13.3 91.8 52.0 82.3 100.0 9.6 93.3 9.1 42.4 48.8 97.6 40.0 79.1 48.8 45.6 11.1 45.9 35.2 3.2 48.9 19.2 13.146.9 49.0 49.0 33.9 4.1 88.9 33.3 86.5 80.6 13.5 19.4 57.8 93.9 5.7 12.2 100.0 78.6 13.5 98.0 52.1 0.0 38.5 42.956.046.7 45.471.9 44.0 45.0 12.667.7 22.3 0.0 8.9 63.6 19.9 5.8 0.0 76.5 43.8 4.8 21.4 90.0 80.5 23.5 21.1 66.1 10.0 97.5 19.5 61.8 33.9 100.0 98.2 1.7 30.6 96.7 0.0 100.0 1.2 88.7 1.7 100.0 31.9 100.0 100.0 1.1 12.0 27.7 26.0 67.8 99.5 14.0 23.7 40.3 66.7 2.5 74.0 50.3 1.6 29.8 24.2 33.9 62.7 3.4 80.0 62.7 37.3 91.5 8.5 67.8 67.8 0.0 16.9 67.3 30.6 2.0 60.0 15.4 3.1 20.0 53.8 24.6 73.8 0.0 98.5 64.6 - 13.8 39.8039.71 47.7 46.3 10.5 10.9 42.9 51.0 79.7 72.1 19.4 24.8 84.9 84.5 5.9 5.5 92.9 93.3 45.8 34.5 31.6 28.4 19.5 32.3 39.75 47.0 10.7 46.9 75.9 22.1 84.7 5.7 93.1 40.2 30.3 25.9 lliterate Category only Sign Including L Members Members Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent ofofPercent Percent of Percent of Percent of Kajulure East Godavari (S) Total ARP Blocks Total Total Non-ARP Blocks Non-ARP Total Total Pune (W) Total Sadar (E) Cuttack Total Sidli Tapatari Sirur Kumta Ankola Kannada (S) Uttar Total Rayavaram Total Bongaigaon (NE) Total Daund Total Raisen (C) Total Rasulvada Kanpur (C) Total Sanchi Aubedulla Salepur ARP Districts and Blocks Maitha Total
73 Table 4.3 Office Bearers
ARP Districts Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Average Age and Blocks Groups Having Groups Having Office Bearers Groups Where of the Group upto 2 Rule about Continuing for Tenure has (Months) Office Bearers Tenure of the More than Exceeded the Office Bearers 3 Years Stipulated Period
Maitha 72.7 36.4 100.0 - 48.1 Rasulvada 100.0 0.0 - - 46.3 Total Kanpur (C) 81.3 25.0 - - 47.6 Sanchi 100.0 0.0 50.0 - 32 Aubedulla 100.0 0.0 25.0 - 36.8 Total Raisen (C) 100.0 0.0 37.5 - 33.8 Salepur 100.0 10.0 71.4 100.0 41.1 Sadar 66.7 0.0 66.7 - 32.6 Total Cuttack (E) 92.3 7.7 70.0 - 39.1 Sidli 54.5 54.5 45.5 66.7 34.5 Tapatari 33.3 66.7 50.0 50.0 35.1 Total Bongaigaon (NE) 47.1 58.8 47.1 60.0 34.7 Daund 100.0 11.1 62.5 - 41.9 Sirur 100.0 0.0 100.0 - 42.8 Total Pune (W) 100.0 7.1 72.7 - 42.3 Kumta 83.3 100.0 50.0 50.0 40.1 Ankola 50.0 100.0 50.0 50.0 63.8 Total Uttar Kannada (S) 70.0 100.0 50.0 50.0 49.6 Rayavaram 91.7 50.0 80.0 66.7 66.8 Kajulure 100.0 0.0 - - 73.2 Total East Godavari (S) 94.1 35.3 - - 68.1 Total ARP Blocks 86.0 37.4 65.6 56.7 43.5 Total Non-ARP Blocks 78.6 23.8 58.3 100.0 47.2 Total 82.3 30.6 62.6 63.9 45.4
74 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.2 33.3 20.0 63.6 13.9 31.0 16.7 22.4 Account) Member’s in Cash or ming to be Calculating Profit either Crediting to (Distributing Profit and Loss - Group Groups Groups Account Ploughing See - Profit to Back the Account Crediting Member’s the to Profit - Profits Members Cash to the Distributing Such Groups Such Groups 40.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Internal Profit and Loss from Calculating ransactions having Groups Groups Nomination - 100.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 - 0.0 - 100.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 50.0 Table 4.4 Made such System Imposed Fine Groups having Rules of Functioning 60.050.0 0.0 37.5 0.0 0.0 20.0 6.3 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 45.5 60.0 0.0 0.0 Groups any Fine Rules having Made - 83.3 100.0 16.7 100.0 33.3 0.0 66.7 - - - - 0.0 erest/ 100.0 0.0 Back the Imposing Profit Amount T - - - - who would who would like to Pay Like to Pay Rule of which have Thrift Amount Int 0 0 0.0 90.0 100.0 11.1 90.0 100.0 10.0 100.0 20.0 0.0 80.0 12.0 66.7 33.3 4.0 0.0 40.0 56.0 61.5 7.7 30.8 33.3 100.0 60.0 100.0 100.0 40.0 0.0 100.0 90.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 83.3 80.0 60.0 83.3 40.0 83.3 100.0 16.7 0.0 83.3 36.6 92.1 62.9 49.5 30.5 50.8 54.2 14.6 1.5 83.8 38.6 96.0 77.0 40.5 47.5 51.9 61.9 31.0 0.0 61.9 15.483.3 100.0 100.0 15.0 100.0 66.7 61.5 33.3 37.5 5.0 76.9 0.0 38.5 50.0 0.0 60.0 0.0 54.5 100.0 9.1 36.4 70.612.5 83.3 100.0 33.3 100.0 88.2 75.0 26.7 33.3 70.6 75.0 76.5 37.5 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 92.3 25.0 100.063.6 80.0 85.7 5.0 14.3 0.0 90.9 65.0 20.0 40.0 63.6 0.0 63.6 0.0 0.0 75.0 0.0 100.0 21.4 100.0 66.7 7.1 0.0 50.0 28.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 53.8 100.0 100.0 53.8 0.0 100.0 84.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 37.6 93.9 69.9 45.0 36.7 51.3 58.1 23.4 0.7 72.0 20.0 100.0 100.0 40.0 50.0 80.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 33.3 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 25.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Rules for Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of want to Leaveto want Back the Full Members who Total East Godavari (S) Total ARP Blocks Total Total Non-ARP Blocks Non-ARP Total Total Pune (W) Total Kumta Ankola Kannada (S) Uttar Total Rayavaram Kajulure Sirur Tapatari Bongaigaon (NE) Total Daund Aubedulla Raisen (C) Total Salepur Sidli Total Kanpur (C)Total Sanchi 0 Rasulvada Sadar (E) Cuttack Total ARP Districts and Blocks Groups having Such Groups Such Groups Maitha Total
75 Groups Existing Thrift (Rs) (Rs) in thein of now Rate of Rate of Beginning Thrift Thrift Stopped Average Average Collecting Rate Thrift Same Maintaned Reduced Rate Rate Thrift Thrift Increased without the the the Groups Thrift Record Record Groups No without Loan Table 4.5 Closed Record Thrift Rate (Percent of SHGs) 26-50 50-75 >75 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 30 30 (Current) : Rupees Per Member Month 21.4 50.0 0.0 7.1 21.4 85.7 50.0 0.0 0.0 78.6 21.4 43.2 45.4 33.8 15.032.6 55.0 0.034.5 0.0 100.0 45.5 5.034.7 0.0 36.4 25.0 35.3 0.0 0.0 35.342.3 0.0 0.0 9.1 5.9 7.763.8 0.0 17.6 9.1 0.0 69.2 25.0 5.966.8 18.2 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.1 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.0 25.0 0.0 27.3 0.0 75.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.2 0.0 23.5 25.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 45.5 5.0 23.5 42.2 75.0 0.0 14.3 47.1 9.1 0.0 75.0 30 7.1 44 45.0 35.6 5.9 0.0 78.6 20.0 48.9 25.0 30 29 0.0 0.0 40.6 0.0 75.0 59.2 27.8 5.0 59.6 50 30 34.7 43.5 25.5 54.9 9.8 2.3 7.5 14.8 25.3 15.8 8.9 67.8 7.5 40.4 39.6 (Months) 8.6 32 9.8 73.2 0.0 11.3 11.2 35.1 16.7 33.3 16.7 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 33.3 50.0 0.0 73.3 60 11.1 45.4 18.6 59.6 6.1 9.6 6.1 22.7 29.7 18.7 6.9 68.3 6.1 41.7 42.7 11.4 11.8 42.811.3 0.0 40.011.0 0.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 80.0 0.0 75 80 13.0 41.1 10.0 60.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 90.0 0.0 44 46 10.810.010.6 48.1 72.7 46.3 40.0 47.6 27.3 62.5 60.0 0.0 37.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 40.0 18.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.9 60.0 81.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.1 24 24.1 25 26.9 31 12.6 39.1 7.710.9 69.2 41.9 23.113.3 12.5 0.0 87.512.5 40.1 0.0 16.7 0.0 49.6 33.3 0.0 0.0 20.0 33.3 0.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 16.7 0.0 10.0 7.7 10.0 37.5 0.0 0.0 11.1 16.7 0.0 92.3 11.1 33.3 0.0 0.0 77.8 33.3 50.0 40.8 16.7 20.0 0.0 42.3 16.7 20.0 49.4 56.7 10.0 46.9 45 50 50 10.810.9 68.1 0.0 47.2 92.0 11.7 64.3 4.0 0.0 2.4 16.9 4.0 4.8 0.0 30.5 0.0 34.0 16.0 21.7 0.0 4.8 80.0 68.8 4.0 4.8 42.9 30 45.9 33.8 10.8 36.8 0.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 33.3 83.3 83.3 0.0 0.0 66.7 33.3 40 40 Size ofof Age <25 Average Average (Number) the Group the Group Rasulvada Kanpur (C) Total Sanchi Thrift Range Maitha Bongaigaon (NE)Total 11.3 Total Aubedulla Salepur Sadar (E) Cuttack Total Sidli Tapatari Daund Sirur Pune (W)Total Kumta Ankola Kannada (S) Uttar Total 11.2 Rayavaram Kajulure Total Raisen (C)Total 9.3 Total East Godavari (S) Total ARP BlocksTotal Blocks Non-ARP Total 11.3 ARP Districts
76 Earlier Now Average Average Rate Reduced Maintained 0.0 22.2 77.8 3.7 3.2 0.0 11.8 88.2 3.7 3.3 2.4 13.2 84.4 2.5 2.3 0.0 9.1 90.9 3.2 2.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.5 2.5 0.0 16.7 83.3 4.7 4.5 4.8 9.5 85.7 2.5 2.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.6 2.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.9 1.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.8 1.8 0.00.0 25.0 50.0 75.0 50.0 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.9 0.0 25.0 75.0 2.3 2.0 0.0 40.0 60.0 2.2 2.1 0.0 37.5 62.5 1.9 1.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 28.6 71.4 1.9 1.6 0.0 17.0 83.0 2.5 2.2 8.3 16.7 75.0 3.4 2.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.4 2.4 Rate Rate Interest Interest Interest Increased the Interest the InterestSame the of Rate of Rate Known More Not than 5% 3-5% Table 4.6 Interest Rate Per Month : Now : Month Per Rate Interest 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Known 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 66.7 2.7 2.0 More Not <2% 2% Lending Rate of Interest Within the Groups (Percent SHGs) than 5%
3-5% 0.0 80.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 60.0 20.0 0.0 Interest Rate Per Month : Earlier 33.3 66.7 40.0 50.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 40.0 50.0 0.0 10.0 66.6 26.9 2.1 4.5 27.6 48.2 17.1 2.1 5.0 50.0 35.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 50.0 35.0 0.0 15.0 38.5 53.8 0.0 7.7 0.0 53.8 38.5 0.0 7.7 63.6 27.3 9.1 0.0 0.0 63.6 27.3 9.1 0.0 43.8 43.8 12.5 0.0 0.0 50.0 37.5 12.5 0.0 50.0 35.7 0.0 14.3 0.0 50.0 35.7 0.0 14.3 66.7 33.3 0.0 0.0 16.7 50.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 75.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 92.3 7.775.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 70.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 70.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 78.6 0.0 0.0 21.4 42.9 28.6 0.0 0.0 28.6 84.2 0.0 0.0 15.8 31.6 47.4 0.0 0.0 21.1 71.3 20.9 1.3 6.5 26.7 43.6 20.9 1.3 7.6 61.9 32.9 2.9 2.4 28.6 52.9 13.3 2.9 2.4 50.0 33.3 0.0 16.7 0.0 50.0 33.3 0.0 16.7 <=2% 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.3 100.0 72.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.9 1.9 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Raisen (C) Total Salepur Sadar Total Cuttack (E) Cuttack Total Sidli Tapatari Daund Total Bongaigaon (NE) Total Sirur Maitha Rasulvada Total Total Kanpur (C) Total Sanchi Aubedulla Kumta Total Pune (W) Total Ankola Total Uttar Kannada (S) Uttar Total Rayavaram Kajulure Total East Godavari (S) Total Total ARP ARP Blocks Total Total Non-ARP Blocks Non-ARP Total ARP Districts and Blocks
77 Table 4.7 Records of the Groups (Percent)
ARP Districts Individual Loan & Deposit Minutes & and Blocks Passbook Ledger Attendance Book
Maitha 100.0 100.0 100.0 Rasulvada 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total Kanpur (C) 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sanchi 35.7 64.3 85.7 Aubedulla 16.7 66.7 83.3 Total Raisen (C) 30.0 65.0 85.0 Salepur 40.0 100.0 100.0 Sadar 33.3 66.7 66.7 Total Cuttack (E) 38.5 92.3 92.3 Sidli 81.8 100.0 100.0 Tapatari 50.0 100.0 100.0 Total Bongaigaon (NE) 70.6 100.0 100.0 Daund 77.8 100.0 100.0 Sirur 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total Pune (W) 85.7 100.0 100.0 Kumta 100.0 100.0 100.0 Ankola 100.0 75.0 100.0 Total Uttar Kannada (S) 100.0 90.0 100.0 Rayavaram 90.0 95.0 95.0 Kajulure 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total East Godavari (S) 92.0 96.0 96.0 Total ARP Blocks 75.0 94.2 97.2 Total Non-ARP Blocks 71.4 86.9 92.9 Total 73.2 90.5 95.1
78 83.2 Meetings(%) (%) 92.1 Three Three the FirstLast the Attendance Attendance Minutes in Percent of Month Average Held per Meetings Meetings Number of Meetings Percent of 2.0 67.5 1.3 86.2 Average per Month Number of Table 4.8 20.0 2.4 36.4 0.99 88.9 100.0 100.0 Weekly Meetings and Attendance Meetings and 0.0 66.7 3.0 51.7 1.56 100.0 100.0 100.0 Fortnightly 92.3 7.7 0.0 1.1 87.9 0.83 85.2 91.1 68.5 Meetings Meetings Meetings 39.134.5 46.234.7 27.341.9 23.5 30.842.3 100.040.1 0.063.8 23.1 100.049.6 5.9 72.7 0.066.8 0.0 0.0 70.6 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.0 3.2 33.3 50.0 72.3 0.0 3.2 40.0 66.7 20.0 63.6 1.0 50.0 1.38 60.0 68.3 1.0 0.0 2.07 89.2 3.3 70.4 3.0 2.05 90.9 100.0 3.2 0.99 90.2 1.2 81.8 97.6 99.1 0.97 86.1 100.0 98.5 3.03 37.5 2.46 93.4 100.0 2.74 100.0 89.1 0.47 86.2 87.2 72.6 87.3 91.8 68.4 91.3 93.8 72.4 - 80.8 81.3 - 87.5 57.5 - - 48.146.347.6 63.6 40.0 56.333.8 36.4 60.0 88.2 43.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 1.4 1.6 0.0 1.4 69.2 28.0 58.1 1.1 0.92 0.31 0.73 73.268.1 97.543.5 100.047.2 97.8 0.85 64.0 100.0 59.0 100.0 37.9 67.6 100.0 32.0 19.6 95.0 33.1 95.0 4.0 77.3 21.3 95.0 29.0 1.4 59.2 1.8 2.2 37.1 74.2 60.9 0.58 1.4 1.3 75.9 87.4 85.0 85.6 93.0 91.0 67.5 79.4 87.6 45.4 48.4 26.4 25.2 Average Monthly (Months) Meetings the Group Expected Total Cuttack (E) Cuttack Total Sidli Tapatari Bongaigaon (NE) Total Daund Sirur Pune (W) Total Kumta Ankola 35.1 Kannada (S) Uttar Total Rayavaram 16.7Kajulure 42.8 16.7 100.0 66.7 73.2 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 79.0 80.0 1.0 2.02 93.9 93.2 0.94 100.0 85.1 99.0 100.0 93.2 Maitha Rasulvada Kanpur (C) Total SanchiAubedulla Raisen (C) Total SalepurSadar 36.8 32 41.1 75.0 32.6 50.0 25.0 33.3 40.0 0.0 East Godavari (S) Total 10.0 ARP Blocks Total 1.3 Blocks Non-ARP Total 1.7 55.5 81.3 0.89 1.34 55.1 62.1 46.2 99.0 38.5 88.0 and Blocksof Age ARP Districts Total
79 Number Average Member per Annum ter of Loan Jan- per 2004 Loans Number Expected Jan-2004 without of Loans Af Record Groups Number of 100.0 90.0 202 41 0.2 100.0 83.3 75 10 0.1 less than 14.2 54.7 18.1 130.6 54.1 0.5 Times) 70-90% 90% (Number 70% Thrift Thrift Thrift Rate of Rate of Rate of (Number of of Times) more than Groups with Groups with Groups with Table 4.9 14.6 31.1 49.478.8 0.023.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 100.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 20.0 100.0 41 114 0.0 102 8 49 0.9 0.2 6 0.1 85.387.6 30.0 38.5 0.098.3 7.7 70.0 25.0 53.8 0.0 37.5 0.0 130 37.5 164 59 0.0 79 0.5 110 0.5 6 0.1 79.690.582.3 45.5 20.0 37.5 18.2 60.0 31.3 36.4 20.0 31.3 0.0 20.0 6.3 129 54 183 85 50 135 0.7 0.9 0.7 Thrift 173.4144.0 5.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 95.0 96.0 25.0 20.0 220 269 17 23 0.1 0.1 107.9 66.7 16.7 16.7 0.0 73 94 1.3 104.7143.4 66.7142.7143.0 45.5 33.3 50.0102.4 47.1100.3 27.3 16.7 0.0 0.0 23.5 15.4 27.3 33.3 0.0 80.0 29.4 53.8 9.1 0.0 34 20.0 5.9 30.8 125 20 67 0.0 192 87 0.0 78 165 0.6 75 185 0.7 1.2 0.9 11 5 0.1 0.1 Amount Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of Realization Collection Collection Collection Thrift Since (Rs) Thrift 1400 2.3 0.0 0.0 66333 13993 Amount 146598 156543 Collected (Rs) Thrift 80634 18530 33193 34747 18200 168626 47020 42550 245110 208962 270293332593 212931 576660 413227 595190 278303129708 243709 185997 247908186121 354623 186757 182967 372878 191195 374162 171826 1400 - 0.0 0.0 Expected Collected Internal Dynamism with Regard to Financial Transaction Amount to 134373.33 135919.67 (Number) Collection be 51.7 100.0 81.3 76.3 79.0 80.3 1 67.5 59.0 138907.8 138468.4 92.5 25.3 20.7 54.0 20.0 93.5 39.7 0.5 86.137.5 51.2 37.1 37.9 74.260.9 31.6 63.2 54.8 183539.1 202168.1 94276.4 74768.7 1 73.6 19.5 27.1 53.3 21.9 56.4 25.3 0.5 81.8 15.7 72.363.6 77.8 68.3 83.5 89.2 82.4 90.9 76.6 90.2 77.7 88.9 73.2 1.0 28.058.187.9 90.2 81.5 0.8 190273.5 112068.33 - - 0.0 0.0 100.0 92.9 127 31 0.2 69.2 78.4 143253.5 1 93.9 79.5 36.4 16.9 55.5 1.4 59757.67 Meetings Thrift Percent of Percent of Total Uttar Kannada (S) Uttar Total Rayavaram Kajulure East Godavari (S) Total ARP Blocks Total Blocks Non-ARP Total Ankola Salepur Sadar (E) Cuttack Total Sidli Tapatari Bongaigaon (NE) Total Daund Sirur Pune (W) Total Kumta and Blocks Raisen (C) Total Rasulvada Kanpur (C) Total Sanchi Aubedulla ARP Districts Maitha Total
80 Table 4.10 Banking Habits
ARP Districts Number of Number of Number of Bank and Blocks Deposits per Month Withdrawals per Month Transactions per Month
Maitha - - - Rasulvada - - - Total Kanpur (C) - - - Sanchi 0.19 0.18 0.38 Aubedulla 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total Raisen (C) 0.12 0.11 0.24 Salepur 0.25 0.13 0.39 Sadar 0.36 0.23 0.58 Total Cuttack (E) 0.27 0.15 0.42 Sidli 0.90 0.22 1.12 Tapatari 0.65 0.15 0.80 Total Bongaigaon (NE) 0.83 0.20 1.03 Daund 0.31 0.14 0.45 Sirur 0.41 0.22 0.63 Total Pune (W) 0.35 0.18 0.53 Kumta 0.55 0.31 0.86 Ankola 0.34 0.19 0.53 Total Uttar Kannada (S) 0.44 0.25 0.69 Rayavaram 0.19 0.05 0.25 Kajulure 0.19 0.02 0.22 Total East Godavari (S) 0.19 0.05 0.24 Total ARP Blocks 0.40 0.17 0.57 Total Non-ARP Blocks 0.33 0.13 0.46 Total 0.36 0.15 0.52
81 Stable Groups oups Stable Uncertain Seemingly Untested ------Groups Groups Gr Demoralized ------Groups Groups Groups Deficient Deficient Enterprise Perspective Table 4.11 Table Dead Duping Dormat Irregular 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.7 33.3 66.7 33.3 0.0 33.3 33.3 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 Classification of Groups According to the Degree of Continuity Classification of Groups Default Thrift of Thrift of of of of of of of of of of of 83.3 16.7 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 33.3 38.540.0 61.5 60.037.5 15.425.0 0.0 23.1 62.5 75.0 10.030.8 12.5 23.1 37.5 12.5 69.2 50.0 15.4 0.0 23.1 37.5 60.0 15.4 7.7 37.5 62.5 0.0 30.8 62.5 38.5 0.0 0.0 12.5 53.8 0.0 0.0 15.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 23.1 30.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 10.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 7.7 23.1 63.6 36.4 18.2 0.0 18.2 27.3 0.0 0.0 9.1 18.2 0.0 45.5 0.0 75.0 25.0 12.5 0.0 12.5 18.8 0.0 0.0 6.3 18.8 12.5 37.5 6.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 20.0 20.0 Groups Groups Groups Groups Groups Groups Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 0.0 100.0 0.0 20.0 80.0 20.0 30.0 30.0 20.0 20.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 66.7 33.3 16.7 16.7 66.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 16.7 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.0 0.0 40.0 60.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 50.020.0 0.0 100.0 50.024.023.8 0.0 50.0 47.429.4 45.9 18.8 0.0 52.6 54.2 54.1 0.0 100.0 21.1 45.8 18.0 100.0 0.0 31.3 12.5 6.6 0.0 25.0 8.3 31.6 29.5 12.5 26.3 25.0 0.0 32.8 10.5 37.5 12.5 8.2 0.0 15.8 4.2 0.0 0.0 11.5 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 3.3 12.5 5.3 0.0 4.2 13.1 31.3 10.5 12.5 14.8 31.6 20.8 14.8 16.7 25.4 48.2 51.8 16.5 7.1 28.2 34.1 7.1 9.4 1.2 3.5 12.9 16.5 15.3 40.0 33.3 100.0 - - - - - 100.0 - - - - - 100.0 - - - - - without Up-to-date Record Groups of Adequate Percent of Ankola Total Uttar Kannada (S)20.0Rayavaram 62.5Kajulure East Godavari (S) Total 37.5 ARP Blocks Total Blocks Non-ARP Total 12.5 0.0 25.0 25.0 0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 37.5 0.0 25.0 Total Cuttack (E) Cuttack Total Sidli Tapatari 0.0 Bongaigaon (NE)Total 5.9 Daund Sirur Pune (W)Total Kumta 0.0 Sadar Salepur Total Raisen (C) Total Aubedulla and Blocks Rasulvada ARP Districts Maitha Kanpur (C)Total Sanchi 0.0 Total
82 Table 4.12 SHGs Formed and Nurtured by Individual Facilitators (Percent of Persons)
ARP Blocks Upto 20 21-40 41-60 More than Average Number Number of Visits to SHGs SHGs SHGs 60 SHGs of SHGs per Person* each SHG in a Month*
Maitha 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 37.5 1.1 Sanchi 33.3 66.7 0.0 0.0 27.7 0.6 Arrah 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 0.5 Salepur 33.3 66.7 0.0 0.0 19.5 1.5 Sidli 0.0 75.0 0.0 25.0 46.5 - Rayavaram 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 59.5 2.8 Total 27.8 51.4 8.3 12.5 32.8 1.3
Note : * Number
Table 4.13 Training to Facilitators for Forming and Nurturing SHGs ( Percent of Persons)
ARP Blocks No Training Upto 3 days of More than 3 days Average Number of Training of Training Training Days per Person*
Maitha 0.0 50.0 50.0 4.0 Sanchi 33.3 66.7 0.0 1.3 Arrah 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salepur 87.5 12.5 0.0 0.3 Sidli 0.0 75.0 25.0 3.0 Rayavaram 0.0 50.0 50.0 2.7 Total 36.8 42.4 20.8 1.9
Note : * Number
83 Restarting Known 16.3 51.2 9.3 Grading Not Bank Repayment Matters 16.9 47.5 0 5.1 23.7 0 Activity Economic Banking 70.2 0 5.3 43.9 0 29.8 0 Record Table 4.14 Monitoring Internal SHG Recovery 22.2 27.8 22.2 0 0 48.1 0 0 0 0 Solving Nature of Interaction with SHGs by Facilitators (Percent Persons) tal Problem Thrift SHGs (Number) Responses 1.3 298 1.3 10.6 12.1 16.2 64.8 10.6 34.7 18.2 8.0 27.4 5.9 Visits to each SHG With Regard in a Month to Different ArrahSalepurSidliRayavaram 0.5 1.5 2.8 - 6 79 54 1.3 57 0 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.1 1.8 24.1 0 100 2.5 0 38 0 0 1.3 2.5 0 5.1 0 2.5 0 0 Maitha 1.1 59 0 0 6.8 0 0 Sanchi 0.6 43 0 7 0 2.3 2.3 0 9.3 ARP Blocksof Number To Total
84 Chapter 5 Feedback Mechanism
5.1 Introduction For smooth and effective implementation of SGSY different fora have been created at different levels : (i) Block Level SGSY Committee (BLSC); (ii) District Level SGSY Committee (DLSC); (iii) State Level SGSY Committee (SLSC); and (iv) Central Level Coordination Committee (CLCC). Both, bankers and government officials are the members of these fora and jointly implement the scheme.
The process of functioning : (i) implementation, (ii) monitoring, and (iii) problem solving, have been examined by obtaining feedback from :
A. Coordinating and Controlling functionaries like :
(a) Project Director (PD),
(b) Lead District Managers (LDMs),
(c) Block Development Officers (BDO), and
(d) District Development Managers (DDM).
B. Implementing functionaries like :
(a) Branch Managers (BM), and
(b) Grassroot workers, viz. Village Level Workers (VLW), Anganwadi workers and NGOs.
Whereas PD and BDO are controlling officers from government, LDM and DDM are coordinating officers from banks and NABARD. All the functionaries in all the nine blocks, however, could not be contacted. Wherever possible, line department officials too were contacted. Some of the officials were not available in the headquarter during the visit of research team; and some of the old officials who were involved with ARP had been transferred.
5.2 Coordinating and Controlling Officers (CCO) Three of the four categories of officers except DDM (NABARD) meet different implementing functionaries like government workers, NGOs and Branch Managers on a regular basis. DDM meets them occasionally; they however take part in forum meetings regularly and interact with the implementing agencies regularly.
5.2.1 Interactions with Implementing Agency PDs of Arrah and Sidli meet Village Level Workers (VLWs) on the issue of SGSY once in a month and in Kumta PD meets them weekly. PD of Arrah meets NGOs monthly; on the other hand PDs of Kumta and Rayavaram meet bankers weekly and fortnightly, respectively (Table 5.1).
85 LDMs of Maitha and Kumta meet VLWs and NGOs regularly. In Rayavaram, LDM meets bankers too. BDO of Sanchi meet the VLWs weekly; in Salepur, Sidli and Kumta, BDOs meet them monthly. BDOs of Maitha, Sanchi, Salepur and Sidli meet NGOs too regularly. At Kumta and Rayavaram, BDOs meet bankers and other implementing agencies regularly.
What thus appears that in the districts of Uttar Kannada (Kumta block) and Kakinada (Rayavaram block) there is a closer interaction between government and bank.
In their meetings with the implementing agencies, the most discussed topics for PDs are functioning of the SHGs followed by bank related issues (Table 5.2). It seems to be an overview of functioning of the groups, not a very indepth inquiry as none discusses about thrift, internal lending, gradation, etc., which are the core items of functioning of SHGs. Only 17 per cent PDs ask about records of SHGs.
So far as LDMs are concerned, their main concern is repayment followed by target achievement and other bank related issues like credit linkage. Very few seek clarification on thrift, functioning of the group, internal lending and maintenance of records. Fifty-six per cent of BDOs enquire about functioning of the group, and 44 per cent, although not a big percentage, do enquire about thrift activity. The next important topic of discussion is related to gradation. Very few enquire about internal lending; and none ask about record maintenance. Almost all the DDMs ask abut general functioning of the SHGs, not specifics like thrift, internal lending, record maintenance, etc.
5.2.2 Discussion with SHGs Except one BDO, all the officials claimed that they meet SHGs (Table 5.3). It is, however, not of any regular frequency. For PDs, general welfare issues like impact, ambition, living standard, etc. are most dominant topics (more than 50 per cent of response). Thirty-three per cent of PDs enquire about SHG specific issues like thrift, maintenance of record, and production related issues.
For LDMs, dominant topics are : functioning of the group like meeting, rotation of leadership, training needs, problems in functioning, etc. (85.7%), repayment (57.1%) and record maintenance (57.1%). Other topics they discuss are : thrift and relationship with banks (42.9%), internal lending (28.6%) and relationship with government departments (14.29%).
For BDOs, like PDs the dominant question relates to general welfare issue (55.6%). Forty-four per cent of BDOs, however, enquire about records; 33 per cent about repayment, 22 per cent about thrift, and only 11 per cent about internal lending.
Dominant topic for DDMs too is general welfare issue (60%). Forty per cent of DDMs ask about repayment. Very few (20%) discuss about (i) thrift, (ii) record maintenance, (iii) functioning of the group, (iv) internal lending and (v) interest, the SHG issued.
5.2.3. Discussion at Coordinating Fora As mentioned earlier, DLSC and BLSC are two important fora to monitor the implementation of SGSY. According to Table 5.4 target and achievement are the most important topics, especially for PDs and BDOs. Recovery is the next important topic for all the four except PD. Infrastructural problems, training needs and functioning of SHGs are hardly discussed by them. Functioning of the groups are, however, claimed to be discussed with different agencies outside the forum meeting (see above 5.2.1). However, depth of the discussion level is not known. Even otherwise these
86 should be formally discussed at the forum meeting and also feedback received from discussion with the different agencies must be shared there.
5.3 Perception Vector The action of any individual or organization on a particular issue or activity depends upon its perception about the task. How do they visualize SGSY ? and how do they perceive the problems ?
So far as PDs are concerned, all of them consider ‘group’, i.e. SHG as the main pillar of SGSY (Table 5.5). This is followed by micro-enterprise development and empowerment. However, for none ‘thrift’, which is the core of SHG, and training, which is expected to enable the members to run their groups, equip them for empowerment, and help them in the endeavour of micro-enterprise development, figure in their perception matrix. Key (activity) and Cluster (approach), which are again fundamentals to the implementation of SGSY, do not have any place in the perception levels of PDs.
About 50 per cent of LDMs on the other hand consider Key and Cluster to be crucial ingredients of SGSY. Fifty-seven per cent, correlate SGSY with SHG, but none with ‘Training’ ‘Empowerment’, etc. Only 22 per cent of BDOs consider ‘Key’ as an important concept in SGSY. Fifty-six per cent, however, consider SHG as an important feature of SGSY. None gives, ‘Cluster’ any importance, neither ‘Thrift’ is considered as a salient feature of SGSY. For most of the DDMs, ‘Key’, ‘Cluster’ and ‘SHG’ are, however, salient features of SGSY. They also consider ‘Group Activity’ and ‘Training’ as special features of SGSY.
In totality, SHG is considered to be a salient feature by majority of the controlling officials; a few (around 30%) perceive ‘Key’ and ‘Cluster’ as crucial element of SGSY framework.
Second aspect of perception is whether the above concepts are functioning well or not. Whereas in the former query, no lead was given, in the latter, the authorities were asked to give their comments on particular aspect of SGSY scheme. Sixty-seven per cent of PDs felt that ‘Key’, ‘Cluster’ and ‘SHG’ concepts are functioning well (Table 5.6). However, ‘Key’ and ‘Cluster’ were not in their main ‘perception framework’ as seen earlier. Eighty-three per cent of PDs feel that planning process is in order, whereas the empirical data does not endorse this well. LDMs, BDOs and DDMs, however, are not very happy with the functioning of ‘planning process’. If all four categories of officials are considered together, only 37 per cent feel that ‘planning process’ is functioning well. Whereas 67 per cent think that the concept of ‘Key activity’ is functioning well, only 52 per cent feel that ‘Cluster approach’ has been given due importance. So far as ‘Key’ activity is concerned, in a few ARP blocks, only few ‘Key’ activities are indeed financed. Same is true with ‘Cluster approach’; in some blocks Cluster approach in terms of ‘neighbouring villages’ for a particular activity is being pursued. Only about 25 per cent of those officials are happy with the implementation of ‘Group activity approach’. Except in Sidli, group activity is not very popular elsewhere. It has inherent problems of (i) management, (ii) higher infrastructural cost, and (iii) maintenance of proper records.
More than 80 per cent do not find any problem with the attainment of targets : either women or SC/ ST clients; same is however not true with regard to the target of physically handicapped clients.
What is, however, revealing is that according to their own admission, about 40 per cent reported that the concept of SHGs is not working well in the context of SGSY.
87 5.4 Individual Observations of Functionaries Besides collecting structured information, personal observations too were obtained from different functionaries.
5.4.1 Government Functionaries Bank branches for one or other reasons are not inclined to finance IGA loan applications. They have not yet developed any monitoring format. They are concentrating on targets alone. Banks do not cooperate with them in achieving the target. Either the process of sanction is delayed or the disbursement is delayed, sometimes decided on one or the other pretext, or delayed inordinately. Grading of SHGs, is not done on time, do not even assign proper reasons for unsatisfactory grading of SHGs. SGSY ARP booklet for 2005-06 have not been seen by many branch managers, PD (CEO), BDO/EO. Their higher officials would like to cooperate but BMs are by and large are indifferent. Of course our officers also lack missionary zeal in pursuing the cases, monitoring, etc. No special efforts were made by LDM to register in the mind of BMs, CEO, BDO and other line departments about the importance of this document while implementing the SGSY ARP and adherence of the same. Skill development, activity/enterprise perspective, marketing, etc. are must for any raw person to persue the line of business activity. Training in SGSY is an eye-wash. No one puts heart in SGSY training. Agricultural labourers employed by landlords seem to be comfortable working on the fields of landlords than to have their own assets. Their year-round family needs are taken care of by their landlord employers. IGA given under SGSY to such people are possessed, maintained and benefits derived by landlords. SGSY is being operated in a typical IRDP way.
5.4.2 Branch Managers Repayment culture is highly politicised. Group formation is lured by subsidy. Concept of NGO and SHG is very new; NGO “means” livelihood and SHG “means” subsidy and loan of Rs 2.5 lakh; in SGSY deviation from SHG concept. Group gets frustrated when they are denied the loan on the basis of poor/unsatisfactory grading. Pressures to qualify SHGs from all quarters: BDO, NGOs, etc. start building up. Above BPL family members are listed in BPL list, thus denying SGSY benefits to the needy/ genuine beneficiaries. Such manipulations may not be significant, but done. Improper selection by government functionaries and bunching of applications. Threats/warnings, whenever brought to the notice of the superiors, they are brushed aside.
88 Security to branch staff does not exist (in Bihar, villagers threaten for sanctioning loan). There is no scope in unirrigated villages. In the absence of marketing infrastructure tomato is sold at throw-away price. No one at the senior levels hear BMs for their genuine difficulties, leave away offering workable solution/s to ease their field level difficulties. Exploitation of SGSY beneficiaries in terms of, firstly, by charging higher consultation fees by veterinary doctor; and secondly collecting a few rupees while recommending a loan case to the bank, are commonly observed. Loan is thrust upon the members. SGSY ARP booklet is not read by participating banks, government departments, NGOs, etc. These booklets do not attract any attention except the quarterly targets to be achieved. Government sponsored programmes are difficult to implement within given manpower constraint. Field monitoring of individual accounts in SGSY as exist in this block is impossible, therefore, asset creation at the first stage and necessary non-credit inputs (developmental guidance) at subsequent stages towards asset quality is yet another impossible task. Branch managers are made scape goat for any unfulfilled targets/tasks. Coordination from other agencies like BDO, PD (CEO) or any other technical departments as expected in SGSY implementation does not comfort. On the contrary, branch managers’ slight delay or delay on account of any valid reasons become an issue for discussion in the meetings (BLBC, any such meetings where SGSY issue/s are taken up). VLWs are not well equipped to manage groups. Block machinery does not perform any role after disbursement. Unless a field level functionary, exclusively responsible for government sponsored programmes, is posted in branch, SGSY may not bring the qualitative impact in its implementation.
Grassroots Workers The biggest villain in SGSY chain is the banks. Even if the proper grading is received, groups are not sanctioned IGA by banks. However, there are exceptions. A great amount of persuasion, patience and back-and-forth drill is very common. Mushrooming growth of NGOs is happening, each one pressurising banks to provide loan to SGSY SHGs. Poor quality of most of the NGOs becomes a cause of concern for banks extending SGSY loan.
89 Banks and Weekly BDO NGOs Fortnightly Village Level Monthly Monthly LDM Banks and NGOs Table 5.1 Workers Others Workers Others Village Level Monthly Monthly Monthly Bi-Monthly PD Banks and Others -Fortnightly Weekly Monthly Discussion with Different Agencies Outside Formal Forum Agencies Outside Discussion with Different NGOs Village Level Workers Monthly ARP Blocks Sriganganagar (N) Maitha (C)Sanchi (C)Arrah (E)Salepur (E)Sidli (NE) -Daund (W) MonthlyKumta (S) -Rayavaram (S) Monthly - - Weekly - - - - Weekly Monthly - - Fortnightly ------Yes - Monthly - Monthly - -
90 Table 5.2 Topics Discussed with Different Agencies (Percent of Respondents)
Topics PD LDM BDO DDM All Together
Thrift 0.00 14.29 44.44 0.00 18.52 Functioning of Group 83.33 14.29 55.56 80.00 55.56 Repayment 16.67 42.86 22.22 20.00 25.93 Gradation 0.00 0.00 33.33 0.00 11.11 Target and Achievement 0.00 28.57 22.22 0.00 14.81 Internal Lending 0.00 14.29 11.11 0.00 7.41 Subsidy 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 3.70 Marketing 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 3.70 Records 16.67 14.29 0.00 0.00 7.41 Bank Related Issues 50.00 28.57 0.00 0.00 18.52 Key Activity 16.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.70
Table 5.3 Discussion with SHGs (Percent of Respondents)
PD LDM BDO DDM All Together
Discussion With SHGs 100.00 100.00 88.89 100.00 96.30 Topics Relationship with Banks 16.67 42.86 0.00 20.00 18.52 Relationship with Government Dapartments 0.00 14.29 0.00 0.00 3.70 Repayment 16.67 57.14 33.33 40.00 37.04 Thrift 33.33 42.86 22.22 20.00 29.63 Records Maintenance 33.33 57.14 44.44 20.00 40.74 Functioning of Groups 0.00 85.71 0.00 0.00 22.22 Internal Lending 0.00 28.57 11.11 20.00 14.81 Production Activity 33.33 0.00 33.33 20.00 22.22 General Welfare Issues 50.00 0.00 55.56 60.00 40.74 Interest Rate 0.00 0.00 11.11 20.00 7.41 Visit of Facilitator 16.67 0.00 11.11 0.00 7.41
91 Table 5.4 Topics Discussed in Forum Meeting (Percent of Respondents)
Topics PD (DLSC) LDM (BLSC) BDO (BLSC) DDM (DLSC) All Together
Target and Achievement 66.67 42.86 55.56 40.00 51.85 Infrastructure 33.33 14.29 0.00 0.00 11.11 Training 33.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.41 Functioning of the Groups 16.67 14.29 11.11 20.00 14.81 Recovery 0.00 42.86 44.44 40.00 33.33 Subsidy 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.00 7.41
Table 5.5 Perception about Salient Features of SGSY (Percent of Respondents)
Features PD LDM BDO DDM All Together
Key 0.00 42.86 22.22 80.00 33.33 Group 100.00 57.14 55.56 80.00 70.37 Training 0.00 0.00 11.11 40.00 11.11 Cluster 0.00 57.14 0.00 60.00 25.93 Thrift 0.00 28.57 0.00 0.00 7.41 Group Activity 0.00 14.29 0.00 60.00 14.81 Modified IRDP 0.00 0.00 11.11 0.00 3.70 Peer Pressure 0.00 0.00 11.11 0.00 3.70 Empowerment 33.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.41 Capacity Building 16.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.70 Micro Enterprise Development 50.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.11 Marketing 16.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.70
Table 5.6 Perception about Functioning of Different Concepts of SGSY Scheme (Percent of Respondents)
Concepts/ Parameters PD LDM BDO DDM All Together
Key Activity 66.67 57.14 55.56 100.00 66.67 Cluster 66.67 42.86 44.44 60.00 51.85 SHG 66.67 57.14 66.67 60.00 62.96 Group Activity 33.33 28.57 22.22 20.00 25.93 Women's Target 83.33 85.71 88.89 60.00 81.48 SC/ST Target 100.00 71.43 100.00 40.00 81.48 Physically Handicapped Target 100.00 28.57 44.44 0.00 44.44 Planning Process 83.33 42.86 11.11 20.00 37.04
92 Chapter 6 Economic and Social Empowerment
6.1 Introduction Microfinance is increasingly identified as a powerful tool to democratize capital and provide economic and social empowerment of poor households who are outside the banking orbit, especially women. It is also emphasized that microfinance (mF) empowers women by supporting women’s economic participation and thereby promoting gender-equity and improving household well-being.1
Though financial viability and sustainability of mF programmes are questioned under various realms, cross-country experiences have shown that mF can be a strategic tool in the effective financing of microenterprises and in turn the economic empowerment of women. Microenterprises are in general small enterprises in the informal sector of the economy, characterized by less barriers to entry, highly labour-intensive, self-regulated, low skill requirements and offer flexible labour hours. Worldwide, most of the economically active women are in the informal sector of the economy, frequently as microentrepreneurs. In India, 96 per cent of the total of 89.77 million economically active women are in the informal sector compared to 64.9 per cent in Pakistan, 75 per cent in Bangladesh and Nepal, 75.43 per cent are self-employed and 27.9 per cent are unpaid family workers.2 The financial institutions were unwilling to provide financial services to poor women because of the high costs of administering small loans and the perceived lack of profitability of lending to poor.3 Women themselves were constrained in access to credit due to illiteracy, lack of security or collateral, lack of skill training and various other socio-cultural factors. Against this backdrop, the imposing question addressed in this chapter is whether SGSY, the biggest poverty- linked mF in India, could lead to socio-economic empowerment of women.
Does mF empower women from moving away from bad lemons in credit market and channelize their savings in the banking orbit? Does mF empower women in running microenterprises profitably and enhance the microentrepreneurial skills? Does mF empower women in gaining bargaining power in decision-making at intra-household level? Does mF enhance women’s capabilities and alter the stereotyped gender relations in favour of women? It is imperative to analyze these socio- economic empowerment characteristics of mF in India.
This Chapter examines economic and social empowerment characteristics of the SGSY experience of six banking zones in India. The Chapter is divided into seven sections. Apart from introduction, Section 2 deals with the conceptual issues related to mF and empowerment. Section 3 interprets data in terms of economic empowerment. Sections 4 and 5 looks into the empowerment characteristics across the banking zones at the individual level and intra-household level respectively. Section 6 deals with impact of mF on the empowerment at the societal level. Section 7 draws inferences and concludes with policy suggestions.
1. UN concept paper on "Building Inclusive Financial Sectors to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals". 2. Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre (2000), Human Development in South Asia 2000 : The Gender Question, Oxford University Press. 3. Simel Esim (1999), "An Overview of Women and Microenterprise Development" in UNIFEM (1999) : "Women's Economic Empowerment in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, UNIFEM, New York.
93 6.2 Conceptual Framework : mF and Empowerment This Chapter provides a new perspective on the economic and social empowerment of women through mF. The traditional economic theories of empowerment potential of mF focus on the access to credit and the income generated from the economic activity through microcredit facility. But, empowerment is a wider concept than access and utilization of credit; it encompasses the enhanced ability to bring about changes in women’s well-being at the intra-household, societal and national levels. Empowerment in a broader sense is the improvement in the ability of women to access the constituents of socio-economic development.
It is stated that credit is more than business; just like food, credit is human right. From this perspective, there has been a major debate between two leading paradigms to mF - the financial systems paradigm and poverty lending paradigm. The financial systems paradigm emphasizes the large scale outreach to the economically active poor. This paradigm focuses on institutional self-sufficiency. The poverty lending paradigm emphasizes on reducing poverty through credit, often provided together with complementary services such as skills training and components of literacy, health, nutrition, family planning, etc. The goal is to reach ultra poor with credit to help overcome poverty and gain empowerment. Mobilization of local savings is in general not a major component of the poverty-lending paradigm to mF, except for the mandatory savings required as a condition of receiving a loan. The poverty lending paradigm uses subsidies primarily to fund loan portfolios. In this debate, a split continues between ‘reaching the poor’ and ‘institutional sustainability’. In the literature, poverty and sustainability are considered as yin and yang of mF and they are two sides of the same coin and incomplete without the other. The empowerment characteristics are viewed from this combined perspective through a gender lens. Apart from these two paradigms, there exist feminist paradigm in which mF is promoted as a strategy for women’s socio-economic empowerment.4 Chart 1 depicts the conceptual framework, tracing the elements from alternative schools of thought of microfinance and empowerment.
6.3 Interpreting Data in Terms of Economic Empowerment mF increases women’s access to financial services. The access of women to formal financial sector could promote allocative efficiency by creating a competitive environment between formal and informal indigenous systems of credit. It is equally important to channelize loanable funds from the banking orbit to low income households through SHG. Economic empowerment broadly encompasses the aspects related to (i) women’s access to savings and microcredit; (ii) women’s capacity for income generating activity (IGA); and (iii) women’s ability to utilize loan and engage in repayment without Ponzi finance.
6.3.1 Savings mF substantially reduces the transaction costs of banks and the clients in mobilizing the savings. Women of poor households, who do not have the savings amount of a minimum threshold to put in the banks, found mF significantly a positive channel to park their savings. All the respondents except those in Sriganganagar and Arrah are supposed to be saving with the SHGs. However, Table 6.1 does not indicate 100 per cent of responses for savings with SHGs in the seven blocks (excluding Arrah and Sriganganagar). Instead, we find a good substantial response of ‘savings in
4. This discussion is drawn from S Marguerite (2002), "The Microfinance Revolution : Sustainable Finance for the Poor", World Bank, Washington. DC; and L C Mayoux, (2002), “Women's Empowerment and Microfinance”, paper presented to the Microcredit Summit +5.
94 Chart 1 Microfinance and Empowerment : Conceptual Framework
Source : Mayoux (2002). banks’. It is doubtful whether all of them have really savings accounts in banks. It may be their perception that their savings in SHG is equivalent of savings in bank. They are yet to recognize and own their own SHGs. However, what is of great concern is that a large proportion of respondents either did not respond or reported that ‘they do not save anywhere’. It is understandable for Sriganganagar and Arrah, where SHGs are not there. But elsewhere, it only indicates that SHGs are not active in mobilization of savings. It only corroborates the findings about irregular savings from the group records in Chapter 4. Inspite of this shortcoming, access to savings facility has definitely imporved as ‘Nowhere and No Response’ per cent is much higher in Sriganaganagar and Arrah.
95 The broad trend is that the savings could be mobilized more effectively to the banking sector in the regions with SHG presence than without SHG. SHG has a significant role in channeling the meagre savings of poor mF households, which is otherwise left outside the purview of banking orbit.
6.3.2 Income Generating Activity (IGA) Characteristics mF increases women’s economic activity through access to microcredit for IGA. The costing aspects of IGA across banking zones is analysed for groups with and without prior experience and training. It is revealed that groups with prior experience on economic activity performed better in microenterprises than groups without prior experience. The IGA characteristics revealed that groups with prior experience generated surplus income from their microenterprises except for Arrah and Maitha (Table 6.2). However, there are cases of deficit even in the groups with prior experience. On the other hand, the IGA characteristics revealed that the groups who entered microenterprises without prior experience generated deficits in mF activity except in Sanchi, Arrah and Sriganganagar. It is also to be noted that there were cases of surpluses in certain groups without prior experience. In cases of groups without prior experience, the IGA in trade created surplus income rather than in animal husbandry and agriculture. The hypothesis whether training could rectify this lacuna of work experience is nullified from the empirical evidence. It is revealed that even with training, the groups in Kumta, Maitha, Rayavaram and Salepur ran IGA in losses (Table 6.2). It reflects that (i) training is not very effective, and (ii) marketing channel is very important. Above interpretation however, is based from information provided from memory, not any account book. The data base is quite weak.
6.3.3 Dynamics of Rate of Interest mF programmes have been successful even with the rate of interest at or near market rates, which imply that low income households are willing to pay market rates, but access to credit in the mainstream banking orbit is their problem. Lack of access to banking channel force them to approach indigenous moneylenders who charge them exorbitantly high rates of interest. In other words, the key tenet is that poor households demand access to credit, not “cheap” credit.5 The intertemporal dynamics of rate of interest across zones - both intra-group lending rate and bank rate - are given in Table 6.3. The upper bound for the bank rates reported was 13 per cent (in an experimental block of Sanchi) as against lowest rate at 7 per cent (in a control block in Daund). But the structure of rate of interest for intra-group lending remains untidy and heterogeneous and exorbitantly high in some SHGs (in concomitant with the rates of indigenous moneylenders).
6.3.4 Evidence for Ponzi Finance Empirical literature has mixed evidence whether mF increases economic empowerment of women. Goetz and Sen Gupta (1996)6 showed in the context of rural credit programmes in Bangladesh that gauging economic empowerment in terms of how much credit is delivered to women and taking high repayment rates as the proxy to the success rate of these loans can give misleading results. More analysis is required to ascertain whether these microcredit programmes are really empowering women because experiences showed that high repayment rates of loans by women cannot be taken as a proxy of success rate of these loans in empowering women because it does not reflect whether women have made effective loan investments or whether their male relatives took control over the credit and made different investments, which further adversely affected the
5. Jonathan Morduch (2000), "The Microfinance Schism", World Development, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 617-629. 6. A M Goetz and R Sen Gupta (1996), "Who takes the Credit? Gender, Power and Control over Loan Use in Rural Credit Programs in Bangladesh", World Development, Vol. 24, No. 1.
96 position of women in mobilizing the repayment funds from resources which would otherwise be used for household consumption or savings. In this context, control over loans and repayment trigger gender-related tensions in households, especially in rural areas, rather than securing women’s ‘economic empowerment’.
A major problem with Grameen Bank models of Bangladesh is related to the repayment system. The repayment system of 50 weekly equal installments is found not practical as poor do not have stable employment and pressure for repayment drives the members to approach indigenous moneylenders, which suggest that microcredit alone cannot be a strategic tool in alleviating poverty.7 It is, therefore, pertinent to analyse whether poor avail a new debt to repay the existing debt.
The repayment related to intra-group lending characteristics of SGSY in India revealed that women engage in Ponzi finance (borrowing at high rate of interest to repay the debt) only in a minor scale in Sanchi (3 per cent) and Salepur (3 per cent) (Table 6.4). The broad trend is that women repaid the significant part of their credit by generating income from economic activity, which ranged from 88 per cent in Arrah to 100 per cent in Sriganganagar and Sidli. It may be noted that in Sanchi, average recovery rate is too low; and in Salepur about 50 per cent of groups have repayment rate of less than 25 per cent. Repayment rate otherwise is healthy in Sidli and Rayavaram only.
6.4 Interpreting Empowerment Characteristics at Individual Level mF increases awareness about the banking aspects at micro level (at SHG level) and macro level (bank-branch level). Low information levels about the group reflect a fragmented and heterogeneous group; while high information levels reflect the cohesiveness of the group.
6.4.1 mF Awareness : Information Levels about the Group The data on microfinance awareness across banking zones revealed that the clients of all groups (both members and leaders) know the name of SHG except for Sanchi and Salepur. In these regions, it is surprising to note that only 92-93 per cent of leaders knows the name of SHG (Table 6.5). Among the women clients, the awareness level is relatively lower than that of males, ranging from 79 per cent in Sanchi to 99 per cent in Sidli. Except for Salepur and Sriganganagar, literate clients with higher secondary education and clients with better landholdings have better awareness than the landless and illiterate clients or clients with only less than secondary education.
One of the crude proxies for cohesiveness of group is the awareness about the members of the group. It is revealed that the awareness about the number of members in SHG is higher among female clients than male clients except for Kumta and Sidli (Table 6.6). Among the leaders across banking zones, there is full symmetry in the information about the members in SHG; but the information level among the members of SHG is highly asymmetrical, ranging from 87 per cent in Sanchi, 89 per cent in Daund to 99 per cent in Sidli.
The determinants of participation of clients in SHG meetings differ across banking zones and it broadly depends on the geographical, demographic, socio-political and economic factors. However, the awareness about the number of meetings reflects the extent of information levels about the
7. Grameen model is based only on microcredit and not on microfinance. As the poor – in particular women – have capacity to save and their trajectory of insignificant default rates imply that microfinance can be profitable among low income households. Experience of Grameen Bank indicates that microfinance – both savings and credit – are critical for success and savings should precede credit. All existing models lack appropriate legal and financial structure. [These discussions are drawn from www.gdrc.org/icm/conceptpaper-india.html].
97 intrinsic aspects of the group formation and behaviour characteristics. It is noted that only 93 per cent of the leaders in Salepur and 91 per cent in Sidli were aware of the number of meetings held. Women clients have better levels of information about the number of meetings than male clients in these two regions. In all other regions, leaders have full information about the number of meetings (Table 6.7). Literacy levels and asset holdings do not reveal any specific effect on the awareness levels about the number of meetings; however, the general trend is that clients with better landholdings happen to be better aware than landless except in Maitha and Sanchi.
6.4.2 Awareness about Thrift and Rate of Interest The microfinance awareness about the thrift and rate of interest varied across regions, gender, asset holdings and level of education. The awareness level about the thrift amount per month is perfect among the leaders in Daund, Maitha, Kumta and Sidli; while only 80 per cent of SHG leaders were aware of the thrift amount in Rayavaram, 86 per cent in Salepur and 91 per cent in Sriganganagar (Table 6.8). Women clients have less awareness about the thrift amount in all banking zones except for Sanchi and Salepur. The poor landless clients have less awareness about thrift than clients with better asset holdings except for Kumta and Sidli. The clients with higher secondary education have comparatively more awareness about the monthly thrift than just literate clients and clients with education of less than secondary education.
The awareness level plummeted when it came to the knowledge of accumulated thrift. Except in Kumta and Rayavaram, the leaders do not have perfect knowledge about the accumulated thrift. Only 48 per cent of leaders in Daund, 88 per cent in Maitha, 64 per cent in Sanchi and 57 per cent in Sidli were aware of the accumulated thrift (Table 6.9). When compared to Salepur where only 27 per cent of leaders were aware of accumulated thrift, the picture of other regions is slightly better. Gender disaggregated analysis of Salepur groups showed that only 22 per cent of male clients are aware of thrift as compared to 24 per cent of female clients. The general trend across regions showed that illiterate and poor landless clients have less knowledge about the accumulated thrift.
The awareness level further plummeted when it came to the details of rate of interest. The awareness about rate of interest among members varied from 46 per cent in Salepur to 91 per cent in Maitha (Table 6.10). Gender disaggregated data showed that awareness level about rate of interest is lower among female clients in Sidli and Daund. However, there is no perfect information among the leaders also about the rate of interest except for Rayavaram, Kumta and Sidli. The hypothesis that higher the asset holdings and literacy levels, higher the awareness about rate of interest does not hold in cases of many regions except for Maitha and Kumta. It is all the more relevant when differential rates of interest exist in markets and poor who are in more demand of credits are more aware of rate of interest mechanisms in the mF programme.
6.4.3 Awareness About Finance Accounts The awareness data about the finance accounts at group level and individual level revealed that mF clients require more skill training in recording the finances of their IGA at group level and individual level. The broad picture is that mF clients do not know the record books maintained in the group. Among the mF clients, the awareness about the accounts book at group level ranged from 64 per cent in Sanchi to 96 per cent in Kumta (Table 6.11). The leaders have full knowledge about the group level finance records only in Salepur, Kumta and Sidli. It is interesting to note that only 10 per cent of leaders in Sanchi were aware of the groups finance record. The gender disaggregated data showed that in all regions except Salepur, women clients have less awareness about group
98 finance accounts than their male counterparts. It ranged from 32 per cent of women clients in Sanchi to 96 per cent in Kumta. The landless clients have poor knowledge about the group finance accounts except for Sanchi. Higher the literacy levels, higher the awareness about group records across regions, except for Salepur.
The awareness level about accounts at the individual level is further low among the mF clients. The leaders have full knowledge about the individual finance accounts only in Kumta. In other regions, awareness level among leaders ranged from 9 per cent in Salepur to 86 per cent in Daund. Among the members, the awareness level varied from 21 per cent in Sanchi to 97 per cent in Kumta (Table 6.12). The gender disaggregated picture showed that women clients have less information on individual accounts book in Daund, Maitha and Kumta. It is also noted that literate clients have less information about records at individual level than illiterate clients in Maitha and Sanchi. The higher the asset holdings, higher the awareness about finance accounts at individual level does not hold good for any of the banking zones, rather the trend is mixed across landclass.
6.4.4 Dynamics of Group Formation : Motivation, Objective and Participation The dynamics of group formation differ across banking zones. The mF clients who joined the group on self-interest is pretty less across banking zones, it is revealed that except for Rayavaram and Sidli, no mF client joined the group on self-motivation. It is also to be noted that even in Rayavaram and Sidli, the proportion of self-motivated mF clients are as low as 14 per cent and 18 per cent respectively (Table 6.13). In Maitha and Salepur, the SHG members and leaders motivated around half of the mF clients to join the group; while in Daund, 86 per cent of clients were motivated by SHG members. In Rayavaram, DRDA and animator motivated half of the clients to join the group; while in Sanchi, ADEO motivated 75 per cent of clients to join the group. The motivation for 50 per cent of clients for joining the groups in Sidli came from Block Development Officer.
It is often argued that motivation behind group formation may be to seize the subsidy component of the SGSY mF programme rather than genuine interest in undertaking IGA through microcredit. However, the empirical evidence showed that more than half of the clients across regions revealed that economic development is the main objective behind their group formation (Table 6.14). 40 per cent of clients in Rayavaram reported that savings is their main objective of joining the group.
The participation rate of mF clients in SHG meetings more than 90 per cent, was reported in Daund (94.31 per cent), Rayavaram (96.24 per cent) and Sidli (94.75 per cent) (Table 6.15). The rate of attendance in SHG meetings is noted lowest in Maitha (57.64); while 87 per cent participation rate was reported for both Salepur and Sanchi.
6.4.5 Mobility Characteristics mF increases women’s awareness in banking aspects and it increases mobility and skill development. It was revealed that not only leaders, but also other women clients interact with banking officials and handle banking transactions across banking zones. The visits to the bank to deposit/withdraw savings and to accompany a client for loan disbursement reflect the empowerment of the clients in dealing with banking at micro level. Mobility characteristics showed that leaders engaged in banking work of SHGs less than the members only in Maitha and Rayavaram. However, the participation of members in going to the bank for SHG work across banking zones range from 40 per cent in Daund to 95 per cent in Maitha (Table 6.16). It is also to be noted that except for Sidli (marginally low), more women clients participated in going to bank for SHG work than their male
99 counterparts, and the proportion varied from 43 per cent of women clients in Daund to 97 per cent in Maitha. The landless clients participated more than clients with asset holdings in banking trips only for Rayavaram. More literate clients participated in banking trips than illiterate clients only in Sanchi.
The mobility characteristics related to the SHG work outside village revealed that more male clients participated in going to bank than female counterparts except for Daund. It threw light to the time poverty of women to engage in outside village SHG activity due to their dual work burden in the care economy of the households as well as SHG work. However, the proportion of women participating in SHG activities outside village ranged from 43 per cent in Daund to 77 per cent in Rayavaram (Table 6.17). In the dichotomy between members and leaders, it is revealed that in all regions except for Sidli and Daund, it is leaders who were engaged in going outside village for SHG work. It is also interesting to note that no leaders in Daund engaged in going outside village for SHG work. The broad trend across regions revealed that illiterate and landless clients participated less in SHG work trips outside their villages.
6.4.6 Interaction of mF Clients The interaction of mF clients in the SHG meetings is also analysed. Though more leaders discussed their problems in SHG meetings; the members who raised their problems in the meetings ranged from 40 per cent in Daund to 86 per cent in Sidli (Table 6.18). The voice of literate clients with higher secondary education is heard more often than clients with less than secondary education. More women clients voiced their problems than the male clients only in Maitha, Sanchi and Salepur. However, the members whose problems have been solved by SHGs ranged from 40 per cent in Daund to 88 per cent in Sidli (Table 6.19).
6.5 Gender and Say : Interpreting Empowerment Characteristics at Intra-Household Level Does mF enhance women’s status in the household as decision-makers? How much ‘say’ a mF female client has in the households can vary across households in the same region and income category. It depends on the relation between household balance of power and household behaviour.8 It is noted that access to mF can improve the bargaining power of poor, in particular women, by providing an alternative to exploitative indebtedness to the indigenous moneylenders.9 At the same time, whether the access to microfinance leads to the economic empowerment of women in the intra-household decision-making process is a matter of debate.
6.5.1 Intra-Household Attitude Towards Women mF Clients : Ex-ante and Ex-post The likelihood attitude of family members towards women joining the group was analysed ex-ante (before joining the group) and ex-post (after joining the group) levels. It is interesting to note that the husbands who have favourable attitude towards women joining the group more at ex-ante rather than ex-post was only evidenced in Rayavaram and Sidli. The proportion of women clients who received favourable attitude to join mF from mother-in-laws was as low as 5 per cent in Maitha to 14 pert cent in Sanchi, Rayavaram and Sidli (Table 6.20). It is further interesting to note that the
8. Kaushik Basu (2006), “Gender and Say : A Model of Household Behaviour with Endogenously Determined Balance of Power”, The Economic Journal, 116 (511), 558-580. 9. Marguerite Berger (1989), "Giving Women Credit : The Strengths and Limitations of Credit as a Tool for Alleviating Poverty”, World Development, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 1017-1032.
100 women mF clients who received favourable attitude from husbands after joining the groups (ex- post) ranges from 5 per cent in Sidli to 91 per cent in Daund. In Sidli, the attitude of husbands towards women mF clients deteriorated significantly from 53 per cent at ex-ante level to only 5 per cent at ex-post level. They were perhaps “indifferent”.
At ex-ante level, the negative attitude of husbands towards women joining mF was reported for all regions except Daund, though it is a negligible proportion. It ranges from 1 per cent in Sidli to 4 per cent in Rayavaram and Sanchi at ex-ante levels; and the negative attitude at ex-post level ranges from 2 per cent in Salepur to 10 per cent in Rayavaram. It is also to be noted that at ex-post level, negative attitude of family members towards women mF clients is noted only for Rayavaram, Sanchi and Salepur. A negligible proportion of women clients also reported neutral attitude of the family members towards them joining the group, at ex-ante and ex-post levels.
6.5.2 Attainment of Intra-Household Support Only around a quarter of women clients across banking zones received help from husbands for SHG activity; that too in mobilizing savings and repayment of loan rather than sharing the household burden. The help received from other family members including mother-in-law and other senior members were negligible. The women clients who attained help from husbands in SHG savings ranged from 16 per cent in Sanchi to 28 per cent in Sidli. With regard to repayment of loans, the women who received help from husbands ranged from 14 per cent in Sanchi to 23 per cent in Rayavaram (Table 6.21). In operation of IGA, the help from husbands ranged from 8 per cent in Rayavaram to 15 per cent in Daund. In purchase of raw materials, it ranged from 5 per cent in Sidli to 14 per cent in Daund and Salepur; while in selling of products, it ranged from 4 per cent in Rayavaram and Sidli to 14 per cent in Daund. It is interesting to note that support of husbands in care economy to share the household work is as low as 1 per cent in Daund to 16 per cent in Sidli. The attainment of intra-household support from other senior male members and mother-in-laws are reported negligible across banking zones.
6.5.3 Intra-Household Bargaining Power in Decision-Making The broad trend across banking zones revealed that women mF clients have comparatively more power in making decisions regarding their mobility, choosing the children’s school, clothing and food; but have relatively less say in matters related to their reproductive rights, decisions regarding the marriage of their children and asset purchases.
Empirical evidence across banking zones revealed that women exercise powers in decisions related to their mobility relatively higher than any other decisions at the intra-household level. Within the intra-household bargaining power related to mobility, women exercise their powers maximum to take decisions related to going for SHG meetings; it is as high as 90 per cent in Daund and Maitha to lowest of 63 per cent in Kumta (Table 6.22). It is also interesting to note that 98 per cent of women in Maitha has say on their mobility to go to parents; in other regions also, it is relatively higher when compared to the decisions regarding other matters, especially in Daund (81 per cent), Rayavaram (63 per cent) and Sanchi (56 per cent).
The size of domain of her decisions varies from region to region. It is interesting to note that intra- household bargaining power of women is perfect in the households of Sriganganagar in Rajasthan (Table 6.23). It throws light to the reality that the women behind veils in this North Indian villages enjoy perfect bargaining power in intra-household decision-making. However, all North Indian villages do not share equal experiences. Among all the nine banking zones across country under study, the
101 women in Arrah (Bihar) are denied most of their powers in the intra-household decision-making. Only around a quarter of women mF clients in Arrah enjoyed decision-making power in their household with regard to children’s schooling, mobility, asset purchase and marriage. This ratio further deteriorates when it comes to their reproductive rights; only 17 per cent of women mF clients in Arrah enjoyed their decision-making powers related to the number of children and family planning measures.
Mapping of the structure of decision-making and the power in the household has serious policy implications; that they can influence in an important way how we design policy pertaining to poverty removal, the eradication of child labour, unemployment and social welfare (Kaushik Basu, 2006).
6.5.4 Intra-Household Violence Towards Women The empirical evidence of domestic violence towards women has been reported only by less than quarter of women mF clients in a few banking zones, especially Daund (20 per cent), Maitha (15 per cent), Rayavaram (20 per cent) and Salepur (19 per cent) (Table 6.23). No domestic violence is reported in Sriganganagar; while incidence is negligible in Kumta (1 per cent) and Sidli (4 per cent). This data needs to be examined with caution as it may suffer from self-censorship threshold that many women may not have revealed that they experienced domestic violence.
6.5.5 Intra-Household Dynamics of Counseling The empirical evidence revealed that in general women engaged in counseling role more than men across banking zones related to teaching and counseling children and giving advice to spouse. Women whose opinion sought by husband ranged from 35 per cent in Kumta to 95 per cent in Sriganganagar. The women who have given advice to their spouses varied from 7 per cent in Arrah to 70 per cent in Maitha (Table 6.24). The women who engaged in teaching children varied from zero per cent in Arrah and 10 per cent in Sriganganagar to 73 per cent in Daund. In general, illiterate and landless mF clients engaged in counseling relatively less than literate and clients with asset holdings across banking zones.
6.6 Interpreting Empowerment Characteristics at Societal Level mF increases the women’s empowerment at the community level. Empirical evidence showed that the participation of women in Gram Sabha meetings ranged from 15 per cent in Sriganganagar to 95 per cent in Sidli (Table 6.25). It is to be noted that men exercise adult franchise more than women except in Daund and Salepur. The women who exercised adult franchise varied from 94 per cent in Sanchi to 100 per cent in Arrah and Sriganganagar. The women who joined rally ranged from 15 per cent in Salepur to 83 per cent in Sidli. The participation of women in village celebration is as low as 29 per cent in Arrah when compared to men who participated (80 per cent). On the other hand, in Sanchi, only 5 per cent of men participated in village celebrations as compared to 84 per cent women.
6.7 Conclusion The empirical evidence for the link between mF and empowerment in the context of SGSY was mixed across banking zones in India. Empowerment is a wider term, it encompasses socio- economic characteristics at individual, intra-household and societal realms. It is revealed that economic empowerment in terms of access to financial services could be enhanced through mF. Women of poor households, who do not have the savings amount of a minimum threshold to put in the banks, found mF significantly a positive channel to park their savings. It could significantly and
102 substantially reduce the transaction costs of banks and clients in mobilizing the savings. However, the notion that mF could create women microentrepreneurs who are risk-takers and profit-reapers is partially negated from the experiences across banking zones in India. It is revealed that economically active women even with prior experience in the field of activity could not run mF successfully in certain regions in Arrah and Sanchi. The rectification of lack of prior experience through skill training also could not translate mF into profit-making enterprises, especially in Salepur, Kumta and Maitha. The credit repayment characteristics showed that mF clients have not engaged in Ponzi finance with indigenous moneylenders, rather a significant part of the clients repaid their credit by generating income from economic activity, which ranged from 88 per cent in Arrah to 100 per cent in Sriganganagar and Sidli.
Empirical evidence on mF awareness about the dynamics of group varied across regions. Asymmetry in information existed among members of several groups about the name, member clients and meeting schedules of the groups. The awareness level of members plummeted further when it came to the knowledge about thrift, rate of interest and finance accounts of the groups.
Mobility characteristics across all zones revealed that more women mF clients than men engaged in visits to banks for SHG work, interact with banking officials and handle the banking transactions; it ranged from 43 per cent in Daund to 97 per cent in Maitha. However, more male clients participated in the SHG activities outside village including procurement of raw materials and marketing of products. This restricted mobility threw light to the time stress of women due to their dual work burden in the care economy of the household as well as the SHG work.
Intra-household dynamics revealed that mF has only partial impact on the bargaining power of women in the patriarchal households. The size of domain of decision-making of women varied spatially. It is interesting to note that intra-household bargaining power of women is perfect in the households of Sriganganagar (Rajasthan), while the women in yet another North Indian village in Arrah (Bihar) are denied most of their powers in the intra-household decision-making. Broadly, women mF clients had comparatively more bargaining power when it comes to decisions regarding their mobility, choosing the children’s school, clothing and food; but have relatively less say in matters related to their reproductive rights, decisions regarding the marriage of their children and asset purchases.
Only around a quarter of women clients across banking zones received help from husbands for SHG activity; particularly in mobilizing savings to park in SHG and repayment of loan rather than sharing the care economy work. The help received from other family members including mother- in-laws and other senior members were negligible. Only less than quarter of women mF clients in a few banking zones reported domestic violence, however, this data needs to be examined with caution as it may suffer from self-censorship threshold that many women may not have revealed that they experienced domestic violence. Though the picture at intra-household realm looked little bleak, it is interesting to note that mF has significant impact on the social empowerment of women at the community level.
To conclude, there is no linear causal relationship between mF and empowerment, rather the relationship is subtle and much depends on the socio-economic and political environment in which the mF functions. mF per se does not translate into better gender empowerment, rather the cost- effective complementary services along with microcredit provisioning like skill upgradation through training, social networking, new technology developments, support for enhancing literacy and healthcare needs could help in achieving empowerment. mF is perhaps a movement from ‘exclusion’ to ‘inclusion’, if not empowerment per se.
103 Table 6.1 Savings Characteristics : Inter-Institutional Mobilization (Percent of mF Clients)
ARP Blocks Bank PO SHG Anyother No Where (reported) & No Response
Sriganganagar 9 19 0 0 76 Maitha 46 1 49 9 27 Sanchi 72 0 7 6 17 Arrah 55 0 1 0 46 Salepur 35 3 45 0 26 Sidli 61 3 37 1 8 Daund 66 0 12 0 23 Kumta 35 10 81 2 1 Rayavaram 51 1 37 0 10
Note : Data on ‘nowhere’ denotes only the reported cases; mostly underreported. Also, this table contains information of the savings in multiple institutions. Total need not add upto 100.
104 55.6 80.0 18.3 21.1 12.9 82.4 85.1 Having Positive 114 Activity Net Income* Total RespondentsTotal Percent of Respondents Providing Information -36 4766 19 -36 Table 6.2 2000 Financial Characteristics of IGA -137 1956 -1500 - 1572 9 -3037 3174 -1193 474 23 -7196 -10201 -10685 -8778 142 8.5 1530036667 24406 18386 - 21529 23005 21529 85 17 -16017 6684 -78 Average Annual Net Income Per Borrower (Rs) xperience Experience on Without Prior With Prior With Training All Together 151 the Sample E * Among those who provided information. * ** It was mostly group activity and yet to develop an appropriate accounting system. SalepurSidli**DaundKumta 129 - 146 99 -2020 - 4979 - 1256 2216 - - 114 - - SriganganagarMaithaSanchiArrah 89 149 150 153 ARP Respondents Total Blocks in Rayavaram Notes :
105 Table 6.3 Dynamics of Rate of Interest Across Experimental and Control Blocks : Intra-Group Rate versus Bank Rate (Band)
Intra-Group Rate Bank Rate
ARP Blocks Experimental Control Experimental Block Control Block Block Block Beginning Now Beginning Now Beginning Now
Sriganganagar Maitha 1.5% pm - 1.5% pm - 2 % pm 2 % pm Not reported Not reported 18% pa 18% pa Sanchi 2 % - 2 % - 2 % - 2 % - 9 % - 12 % pa 5 % pm 5 % pm 3 % pm 3 % pm 13 % pa Arrah No SHG Salepur 2 % - 2 % - 2 % - 3 % pm 8.5 % - 8.5 % - 5 % pm 5 % pm 3 % pm 12 % pa 11.5 % pa Sidli 2 % - 2 % - 3 % 3 % 12 % pa 9.5 % - 10 % pm 6 % pm (compound) - (compound) - 12 % pa 5 % pm 5 % pm Daund 1% - 1% - 2 % - 2 % pm 8.5 % - 7 % - 2 % pm 2 % pm 3 % pm 10% pa 12.5% pa Kumta 1.2 % - 1.2% - 2 % - 2 % pm Not reported Not reported 3 % pm 2.5 % pm 3 % pm Rayavaram 2 % pm 2% - 24% pa 24 % pa 8.5 % - 12 % pa –24 % pa 124% pa 12 % pa
Note : Band denotes the range of rate of interest : for instance 1 - 2% denotes the minimum rate of interest at 1% and maximum rate at 2%; 'pm' denotes per month; and 'pa' denotes per annum.
Table 6.4 Source of Loan Repayment – Any Evidence for Ponzi Finance (Percent of Response)
ARP Blocks IGA Another Friends/ Spouse Others Debt Relatives
Sriganganagar 100 0 0 0 0 Maitha 99 0 0 0 1 Sanchi 93 3 3 0 0 Arrah 88 0 0 0 12 Salepur 94 3 0 3 0 Sidli 100 0 0 0 0 Daund 99 0 0 1 1 Kumta 95 0 2 2 0 Rayavaram 89 0 1 1 8
106 Leader Leader Member Member Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acre Acre SHGs SHGs Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 No SHGs No SHGs Table 6.5 Table 6.6 Std 8 < Std 8 Std 8 < Std 8 Literate > Literate > Illiterate Illiterate Awareness About Number of Members in SHG (Percent Respondents) Awareness About the Name of SHG (Percent Respondents) Awareness 95 81 100 97 100 94 100 100 0 0 95 100 Female Female - 99 96 100 99 100 99 100 100 0 0 99 100 Male Male SriganganagarMaithaSanchiArrah SalepurSidli 100Daund 84Kumta 98 89 79 99 100 94 92 70 100 100 99 93 90 90 100 96Sriganganagar 95Maitha 82 88 0 98 94Sanchi -Arrah -90 84 97 No 98 Salepur - 100Sidli 98 100 79 92 95Daund 97 100 85Kumta 100 96 75 75 98 100 100 100 92 92 100 100 90 99 100 98 98 97 92 85 100 100 82 100 94 100 100 99 94 98 92 90 98 97 75 0 100 96 - 100 95 0 92 88 100 100 94 100 86 81 100 96 - 98 89 No 100 99 100 91 95 - 93 100 100 86 89 96 98 100 100 99 100 92 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 98 100 98 92 98 98 75 86 100 97 100 98 100 0 100 100 97 100 87 100 100 100 98 100 100 99 100 100 100 97 100 89 100 100 ARP Blocks Rayavaram ARP Blocks Rayavaram
107 Leader Member Leader Member 100 100 88 100 100 100 89 100 Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acre Acre SHGs SHGs Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 No SHGs No SHGs Table 6.7 Table 6.8 97 99 100 98 98 100 100 99 100 96 96 90 100 100 100 100 97 100 100 100 99 100 Std 8 < Std 8 Std 8 < Std 8 Literate > ate Literate > Illiterate Awareness About Thrift Amount Per Month (Percent of Respondents) About Thrift Awareness Awareness About Number of Meetings Held (Percent Respondents) Awareness Female Female Illiter - 92 81 89 94 96 92 100 100 - - 92 80 0 95 81 100 97 100 94 100 100 0 0 95 100 90 87 86 80 91 90 80 94 83 92 100 86 100 7091 7795 93 69 95 91 77 95 63 - - 84 91 97 72 94 94 75 90 100 88 95 98 71 100 95 50 - 91 100 72 75 92 95 86 91 100 98 96 96 100 96 98 93 100 100 85 100 96 100 8291 8499 96 85 99 91 84 100 88 0 68 91 100 82 100 92 88 94 100 79 100 0 100 82 94 93 91 92 90 84 - 96 96 90 100 92 90 84 100 90 82 - 97 100 98 84 100 100 50 90 100 100 99 97 Male Male Arrah Sidli Daund SriganganagarMaitha Sanchi Salepur Kumta No ARP Blocks Rayavaram Arrah Sidli SriganganagarMaitha Sanchi Salepur Daund Kumta No ARP Blocks Rayavaram
108 Member Leader Member Leader 40 100 62 67 60 100 55 48 Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acre Acre SHGs SHGs Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 No SHGs No SHGs Table 6.9 Table 6.10 57 67 62 80 55 74 53 60 Std 8 < Std 8 Std 8 < Std 8 Literate > Literate > Awareness About Rate of Interest (Percent Respondents) Awareness literate Awareness About Accumulated Thrift (Percent of Respondents) Accumulated Thrift About Awareness Illiterate 58 40 39 52 56 74 49 75 75 39 50 57 78 78 89 78 75 78 75 100 0 0 77 100 Female Female Il 0 72 67 78 69 82 71 100 50 0 0 71 100 88 93 92 80 96 90 82 97 92 92 100 91 94 75 90 91 - 90 81 95 78 100 100 100 87 100 3590 57 84 45 86 0 - 46 82 53 90 43 88 52 81 25 89 50 100 50 75 46 87 64 100 83 58 65 58 56 49 40 65 65 41 67 50 69 0 53 88 5922 5852 24 44 41 16 67 27 56 0 - 74 22 53 57 33 49 75 25 25 56 20 47 64 50 52 25 0 52 58 0 25 23 64 47 27 57 79 49 46 100 88 85 - 87 100 95 78 100 100 100 87 100 Male Male Sidli Daund SriganganagarMaitha Sanchi Arrah Salepur No Kumta ARP Blocks Rayavaram Arrah Sidli Daund SriganganagarMaitha Sanchi Salepur No Kumta ARP Blocks Rayavaram
109 9 ader Member Leader Member Le 80 100 86 86 100 100 90 95 Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acre Acre SHGs SHGs Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 No SHGs No SHGs Table 6.11 Table Table 6.12 89 78 100 75 80 73 75 78 57 97 100 98 97 100 100 100 97 100 86 81 86 100 88 100 91 80 Std 8 < Std 8 Std 8 < Std 8 Accounts Book at Group Level (Percent of Respondents) Accounts Literate > Literate > Illiterate Illiterate Awareness About Awareness Awareness About Accounts Book at Individual Level (Percent of Respondents) Accounts About Awareness Female Female 0 95 93 89 95 96 94 100 100 0 0 95 100 0 75 70 89 78 68 75 100 75 0 0 75 80 90 78 76 80 78 90 66 91 83 77 100 82 75 4281 3290 86 27 84 77 29 86 89 6 - 86 12 82 80 51 90 88 3 88 75 10 81 75 10 89 100 100 0 83 75 64 91 87 10 100 100 75 73 76 60 52 82 77 73 79 54 100 74 75 2220 3176 36 28 79 23 25 50 19 0 26 33 27 33 25 27 31 34 14 0 0 25 21 0 64 31 96 84 88 100 97 97 100 96 97 - 93 100 98 94 100 100 100 96 100 100 89 90 Male Male Arrah SriganganagarMaitha Sanchi Salepur Sidli No ARP Blocks Rayavaram Daund Kumta Kumta Arrah Sidli Daund SriganganagarMaitha Sanchi Salepur No ARP Blocks Rayavaram
110 Villagers/ NGO MLA Others Total Neighbours iends ADEO Relatives Fr No SHGs No SHGs Group Mahila Gramin Animator DRDA Table 6.13 Anganwadi VLW Who Influenced to JoinWho Influenced to Group (Percent of Respondents) the Leader Members Members Sarpanch SHG SHG Bank BDO ARP Blocks Self Sriganganagar Rayavaram 14 0 1 10 1 0 1 1 26 27 0 0 2 2 10 0 3 1 100 MaithaSanchiArrah Salepur 0Sidli 0Daund 1Kumta 1 0 25 31 18 1 0 0 0 2 11 0 14 40 0 0 1 86 0 0 8 0 0 0 6 0 12 0 50 20 0 0 22 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 5 3 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 100 5 0 0 0 100 0 10 0 100 0 0 5 100 0 100
111 Table 6.14 Reasons for Joining the Group (Percent of Respondents)
ARP Blocks Savings Economic Loan Development Development
Sriganganagar No SHGs Maitha 8 65 8 18 Sanchi 9 63 9 18 Arrah No SHGs Salepur 5 71 10 15 Sidli 7 76 3 15 Daund 0 78 13 8 Kumta Rayavaram 40 49 1 9
Table 6.15 Participation in SHG Meetings (Percent of Respondents)
ARP Blocks Rate of Attendance (%)
Sriganganagar No SHGs Maitha 57.64 Sanchi 87.72 Arrah No SHGs Salepur 86.66 Sidli 94.75 Daund 94.31 Kumta Rayavaram 96.24
112 - - Leader 40 66 64 40 Member Leader Member Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acre Acre SHGs SHGs Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 No SHGs No SHGs Table 6.17 Table 6.16 82 78 88 80 84 67 63 78 71 67 - 40 - - - Std 8 < Std 8 Std 8 < Std 8 Literate > ate Literate > Illiterate Participation in Going to Bank for SHG Work (Percent of Respondents) Female Female Illiter Participation in Going Outside Village for any SHG Work (Percent of Respondents) - 77 78 78 80 80 68 - 75 - - 77 80 - 83 70 22 91 89 83 75 100 - - 83 80 90 97 99 80 91 94 98 96 88 100 100 95 94 7267 848533 75 72 83 43 66 77 64 33 75 - - 89 - 72 92 75 67 78 86 75 65 - 88 88 77 40 88 75 50 - 86 100 - 79 - 50 75 63 - 70 93 83 91 100 80 56 57 40 65 71 50 70 54 77 100 60 81 67 65 57 66 75 84 63 75 88 64 5780 53 75 50 68 - 46 72 55 54 75 25 100 54 64 33 43 33 Male Male Arrah Sidli Daund SriganganagarMaitha Sanchi Salepur Kumta No ARP Blocks Rayavaram SriganganagarMaitha Sanchi No Sidli Arrah Salepur ARP Blocks Rayavaram Daund Kumta
113 - ader Member Leader Member Le Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acres Acre Acre SHGs SHGs Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 No SHGs No SHGs Table 6.19 Table 6.18 Std 8 < Std 8 Std 8 < Std 8 Literate > Literate > Illiterate Illiterate Female Female Members who Discuss their Problems in the SHG Meeting (Percent of Respondents) Members whose Problems been Solved in the SHG Meeting (Percent of Respondents) 0 77 77 78 78 80 80 68 0 - - 77 80 0 67 74 89 69 66 57 0 50 - - 67 60 80 84 88 40 83 82 89 82 79 77 100 83 81 7476 818833 79 76 84 43 77 75 68 33 69 - - 89 - 80 84 73 67 75 91 100 76 0 100 81 80 40 86 86 75 89 0 - 50 79 - 100 74 88 0 76 100 86 0 100 86 40 Male Male SriganganagarMaithaSanchiArrah SalepurSidli 85Daund 74Kumta 85 78 66 88 87 79 33 69 60 88 77 43 72 87 77 33 56 - 84 - 84 83 No - 91 95 66 75 67 84 100 87 78 0 83 100 75 80 40 77 88 - 75 100 0 95 50 - 86 0 76 100 82 81 75 0 77 69 88 - 100 71 40 - ARP Blocks Rayavaram Arrah Sidli Daund SriganganagarMaitha Sanchi Salepur No ARP Blocks Rayavaram Kumrta
114 Table 6.20 Ex-ante and Ex-post Attitude of Family Members Towards Joining the Group (Percent of Respondents)
ARP Blocks Ex-ante Ex-post Family Members Favourable Against Neutral Favourable Against Neutral
Maitha Husband ( H) 90 2 3 95 0 0 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mother in Law (MiL) 5 0 0 5 0 0 Sanchi Husband ( H) 62 4 0 64 8 2 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 11 2 0 2 2 0 Mother in Law (MiL) 14 4 4 19 4 0 Salepur Husband ( H) 41 2 15 49 2 7 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 18 1 11 20 0 11 Mother in Law (MiL) 7 0 5 8 0 4 Sidli Husband ( H) 53 1 0 5 0 0 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 29 1 0 4 0 0 Mother in Law (MiL) 14 1 1 1 0 0 Daund Husband ( H) 85 0 0 91 0 0 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 8 0 0 4 0 0 Mother in Law (MiL) 7 0 0 4 0 0 Rayavaram Husband ( H) 62 4 0 34 10 11 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 11 2 0 10 3 8 Mother in Law (MiL) 14 4 4 13 2 8
115 Table 6.21 Attained Help By Family Members for SHG Activity (Percent of Respondents)
ARP Blocks/ Savings to Repayment Household Operation Purchase of Selling of Family Members SHG of Loan Work of Income Inputs/Raw Products Generating materials Activity
Maitha Husband (H) 19 18 13 13 12 13 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 1 1 3 0 0 0 Mother in Law (MiL) 1 1 1 1 0 1 Sanchi Husband ( H) 16 14 14 12 11 10 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 2 2 2 1 2 1 Mother in Law (MiL) 4 2 2 2 2 1 Salepur Husband ( H) 21 15 13 14 14 13 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 1 0 1 1 1 0 Mother in Law (MiL) 1 1 2 1 1 1 Sidli Husband ( H) 28 17 16 9 5 4 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 1 1 4 4 4 1 Mother in Law (MiL) 1 1 1 1 2 0 Daund Husband ( H) 18 17 1 15 14 14 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 0 0 1 0 0 0 Mother in Law (MiL) 3 3 4 3 3 3 Rayavaram Husband ( H) 26 23 15 8 8 4 Other Senior Male Members (OSM) 1 1 3 1 1 4 Mother in Law (MiL) 1 0 1 1 0 0
116 Table 6.22 Gender and Say : Intra-Household Bargaining Power in Decisions (Percent of Respondents)
Aspects/ARP Blocks Sriganganagar Maitha Sanchi Arrah Salepur Sidli Daund Kumta
Daily Purchase 100 47 65 25 58 52 76 86 Admitting Son to School 100 40 56 25 40 47 57 47 Admitting Daughter to School 100 42 58 25 36 39 50 44 Purchasing Clothes 100 65 53 33 49 65 53 81 Repairing House 100 41 45 25 28 35 45 53 Purchasing Assets 100 56 45 25 36 48 41 36 Going Outside the Village 100 84 53 25 44 60 71 51 Going to Parents 100 98 56 33 35 40 81 47 Going to SHG Meeting 90 66 88 72 90 63 Buying/Selling Ornaments 100 59 55 33 44 39 0 86 Selection of Groom for Daughter 100 51 52 25 29 20 47 25 Selection of Bride for Son 100 47 50 33 21 15 29 21 Determining the Amount of Dowry 100 46 48 25 22 9 32 17 Number of Children 100 6 50 17 51 13 40 40 Family Planning Measure 100 26 55 17 67 21 40 49
117 Table 6.23 Reporting of Domestic Violence (Percent of Respondents)
ARP Blocks/ Never Often Rarely Occasionally Nature of Violence
Sriganganagar Beaten by Husband 0 0 0 0 Beaten by Mother-in-Law 0 0 0 0 Maitha Beaten by Husband 69 0 14 1 Beaten by Mother-in-Law 50 0 1 0 Sanchi Beaten by Husband 56 0 6 2 Beaten by Mother-in-Law 34 2 0 0 Arrah Beaten by Husband 0 0 8 0 Beaten by Mother-in-Law 0 0 0 0 Salepur Beaten by Husband 86 7 4 0 Beaten by Mother-in-Law 69 7 1 0 Sidli Beaten by Husband 39 3 1 0 Beaten by Mother-in-Law 31 0 0 0 Daund Beaten by Husband 70 2 15 0 Beaten by Mother-in-Law 70 0 3 0 Kumta Beaten by Husband 78 1 0 0 Beaten by Mother-in-Law 77 0 0 0 Rayavaram Beaten by Husband 58 4 14 0 Beaten by Mother-in-Law 56 1 1 0
118 eader Member L Acres Acres Acres Acre Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 Std 8 and Table 6.24 Std 8 above Below Iliterate Counseling Role (Percent of Respondents) Female Male Sriganganagar ChildrenTeaching Counselling ChildrenAdvice to SpouseGiving Opinion Sought by SpouseOpinion Sought by Family MembersMaitha 96 ChildrenTeaching Counselling ChildrenAdvice to SpouseGiving 96 96 49 97 100Opinion Sought by SpouseOpinion Sought by Family MembersSanchi 95 95 100 10 95 ChildrenTeaching 10Counselling Children 100Advice to SpouseGiving 10 13 102 98 10 98 28Opinion Sought by Spouse 7 40Opinion Sought by Family Members 100 100 100Arrah 96 70 51 23 92 60 ChildrenTeaching 2 33Counselling ChildrenAdvice to Spouse 100Giving 100 100 100 2 5 1 60 44 1Opinion Sought by Spouse 82 39 4 48 95Opinion Sought by Family MembersSalepur 43 43 100 99 44 99 53 74 21 60 50 26 ChildrenTeaching 39 27 100Counselling Children 41Advice to SpouseGiving 80 80 5 0 100 26 35 33 47 100Opinion Sought by Spouse 43 25 61 7 41 100 100 41 100 25 31 57 67 19 27 100 0 7 25 0 45 59 100 100 100 80 5 14 30 45 35 22 46 69 61 46 50 80 16 33 0 0 5 11 0 - 5 11 58 63 21 79 - 56 42 38 32 8 64 0 0 75 0 0 27 26 23 - - - - 13 0 46 62 77 0 23 36 30 75 50 36 61 25 - 0 100 100 25 100 100 100 0 0 - 1 - - 50 57 43 33 25 25 35 67 13 14 0 100 42 54 - 67 75 44 17 18 14 11 67 25 - 14 100 25 47 9 44 58 0 31 50 - 0 69 - - 3 31 - 19 - - - 45 43 - 33 59 - 24 23 23 46 - 16 42 63 43 - 10 - - - 25 50 36 50 50 75 50 - - - 0 - 100 - 50 25 75 - 50 - 50 100 - 50 - - - 45 32 61 36 - - - 64 45 - 82 64 ARP Blocks/Role Opinion Sought by Family Members 31 28 16 35 39 24 32 25 50 50 28 45
119 Member Leader Acres Acres Acres Acre Landless 0-1 1-2 2-5 >5 bove (Contd...)
Std 8 and Std 8 a Below Table 6.24 Iliterate Female Male Sidli ChildrenTeaching Counselling ChildrenAdvice to SpouseGiving Opinion Sought by SpouseOpinion Sought by Family MembersDaund 23 ChildrenTeaching Counselling ChildrenAdvice to SpouseGiving 23 23 9 7Opinion Sought by Spouse 51Opinion Sought by Family MembersKumta 44 55 52 43 50 Children 45Teaching Counselling ChildrenAdvice to SpouseGiving 45 38 68 64 18 50 32 27 32Opinion Sought by Spouse 63Opinion Sought by Family Members 52 38 47 50Rayavaram 37 26 73 74 Children 67Teaching 36 0Counselling ChildrenAdvice to Spouse 13Giving 42 13 35 50 0 63 63 31 63 31 26 23Opinion Sought by Spouse 17 63 54 41 42 75 75 47 29 60 35 13 46 13 25 38 15 42 50 36 42 23 38 39 71 12 65 - - 29 92 92 - - 7 60 30 32 18 20 30 47 100 37 60 40 46 39 38 50 38 81 73 73 25 31 30 15 36 18 25 50 50 0 25 44 44 33 19 37 11 70 13 13 13 0 37 17 100 47 38 44 83 43 16 100 33 33 67 39 30 38 14 25 31 80 16 50 22 60 60 50 43 32 0 62 29 100 57 14 29 86 100 100 14 33 0 33 33 33 62 0 47 100 40 47 68 100 68 100 100 36 81 32 100 25 25 50 75 0 50 50 0 71 95 95 71 75 25 50 75 39 13 29 59 30 0 0 0 0 40 30 20 60 40 0 0 0 0 39 83 47 39 40 40 40 20 ARP Blocks/Role Opinion Sought by Family Members - 35 30 34 29 36 25 0 0 0 34 60
120 Table 6.25 Community Level Participation (Percent of Respondents)
ARP Blocks Gender Village Gram Sabha Casting Joined Celebration Meetings Vote Rally
Sriganganagar Male 97 97 99 86 Female 75 15 100 10 Maitha Male 38 35 40 38 Female 77 42 98 36 Sanchi Male 5 2 6 2 Female 84 74 84 73 Arrah Male 80 75 100 75 Female 29 43 100 71 Salepur Male 96 85 100 67 Female 81 46 93 15 Sidli Male 93 89 89 83 Female 96 95 92 83 Daund Male 92 88 92 91 Female 75 40 93 92 Kumta Male 88 63 88 75 Female 88 50 90 74 Rayavaram Male - - - - Female 79 75 99 61
121 Chapter 7 Business Portfolio of Branches
7.1 Introduction Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) is being implemented by three types of financial institutions : (i) public sector commercial banks (PSBs), (ii) regional rural banks (RRBs), and (iii) district central cooperative banks (DCCBs). The first two are more active in all the government sponsored programmes because of their commitment to 40 per cent of priority sector credit and 10 per cent of weaker section credit portfolio. The present chapter examines the business pattern of these three institutions to analyze the financial implications of microfinance on bank branch business. The branch business information was collected from 32 branches of public sector banks, 17 branches of RRBs and 7 branches of DCCBs of nine ARP blocks.
7.2 Deposit Deposit is the most fundamental microfinance service. There is no separate deposit portfolio ledger for SGSY clients. Even theoretically any SHG while opening a deposit account cannot be classified as SGSY SHG. But most of the SGSY clients belong to SHG which is the core of SGSY programme. All SHGs, however, as mentioned above do not belong to SGSY framework as the latter entertains only below poverty line (BPL) segment of population.
Table 7.1 provides the number of SHG deposit accounts per branch. At aggregate level it is highest for commercial banks followed by RRBs and cooperative banks. Cooperative bank branches were, however, only in Daund and Kumta. Highest number of SHG deposits per branch is in the commercial banking sector of Rayavaram (235.8) followed by RRBs of Kumta (91.0) and Sidli (86.0). Considering all the three types of financial institutions, the SHG deposit per branch is highest in Rayavaram followed by Salepur. Maitha, Sidli, Daund and Kumta lie in the same range (around 40). Whereas in Maitha, Sidli and Kumta RRB is more active, in Daund public sector commercial banks and cooperative banks are more active (there is no RRB in Pune district).
Table 7.2 provides information on share of SHG deposit (amount). So far as PSBs are concerned, in none of the nine blocks, this share is more than one per cent. Largest share is in Rayavaram which is 0.92 per cent. However, in RRBs of Kumta the share of SHG deposit exceeds 2 per cent. At aggregate level, the SHG deposit constitutes 1.02 per cent of total deposit portfolio in Kumta, followed by Rayavaram, Sidli and Salepur.
Average deposit per SHG account is generally in the range of Rs. 2500-7500 except in Sidli, Daund and Kumta (Table 7.3). In Daund, it is too less. It may be due to the fact that the SHGs instead of parking the thrift amount in banks, use it for internal lending. In Sidli and Kumta, the higher deposit amount per account may be either due to higher amount of thrift mobilization or non-utilization of bank loan. In either case internal lending seems to be at lower level vis-a-vis the availability of loanable fund. The correlation between SHG deposit accounts per branch and SHG deposit amount per branch, is as expected quite high (0.91).
7.3 Credit For bankers, SGSY has two identity marks : (i) SHG, a positive feature indicating low default credit portfolio, and (ii) Government sponsored credit, a negative feature indicating a high default credit portfolio. 122 Table 7.4 indicates that share of SHG credit is less than 0.5 per cent in Sriganganagar, Arrah, Sidli and Daund. It is about 10 per cent in Maitha. Surprisingly the share is quite high in Sanchi where the SGSY-SHGs are not in good shape (Chapter 4). Average amount of credit per SHG account too is highest in Sanchi (Rs. 56,402) (Table 7.5). It is on the higher side in Salepur and Daund. Whereas in Salepur the share of SHG credit is about 3 per cent, it is less than 1 per cent in Daund. It is lowest in Sriganganagar. Correlation between share of SHG credit in the branch and SHG credit amount per account is of moderate level (0.42) indicating that share of SHG has been increased not by high value SHG credit but by large number of credits. Interestingly correlation between SHG deposit per account and SHG credit per account is negative (-0.17) although very small. Where SHGs use more internal thrift resource for internal lending (do not keep much balance in the savings account) seem to command bigger size of loan.
So far as SGSY credit is concerned maximum share of this portfolio in total credit is in Maitha and Sidli, followed by Salepur, Kumta and Sanchi (Table 7.6). This share is less in Daund and very less in Arrah and Rayavaram. Although in Arrah SGSY credit per account is too small, it is high in Rayavaram. In Daund too, it is high. Largest size of SGSY credit per account is in Salepur followed by Sanchi. Correlation between SHG credit per account and SGSY credit per account is reasonably high (0.71). It only indicates that wherever the financial institutions are comfortable with high amount of SHG credit, they are willing to disburse higher amount of SGSY credit per account too. SGSY credit per branch is highest in Sanchi followed by Sidli. It is very less in Arrah and Rayavaram. For commercial banks there is no correlation between SGSY credit per account and SGSY credit per branch (0.02). However, for RRBs there is a very high correlation (0.90), i.e., higher disbursement by branch is because of high value SGSY credit or income generating activity (IGA) credit. In the case of commercial banks, some branches may have given large number of revolving fund credits.
Share of other government sponsored credit portfolio is quite high in Sidli, Salepur and also in Maitha and Sanchi. It is least in Rayavaram. It is less in Arrah and Daund too. But whereas in Daund the credit per account is very high, in Arrah and Rayavaram it is very less. Correlation between share of SGSY credit and that of government sponsored credit is very high (0.88). Government sponsored credit per branch too is highest in Sidli followed by Salepur and Sanchi (Table 7.11). There is a high correlation between government sponsored credit per branch and SGSY credit per branch (0.75). However, correlation between SHG credit per branch and SGSY credit per branch is negative (-0.26) for commercial banks but highly positive (0.80) for RRBs. Again correlation between SHG credit per account and SGSY credit per account is weak (0.24) for commercial banks and moderately high (0.65) for RRBs. Thus, whereas in RRB SHGs and SGSY SHGs seem to be treated on par, in commercial banks this is not so.
7.4 Return and Compulsion The credit portfolio of a branch is determined by (i) net return on asset and (ii) compulsion level. Whereas return is a self-motivating factor, compulsion is a demotivating factor. Branches try to resist the compulsive forces, if the outcome does not yield adequate net return, by adopting different strategies. Net return, especially in the days of profitability, is the most important driving force for credit disbursement. Net return is a function of price, i.e. interest rate, transaction cost and credit risk. The latter two are supposed to be inversely correlated. Branches could provide information on interest (income), cost and NPA (Non-Performing Assets) at branch level, and income and NPA for only government sponsored credit portfolio at disaggregate level; a few branches could provide information on SHG and SGSY portfolios.
123 7.5 Non-Performing Asset (NPA) Level NPA, which indicates default in the loan portfolio is a very important terminology in the banking business. It not only indicates a lower realization of income affecting current profitability, but also attracts provisioning norm reducing the size of loanable fund in future and hence growth process. Proportion of NPA has been measured as gross NPA as per cent of outstanding level.
At branch level, low level of NPA has been observed in Sriganganagar, Sanchi, Arrah, Daund and Rayavaram. It is high in Maitha, Sidli, Salepur and Daund. Highest proportion of NPA is in Sidli (18.87%), mainly because of NPA level in RRB (52.42%). If comparison of NPA is made between ‘all assets’ and ‘government sponsored credit assets’ in all the blocks, the NPA in latter portfolio is much higher. For some of the blocks for which information is available per cent of NPA in SGSY asset is higher than that of ‘all assets’ together in two of the blocks and less in other two blocks.
SGSY credit per se, therefore, does not seem to have contributed much to NPA. It is the ‘government sponsored credit’ which is a bitter villain. However, it must be noted that SGSY scheme is a newer one; and it starts with revolving fund. In so many branches, the revolving fund outstanding level has been adjusted against the income generating activity (IGA) loan.
The NPA level affects the yield on return. What is observed in Tables 7.16 & 7.17 is that average yield on total branch asset is higher than the yield on government sponsored credit asset in all the blocks except Kumta and Arrah and higher than the yield on SGSY asset in all the blocks except Sriganganagar. This yield, as has been mentioned earlier is the prime force in allocating credit. SGSY credit per branch is negatively correlated (-0.43) with per cent of NPA in government sponsored credit.
Inspite the fact that there is information gap, and shortcomings in methodology (branches not selected randomly and outstanding figure of one year only has been considered for calculating yield) there is an indication that higher NPA level discourages the branch managers for disbursement of credit to SGSY. They disburse only because of non-commercial compulsive force.
124 Table7.1 Number of SHG Deposit Accounts per Branch
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 8.2 - - 8.2 Maitha 28.3 41.3 - 37.0 Sanchi 26.0 2.0 - 14.0 Arrah 0.0 5.3 - 4.0 Salepur 55.3 51.8 - 53.5 Sidli 20.7 86.0 - 37.0 Daund 45.8 - 31.0 39.9 Kumta 17.0 91.0 18.0 42.0 Rayavaram 235.8 - - 235.8
Total 48.6 46.2 24.5 52.4
Table7.2 Share of SHG Deposit Amount in Total Deposit (Percent)
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 0.06 0.06 Maitha 0.04 0.42 0.23 Sanchi 0.18 0.12 Arrah 0 0.01 0 Salepur 0.74 0.5 0.6 Sidli 0.69 0.7 0.69 Daund 0.06 0.18 0.07 Kumta 0.22 2.56 1.02 Rayavaram 0.92 0.92 Total 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.4
Table 7.3 SHG Deposit Amount (Rs) per Account
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 3590 3590 Maitha 1077 3811 3113 Sanchi 4134 4 3839 Arrah 2240 2240 Salepur 7887 7283 7594 Sidli 27714 2058 12807 Daund 1595 786 1344 Kumta 14000 13241 8686 12693 Rayavaram 5046 5046 Total 8130 4772 4736 5807
125 Table 7.4 Share of SHG Credit in Total Credit Portfolio (Percent)
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 0.05 - - 0.05 Maitha 6.99 10.99 - 9.02 Sanchi 2.73 12.7 - 6.8 Arrah 0 0.14 - 0.13 Salepur 5.6 0.9 - 2.7 Sidli 0.02 0 - 0.02 Daund 0.6 - 0.01 0.4 Kumta 0 5.4 - 2.86 Rayavaram 3.46 - - 3.46 Total 2.4 5.0 0.0 3.1
Table 7.5 Average SHG Credit (Rs) per Account
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 12375 12375 Maitha 62005 22072 29264 Sanchi 50000 44080 56402 Arrah 24250 24250 Salepur 46622 40742 45320 Sidli 21335 21335 Daund 46735 8000 46251 Kumta 32677 32677 Rayavaram 35847 35847 Total 39274 32764 8000 33747
Table 7.6 Share of SGSY Credit in Total Credit (Percent)
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions
Sriganganagar 1.33 1.33 Maitha 6.02 5.55 5.78 Sanchi 3.53 0.96 2.49 Arrah 0.01 0.06 0.06 Salepur 2.96 4.64 3.98 Sidli 4.39 13.03 5.43 Daund 0.87 0.56 0.78 Kumta 0.31 3.31 12.03 2.6 Rayavaram 0.07 0.07 Total 2.2 4.6 6.3 2.5
126 Table 7.7 Average SGSY Credit per Account (Rs)
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 13715 13715 Maitha 36266 44916 40024 Sanchi 62574 964427 66748 Arrah 1000 22000 19667 Salepur 168872 83924 98231 Sidli 74993 46001 63453 Daund 54559 163923 63758 Kumta 89000 28860 85938 36912 Rayavaram 61454 61454 Total 62493 198355 124931 51551
Table 7.8 SGSY Credit per Branch (Rs)
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 540400 - - 540400 Maitha 1511079 718667 - 982804 Sanchi 1939810 363012 - 1332918 Arrah 1000 58667 - 44250 Salepur 675490 1657509 - 1166500 Sidli 1549869 1886055 - 1633916 Daund 594091 - 245885 454809 Kumta 89000 1241000 515633 615211 Rayavaram 169000 - - 169000 Total 785527 1489566 308759 918283
Table 7.9 Share of Government Sponsored Credit (Percent)
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 4.03 4.03 Maitha 16.35 10.51 13.38 Sanchi 13.45 8.9 11.6 Arrah 25.4 2.7 3.4 Salepur 16.3 23.8 20.9 Sidli 22.5 13 21.4 Daund 3.99 0.56 2.95 Kumta 10.26 5.37 7.78 Rayavaram 0.86 0.86 Total 12.6 10.7 0.6 9.6
127 Table 7.10 Average Government Sponsored Credit per Account (Rs)
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 18402 18402 Maitha 39137 13349 23866 Sanchi 64463 64463 Arrah 13536 5816 6630 Salepur 105522 15642 21169 Sidli 85736 85736 Daund 41365 41365 Kumta 25378 6867 16162 Rayavaram 7358 7358 Total 44544 10418 31683
Table 7.11 Government Sponsored Credit per Branch
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 1640877 - - 1640877 Maitha 4107227 1361667 - 2276854 Sanchi 7386948 3375497 - 5381222 Arrah 2072000 2579333 - 2452500 Salepur 3709240 8520449 - 6114844 Sidli 7951492 1886055 - 6435133 Daund 2717536 - 245885 1728876 Kumta 2982000 2017000 515633 1838211 Rayavaram 2120790 - - 2120790 Total 3854234 3290000 380759 3332145
Table 7.12 Percent of NPA in Branch
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions
Sriganganagar 3.93 3.93 Maitha 9.5 16.43 13.02 Sanchi 3.4 5.06 4.08 Arrah 17.43 3.68 4.07 Salepur 18.4 10.4 13.52 Sidli 14.32 52.42 18.87 Daund 7.66 1.19 5.71 Kumta 5.5 15.04 10.22 Rayavaram 2.36 2.36 Total 9.2 17.2 1.2 8.4
128 Table 7.13 Percent of NPA in Government Sponsored Credit Portfolio
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 42.17 42.17 Maitha 10.4 39.4 21.9 Sanchi 16.76 4.3 12.85 Arrah 0.29 16.27 12.89 Salepur 21.69 21.13 21.3 Sidli 31.9 82.8 35.7 Daund 21.44 0.09 20.22 Kumta 24.14 2.34 13.91 Rayavaram 11.91 11.91 Total 20.1 27.7 0.1 24.4
Table 7.14 Percent of NPA in SGSY Credit Portfolio
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar - - - - Maitha - - - - Sanchi - - - - Arrah - - - - Salepur 3.92 9.92 - 8.19 Sidli 0.6 82.82 - 24.32 Daund 2.24 - - 1.76 Kumta - - - - Rayavaram 13.17 13.17 Total 5.0 46.4 - 11.9
Table 7.15 Percent of NPA in SHG Credit Portfolio
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar - - - - Maitha 0.38 0.46 - 0.43 Sanchi - 4.8 - 4.8 Arrah - - - - Salepur - - - - Sidli - - - - Daund 0.79 0.79 Kumta - - - - Rayavaram 1.19 - - 1.19 Total 0.8 2.6 - 1.8
129 Table 7.16 Yield on Total Asset (Percent)
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 8.18 8.18 Maitha 7.69 7.68 7.68 Sanchi 2.47 3 2.69 Arrah 1.79 1.74 Salepur 8.42 7.07 7.6 Sidli 11.02 6.58 10.49 Daund 9.21 5.14 7.99 Kumta 8.12 8.89 8.87 Rayavaram 10.55 10.55 Total 8.2 5.7 - 7.3
Table 7.17 Yield on Govt Sponsored Credit Asset (Percent)
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 7.52 - - 7.52 Maitha 3.58 9.23 - 5.84 Sanchi - - - Arrah 5.34 - 4.21 Salepur 0.99 2.31 - 1.91 Sidli 2.15 2.29 - 2.27 Daund 3.99 - 0.82 3.81 Kumta 16.9 6.49 1.65 11.67 Rayavaram - - - - Total 5.9 5.1 1.2 5.3
Table 7.18 Yield on SGSY Credit Asset (Percent)
ARP Blocks Commercial Regional Rural Cooperatives All Banks and Banks Banks Financial Institutions Sriganganagar 8.29 8.29 Maitha 7.15 6.5 6.83 Sanchi 3.68 0.58 Arrah Salepur 2.5 5.85 4.88 Sidli 4.76 2.15 4.01 Daund 4.22 0.82 3.48 Kumta 4.49 1.5 1.65 1.69 Rayavaram 6.51 6.51 Total 5.4 3.9 1.2 4.5
130 Chapter 8 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
8.1 Introduction The SGSY replacing the IRDP, the most important credit related development intervention in 1999, has following salient features :
(i) A few key activities in a block to be financed; project approach to be adopted;
(ii) A cluster approach for each activity to be adopted for selection of villages for financing; and technology up gradation is ensured in identified activity clusters;
(iii) Encouraging the Self Help Group (SHG) model for disbursement of credit; adopting a gradual multiple credit approach of Revolving Fund (RF) followed by Income Generating Activity (IGA) credit;
(iv) Emphasizing on women’s access to SGSY;
(v) Ensuring capacity building and skill training and promotion of marketing of the goods; and
(vi) Adopting planning approach, which is implicit.
The SGSY programme has similarity with IRDP with regard to : (a) sponsoring of clients by government institutions, and (b) providing subsidy to the borrower with the exception that (i) the SHGs as clients are to be rated by a team of officials from government, credit institutions and NGOs where available, and (ii) the subsidy component to be adjusted at the end of repayment schedule only. While the first two of the salient features are to ensure economies of scale, focused approach and market attention, the third and fourth features are recognition of efficiency of SHG model in terms of credit utilization, credit discipline and necessity of women empowerment. Fifth feature is to emphasize the importance of ‘credit plus’ approach in the credit-led development process to improve the productivity of credit and repayment level.
Lastly, planning approach ensures systematic and scientific lending; identifies the varieties of gaps; and attempts to reduce the gap optimally.
8.2 Action Research Project (ARP) Because of the inadequacies revealed by CLCC and a study on SGSY by NIBM, MORD (GOI), decided to support an ARP to be taken up by NIBM, Pune in collaboration with NIPFP, Delhi for developing a prototype for SGSY.
The ARP involves (i) orientation, (ii) planning, (iii) implementation, and (iv) monitoring for three years 2003-06 in 9 blocks in 9 districts of 9 states representing six banking regions, followed by a research study with a set of objectives (1.3).
8.3 Implementation of SGSY Plan A set of (i) review, (ii) monitoring, and (iii) plan formats were circulated for executing the SGSY plan. Implementation of the plan in each of the 9 blocks were discussed in central workshops in Pune in
131 2004 and 2005. Although all the LDMs representing nine lead banks and a good percentage of DDMs attended both the workshops, very few PDs and BDOs representing district and block level government system participated (1.4).
The centre allocates Rs 100 crores to all the states and union territories under SGSY. If poverty (head count ratio) is the criteria, whereas the eastern, central and western regions seem to be receiving lesser share, north-eastern region enjoys comparatively more share. Per cent of fund utilization has been poor in eastern, north and north-eastern regions; and achievement of credit target has been poor in all regions except north and central. It is also revealed that credit disbursement gains pace only in the last quarter of the year. 78 per cent of government fund is utilized for subsidy and revolving fund. Only 14 and 6 per cent of the fund are utilized for infrastructural development and capacity building respectively (2.2).
Credit subsidy ratio is around 2.0; it is highest in north (3.3). Per cent of SHG borrowers had been about 75 per cent. This ratio is low in north and east. Per capita credit is lesser for SHG members vis-à-vis individual borrowers. Although per cent of women assisted at aggregate level is more than 50 per cent, it varies between 35 and 88 per cent in central and southern region. The SGSY credit, in spite of the emphasis on key activities and cluster concept for fostering the development of secondary sector, is tilted towards primary sector and milch cattle within that (2.2).
Within the ARP, 7 of the 9 blocks had prepared villagewise SGSY plan. They were, however, not ready in the beginning of the financial year. Number of key activities varies between 2 to 9. Cluster approach for some of the key activities was adopted in five of the nine blocks. Only at 4 blocks, review of the previous year’s plan was made while making the current year’s plan. All the nine blocks had made plans for SHG formation; seven blocks had made explicit plans for capacity building and skill training. But only three blocks had made explicit plan for infrastructure. Kumta had made an innovative approach. Because of lack of fund, it identified private entrepreneurs to provide infrastructure facilities like rural go-downs, agri-clinics, chilling centres, etc and made finance available to them from banks (2.4).
So far as formation of SHG is concerned, the achievement exceeded the target in 4 of the blocks; but there had been substantial formation of SHGs in unplanned villages. Non-subsidised credit for the first time was disbursed in one block only. Implementation of revolving credit was well achieved in one block only. With regard to implementation of IGA credit, ‘excellent’ implementation of plan was not done in any of the blocks; ‘very good’ implementation had been made in two blocks, and ‘good’ implementation in another two blocks (2.5).
Capacity building training plan was implemented in four blocks and skill training in two blocks only. Out of the three blocks, which had made infrastructural plan for 2004-05, two had not implemented any; one had utilized the fund for infrastructural items, which were not in the plan (2.5).
At macro level recovery rate for SGSY loan is 42 per cent only ranging from 31 in east to 70 in south. It has been found to be higher for SHG compared to ‘individual’ portfolio. At block level, branchwise data reveals another dimension of repayment. In two of the blocks, SGSY credit portfolio is healthier; in three of the blocks the credit portfolio is too sick; and in two blocks, a good per cent of accounts are ‘too good’, which needs investigation (2.6).
132 8.4 Lending Environment SHG, which is an informal group of not more than 20 members, is the core of SGSY. Most important features of SHG lending are : (i) simple formalities and little amount of documentation process, (ii) collateral substitute instead of tangible collateral, and (iii) freedom to SHG to utilise the loan according to its wisdom and need (3.1).
In the SGSY framework, the loan is essentially given to an SHG for (i) IGA, (ii) creation of an asset, and (iii) generally a specific activity, which seems to violate the SHG principle. Again, at grass roots level project approach is followed, which too is against the principle of microfinance. Microcredit is expected to finance a ‘person’ not a ‘project’ (3.3).
Against the desired requirement of five credibility and contract documents, 6-10 documents have been required for SHG lending. Ironically only 5-6 documents are required for individual lending. The cost of acquiring a loan varied between Rs 83 to Rs 730 for SHG, whereas it was about Rs 250 for individual lending.
In about 41 per cent of cases, the loan amount has been given to the supplier. All these reflect traditional mode of lending, not adapting to microfinance approach (3.3). On the other hand, the grading process, which is the most important lending tool is quite weak (3.4).
Declared rate of interest varied between 8 to 14 per cent per annum. Although the entire disbursement including subsidy is considered as loan, till the full repayment of principal net of subsidy, interest is expected to be charged only on the outstanding amount net of subsidy. However, majority of the branches charged interest on the total outstanding level. In a few accounts extra interest amount, however, has been reversed (3.7).
8.5 SHGs in ARP Districts Average size of the SHGs varied between 8.6 in Sanchi to 13.3 in Kumta, whereas the SHG can have a maximum of 20 members. In 50 per cent of the 14 blocks (7 ARP and 7 control blocks), more than 80 per cent of the members are women. In 93 per cent of the blocks, more than 90 per cent of the members are Hindus. SC ST members constitute more than 45 per cent of total membership. In two of the blocks, more than 50 per cent of members are illiterate and in another two blocks, it is less than 15 per cent. In 85 per cent of the blocks, 90 per cent or more members belong to BPL category (4.2.1).
Generally, SHGs have two or less number of office bearers. In most of the blocks, a high proportion of office bearers have not been replaced even after more than 3 years. Very few infact have made any rule regarding rotation of the office bearers. Main reason for this is the extent of illiteracy and lack of leadership within a group (4.3).
As expected all the SHGs in most of the blocks would refund the entire thrift amount to any member who leaves the group. However, only in 50 per cent of the blocks, all the groups would pay back the profit (interest) amount too. Only in 36 per cent of the blocks, more than 50 per cent of groups have made rules regarding migrating members. In 64 per cent of the blocks, more than 50 per cent of groups have nomination system for claiming the due amount from the group after the death of a member. Very few proportion of SHGs consciously calculate profit and loss of the group and credit the due amount to the members account (4.4).
133 In majority of the groups, thrift rate varied between Rs 25 and 75 per month. In 30 per cent of the blocks, there had been some groups which did not have any thrift record; in 79 per cent of the blocks, there had been some groups, which did not have proper loan record. Whereas a proportion of groups increased the thrift rate, some reduced too. In 50 per cent of the blocks, the average thrift rate increased. However, in 36 per cent of the blocks, a few SHGs have stopped collecting thrift (4.5).
Majority of the groups charge rate of interest in the range of 2-5 per cent per month; very few charge more than 5 per cent. In 50 per cent of the blocks, some of the groups have reduced the rate of interest. In one block, however, 33 per cent groups increased the rate of interest (4.5).
8.6 Functioning of the SHGs In 57 per cent of the blocks, all the groups have not given individual passbooks to every member (4.6). Monthly meetings of the groups are more prevalent. Meetings are held weekly or fortnightly too. However, actual number of meetings held per month is more than one in 43 per cent of blocks only (4.6.1).
Around 20-67 per cent of groups in the different blocks are highly regular in thrift collection, but others are not. In some of the blocks, there was hardly any record. In 29 per cent of the blocks more than 50 per cent of groups have collected less than 70 per cent of expected thrift amount, which is not a healthy sign (4.6.2).
Only 21 per cent of blocks have average internal loan transaction of one or more per member per annum. It raises a question whether the bulk of groups have genuine credit demand or not (4.6.3).
SHG’s bank transaction is quite high (one per month) only in 14 per cent of the blocks (4.6.4). Although, there may be quite a few arguments for explaining this, it can be concluded that majority of the SHGs do not have high level of business relationship with banks (4.6.4).
The SHGs have been classified as ‘stable’, ‘seemingly stable’, ‘uncertain’, ‘untested’, ‘irregular’, ‘dormant’, ‘dead’ and ‘duping’ groups. So far as functioning of SHGs under the banner of SGSY is concerned 15 per cent of the groups have been found to be ‘stable’ which is the positive side of implementation of SGSY in ARP blocks; and 34 per cent are ‘duping groups’, which is the negative side of implementation (4.6.5).
8.7 Feedback Mechanism At grassroots level whereas BMs and VLWs are main implementing functionaries, PDs, LDMs and BDOs are the Coordinating and Controlling Officers (CCOs).
All these three CCOs meet the implementing functionaries on a regular basis. The PDs meet NGOs and bankers too regularly. BDOs meet VLWs either weekly or monthly; BDOs in some blocks meet bankers also regularly. LDMs meet VLWs and NGOs. In two of the blocks in southern region, there is a closer interaction between government and bank.
Most important topics for PDs are functioning of the SHGs followed by bank related issues. It seems to be an overview only, not any in-depth inquiry about SHGs. LDMs are more concerned with the repayment followed by target achievement and other bank related issues like credit linkage. Majority of BDOs enquire about functioning of the group and a good percentage do enquire about thrift mechanism. However, very few enquire about internal lending, and none about record maintenance (5.2.1). 134 All these functionaries meet SHGs too. For majority of the PDs, general welfare issues like impact, ambition, living standards, etc. are the most dominant topics; a few enquire, about SHG specific issues like thrift, maintenance of record, etc. Similar pattern has been observed for BDOs too. For majority of the LDMs important topics are functioning of the groups: meeting, rotation of leadership, training needs, etc, repayment and record maintenance, etc. A few discusses about thrift, internal lending, relationship with banks, etc. (5.2.2).
In the fora meetings of DLSC and BLSC, target and achievement are the major focus for PDs and BDOs. Issue of repayment is raised mainly by BDO, LDM and DDM. Infrastructural problems, training needs and functioning of SHGs are hardly discussed in these formal regular meetings (5.2.3).
So far as perception about SGSY is concerned, majority of the PDs consider ‘group’ i.e. SHG as the main pillar of SGSY. They emphasize micro-enterprise development and empowerment; but ‘thrift’ does not figure in their perception matrix. Key and cluster also do not get any significance from them; majority of LDMs on the other hand consider these two as crucial aspects of SGSY; a few BDOs too endorse them. Thrift is, however, not a significant feature for them. Irony is that although for none of the PDs, key and cluster are salient features of SGSY, majority are emphatic that these two concepts are functioning well; most of them feel that planning process is in order. However, empirical data does not confirm any of these. LDMs, BDOs and DDMs are, however, not very happy with the planning process at the grassroots level.
What is, however, revealing is that according to their own admission, about 40 per cent of CCOs admit that concept of SHG is not working well in the context of SGSY (5.3).
8.8 Social and Economic Empowerment The basic purpose of SGSY is the empowerment of poor, especially women: both economic and social. Microfinance, which includes SHG model, is increasingly identified as a powerful tool to democratize capital. SHG provides an avenue for (i) savings, (ii) micro credit, (iii) economic enterprise, (iv) self confidence, and (v) empowerment. Empowerment is an ability to decide and influence others to take right decision at individual, intra-household and societal realms.
It appears that SHGs are not very active in mobilisation of savings (6.3.1). So far as benefit from credit led income generating activity is concerned, a good portion of respondents either could not provide appropriate information or income not yet harvested. Among others, a large proportion does not have positive net income (6.3.2). Training has not been effective. Ponzi finance, i.e. borrowing at a high rate of interest to pay the debt, does not seem to be a general practice (6.3.4).
Asymmetry in information existed among members of several groups about the name, member clients and meeting schedules of the group. The awareness level of members plummeted further when it came to the knowledge about thrift, rate of interest and finance accounts of the group (6.4.1 - 6.4.4).
Mobility characteristics reveal that more women SHG clients than men engaged in visits to banks for SHG work, interact with banking officials and handle the banking transactions. However, more male clients participated in the SHG activities outside the village for procurement of raw materials and marketing of products (6.4.5).
135 Intra-household dynamics reveal that there has only partial impact on the bargaining power of women in the patriarchal households. Broadly, women clients have comparatively more bargaining power when it comes to decisions regarding their mobility, choosing the children’s school, clothing and food; but have relatively less say in the matters related to their reproductive rights, decisions regarding the marriage of their children and asset purchases (6.5.3).
A small segment of husbands have helped their wives in savings and repayment of loan rather than sharing the care economy work (6.5.2). Very little proportion of women reported domestic violence (6.5.4).
Though the picture at intra household realm looked little bleak, there has been significant impact on the social empowerment of women at the community level (6.6).
8.9 Branch Business As SGSY is a credit led poverty alleviation programme, the lending institutions have very important role. Success depends not only upon the nurturing process of SHGs by the VLWs and NGOs under the guidance of PDs and BDOs, but also on BMs who extend credit. Branch managers, as custodian of savings of depositors, are concerned about the health of the branches. They are guided by two forces : (i) mandatory compulsion, and (ii) business value. Generally, these two forces are opposite to each other.
Average number of SHG savings deposit account per branch varies between4 to 236 in the nine ARP blocks. Maximum share of SHG deposit in total deposit is around 1 per cent in two blocks of southern region. Average deposit amount per SHG account is generally in the range of Rs 2,000- 12,800 (7.2).
Share of SHG credit (non-SGSY) in the total credit varies between 0.02 to 9.02 per cent. Average SHG credit per account varies between Rs 12,000 to 56,000. Correlation between SHG deposit and SHG credit per account has been found to be negative. Share of SGSY credit in total credit varies between 0.06 and 5.78. Average SGSY credit per account varies between Rs 13,000 and Rs 93,000. SGSY credit per branch varies between Rs 45,000 and Rs 16.5 lakh. Whereas for commercial banks, there is no correlation between SGSY credit per account and per branch, it is very high for RRBs. RRBs may be disbursing high value IGA credit; CBs on the other hand may be disbursing large number of low value RF credit. There is negative correlation between SHG credit per branch and SGSY credit per branch for CBs, but highly positive correlation for RRBs. Again correlation between SHG credit per account and SGSY credit per account is weak for commercial banks and moderately high for RRBs. Thus, whereas in RRBs, SHGs and SGSY-SHGs seem to be treated on par, in commercial banks, this is not the case (7.3).
So far as profitability aspects are concerned, per cent of NPA is much higher for ‘government sponsored credit asset’ vis-à-vis ‘all credit assets’; yield on ‘government sponsored credit asset’ is lower than the yield on‘total credit asset’. It has been observed that SGSY credit per branch is negatively correlated with per cent of NPA in government sponsored credit. All these indicate that higher NPA level discourage the BMs for disbursement of credit to SGSY.
136 8.10 Conclusion (i) Planning and implementation of SGSY are not satisfactory.
(ii) Key and cluster approach are not working well.
(iii) Major portion of lending is tilted towards primary sector and dairy activity within that.
(iv) SHGs are weak; formation and nurturing process are not satisfactory.
(v) Subsidy seems to be a major motivation factor for SGSY-SHGs.
(vi) Recovery rate at all India level is 42 per cent only.
(vii) Accounting practice of SHGs needs to be made simple and systematic especially in eastern, central and north-eastern regions; extra effort is required in northern region for the development of SHG segment.
(viii) Majority of the Swarozgaris/SHG have not generated economic surplus from their credit led assets; skill based training seems to be weak; marketing channel has not been created.
(ix) Grassroots functionaries who are responsible for forming and nurturing the groups are not trained for this purpose.
(x) Grading process is not at all scientific; neither it is taken seriously.
(xi) Mostly target and achievement of credit, not the strength and maturity of SHGs and the non- credit issues like infrastructure, training and functioning of line departments, get discussed in the fora meetings.
(xii) Release of subsidy fund is delayed; this affects implementation schedule.
(xiii) Branches follow traditional lending methods based on tangible security rather than microfinance approach emphasizing collateral substitute, mainly because BMs do not consider them as viable client.
(xiv) Both government functionaries and branch managers find fault with each other
It may however, be noted here that a few SGSY-SHGs of Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal (MAVIM) in the districts of Parbhani and Dhule have been found to be quite successful. Functioning of MAVIM, a state sponsored organization in Maharashtra, may be studied by other state governments.
8.11 Recommendations 8.11.A SHG A1. Since SHG is in the core of SGSY model, philosophy of SHG must be respected. SHG is a slow process. Lot of time needs to be spent on formation, nurturing and mentoring of the SHGs.
A2. Investment credit for asset creation and income generation are not the main objectives behind SHGs. In SHG, credit is not supply-led but demand-led.
137 A3. SHGs must be allowed to mature first with (i) thrift collection, (ii) internal lending, (iii) record maintenance, (iv) fund management, and (v) problem solving.
A4. Target must not be ‘number of groups’ formed or ‘amount of credit disbursed’ or ‘amount of subsidy released’ but ‘number of groups matured’. Credit is expected to follow as a natural process.
8.11.B Grassroots Functionaries B1. Since emphasis is on women, it is advisable that more women are assigned the job of forming and nurturing the groups.
B2. The animators, facilitators and VLWs must be trained first.
B3. There must be enough provision for training of the animators/VLWs, etc in the training budget.
B4. They must visit each group once in a month at least for the first three years; maintain the accounts systematically and regularly, and train them.
B5. They must discuss non-financial social issues regularly in the SHG meetings, and encourage them to solve their problems.
8.11.C Corporate Office of Banks C1. For BMs to take interest in lending to poor, the corporate office should come with appropriate performance appraisal and reward policy.
C2. However, they must be guided by banking principles only; and should be fully accountable to the health of the portfolio.
C3. Bank itself should earmark financial resource for forming and nurturing groups.
C4. BMs must monitor the interest calculation.
C5. Auditors need to be properly briefed about the rule.
C6. Auditors should mention about health of different portfolios of branches in the auditor’s report.
C7. Corporate offices must standardize the documents for SHGs. Those documents only should be used for SGSY-SHGs too. Branches must be instructed accordingly.
8.11.D Local Level Management D1. A monitoring format needs to be developed through which PDs and BDOs and other block level officials can evaluate the health of SHGs (Annexure 24).
D2. Whereas an officer at Block office must monitor each SHG, BDOs must monitor village wise, and PDs blockwise.
D3. The findings about SHGs need to be thoroughly discussed in each BLSC and DLSC meetings.
D4. More emphasis needs to be given on the health and qualitative aspects of SHGs rather than target and achievement of credit.
138 D5. Besides credit, infrastructure and training issues must be given equal emphasis, if not more.
D6. Activities of veterinary doctors and other line department officials too must be discussed in each meeting.
D7. A grievance cell may be started, which would collect complaints/problems from each Swarozgari/SHG; they may be discussed in the forum meetings; and the Swarozgaris/ SHGs must be informed about the discussion/action taken, if any.
D8. DRDA should print uniform accounts book and sell them to SHGs. Some of the DRDAs have already done it. A specimen accounts record has been presented in Annexure 25.
8.11.E Networking of SHGs E1. Interactions among SHGs must be conducted at least twice in a year.
E2. Two such ‘conferences’ (get together) at block level and one at district level should be conducted every year.
E3. One or two members of each group should attend.
E4. There, however, must be well defined agenda item.
8.11.F Policy Changes F1. Credit decision must be left to the credit institutions only. Whereas government institutions must focus on developmental role, banks focuses on developing and selling appropriate financial services products.
F2. Any kind of subsidy targeted at individual level must be stopped. Instead the entire amount of central and state grant must be utilised for the development of human capital formation of poor (formation of SHG, training, get-together, etc.).
F3. The banks on the other hand must be monitored rigorously for their commitment to weaker section credit and mobilization of micro savings. This monitoring instead at corporate level, needs to be done at state level. SLBC may allocate the target to each bank in the state. GOI in consultation with RBI and IBA needs to develop a reward and punishment mechanism for achieving the weaker section credit, which includes SGSY portfolio also.
F4. ‘Key and Cluster’ approach exclusively for SGSY may be abandoned. This should be a strategy of overall district development plan, and SGSY plan, if necessary, may be dovetailed to that. Focus must be shifted to credit need and human capital formation from IGA credit and micro level subsidy.
8.12 Prototype of SGSY Till there is any policy change, there must be a re-look on the implementation process.
(i) While forming SHGs , subsidy or SGSY should not be brought into the picture at all. Thrift, inter lending, normal bank loan and empowerment must be the focus during both formation and nurturing period. Facilitators must visit and train them on regular basis. There should be networking of SHGs regularly. Initially, where there is not much development of SHG, focus must be on generation of good SHGs, not on utilization of subsidy.
139 (ii) Village level data must be regularly collected as per the Formats given in Annexures.
(iii) Planning process must be strengthened for (a) forming SHGs, (b) selecting activities considering the local skill, resources and market potential (c) providing training and infrastructural gap . Given Formats must be used for this purpose. At the same time Block maps must be used for both preparation of the plan and monitoring of the same. Villages must be systematically codified.
(iv) For strengthening SHGs, given Accounts Sheet must be used, and records regularly updated. Internal loan documents provided in the Annexure must be used by SHGs. SHGs must be graded as per the Scoring Sheet given in the annexure on a regular basis, and strategy towards them to be modified.
(v) Banks must execute a few documents only, as given in the Annexure. Loan must be disbursed to SHG only, not the supplier. No tangible collateral should be asked. Caution must be taken while calculating interest liability.
140 Appendix 1 Village Codes of Sriganganagar Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 1 ? BOI Sahuwala 26 2 ? BOI Sahuwala 27 3 ? BOI Sahuwala 28 4 ? BOI Sahuwala 29 5 ? BOI Sahuwala 30 6 ? BOI Sahuwala 31 7 ? BOI Sahuwala 32 8 ? BOI Sahuwala 33 9 5gChhoti BOI Sahuwala 34 10 5LL BOI Sahuwala 41 11 21GG BOI Sahuwala 42 12 4LL BOI Sahuwala 43 13 ? BOI Sahuwala 44 14 7AChhoti BOI Sahuwala ? 15 6GI BOI Sahuwala ? 16 6GII BOI Sahuwala ? 17 9A BOI Sahuwala ? 18 ? OBC ? 38 19 9z OBC 15Z 20 20 Sahibsinghwala OBC 15Z 23 21 18z OBC 15Z 24 22 10z OBC 15Z 25 23 3h OBC 15Z 36 24 13Z OBC 15Z ? 25 17Z OBC 15Z ? 26 19Z OBC 15Z ? 27 Kothi OBC Fatuhi 1 28 ? OBC Fatuhi 2 29 Hindumalkhot OBC Fatuhi 3 30 ? OBC Fatuhi 4 31 ? OBC Fatuhi 5 32 Madera OBC Fatuhi 6 33 ? OBC Fatuhi 7 34 Khatlabana OBC Fatuhi 8 35 Fatuhi OBC Fatuhi ? 36 27GG PSB Chunawad 35 37 13g PSB Chunawad 37 38 Chunwad PSB Chunawad 39 39 Tatarsar PSB Chunawad 40 40 10LL PSB Chunawad ? 41 2H PSB Chunawad ? 42 ? SBBJ ? 10 43 ? SBBJ ? 11 44 ? SBBJ ? 12 45 Kauni SBBJ Kallan 9 46 Mohanpur SBBJ Kallan 15 47 Kallan SBBJ Kallan 16 48 3Y SBBJ Kallan 17 49 Sadhuwali SBBJ Kallan 18 50 4Z SBBJ Kallan 19 51 11Q SBBJ Mirzewala 13 52 Mirzewala SBBJ Mirzewala 14 53 3c Chhoti SBBJ Mirzewala 21 54 Mati SBBJ Mirzewala 22 55 ? BOI Sahuwala 31
141 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 56 ? BOI Sahuwala 32 57 ? BOI Sahuwala 33 58 5gChhoti BOI Sahuwala 34 59 27GG PSB Chunawad 35 60 3h OBC 15Z 36 61 13g PSB Chunawad 37 62 ? OBC ? 38 63 Chunwad PSB Chunawad 39 64 Tatarsar PSB Chunawad 40 65 5LL BOI Sahuwala 41 66 21GG BOI Sahuwala 42 67 4LL BOI Sahuwala 43 68 ? BOI Sahuwala 44 69 13Z OBC 15Z ? 70 17Z OBC 15Z ? 71 19Z OBC 15Z ? 72 Fatuhi OBC Fatuhi ? 73 7AChhoti BOI Sahuwala ? 74 6GI BOI Sahuwala ? 75 6GII BOI Sahuwala ? 76 9A BOI Sahuwala ? 77 10LL PSB Chunawad ? 78 2H PSB Chunawad ?
142 Appendix 2 Village Codes of Maitha Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 1 Baragaon KKGB Aunaha 1 2 Udaipur Shivli KKGB Aunaha 2 3 Sighpur Shivli KKGB Aunaha 3 4 Khalakpur KKGB Aunaha 4 5 Nunari Bahadur KKGB Aunaha 5 6 Kurmi Newada KKGB Aunaha 6 7 Newada Deori KKGB Aunaha 7 8 Karom KKGB Jaitpur 8 9 Mavaiya KKGB Jaitpur 9 10 Kailayee KKGB Jaitpur 10 11 Rawatpur KKGB Jaitpur 11 12 Jaitpur Shivli KKGB Jaitpur 12 13 Bhiwan KKGB Jaitpur 13 14 Baranpur Kahin BOB Kashipur 14 15 Ramgarh BOB Kashipur 15 16 Aurangabad BOB Kashipur 16 17 Jaswantpur BOB Kashipur 17 18 Marahamtabad BOB Kashipur 18 19 Kadri BOB Kashipur 19 20 Devipur BOB Kashipur 20 21 Kashipur BOB Kashipur 21 22 Lamhara BOB Kashipur 22 23 Kari Kalwari BOB Kashipur 23 24 Kirpur Nakasia KKGB Gahlon 24 25 Bhawarpur KKGB Gahlon 25 26 Gambhirpur KKGB Gahlon 26 27 Narsooja KKGB Gahlon 27 28 Suratpurwa KKGB Gahlon 28 29 Sahasi Bharti KKGB Gahlon 29 30 Bholihindpur KKGB Gahlon 30 31 Tipu KKGB Gahlon 31 32 Gahlon KKGB Gahlon 32 33 Bhairo Shahjaha KKGB Gahlon 33 34 Anmal Nyasi KKGB Gahlon 34 35 Jugrajpur KKGB Gahlon 35 36 Sambharpur PNB Shivlip 36 37 Arasadpur PNB Shivlip 37 38 Pratapur Nala PNB Shivlip 38 39 Aungi PNB Shivlip 39 40 Hathika PNB Shivlip 40 41 Tatmau PNB Shivlip 41 42 Saraiya PNB Shivlip 42 43 Jyoti PNB Shivlip 43 44 Rampur Shivli KKGB Shivli 44 45 Hiraman Shivli KKGB Shivli 45 46 Bitiyani Shivli KKGB Shivli 46 47 Dhakan Shivli KKGB Shivli 47 48 Sidhpur KKGB Shivli 48 49 Tyorana Shivli KKGB Shivli 49 50 Pratappur Udai KKGB Bairi Sawai 50 51 Fanda KKGB Bairi Sawai 51 52 Asai KKGB Bairi Sawai 52 53 Bairisawai KKGB Bairi Sawai 53 54 Bairi Dariao KKGB Bairi Sawai 54 55 Basta KKGB Bairi Sawai 55
143 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 56 Jugrajpur Bithu KKGB Bairi Sawai 56 57 Haaridaypur KKGB Bairi Sawai 57 58 Shobhan KKGB Bairi Sawai 58 59 Marag BOB Maitha 59 60 Garab BOB Maitha 60 61 Gajjafrapur BOB Maitha 61 62 Manda BOB Maitha 62 63 Tikari BOB Maitha 63 64 Chandwalpur BOB Maitha 64 65 Sunvarsa BOB Maitha 65 66 Madarpur BOB Maitha 66 67 Lalpur Shivrajp BOB Maitha 67 68 Chattaini BOB Maitha 68 69 Baluapur BOB Maitha 69 70 Vikarampur BOB Maitha 70 71 Aliapur BOB Maitha 71 72 Behta BOB Maitha 72 73 Parsauli BOB Maitha 73 74 Bhujpura BOB Maitha 74 75 Rampur Gajra BOB Maitha 75 76 Singhpur Divni BOB Maitha 76 77 Raipalpur BOB Maitha 77 78 Aant BOB Maitha 78 79 Khalagpur BOB Maitha 79 80 Pitrapur BOB Maitha 80 81 Kakarmau KKGB Baghpur 81 82 Shapur KKGB Baghpur 82 83 Partappur Khas KKGB Baghpur 83 84 Gursadh KKGB Baghpur 84 85 Baghpur KKGB Baghpur 85 86 Dhikia KKGB Baghpur 86 87 Hirdaypur KKGB Baghpur 87 88 Naubasta KKGB Baghpur 88 89 Bhikhar KKGB Baghpur 89 90 Ranjitpur KKGB Baghpur 90 91 Rastpur KKGB Baghpur 91 92 Chakra Nihauta KKGB Baghpur 92 93 Shekhupur KKGB Baghpur 93 94 Todarpur KKGB Baghpur 94 95 Nihasta KKGB Baghpur 95 96 Fattepur Mjra KKGB Baghpur 96 97 Basausi KKGB Baghpur 97 98 Malikpur KKGB Baghpur 98 99 Baghwat KKGB Baghpur 99 100 Fattepur Mjra KKGB Baghpur 100 101 Annla KKGB Baghpur 101 102 Barakhera KKGB Baghpur 102 103 Bhaupur KKGB Baghpur 103
144 Appendix 3 Village Codes of Sanchi
Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 1 Airan CAN Sanchi 22 2 Anhori Berkhedi CAN Sanchi 9 3 Chirholi 41 CAN Sanchi 14 4 Dhaniyakhedi CAN Sanchi 157 5 Fatehpur Marmata CAN Sanchi 6 6 Firojpur CAN Sanchi 7 7 Gulgaon CAN Sanchi 19 8 Kamapar CAN Sanchi 13 9 Madha CAN Sanchi 11 10 Madwai CAN Sanchi 10 11 Murlikhedi CAN Sanchi 4 12 Narauda CAN Sanchi 28 13 Naunakhedi CAN Sanchi 12 14 Ucher CAN Sanchi 8 15 Bangawa CBI Raisen 149 16 Bidpura CBI Raisen 131 17 Dumawali CBI Raisen 151 18 Jalalpur CBI Raisen 153 19 Mana Bilaita CBI Raisen 135 20 Nimkhedakushiyari CBI Raisen 146 21 Paingawa CBI Raisen 150 22 Phulshree CBI Raisen 129 23 Raipur Ramasiya CBI Raisen 132 24 Ratanpur Khairawad CBI Raisen 152 25 Sadalatpur CBI Raisen 128 26 Sendora CBI Raisen 130 27 Aalamkheda CBI Sanchi 72 28 Baijakheda CBI Sanchi 71 29 Chaupada CBI Sanchi 17 30 Chirholi 14 CBI Sanchi 5 31 Dhaniyakhedi CBI Sanchi 18 32 Sankhedi CBI Sanchi 73 33 Tajpursur CBI Sanchi 16 34 Umariya CBI Sanchi 69 35 Jhirniya CBI Sanchi 70 36 Ambadi RRB Diwanganj 46 37 Bankhedi RRB Diwanganj 51 38 Barjorpur RRB Diwanganj 33 39 Bhawarkhedi RRB Diwanganj 89 40 Diwanganj RRB Diwanganj 54 41 Geedgad RRB Diwanganj 88 42 Jamuniya RRB Diwanganj 39 43 Kadhaiya RRB Diwanganj 155 44 Kayampur RRB Diwanganj 40 45 Kemkhedi RRB Diwanganj 50 46 Kulhadiya RRB Diwanganj 44 47 Mahwakheda RRB Diwanganj 216 48 Mushkabad RRB Diwanganj 47
145 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 49 Narkheda RRB Diwanganj 43 50 Ninod RRB Diwanganj 35 51 Sarar RRB Diwanganj 32 52 Semra RRB Diwanganj 49 53 Singrampur RRB Diwanganj 38 54 Jhirniya RRB Diwanganj 42 55 Agariya Nayapura RRB Kharbai 92 56 Agriya Chaupda RRB Kharbai 141 57 Amoda RRB Kharbai 203 58 Badauda 25 RRB Kharbai 90 59 Bagaud RRB Kharbai 93 60 Barurkhar RRB Kharbai 201 61 Bilarkho RRB Kharbai 140 62 Gopisursatkunda RRB Kharbai 138 63 Kewati RRB Kharbai 145 64 Kharwai RRB Kharbai 136 65 Meharmanga RRB Kharbai 202 66 Mendori RRB Kharbai 137 67 Naod RRB Kharbai 200 68 Pipalkhiriya RRB Kharbai 142 69 Rangpura Keshari RRB Kharbai 144 70 Ratanpur Budha RRB Kharbai 143 71 Salaira RRB Kharbai 103 72 Sehatganj RRB Kharbai 139 73 Sewasani RRB Kharbai 96 74 Sihora Imliya RRB Kharbai 134 75 Silpuri RRB Kharbai 133 76 Urden RRB Kharbai 204 77 Badauda 60 RRB Naktara 166 78 Bahediya RRB Naktara 174 79 Bamnod RRB Naktara 172 80 Bharda RRB Naktara 185 81 Bisankhedi RRB Naktara 176 82 Bussibhait RRB Naktara 213 83 Chilwaha RRB Naktara 212 84 Chowdanghoda RRB Naktara 218 85 Dabar RRB Naktara 188 86 Dhanashri RRB Naktara 173 87 Gambhiri RRB Naktara 171 88 Gudawal RRB Naktara 180 89 Gudraye RRB Naktara 217 90 Gyarsabad RRB Naktara 169 91 Hakimkhedi RRB Naktara 119 92 Hinotiya RRB Naktara 215 93 Kamaka RRB Naktara 214 94 Kath RRB Naktara 178 95 Khaijada RRB Naktara 41 96 Khandaira RRB Naktara 184 97 Kurawad RRB Naktara 194 98 Mahua Kheda RRB Naktara 48 99 Naktra RRB Naktara 190
146 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 100 Narwar RRB Naktara 183 101 Nisddikhedi RRB Naktara 175 102 Pati RRB Naktara 191 103 Sagauniya RRB Naktara 170 104 Saochet RRB Naktara 167 105 Semara Baramad RRB Naktara 179 106 Sirsauda RRB Naktara 182 107 Sonkachh RRB Naktara 168 108 Tikauda RRB Naktara 181 109 Aama RRB Patandeb 99 110 Amrawad Wajya RRB Patandeb 83 111 Barla RRB Patandeb 79 112 Bilara RRB Patandeb 84 113 Ghatla RRB Patandeb 102 114 Kotra RRB Patandeb 98 115 Makhani RRB Patandeb 82 116 Mardanpur RRB Patandeb 100 117 Maupatharai RRB Patandeb 124 118 Mohniyakhedi RRB Patandeb 127 119 Puramungawali RRB Patandeb 125 120 Salaira RRB Patandeb 91 121 Sund RRB Patandeb 126 122 bagroda RRB Raisen 199 123 Banchoad RRB Raisen 207 124 Barnijagir RRB Raisen 211 125 Birholi RRB Raisen 205 126 Chandpur RRB Raisen 223 127 Dhanaura RRB Raisen 148 128 Durgapur RRB Raisen 221 129 Godhra RRB Raisen 220 130 Mahujagir RRB Raisen 222 131 Manpur RRB Raisen 210 132 Muchaal RRB Raisen 208 133 Nayapura RRB Raisen 219 134 Paimat RRB Raisen 198 135 Parsowhra RRB Raisen 206 136 Virpur RRB Raisen 209 137 Vyawara RRB Raisen 147 138 Aamkheda RRB Salamatpur 58 139 Baraikhas RRB Salamatpur 94 140 Baraula RRB Salamatpur 95 141 Berkhedi Ghat RRB Salamatpur 65 142 Dhakana Chapna RRB Salamatpur 57 143 Katsari RRB Salamatpur 86 144 Khamkheda RRB Salamatpur 66 145 Mendhaki RRB Salamatpur 63 146 Pipliyakhurd RRB Salamatpur 60 147 Ratanpur Girdhari RRB Salamatpur 64 148 Ratatalai RRB Salamatpur 24 149 Sookhasain RRB Salamatpur 62 150 Suakhedi RRB Salamatpur 61
147 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 151 Tijalpur RRB Salamatpur 85 152 Wilauri RRB Salamatpur 59 153 Arwariya RRB Sanchi 81 154 Dhowakhedi RRB Sanchi 15 155 Girwar RRB Sanchi 77 156 Khanpura RRB Sanchi 101 157 Mehgaon RRB Sanchi 68 158 Mori Kaundi RRB Sanchi 78 159 Pagneshwar RRB Sanchi 67 160 Parwariya RRB Sanchi 76 161 Alli SBI Raisen 154 162 Amrawad SBI Raisen 193 163 Bamhareri SBI Raisen 197 164 Bankhedi SBI Raisen 97 165 Dhaniyakhedi SBI Raisen 23 166 Kadhaiya SBI Raisen 36 167 Karmodiya SBI Raisen 156 168 Masair SBI Raisen 160 169 Mugaliya SBI Raisen 187 170 Pathari SBI Raisen 195 171 Pipalai SBI Raisen 158 172 Rangpura Imaliya SBI Raisen 159 173 Saujana SBI Raisen 189 174 Surai SBI Raisen 196 175 Baskheda SBI Salamatpur 1 176 Berkhedi Tunda SBI Salamatpur 30 177 Chhola SBI Salamatpur 53 178 Dahida SBI Salamatpur 34 179 Kachnariya SBI Salamatpur 25 180 Khoha SBI Salamatpur 29 181 Lamakheda SBI Salamatpur 27 182 Mudiyakheda SBI Salamatpur 52 183 Muktapur SBI Salamatpur 26 184 Pipliya Chandkha SBI Salamatpur 45 185 Sarchamppa SBI Salamatpur 2 186 Shahpur SBI Salamatpur 55 187 Sunarisalamatpur SBI Salamatpur 56 188 Tigra SBI Salamatpur 31 189 Andaul SBIN Raisen 120 190 Bhadner SBIN Raisen 162 191 Bhuaara Ganihari SBIN Raisen 164 192 Chaodna SBIN Raisen 108 193 Dandaira SBIN Raisen 121 194 Dawara Imaliya SBIN Raisen 122 195 Dewalkheda SBIN Raisen 75 196 Dindauri SBIN Raisen 107 197 Ghatpipliya SBIN Raisen 113 198 Himmatgarh SBIN Raisen 104 199 Kanpauhara SBIN Raisen 111 200 Karhod SBIN Raisen 114 201 Katariya SBIN Raisen 80
148 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 202 Khargawali SBIN Raisen 163 203 Mahua Kheda SBIN Raisen 74 204 Mirjapurpali SBIN Raisen 109 205 Murailakalao SBIN Raisen 105 206 Murailakhurd SBIN Raisen 112 207 Newali SBIN Raisen 165 208 Nihalpur SBIN Raisen 110 209 Padriya SBIN Raisen 118 210 Pipalkhedi SBIN Raisen 115 211 Semra Kadim SBIN Raisen 117 212 Singrampur SBIN Raisen 123 213 Wavliya SBIN Raisen 116 214 Yakuwapur SBIN Raisen 106 215 Aalampur 37 216 Bankhedi 161 217 Bankhedi 192 218 Chandaura 186 219 Karodiya 21 220 Khaijada 177 221 Silwaha 3 222 Uninda 20 223 Wahediya 87
149 Appendix 4 Village Codes of Arrah
Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Thana Village Code 1 Naya Gaon BRGB Ara 242 33 2 Sanadia BRGB Ara 243 41 3 Chitrasenpur BRGB Ara 248 4 4 Sobhi Dumra BRGB Ara 259 52 5 Bhel Dumra BRGB Ara 264 49 6 Makhadumpur Dumra BRGB Ara 265 51 7 Jamira BRGB Ara 162 29 8 Piparahian BRGB Ara 171 34 9 Hasanpura BRGB Ara 172 28 10 Alipur BRGB Ara 161 19 11 Bhusaula BRGB Ara 173 20 12 Gothahula BRGB Ara 174 26 13 Karwan BRGB Ara 176 30 14 Milki BRGB Dhamar 310 91 15 Dhamar BRGB Dhamar 311 85 16 Chanda BRGB Dhamar 312 83 17 Ganauli BRGB Dhamar 299 86 18 Jura BRGB Dhamar 296 88 19 Ghoradei BRGB Dhamar 298 87 20 Udaypur BRGB Dhamar 300 93 21 Amarpur Marwatia BRGB Dhamar 328 81 22 Khajuria BRGB Dhamar 329 89 23 Chitkundi BRGB Dhamar 341 84 24 Ganghar BRGB Dhamar 278 27 25 Khusihalpur BRGB Dhamar 281 31 26 Kara BRGB Dhamar 330 82 27 Kuria BRGB Dhamar 331 90 28 Paithanpur BRGB Dhamar 332 35 29 Kaushik Dularpur BRGB Dhamar 337 25 30 Baghi Pakar BRGB Dhobaha 302 54 31 Sidhi Tola BRGB Dhobaha 301 78 32 Mainpura BRGB Dhobaha 18 71 33 Sukulpura BRGB Dhobaha 19 77 34 Dariyapur BRGB Dhobaha 20 64 35 Karari BRGB Dhobaha 285 69 36 Mohanpur BRGB Dhobaha 286 73 37 Dhobahan BRGB Dhobaha 294 63 38 Dewarhi BRGB Dhobaha 287 65 39 Karara BRGB Dhobaha 288 69 40 Sar Siwan BRGB Dhobaha 35 17 41 Basantpur BRGB Dhobaha 36 15 42 Bela BRGB Dhobaha 38 16 43 Bhadeya BRGB Dhobaha 291 57 44 Mahuli BRGB Dhobaha 283 72 45 Duraundha BRGB Dhobaha 293 62 46 Bela Ghat BRGB Dhobaha 295 55 47 Nirmalpur BRGB Dhobaha 261 74 48 Saidpur BRGB Dhobaha 262 79
150 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Thana Village Code 49 Aama BRGB Dhobaha 297 53 50 Sundarpur Barja BRGB Salempur 5 104 51 Pipra BRGB Salempur 7 100 52 Tek Semar BRGB Salempur 10 106 53 Pipra BRGB Salempur 307 102 54 Basmanpur BRGB Salempur 308 97 55 Izary BRGB Salempur 8 98 56 Baghakota BRGB Salempur 9 95 57 Tetaria BRGB Salempur 13 107 58 Behra BRGB Salempur 14 96 59 Purushotampur BRGB Salempur 15 75 60 Agarsanda BRGB Salempur 303 94 61 Dharampura BRGB Salempur 304 61 62 Tenua BRGB Salempur 305 108 63 Pawat BRGB Salempur 306 101 64 Semaria BRGB Salempur 309 92 65 Pirauta PNB Pirauta 268 12 66 Yadopur PNB Pirauta 267 6 67 Nagopur PNB Pirauta 271 11 68 Chaumukha PNB Pirauta 270 3 69 Pipra Jaipal PNB Pirauta 269 13 70 Rampur Mathia PNB Pirauta 40 76 71 Ghenghata PNB Pirauta 41 67 72 Daulatpur PNB Pirauta 252 46 73 Mathawalia PNB Pirauta 255 9 74 Dhudhuan PNB Pirauta 257 5 75 Balua PNB Pirauta 258 2 76 Mahkampur Bara PNB Pirauta 59 8 77 Bhakura PNB Pirauta 61 58 78 Lakshamanpur PNB Pirauta 253 47 79 Basantpur PNB Pirauta 256 5 80 Babhanauli SBI ADB Ara 273 21 81 Ramapur Sanadia SBI ADB Ara 274 42 82 Ramdei Chapra SBI ADB Ara 279 36 83 Bakharia SBI ADB Ara 280 60 84 Balua SBI ADB Ara 282 2 85 Sanadia SBI ADB Ara 241 40 86 Sarangpur SBI ADB Ara 260 39 87 Ratanpur SBI ADB Ara 276 37 88 Ratan Dularpur SBI ADB Ara 277 38
151 Appendix 5 Village Codes of Salepur
Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 1 Andeisahi CBI Pirabazar 24 2 Champti CBI Pirabazar 25 3 Gopinathpur CBI Pirabazar 26 4 Paschmakaaha CBI Pirabazar 27 5 Atoda CBI Pirabazar 56 6 BaraBodia CBI Pirabazar 57 7 MadhyaKachha CBI Pirabazar 58 8 Purbakacha CBI Pirabazar 59 9 Bhairpur CBI Pirabazar 60 10 Guntarpur CBI Pirabazar 61 11 Mutaripa CBI Pirabazar 62 12 Bahugram CGB Bahugram 1 13 BahudulaPatna CGB Bahugram 2 14 Biswanathpur CGB Bahugram 3 15 Jamalpur CGB Bahugram 4 16 Sigmapur CGB Bahugram 5 17 Bhatpada CGB Bahugram 73 18 Nandal CGB Bahugram 74 19 Sambhupur CGB Bahugram 75 20 Bisarpur CGB Bahugram 156 21 Patapur CGB Bahugram 157 22 Chotipada CGB Raisunguna 63 23 Deuli CGB Raisunguna 64 24 Dharamgatpur CGB Raisunguna 65 25 Kanpur CGB Raisunguna 66 26 Matanagar CGB Raisunguna 67 27 Mirzapur CGB Raisunguna 68 28 Dhuonsaha CGB Raisunguna 100 29 Kussambi CGB Raisunguna 101 30 Keranga CGB Raisunguna 102 31 Madhanaoa CGB Raisunguna 103 32 Raisunguna CGB Raisunguna 104 33 Lehanpur CGB** Rameshwar** 54 34 Nalasasa CGB** Rameshwar** 55 35 Ganagore CGB** Rameshwar** 76 36 Kumarpur CGB** Rameshwar** 77 37 Narda CGB** Rameshwar** 78 38 Nanpur CGB** Rameshwar** 79 39 Kukudanga CGB** Rameshwar** 80 40 Tunpur CGB** Rameshwar** 81 41 Badabhamiratapur CGB** Rameshwar** 110 42 Makundpur** CGB** Rameshwar** 112 43 Sanebhimgopur CGB** Rameshwar** 115 44 Rameshwar CGB** Rameshwar** 117 45 Bhera Indian Sirlo 92 46 Demindo Indian Sirlo 93 47 Gangapur Indian Sirlo 94 48 Kalikapur Indian Sirlo 95
152 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 49 Doakimira Indian Sirlo 96 50 Puranahat Indian Sirlo 97 51 Samitanga Indian Sirlo 98 52 Sogula Indian Sirlo 99 53 Artak Indian Sirlo 144 54 Kuliasamatiga Indian Sirlo 145 55 Palatinga Indian Sirlo 146 56 Pahimando Indian Sirlo 147 57 Suahokhanda Indian Sirlo 148 58 Pathpada Indian Sirlo 149 59 Udaipur Indian Sirlo 150 60 Sailo Indian Sirlo 151 61 Buruda PNB Kisanngar 119 62 Boilo PNB Kisanngar 120 63 Kuruli PNB Kisanngar 121 64 Ratilo PNB Kisanngar 122 65 Sarada PNB Kisanngar 123 66 Guali PNB Kisanngar 152 67 Gothamira PNB Kisanngar 153 68 Mukuma PNB Kisanngar 154 69 Tarito PNB Kisanngar 155 70 Bhimdaspur SBI Bhimdaspur 14 71 Bodhasara SBI Bhimdaspur 15 72 Bhora SBI Bhimdaspur 16 73 Gothada SBI Bhimdaspur 17 74 Kusupur SBI Bhimdaspur 18 75 Praharajpur SBI Bhimdaspur 19 76 Talapada SBI Bhimdaspur 20 77 Uugia SBI Bhimdaspur 21 78 Chhanapada SBI Bhimdaspur 116 79 Chhuna/chotinetree SBI Bhimdaspur 139 80 Khaira SBI Bhimdaspur 140 81 Kalipur SBI Bhimdaspur 141 82 Kankrailo SBI Bhimdaspur 142 83 Sidho SBI Bhimdaspur 143 84 Champapur SBI Gopinathpur 35 85 Ganapur SBI Gopinathpur 36 86 Ganipur SBI Gopinathpur 37 87 Gandwarpur SBI Gopinathpur 38 88 Gopinathpur SBI Gopinathpur 39 89 Mahuata SBI Gopinathpur 40 90 Purushottamapur SBI Gopinathpur 41 91 Padhanpada SBI Gopinathpur 42 92 Sakyaminapur SBI Gopinathpur 43 93 Kuunpa SBI Gopinathpur 51 94 Laxminarayanpur SBI Gopinathpur 52 95 Mahajanpur SBI Gopinathpur 53 96 Durgapur SBI** Gopinathpur** 111 97 Lichidaha SBI** Gopinathpur** 118 98 Mothapada SBI Gopinathpur 159 99 Echalpur SBI Gopinathpur 160
153 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 100 Trilochanpur SBI Gopinathpur 161 101 Jagulaipur SBI Japakuda 44 102 Katapada SBI Japakuda 45 103 Mahanapur SBI Japakuda 46 104 Dhngpada SBI Japakuda 82 105 Katidaha SBI Japakuda 83 106 Odasingh SBI Japakuda 84 107 Tilda SBI Japakuda 85 108 Balusahi SBI Salepur 6 109 Paghpur SBI Salepur 8 110 Balabhadrapur SBI Salepur 47 111 Basudevpur SBI Salepur 48 112 Mahan SBI Salepur 49 113 Puran SBI Salepur 50 114 Balilawahi SBI Salepur 105 115 Elamapur SBI Salepur 106 116 Hirapur SBI Salepur 107 117 Ramkrushnapur SBI Salepur 108 118 Utrol SBI Salepur 109 119 Reba SBI** Salepur** 113 120 Sobupur SBI** Salepur** 114 121 Balir SBI Salepur 124 122 Tangapur SBI Salepur 125 123 Jahangirabad SBI Salepur 126 124 Allipur SBI Salepur 127 125 Osada SBI Salepur 128 126 Kasinpur SBI Salepur 129 127 Patana SBI Salepur 130 128 Sarada SBI Salepur 131 129 Salur SBI Salepur 132 130 Baharapada SBI Salepur 133 131 Bahapalpur SBI Salepur 134 132 Kalyanpur SBI Salepur 135 133 Purushottamapur SBI Salepur 136 134 Sapanpur SBI Salepur 137** 135 Sisua SBI Salepur 138 136 Tentol SBI Salepur 158 137 Bateswar UCO Salepur 7 138 Barigola UCO Salepur 9 139 Bodamundai UCO Salepur 10 140 Betel UCO Salepur 11 141 Kasipur UCO Salepur 12 142 Sunakhandi UCO Salepur 13 143 Chandradeipur UCO Salepur 22 144 Lunahar UCO Salepur 23 145 Barabari UCO Salepur 28 146 Chhanipur UCO Salepur 29 147 Karamuan UCO Salepur 30 148 Orabari UCO Salepur 31 149 Ramkrushnapur UCO Salepur 32 150 Shankarpur UCO Salepur 33
154 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 151 Satabati UCO Salepur 34 152 Balahapur UCO Salepur 69 153 Balia UCO Salepur 70 154 Karimabad UCO Salepur 71 155 Naigua UCO Salepur 72 156 Banahata UCO Salepur 86 157 Chamairgol UCO Salepur 87 158 Manoharpur UCO Salepur 88 159 Manitri UCO Salepur 89 160 Pikol UCO Salepur 90 161 Saigoda UCO Salepur 91 Note : ** Outside the Service Area.
155 Appendix 6 Village Codes of Sidli
Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 1 Uttar Nagdalbari P G Bank Sidli 1 2 Uttar Islakhata P G Bank Sidli 2 3 Batabari P G Bank Sidli 3 4 Dakhin Nagdalbari P G Bank Sidli 4 5 Islakhata P G Bank Sidli 5 6 Kashibari P G Bank Sidli 6 7 Goragaon Salbari P G Bank Sidli 7 8 Chandpur P G Bank Sidli 8 9 Nepalpara P G Bank Sidli 9 10 Balapara P G Bank Sidli 10 11 Garubhasa - 1 P G Bank Sidli 11 12 Bamuagaon P G Bank Sidli 12 13 Juilaga P G Bank Sidli 13 14 Lauripara P G Bank Sidli 14 15 Amguri P G Bank Sidli 15 16 Garubhasa - 2 P G Bank Sidli 16 17 Dologaon P G Bank Sidli 17 18 Goragaon P G Bank Sidli 18 19 Mojabari - I P G Bank Sidli 19 20 Samsingkila P G Bank Sidli 20 21 Mojabari - II P G Bank Sidli 21 22 Pretgaon P G Bank Sidli 22 23 Shyamthaibari P G Bank Sidli 23 24 Kashikotra - I P G Bank Sidli 24 25 Kashikotra - II, III P G Bank Sidli 25 26 Anthaibari P G Bank Sidli 26 27 Bairajhara P G Bank Sidli 27 28 Dangsaibari P G Bank Sidli 28 29 Silghaguri P G Bank Sidli 29 30 Tunkubari P G Bank Sidli 30 31 Kalabari P G Bank Sidli 31 32 Dhupguri P G Bank Sidli 32 33 Nimogaon P G Bank Sidli 33 34 Solamari P G Bank Sidli 34 35 Padmapur P G Bank Sidli 35 36 Tangabari P G Bank Sidli 36 37 Krishnapur P G Bank Sidli 37 38 Sidli P G Bank Sidli 38 39 Rajajan P G Bank Sidli 39 40 Palashbari P G Bank Sidli 40 41 Namalpur P G Bank Sidli 70 42 Dipu Kumguri P G Bank Sidli 71 43 Gendergaon P G Bank Sidli 72 44 Dipu P G Bank Sidli 73 45 Jauliabari P G Bank Sidli 75 46 Pachim Enkorbari SBI B R P L complex 46 47 Pub. Enkorbari SBI B R P L complex 47 48 Dangaigaon SBI B R P L complex 48
156 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 49 Nepalpara SBI B R P L complex 49 50 Barigara SBI B R P L complex 50 51 Bhervery - I SBI B R P L complex 51 52 Bandugari SBI B R P L complex 52 53 Katribari SBI B R P L complex 53 54 Bhervery - II SBI B R P L complex 58 55 Dakhin Kajalgaon SBI New Bongaigaon 62 56 Barpathar SBI New Bongaigaon 68 57 Nilibari SBI New Bongaigaon 69 58 Baikuagaon UBI Dhaligaon 43 59 Silpota UBI Dhaligaon 44 60 Amguri UBI Dhaligaon 54 61 Dakhin Anguri UBI Dhaligaon 55 62 Kalobari UBI Dhaligaon 56 63 Manglagaon UBI Dhaligaon 63 64 Sungapota UBI Dhaligaon 67 65 Dangagaon UCO Dhaligaon 41 66 Bilashpur UCO Dhaligaon 42 67 Hasrabari UCO Dhaligaon 45 68 Chatibargaon UCO Dhaligaon 57 69 Uttar Kajalgaon UCO Dhaligaon 59 70 Madhyam Kajalgaon UCO Dhaligaon 60 71 Saljhara UCO Dhaligaon 61 72 Bortala UCO Dhaligaon 64 73 Kukurmari UCO Dhaligaon 65 74 Dhaligaon UCO Dhaligaon 66 75 Oujani UCO Dhaligaon 74 76 Hatipota UCO Dhaligaon 76
157 Appendix 7 Village Codes of Daund
Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Milk Society Village Code 1 Daund BOM Daund 88 2 Alegaon BOM Daund 77 3 Deulgaon Raje BOM Daund 78 4 Kadamvasti BOM Daund 87 5 Wadgaon Darekar BOM Daund 79 6 Kedgaon BOM Kedgaon 89 7 Amonimala BOM Kedgaon 43 8 Bori Pardhi BOM Kedgaon y 54 9 Deshmukhmala BOM Kedgaon 49 10 Dhumalicha Mala BOM Kedgaon 52 11 Dapodi BOM Kedgaon y 46 12 Ganesh Road BOM Kedgaon 42 13 Handalwadi BOM Kedgaon 48 14 Kedgaon BOM Kedgaon 53 15 Kedgaon Station BOM Kedgaon 50 16 Khopodi BOM Kedgaon 47 17 Nangaon BOM Kedgaon y 41 18 Nimbalkar Vasti BOM Kedgaon 51 19 Pargaon BOM Kedgaon y 40 20 Wakhari BOM Kedgaon y 36 21 Khutbav BOM Khutbav 90 22 Delvadi BOM Khutbav y 18 23 Ekeriwadi BOM Khutbav 19 24 Galandwadi BOM Khutbav y 39 25 Khutbav BOM Khutbav 20 26 Nathachiwadi BOM Khutbav 16 27 Pimpalgaon BOM Khutbav y 17 28 Patas BOM Patas 91 29 Birobachiwadi BOM Patas 67 30 Hingani Gada BOM Patas y 60 31 Kangaon BOM Patas y 62 32 Kusegaon BOM Patas y 58 33 Patas BOM Patas y 66 34 Roti BOM Patas y 59 35 Wasunde BOM Patas y 61 36 Varvand BOM Varvand 92 37 Deolgaon Gada BOM Varvand 55 38 Hatvalan BOM Varvand y 44 39 Kadethanwadi BOM Varvand y 45 40 Padavi BOM Varvand y 57 41 Varvand BOM Varvand 56 42 Yewat BOM Yewat 93 43 Bharatgaon BOM Yewat 32 44 Bhandgaon BOM Yewat 35 45 Javaji Buwachiwadi BOM Yewat 26 46 Kamatwadi BOM Yewat 24 47 Kasurdi BOM Yewat 25 48 Khor BOM Yewat y 37
158 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Milk Society Village Code 49 Khamgaon BOM Yewat 23 50 Ladkatwadi BOM Yewat 15 51 Pimpalachiwadi BOM Yewat 38 52 Tambewadi BOM Yewat y 13 53 Undawadi BOM Yewat 14 54 Yewat BOM Yewat y 34 55 Yewat Station BOM Yewat 33 56 Daund SBI Daund 94 57 Betwadi SBI Daund 64 58 Boribel SBI Daund 88 59 Gar SBI Daund 63 60 Girim SBI Daund y 68 61 Kalewadi SBI Daund 89 62 Navin Gar SBI Daund 65 63 Sonodi SBI Daund 70 64 Kurkumbh SBI Kurkumbh 95 65 Jiregaon SBI Kurkumbh y 84 66 Kauthadi SBI Kurkumbh 85 67 Kurkumbh SBI Kurkumbh 82 68 Malad - Patas SBI Kurkumbh 86 69 Pandharewadi SBI Kurkumbh 83 70 Daund CBI Daund Rural 96 71 Gopalwadi CBI Daund Rural 72 72 Lingali CBI Daund Rural 73 73 Malwadi CBI Daund Rural 71 74 Mergalwadi CBI Daund Rural 74 75 Masanarwadi CBI Daund Rural 75 76 Nanvij CBI Daund Rural 69 77 Khadki CBI Khadki 97 78 Gadewadi CBI Khadki 92 79 Khadki CBI Khadki 96 80 Lonarwadi CBI Khadki 91 81 Bhigwan BOM Indapur 6 82 Chincholi BOM Indapur 97 83 Gavade Bagade Vasti BOM Indapur 98 84 Khanota BOM Indapur 101 85 Naygaon BOM Indapur 102 86 Rajegaon BOM Indapur 100 87 Watlug BOM Indapur 99 88 Uruli-Kanchan SBI Haveli 101 89 Boratewadi SBI Haveli 22 90 Nandadevi SBI Kurkumbh 95 91 Ravangaon SBI Kurkumbh 93 92 Rahu UCO Rahu 98 93 Dahitne UCO Rahu y 10 94 Devkarwadi UCO Rahu y 8 95 KoregaonBhivar UCO Rahu y 4 96 Mirvadi UCO Rahu y 9 97 Panvali UCO Rahu y 2 98 Patethan UCO Rahu y 7 99 Pilanwadi UCO Rahu 12
159 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Milk Society Village Code 100 Rahu UCO Rahu y 11 101 Takali UCO Rahu y 1 102 Telewadi UCO Rahu 6 103 Wadgaon Bande UCO Rahu y 3 104 Walki UCO Rahu y 5 105 Daund CAN Daund 99 106 Malthan CAN Daund 90 107 Shirapur CAN Daund 81 108 Hingni - Birdi CAN Daund 94 109 Pedgaon CAN Daund 80 110 Kharadi CAN Daund 76 111 Nandur Out of Block Branches 21 112 Sahjapurwadi 27 113 UruliKanchan BOI Haveli 102 114 Boriaindi BOI Haveli 30 115 Boribhadak BOI Haveli 28 116 Dalimb BOI Haveli 29 117 Tamanwadi BOI Haveli 31
160 Appendix 8 Village Codes of Kumta
Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 1 Kujalli CAN Kumta 88 2 Valgalli CAN Kumta 89 3 Konalli CAN Kumta 87 4 Kalkeri COR Kumta 84 5 Urkeri COR Kumta 81 6 Taldgod COR Kumta 82 7 Kuntaguni COR Kumta 83 8 Tadri COR Tadri 11 9 Sanikatta COR Tadri 8e 10 Moodangi COR Tadri Hamlet 11 Belekan COR Tadri Hamlet 12 Torke COR Tadri 16 13 Toregajani COR Tadri 17 14 Hittalamakki COR Tadri 18 15 Kadme GSSB Hanehalli 6 16 Hanehalli GSSB Hanehalli 7 17 Bankikodla GSSB Hanehalli 4 18 Gangavali GSSB Hanehalli Hamlet 19 Hoskeri GSSB Hanehalli 5 20 Devgiri KAR Dhareshwar 78 21 Matha KAR Dhareshwar 77 22 Harneer KAR Dhareshwar 76 23 Holegadde KAR Dhareshwar 80 24 Horbag KAR Dhareshwar 79 25 Kodekodi KAR Dhareshwar 25 26 Bidrageri KAR Gokarna 14 27 Gonehalli KAR Gokarna 15 28 Kotiteerth KAR Gokarna Hamlet 29 Rudravada KAR Gokarna Hamlet 30 Rathabeedi KAR Gokarna Hamlet 31 Belehittal KAR Gokarna Hamlet 32 Muroor KAR Muroor 92 33 Kallabbe KAR Muroor 96 34 Karkimakki KAR Muroor 97 35 Alavalli KAR Muroor 93 36 Madkibail KAR Muroor 90 37 Kandavalli KAR Muroor 95 38 Hosad KAR Muroor 94 39 Kumta KAR Kumta 0 40 Manaki KAR Kumta 91 41 Holangadd KDCC Kumta 71 42 Kagal KHMS Kagal 65 43 Baad RSSN Baad 69 44 Kagal RSSN Baad 65 45 Antrolli SBI Kumta 52 46 Divgi SBI Kumta 53 47 Tadri SBI Tadri 11 48 Ashoke SBI Tadri Hamlet
161 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 49 Koodle SBI Tadri 9 50 Bandlkeri SBI Tadri Hamlet 51 Majragana SBI Tadri Hamlet 52 Nirala SBI Tadri 10 53 Nagarbail SBI Tadri 13 54 Narnapur SBI Tadri 12 55 Bankikodia SYN Bankikodia 4 56 Harumaskeri SYN Bankikodia 2 57 Hanehalli SYN Bankikodia 7 58 Hoskeri SYN Bankikodia 5 59 Kadme SYN Bankikodia 6 60 Nadumask SYN Bankikodia 1 61 Gokarna SYN Gokarna 8 62 Nandumaskeri SYN Gokarna 1 63 Bavikodla SYN Gokarna 3 64 Hegde SYN Hegde 54 65 Kujalli SYN Hegde 88 66 Lukkeri SYN Hegde 55 67 Katgal SYN Katgal 41 68 Hoskuli SYN Katgal Hamlet 69 Malavalli SYN Katgal 46b 70 Alkod SYN Katgal 41 71 Uppinpatna SYN Katgal 51 72 Toppalagutta SYN Katgal 40 73 Bandivala SYN Katgal 50 74 Santur SYN Katgal 49 75 Shirgunji SYN Katgal 46c 76 Hebbail SYN Katgal 46a 77 Bellangi SYN Katgal 43 78 Anegundi SYN Katgal 48 79 Harita SYN Katgal 47 80 Kodambale SYN Katgal 46 81 Sandollimuttolli SYN Katgal 44 82 Yana SYN Katgal 45 83 Yadtare SYN Katgal 42 84 Kodkani SYN Kodkani 33 85 Koodle SYN Kodkani 9 86 Igalkurve SYN Kodkani 58 87 Chatrakurve SYN Kodkani 37 88 Yalavalli SYN Kodkani 36 89 Kappekurve SYN Kodkani 67 90 Pattubele SYN Kodkani 57 91 TaneerHonda SYN Kodkani 56 92 Mirjan SYN Kodkani 38 93 Paduvani SYN Kodkani 29 94 Bargigajni SYN Kodkani 27 95 Bargigajni SYN Kodkani 27 96 Yettinbail SYN Kodkani 34 97 Mugvekanvadi SYN Kodkani 30 98 Nagur SYN Kodkani 31 99 Kadkoda SYN Kodkani 32
162 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 100 Neelkod SYN Kodkani 39 101 Yeshvantimule SYN Kodkani 35 102 Masurkurve SYN Kodkani 68 103 Hondigona SYN Kumta 74 104 Kalbag SYN Kumta 73 105 Alvekodi SYN Kumta Hamlet 106 Kujalli SYN Kumta 88 107 Kagal VGB Kagal 65 108 Aganashini VGB Kagal 64 109 Hubbanageri VGB Kagal 66 110 Hegle VGB Kumta 86 111 Harodi VGB Kumta 85 112 Konalli VGB Kumta 87 113 Kujalli VGB Kumta 88 114 Kallabbe VGB Kumta 96 115 Santeguli VGB Santegulli 118 116 Bastikeri VGB Santegulli 109 117 Hindabail VGB Santegulli 117 118 Holavalli VGB Santegulli 101 119 Mudgi VGB Santegulli 107 120 Algar VGB Santegulli 120 121 SoppinHosalli VGB Santegulli 106 122 Medini VGB Santegulli 105 123 Basolli VGB Santegulli 108 124 Mudnalli VGB Santegulli 119 125 Bangani VGB Santegulli 103 126 Morse VGB Santegulli 104 127 Kalve VGB Santegulli 99 128 Abbolli VGB Santegulli 114 129 Deevalli VGB Santegulli 110 130 Santgal VGB Santegulli 111 131 HegdeHosalli VGB Santegulli 112 132 Huravalli VGB Santegulli Hamlet 133 Honageri VGB Santegulli 115 134 Ullurmath VGB Santegulli 116 135 Chimmolli VGB Santegulli 102 136 Kavalodi VGB Santegulli 98 137 Kanakale VGB Santegulli 100 138 Kimani VGB Santegulli Hamlet 139 Bargadde VGB Santegulli Hamlet 140 Gudengadi VIJ Gudengadi 70 141 Baad VIJ Gudengadi 69 142 Holangadde VIJ Gudengadi 71 143 Kumta VIJ Kumta 0 144 Chitrigi VIJ Kumta 61 145 Halkar VIJ Kumta 62 146 Manikatta VIJ Kumta 60 147 Madangeri VIJ Madangeri 19 148 Hiregutti VIJ Madangeri 21 149 Yennemadi VIJ Madangeri 20 150 Midlagajani VIJ Madangeri 22
163 Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 151 Kolimanjuguni VIJ Madangeri 24 152 Morbe VIJ Madangeri 23 153 Betkuli VIJ Madangeri 26 154 Kurigaddi VIJ Madangeri 25 155 Savalkurve VIJ Madangeri 63 156 Kelginsthala VIJ Madangeri Hamlet 157 Betkuli VSSN Bargi 26 158 Holegadde VSSN Dhareshwar 80 159 Horbag VSSN Dhareshwar 79 160 Matha VSSN Dhareshwar 77 161 Hegde VSSN Hegde 54 162 Hiregutti VSSN Hiregutti 21 163 Kujalli VSSN Kujalli 88 164 Valgalli VSSN Kujalli 89 165 Murur VSSN Murur 92
164 Appendix 9 Village Codes of Rayavaram
Sr No Village Name Bank Branch Village Code 1 Biccavolu ANB Biccavolu 2115 2 Adivarapupeta ANB Draksharama 3 Bhimakrosupalem ANB Draksharama 4 Draksharama ANB Draksharama 5 Thotapeta ANB Draksharama 6 Pasalapudi ANB Ramachandrapuram 2918 7 Konkuduru ANB Rayavaram 8 Konkuduru ANB Rayavaram 9 Lolla ANB Rayavaram 10 Rayavaram ANB Rayavaram 11 Vedurupaka ANB Rayavaram 12 Chelluru BOB Chelluru 2176 13 Machavaram BOB Chelluru 2715 14 Machavaram BOB Chelluru 2715 15 Machavaram BOB Chelluru 2715 16 Nadurubada BOB Ramachandrapruam 17 Oduru BOB Ramachandrapruam 18 Venkatayapalem SBI Draksharama 19 Arthamuru SBI Mandapeta 20 Komaripalem SBI Pandalapaka 2588 21 Pandalapaka SBI Pandalapaka 2906 22 Tossipudi SBI Pandalapaka 3229 23 A Agraharam SBI Ramachandrapuram 2223 24 Nelaparthipadu SBI Ramachandrapuram 3458 25 Velampalem SBI Ramachandrapuram 3458 26 N S Peta VIJ Ramachandrapuram 27 Vella VIJ Vella
165 Appendix 10.1 Villagewise Implementation of Credit Activity Under SGSY in Sriganganagar SHG Dairy Sheep Khes Shop Furniture Other Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Village Code Formation TATATATATATATA 1 BOI Sahuwala 21GG 42 33 2 BOI Sahuwala 4LL 43 3322 3 BOI Sahuwala 5G Chhoti 34 2 33 4 BOI Sahuwala 5LL 41 3311 5 OBC 15Z 10z 25 34 6 OBC 15Z 18z 24 24 7 OBC 15Z 3H Chhoti 36 4 8 OBC 15Z 9z 20 54 9 OBC 15Z Sahibsinghwala 23 34 10 OBC Fatuhi Hindumalkhot 3 5 77 11 OBC Fatuhi Kothi 1 8747 12 OBC Fatuhi Madera 6 7744 13 PSB Chunawad 13 G Chhoti 37 9 14 PSB Chunawad 27GG 35 9 15 PSB Chunawad Chunwad 39 29 16 PSB Chunawad Tatarsar 40 10 17 SBBJ Kalia 2 Y 5 18 SBBJ Kalia 3 Y 17 41 20 SBBJ Kalia 4 Z 19 1 21 SBBJ Kalia 6 F 71 22 SBBJ Kalia 6 Y 2 23 SBBJ Kalia 7 X 1 24 SBBJ Kalia 9 X 1 25 SBBJ Kalia Kalia 16 5 4 10 1 1 26 SBBJ Kalia Kauni 9 310 3 27 SBBJ Kalia Mohanpura 15 54 28 SBBJ Kalia Sadhuwali 18 53 29 SBBJ Mirzewala 10 F Bada 1 4 30 SBBJ Mirzewala 10Q 13 61 31 SBBJ Mirzewala 11 Q 13 1 32 SBBJ Mirzewala 13 Q 1 33 SBBJ Mirzewala 2 K 1 34 SBBJ Mirzewala 3c Chhoti 21 7 35 SBBJ Mirzewala 4 C Chhoti 1 3 36 SBBJ Mirzewala 8Q 1 12 37 SBBJ Mirzewala Matili Rathan 22 1 7361 38 SBBJ Mirzewala Mirzewala 14 4 4 33 1 21 39 SBBJ Mirzewala Sangatpura 12 2 5 T Target A Achievement 91 25 1 1 1 5 Planned Achievement Less-Desirable Achievement Non-Achievement Superfluous/Unplanned Achievement
166 Appendix 11.1 Villagewise Implementation of SHG Activity Under SGSY in Maitha
Number of Number of SHGs to Existing Village SHGs to be be Provided Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Number of Code Formed Revolving Fund SHGs TA T A 1 BOB Kashipur Baranpur Kahin 14 16 56 14 2 BOB Kashipur Ramgarh 15 5 2 3 BOB Kashipur Aurangabad 16 4 3 4 BOB Kashipur Jaswantpur 17 1 2 5 BOB Kashipur Marahamtabad 18 7 22 22 6 BOB Kashipur Kadri 19 5 36 6 7 BOB Kashipur Devipur 20 7 34 4 8 BOB Kashipur Kashipur 21 20 532 622 9 BOB Kashipur Lamhara 22 7 38 3 10 BOB Kashipur Kari Kalwari 23 5 36 3 11 BOB Maitha Marag 59 3 520 220 12 BOB Maitha Garab 60 5 31 13 BOB Maitha Manda 62 8 518 18 14 BOB Maitha Tikari 63 3 21 15 BOB Maitha Sunvarsa 65 4 21 21 16 BOB Maitha Madarpur 66 5 13 3 17 BOB Maitha Lalpur Shivrajp 67 6 31 1 18 BOB Maitha Chattaini 68 2 23 13 19 BOB Maitha Baluapur 69 4 2 20 BOB Maitha Vikarampur 70 4 2 21 BOB Maitha Aliapur 71 1 1 22 BOB Maitha Behta 72 1 11 1 23 BOB Maitha Bhujpura 74 3 2 24 BOB Maitha Raipalpur 77 8 22 12 25 BOB Maitha Aant 78 4 12 26 BOB Maitha Pitrapur 80 5 21 11 27 KKGB Aunaha Baragaon 1 4 5 28 KKGB Aunaha Udaipur Shivli 2 0 1 29 KKGB Aunaha Sighpur Shivli 3 0 11 30 KKGB Aunaha Khalakpur 4 2 3 31 KKGB Aunaha Nunari Bahadur 5 5 52 32 KKGB Aunaha Kurmi Newada 6 1 2 33 KKGB Aunaha Newada Deori 7 3 51 34 KKGB Baghpur Kakarmau 81 12 55 16 35 KKGB Baghpur Shapur 82 0 2 36 KKGB Baghpur Partappur Khas 83 2 2 37 KKGB Baghpur Gursadh 84 4 21 38 KKGB Baghpur Baghpur 85 1 5 22 39 KKGB Baghpur Dhikia 86 5 33 1 40 KKGB Baghpur Hirdaypur 87 4 11 41 KKGB Baghpur Naubasta 88 5 54 11 42 KKGB Baghpur Bhikhar 89 0 2 43 KKGB Baghpur Ranjitpur 90 0 1 44 KKGB Baghpur Rastpur 91 1 2 45 KKGB Baghpur Shekhupur 93 1 1 46 KKGB Baghpur Todarpur 94 2 2 1 47 KKGB Baghpur Nihasta 95 1 22 48 KKGB Baghpur Fattepur Mjra 96 2 1 49 KKGB Baghpur Basausi 97 1 1 50 KKGB Baghpur Malikpur 98 4 2
167 Appendix 11.1 (Contd…)
Number of Number of SHGs to Existing Village SHGs to be be Provided Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Number of Code Formed Revolving Fund SHGs TA T A 51 KKGB Baghpur Baghwat 99 0 1 52 KKGB Baghpur Barakhera 102 0 1 53 KKGB Baghpur Bhaupur 103 0 1 54 KKGB Bairi Sawai Pratappur Udai 50 0 2 55 KKGB Bairi Sawai Fanda 51 0 2 56 KKGB Bairi Sawai Asai 52 4 2 57 KKGB Bairi Sawai Bairisawai 53 6 52 58 KKGB Bairi Sawai Bairi Dariao 54 3 5 59 KKGB Bairi Sawai Basta 55 1 1 60 KKGB Bairi Sawai Jugrajpur Bithu 56 3 21 61 KKGB Bairi Sawai Haaridaypur 57 2 3 62 KKGB Bairi Sawai Shobhan 58 3 32 63 KKGB Gahlon Kirpur Nakasia 24 3 3 64 KKGB Gahlon Bhawarpur 25 2 3 3 65 KKGB Gahlon Gambhirpur 26 2 3 66 KKGB Gahlon Narsooja 27 4 3 14 67 KKGB Gahlon Suratpurwa 28 1 3 68 KKGB Gahlon Sahasi Bharti 29 2 3 69 KKGB Gahlon Bholihindpur 30 1 2 70 KKGB Gahlon Tipu 31 1 2 71 KKGB Gahlon Gahlon 32 3 5 45 72 KKGB Gahlon Bhairo Shahjaha 33 3 3 73 KKGB Gahlon Anmal Nyasi 34 2 3 13 74 KKGB Gahlon Jugrajpur 35 1 2 75 KKGB Jaitpur Karom 8 4 52 76 KKGB Jaitpur Mavaiya 9 3 52 77 KKGB Jaitpur Kailayee 10 8 51 78 KKGB Jaitpur Rawatpur 11 4 53 79 KKGB Jaitpur Jaitpur Shivli 12 1 5 80 KKGB Jaitpur Bhiwan 13 7 51 81 KKGB Shivli Rampur Shivli 44 6 65 26 82 KKGB Shivli Hiraman Shivli 45 1 53 13 83 KKGB Shivli Dhakan Shivli 47 3 31 21 84 KKGB Shivli Sidhpur 48 0 1 85 PNB Shivlip Sambharpur 36 2 23 33 86 PNB Shivlip Arasadpur 37 3 37 37 87 PNB Shivlip Pratapur Nala 38 3 21 11 88 PNB Shivlip Aungi 39 2 35 25 89 PNB Shivlip Hathika 40 1 3 90 PNB Shivlip Tatmau 41 3 34 34 91 PNB Shivlip Saraiya 42 2 3 92 PNB Shivlip Jyoti 43 2 3
168 Appendix 11.2 Villagewise Implementation of Credit Activity Under SGSY in Maitha
Goatery SHG Washing Rice Mill Village Dairy Service Dairy SHG Minor Irrigation Member & Powder SHG SHG Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Code Individual Individual Member SHG Member Individual Member Member
TAT A T A T AT ATATA 1 BOB Kashipur Kashipur 21 14 34 64 2 BOB Kashipur Kadri 19 3 22 5 3 BOB Kashipur Kari Kalwari 23 2 121 4 BOB Kashipur Lamhara 22 9 11 5 BOB Kashipur Baranpur Kahin 14 7 11 6 BOB Kashipur Devipur 2 1 7 BOB Maitha Manda 62 11 21 7 8 BOB Maitha Marag 59 59 9 BOB Maitha Madarpur 66 55 24 24 1 BOB Maitha Raipalpur 77 24 11 BOB Maitha Pitrapur 8 11 1 12 BOB Maitha Garab 6 11 13 BOB Maitha Khalagpur 79 11 14 BOB Maitha Vikarampur 7 54 1 15 KKGB Aunaha Nunari Bahadur 5 6 44 16 KKGB Aunaha Baragaon 1 14 17 KKGB Baghpur Naubasta 88 32 36 18 KKGB Baghpur Baghpur 85 111 19 KKGB Baghpur Gursadh 84 1 2 KKGB Baghpur Dhikia 86 1 21 KKGB Baghpur Hirdaypur 87 1 22 KKGB Baghpur Bhaupur 13 55 23 KKGB Bairi Sawai Bairisawai 53 31 24 KKGB Bairi Sawai Bairi Dariao 54 1 25 KKGB Gahlon Narsooja 27 34 33 26 KKGB Gahlon Gahlon 32 122 27 KKGB Gahlon Bhairo Shahjaha 33 11 28 KKGB Gahlon Gambhirpur 26 1 29 KKGB Jaitpur Bhiwan 13 45 3 KKGB Jaitpur Kailayee 1 15 31 KKGB Jaitpur Karom 8 55 32 KKGB Shivli Dhakan Shivli 47 13 33 PNB Shivlip Arasadpur 37 25 59 34 PNB Shivlip Aungi 39 46 35 PNB Shivlip Hathika 4 33 36 PNB Shivlip Sambharpur 36 25 37 PNB Shivlip Tatmau 41 12 38 PNB Shivlip Jyoti 43 55 25 41 24 0 47 0 381 446 11 0 1 0 5 5
169 Appendix 12.1 Villagewise Implementation of SHG Activity Under SGSY in Sanchi
Number of SHGs Number of SHGs Number of SHGs to to be Provided to be Provided Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Village Code be Formed Direct Credit Revolving Fund
TA TAT A 1 CAN Sanchi Murlikhedi 4 1 2 CAN Sanchi Chirholi14 5 1 3 CAN Sanchi Fatehpur Marmata 6 12 4 CAN Sanchi Ucher 8 12 5 CAN Sanchi Madwai 10 22 6 CAN Sanchi Madha 11 3 7 CBI Sanchi Chirholi 14 14 1 8 CBI Sanchi Dhaniyakhedi 18 1 9 CAN Sanchi Gulgaon 19 2 10 CAN Sanchi Airan 22 2 1 11 RRB Diwanganj Barjorpur 33 1 12 RRB Diwanganj Ninod 35 2 13 RRB Diwanganj Jamuniya 39 1 14 RRB Diwanganj Kayampur 40 3 15 RRB Diwanganj Ambadi 46 1 16 RRB Diwanganj Mushkabad 47 1 17 RRB Diwanganj Diwanganj 54 3 18 RRB Sanchi Pagneshwar 67 11 19 RRB Sanchi Mehgaon 68 33 20 RRB Sanchi Parwariya 76 1 21 RRB Patandeb Barla 79 2 22 RRB Patandeb Makhani 82 2 23 RRB Patandeb Amrawad Wajya 83 2 24 RRB Patandeb Bilara 84 2 25 RRB Kharbai Badauda 25 90 1 26 RRB Patandeb Salaira 91 1 27 RRB Patandeb Kotra 98 1 28 SBIN Raisen Murailakalao 105 11 29 SBIN Raisen Chaodna 108 13 30 SBIN Raisen Nihalpur 110 1 31 SBIN Raisen Kanpauhara 111 22 32 SBIN Raisen Murailakhurd 112 1 33 SBIN Raisen Karhod 114 1 34 SBIN Raisen Wavliya 116 1 35 SBIN Raisen Andaul 120 11 36 SBIN Raisen Dandaira 121 11 37 RRB Patandeb Maupatharai 124 1 38 RRB Patandeb Sund 126 1 39 RRB Kharbai Silpuri 133 2 40 RRB Kharbai Kharwai 136 1 41 RRB Kharbai Sehatganj 139 2 42 RRB Kharbai Pipalkhiriya 142 2 43 RRB Kharbai Rangpura Keshari 144 2 44 CBI Raisen Nimkhedakushiyari 146 1 45 CBI Raisen Bangawa 149 1 46 SBI Raisen Dhaniyakhedi 157 1 47 SBI Raisen Pipalai 158 1 48 SBI Raisen Masair 160 1 49 SBIN Raisen Bhadner 162 11 50 SBIN Raisen Khargawali 163 11 51 SBIN Raisen Badauda 60 166 32 52 RRB Naktara Nisddikhedi 175 1 53 RRB Naktara Kath 178 1 54 RRB Naktara Tikauda 181 31 1 55 RRB Naktara Sirsauda 182 53 2
170 Appendix 12.1 (Contd…)
Number of SHGs Number of SHGs Number of SHGs to to be Provided to be Provided Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Village Code be Formed Direct Credit Revolving Fund
TA TAT A 56 RRB Naktara Narwar 183 22 1 57 SBI Raisen Khandaira 184 2 58 RRB Naktara Khandera 184 22 22 59 RRB Naktara Bharda 185 12 1 60 SBI Raisen Dabar 188 1 61 RRB Naktara Naktra 190 44 2 62 RRB Naktara Pati 191 63 63 SBI Raisen Bankhedi 192 211 64 SBI Raisen Amrawad 193 221 65 RRB Naktara Kurawad 194 2 66 SBI Raisen Pathari 195 14 67 SBI Raisen Bamhareri 197 2 68 RRB Raisen bagroda 199 1 69 RRB Kharbai Urden 204 3 70 RRB Raisen Manpur 210 1 71 RRB Raisen Barnijagir 211 1 72 RRB Naktara Chilwaha 212 14 1 73 RRB Naktara Bussibhait 213 21 74 RRB Naktara Kamaka 214 14 2 75 RRB Naktara Mahwakheda 216 14 2 76 RRB Naktara Gudraye 217 3 2 77 RRB Naktara Chowdanghoda 218 23 2 78 RRB Raisen Nayapura 219 1 79 RRB Raisen Mahujagir 222 2 80 RRB Salamatpur BhoiKaloni 1055 2 81 SBI Salamatpur Banskheda 1/1032 1 82 RRB Kharbai Gopisursatkunda 138/1082 34 83 RRB Kharbai Ratanpur Budha 143/1090 4 84 RRB Kharbai Nand 200/1099 3 85 RRB Kharbai Meharmanga 202/1158 42 86 RRB Kharbai Amoda 203/1159 1 87 SBI Salamatpur Kachnariya 25/1027 3 1 88 SBI Salamatpur Khoha 29/1011 3 89 SBI Salamatpur Berkhedi Tunda 30/1013 1 90 SBI Salamatpur Dahida 34/1212 1 91 SBI Salamatpur Pipliya Chandehan 45/1014 1 1 92 SBI Salamatpur Mudiyakheda 52/1037 4 93 SBI Salamatpur Chhola 53/1015 2 94 SBI Salamatpur Shahpur 55/1031 4 95 SBI Salamatpur Salamatpur 56/1051 15 1 96 RRB Salamatpur Aamkheda 58/1064 3 97 RRB Salamatpur Billori 59/1065 2 98 RRB Salamatpur Ratanpur Girdhari 64/1068 1 99 RRB Kharbai Bagod 93/1074 1 100 RRB Naktara Dabar 12 101 RRB Salamatpur Beshan 1072 1 102 SBIN Raisen Pagneshwar 1 103 CBI Raisen Bagroda 1 104 CBI Raisen Rangpura keshri 2 105 CBI Raisen Urdain 2 106 CBI Raisen Mahujagir 2 107 CBI Raisen Nand 3
171 Appendix 12.2 Villagewise Implementation of Credit Activity Under SGSY in Sanchi Minor Village Unknown Dairy Goatery Kirana Tailoring Shoe Saloon Vegetable MIS Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Irrigation Code TATATATA TATATATATATA 1 Canara Sanchi Chirholi14 5 12 2 Canara Sanchi Airan 22 11 11 3 Canara Sanchi Gulgaon 19 5 1115 4 Canara Sanchi Madwai 10 16 1 5 5 Canara Sanchi Ucher 8 5 14 1 6 6 CBI Raisen Bagroda 11 7 CBI Raisen Bangawa 149 11 8 CBI Raisen Rangpura keshri 5 9 CBI Raisen Urdain 5 10 CBI Raisen Nand 5 11 CBI Raisen Mahujagir 10 12 CBI Sanchi Chirholi 14 14 1 13 RRB Diwanganj Singrampur 38 1 14 RRB Diwanganj Narkheda 43 1 15 RRB Diwanganj Ambadi 46 1 16 RRB Diwanganj Mushkabad 47 1 17 RRB Diwanganj Diwanganj 54 21 18 RRB Naktara Mahua Kheda 48 1 19 RRB Naktara Saochet 167 1 20 RRB Naktara Saochet 167 1 21 RRB Naktara Chilwaha 212 22 RRB Naktara Pati 191 10 23 RRB Patandeb Salaira 103 1 24 RRB Patandeb Kotra 98 5 25 RRB Patandeb Makhani 82 24 26 RRB Patandeb Bilara 84 26 27 RRB Patandeb Amrawad Wajya 83 37 28 RRB Patandeb Barla 79 51 29 RRB Salamatpur Ratanpur Girdhari 64/1068 5 30 RRB Salamatpur BhoiKaloni 1055 5 31 RRB Salamatpur Billori 59/1065 5 32 RRB Salamatpur Aamkheda 58/1064 5 33 RRB Sanchi Pagneshwar 67 1 34 RRB Sanchi Parwariya 76 5 35 RRB Sanchi Mehgaon 68 10 1 36 SBI Raisen Dhaniyakhedi 157 1 37 SBI Raisen Masair 160 1 38 SBI Raisen Surai 196 2 39 SBI Raisen Pipalai 158 3 40 SBI Raisen Saujana 189 10 41 SBI Raisen Dabar 188 10
172 Appendix 12.2 (Contd…)
Minor Village Unknown Dairy Goatery Kirana Tailoring Shoe Saloon Vegetable MIS Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Irrigation Code TATATATA TATATATATATA 42 SBI Raisen Khandaira 184 10 43 SBI Raisen Bankhedi 192 10 44 SBI Raisen Bamhareri 197 10 45 SBI Raisen Alli 154 20 46 SBI Raisen Pathari 195 10 3 12 47 SBI Salamatpur Kachnariya 25/1027 1 48 SBI Salamatpur Mudiyakheda 52/1037 10 49 SBI Salamatpur Shahpur 55/1031 11 50 SBI Salamatpur Pipliya Chandehan 45/1014 11 11 51 SBI Salamatpur Salamatpur 56/1051 13 11 1 52 SB Indore Raisen Chaodna 108 6 238 1 20 56 0 33 1 14 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 40 2 20 63
173 Appendix 13.1 Villagewise Implementation of Credit Activity Under SGSY in Arrah
Villagewise Information Not Available
174 Appendix 14.1 Villagewise Implementation of SHG Activity Under SGSY in Salepur
Existing Number of SHGs to Number of SHGs to be Village Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Number be Formed Provided Direct Credit Code of SHGs TA T A 1 UCO Salipur Bateswar 7 3 24 1 2 UCO Salipur Barigola 9 2 11 3 UCO Salipur Bodamundai 1 2 2 4 UCO Salipur Betel 11 2 2 5 UCO Salipur Sunakhandi 13 3 22 1 1 6 UCO Salipur Chandradeipur 22 4 34 1 7 UCO Salipur Lunahar 23 7 27 8 UCO Salipur Barabari 28 2 12 9 UCO Salipur Chhanipur 29 1 12 10 UCO Salipur Karamuan 3 1 12 11 UCO Salipur Orabari 31 1 12 UCO Salipur Ramkrushnapur 32 1 13 UCO Salipur Shankarpur 33 5 51 14 UCO Salipur Satabati 34 1 12 15 UCO Salipur Ballabhpur 59 4 1 16 UCO Salipur Balia 7 3 13 11 17 UCO Salipur Naigua 72 5 3 13 18 UCO Salipur Banahata 86 1 23 1 19 UCO Salipur Chamairgol 87 1 1 20 UCO Salipur Manoharpur 88 3 2 21 UCO Salipur Manitri 89 2 13 22 UCO Salipur Pikol 9 6 6 11 23 UCO Salipur Saigoda 91 2 11 24 SBI Bhimdaspur Bhimdaspur 14 2 2 21 25 SBI Bhimdaspur Bodhasara 15 1 26 SBI Bhimdaspur Bhora 16 1 27 SBI Bhimdaspur Gothada 17 1 28 SBI Bhimdaspur Kusupur 18 2 29 SBI Bhimdaspur Praharajpur 19 1 30 SBI Bhimdaspur Talapada 2 3 1 21 31 SBI Bhimdaspur Chhotinatra 139 1 11 32 SBI Bhimdaspur Khaira 14 1 33 SBI Bhimdaspur Kalidahi 141 1 34 SBI Bhimdaspur Kankrailo 142 1 1 35 SBI Bhimdaspur Sidho 143 2 1 12 36 SBI Gopinathpur Champapur 35 3 37 SBI Gopinathpur Ganapur 36 3 5 38 SBI Gopinathpur Ganipur 37 3 3 39 SBI Gopinathpur Gandwarpur 38 11 1 40 SBI Gopinathpur Gopinathpur 39 17 21 4 41 SBI Gopinathpur Malihata 4 3 23 3 42 SBI Gopinathpur Purushottamapur 41 1 11 43 SBI Gopinathpur Padhanpada 42 5 4 44 SBI Gopinathpur Satyabhampur 43 6 14 2 45 SBI Gopinathpur Kulinda 51 11 46 SBI Gopinathpur Laxminarayanpur 52 7 38 3
175 Appendix 14.1 (Contd…)
Existing Number of SHGs to Number of SHGs to be Village Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Number be Formed Provided Direct Credit Code of SHGs TA T A 47 SBI Gopinathpur Mahajanpur 53 5 413 2 48 SBI Gopinathpur Kothabad 159 48 49 SBI Gopinathpur Ichhapur 16 2 24 50 SBI Gopinathpur Trilochanpur 161 4 413 3 51 SBI Japakuda Jagulaipur 44 4 23 52 SBI Japakuda Katapada 45 5 6 23 53 SBI Japakuda Mahanapur 46 4 31 54 SBI Japakuda Dhngpada 82 2 11 1 55 SBI Japakuda Katidaha 83 2 32 56 SBI Japakuda Odasingh 84 9 36 57 SBI Japakuda Tilda 85 5 44 2 58 SBI Salipur Balusahi 6 4 32 59 SBI Salipur Paghpur 8 2 1 60 SBI Salipur Balabhadrapur 47 2 2 61 SBI Salipur Basudevpur 48 5 1 62 SBI Salipur Mahan 49 5 25 12 63 SBI Salipur Puran 5 2 21 64 SBI Salipur Balilawahi 15 1 1 65 SBI Salipur Elamapur 16 1 1 66 SBI Salipur Hirapur 17 2 22 2 67 SBI Salipur Ramkrushnapur 18 22 1 68 SBI Salipur Balir 124 3 1 11 69 SBI Salipur Tangapur 125 2 12 1 70 SBI Salipur Jahangirabad 126 11 1 71 SBI Salipur Allipur 127 1 2 72 SBI Salipur Osada 128 1 1 73 SBI Salipur Kasinpur 129 211 4 74 SBI Salipur Patana 13 1 22 1 2 75 SBI Salipur Sarada 131 6 24 2 2 76 SBI Salipur Sauri 132 2 23 1 4 77 SBI Salipur Baharapada 133 1 2 78 SBI Salipur Bahapalpur 134 1 2 1 79 SBI Salipur Kalyanpur 135 4 5 21 80 SBI Salipur Purushottamapur 136 4 2 81 SBI Salipur Sapanpur 137 1 11 82 SBI Salipur Sisua 138 11 83 SBI Salipur Tentol 158 8 38 2 4 84 PNB Kisanngar Buruda 119 1 22 85 PNB Kisanngar Boilo 12 2 43 1 86 PNB Kisanngar Kuruli 121 1 87 PNB Kisanngar Ratilo 122 5 25 1 88 PNB Kisanngar Sarada 123 1 11
176 Appendix 14.1 (Contd…)
Existing Number of SHGs to Number of SHGs to be Village Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Number be Formed Provided Direct Credit Code of SHGs TA T A 89 PNB Kisanngar Guali 152 1 31 90 PNB Kisanngar Gothamira 153 2 11 1 91 PNB Kisanngar Mukuma 154 2 33 1 92 PNB Kisanngar Tarito 155 4 44 93 Indian Sirlo Demindo 93 1 94 Indian Sirlo Gangapur 94 1 1 95 Indian Sirlo Kalikapur 95 2 1 96 Indian Sirlo Doakimira 96 2 1 97 Indian Sirlo Samitanga 98 1 2 98 Indian Sirlo Sogula 99 3 2 21 99 Indian Sirlo Artak 144 1 100 Indian Sirlo Kuliasamatiga 145 5 1 101 Indian Sirlo Patenigan 146 1 102 Indian Sirlo Pahimando 147 2 11 103 Indian Sirlo Sudhukhand 148 2 1 104 Indian Sirlo Totapada 149 1 105 Indian Sirlo Udaipur 15 1 106 Indian Sirlo Sailo 151 2 1 107 CGB Bahugram Bahugram 1 3 39 32 108 CGB Bahugram BahudulaPatna 2 3 42 1 109 CGB Bahugram Biswanathpur 3 5 518 1 110 CGB Bahugram Jamalpur 4 2 111 CGB Bahugram Sigmapur 5 34 112 CGB Bahugram Bhatpada 73 12 47 2 113 CGB Bahugram Nandal 74 6 54 2 2 114 CGB Bahugram Bisarpur 156 2 13 1 115 CGB Bahugram Patapur 157 4 27 11 116 CGB Raisunguna Chotipada 63 1 117 CGB Raisunguna Deuli 64 1 11 118 CGB Raisunguna Dharamgatpur 65 1 2 119 CGB Raisunguna Kanpur 66 6 17 21 120 CGB Raisunguna Matanagar 67 1 21 121 CGB Raisunguna Mirzapur 68 3 1 1 122 CGB Raisunguna Dhuonsaha 1 2 13 123 CGB Raisunguna Kussambi 11 9 11 22 124 CGB Raisunguna Keranga 12 11 125 CGB Raisunguna Madhanaoa 13 1 126 CGB Raisunguna Raisunguna 14 4 35 31 127 CGB Rameshwar Lehanpur 54 4 39 45 128 CGB Rameshwar Nalasasa 55 3 37 2 129 CGB Rameshwar Ganagore 76 2 2 130 CGB Rameshwar Kumarpur 77 4 24 2 2
177 Appendix 14.1 (Contd…)
Existing Number of SHGs to Number of SHGs to be Village Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Number be Formed Provided Direct Credit Code of SHGs TA T A 131 CGB Rameshwar Narda 78 3 24 2 4 132 CGB Rameshwar Nanpur 79 3 2 13 133 CGB Rameshwar Tunpur 81 2 11 134 CGB Rameshwar Badabhamiratapur 11 2 22 3 135 CGB Rameshwar Durgapur 111 2 11 136 CGB Rameshwar Makundpur** 112 1 32 137 CGB Rameshwar Reba 113 1 11 138 CGB Rameshwar Sabizpur 114 1 11 139 CGB Rameshwar Chapada 116 2 27 5 140 CGB Rameshwar Rameshwar 117 2 12 141 CGB Rameshwar Uchadiha 118 1 1 142 CBI Pirabazar Andeisahi 24 2 143 CBI Pirabazar Champti 25 2 1 144 CBI Pirabazar Gopinathpur 26 6 28 1 145 CBI Pirabazar Paschmakaaha 27 9 21 146 CBI Pirabazar Atoda 56 5 27 22 147 CBI Pirabazar BaraBodia 57 4 2 148 CBI Pirabazar MadhyaKachha 58 5 4 149 CBI Pirabazar Purbakacha 59 4 33 150 CBI Pirabazar Bhairpur 6 4 28 1 151 CBI Pirabazar Gujarpur 61 5 3 152 CBI Pirabazar Mutarifa 62 1 21
178 Appendix 14.2 Villagewise Implementation of Credit Activity Under SGSY in Salepur
Paddy Fashion Village Dairy Goatery Pisiculture Horticulture Mushroom Band Party Clay Work Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Production Technology Code TATATATAT A TATATATA 1 CGB Bahugram Bahugram 1 14 10 11 2 SBI Bhimdaspur Talapada 20 10 16 3 Indian Sirlo Kuliasamatiga 145 10 14 4 UCO Salipur Chandradeipur 22 10 13 5 SBI Gopinathpur Laxminarayanpur 52 10 13 6 UCO Salipur Naigua 72 12 10 7 SBI Japakuda Tilda 85 10 12 8 PNB Kisanngar Gothamira 153 10 12 9 PNB Kisanngar Mukuma 154 12 10 10 SBI Gopinathpur Malihata 40 10 11 11 Indian Sirlo Pahimando 147 10 11 12 CGB Raisunguna Raisunguna 104 10 11 13 SBI Bhimdaspur Sidho 143 10 10 14 SBI Salipur Mahan 49 10 10 15 SBI Salipur Tentol 158 10 10 16 CBI Pirabazar Atoda 56 10 10 17 CBI Pirabazar Bhairpur 60 10 10 18 CGB Bahugram Nandal 74 15 19 UCO Salipur Balia 70 11 20 Indian Sirlo Sogula 99 11 21 CGB Raisunguna Kanpur 66 11 22 SBI Japakuda Katapada 45 10 23 SBI Japakuda Dhngpada 82 10 24 CGB Rameshwar Lehanpur 54 10 30 68 20 32 20 0 30 42 50 69 20 22 10 12 14 10 0 11
179 Appendix 15.1 Villagewise Implementation of SHG Activity Under SGSY in Sidli
Number of Number of SHGs to be Number of SHGs to be Existing Provided Village SHGs to be Provided Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Number Direct (Non- Code Formed Revolving of SHGs subsidised) Credit Credit
TATATA 1 P G Bank Sidli Uttar Nagdalbari 1 1 2 P G Bank Sidli Uttar Islakhata 2 3 3 P G Bank Sidli Batabari 3 2 16 4 11 4 P G Bank Sidli Dakhin Nagdalbari 4 2 5 P G Bank Sidli Islakhata 5 1 2 6 P G Bank Sidli Kashibari 6 2 16 2 7 P G Bank Sidli Goragaon Salbari 7 1 2 8 P G Bank Sidli Nepalpara 9 1 12 1 9 P G Bank Sidli Balapara 10 12 1 1 10 P G Bank Sidli Garubhasa - 1 11 6 29 3 11 P G Bank Sidli Bamuagaon 12 3 49 44 12 P G Bank Sidli Juilaga 13 12 1 13 P G Bank Sidli Lauripara 14 1 15 1 14 P G Bank Sidli Amguri 15 2 2 1 15 P G Bank Sidli Garubhasa - 2 16 2 2 2 16 P G Bank Sidli Dologaon 17 3 3 17 P G Bank Sidli Goragaon 18 2 4 18 P G Bank Sidli Mojabari - I 19 1 14 11 19 P G Bank Sidli Samsingkila 20 2 13 1 20 P G Bank Sidli Mojabari - II 21 1 1 21 P G Bank Sidli Pretgaon 22 6 19 1 1 22 P G Bank Sidli Shyamthaibari 23 4 6 23 P G Bank Sidli Kashikotra - I 24 5 110 1 21 24 P G Bank Sidli Kashikotra - II, III 25 1 14 11 25 P G Bank Sidli Bairajhara 27 13 1 26 P G Bank Sidli Dangsaibari 28 1 18 1 11 27 P G Bank Sidli Silghaguri 29 3 13 11 28 P G Bank Sidli Tunkubari 30 1 29 P G Bank Sidli Kalabari 31 1 1 30 P G Bank Sidli Dhupguri 32 1 31 P G Bank Sidli Nimogaon 33 3 14 11 32 P G Bank Sidli Solamari 34 2 13 1 33 P G Bank Sidli Padmapur 35 1 31 34 P G Bank Sidli Tangabari 36 1 12 1 1 35 P G Bank Sidli Krishnapur 37 1 36 P G Bank Sidli Sidli 38 3 14 11 37 P G Bank Sidli Rajajan 39 3 16 1 1 38 P G Bank Sidli Palashbari 40 11 39 P G Bank Sidli Namalpur 70 4 26 1 40 P G Bank Sidli Dipu Kumguri 71 1 12 1 41 P G Bank Sidli Gendergaon 72 2 14 42 P G Bank Sidli Jauliabari 75 16 43 SBI B R P L Pachim Enkorbari 46 11 1
180 Appendix 15.1 (Contd…)
Number of Number of SHGs to be Number of SHGs to be Existing Provided Village SHGs to be Provided Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Number Direct (Non- Code Formed Revolving of SHGs subsidised) Credit Credit
TATATA 44 SBI B R P L Pub. Enkorbari 47 12 1 45 SBI B R P L Dangaigaon 48 2 2 46 SBI B R P L Nepalpara 49 22 2 47 SBI B R P L Barigara 50 21 1 48 SBI B R P L Bhervery - I 51 6 22 49 SBI B R P L Bandugari 52 26 1 3 50 SBI B R P L Katribari 53 33 51 SBI New Bongaigaon Dakhin Kajalgaon 62 25 22 52 SBI New Bongaigaon Barpathar 68 32 3 53 SBI New Bongaigaon Nilibari 69 56 5 3 54 UBI Dhaligaon Baikuagaon 43 22 2 1 55 UBI Dhaligaon Silpota 44 36 32 56 UBI Dhaligaon Amguri 54 11 1 4 57 UBI Dhaligaon Dakhin Anguri 55 22 58 UBI Dhaligaon Kalobari 56 11 59 UBI Dhaligaon Manglagaon 63 22 2 1 60 UBI Dhaligaon Sungapota 67 11 61 UCO Dhaligaon Dangagaon 41 1 62 UCO Dhaligaon Bilashpur 42 46 41 63 UCO Dhaligaon Hasrabari 45 36 31 64 UCO Dhaligaon Chatibargaon 57 34 3 2 65 UCO Dhaligaon Uttar Kajalgaon 59 2 66 UCO Dhaligaon Madhyam Kajalgaon 60 1 67 UCO Dhaligaon Saljhara 61 25 21 68 UCO Dhaligaon Bortala 64 13 11 69 UCO Dhaligaon Kukurmari 65 48 44 70 UCO Dhaligaon Dhaligaon 66 4 71 UCO Dhaligaon Oujani 74 11 72 UCO Dhaligaon Hatipota 76 21 2
181 Appendix 15.2 Villagewise Implementation of Credit Activity Under SGSY in Sidli
Village Piggery WeavingDairy Poultry Horticulture Tractor Sericulture Sr No Village Name Code T A TATATAT A TATA 1 Amguri 54 38 38 2 Katribari 53 32 37 3 Bhervery - I 51 10 22 23 11 4 Bandugari 52 11 27 27 5 Kukurmari 65 21 21 10 6 Garubhasa - 1 11 29 12 7 Dakhin Anguri 55 10 20 10 8 Nilibari 69 10 11 10 9 Bamuagaon 12 14 11 10 Silghaguri 29 10 15 11 Pretgaon 22 12 10 12 Dakhin Kajalgaon 62 10 12 13 Nimogaon 33 21 14 Kalobari 56 10 10 15 Dhaligaon 66 20 16 Oujani 74 10 10 17 Dhaligaon 66 16 18 Dangaigaon 48 15 19 Solamari 34 14 20 Shyamthaibari 23 13 21 Garubhasa - 2 16 12 22 Mojabari - II 21 12 23 Bilashpur 42 12 24 Kashikotra - II, III 25 11 25 Kashibari 6 10 26 Lauripara 14 10 27 Goragaon 18 10 28 Samsingkila 20 10 29 Kashikotra - I 24 10 30 Rajajan 39 10 31 Gendergaon 72 10 32 Hasrabari 45 10 33 Chatibargaon 57 10 34 Saljhara 61 10 35 Bortala 64 10 220 187 61 35 114 117 35 0 23 12 0 14 0 12
182 Appendix 16.1 Villagewise Implementation of SHG Activity Under SGSY in Daund
Number of Number of Number of SHGs Existing SHGs to be Village SHGs to be to be Provided Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Number Provided Code Formed Revolving Fund of SHGs Direct Credit
TATA T A 1 UCO Rahu Takali 1 0 1 2 PDCC* Rahu Takali 1 0 1 3 UCO Rahu Walki 5 0 1 4 UCO Rahu Telewadi 6 0 1 5 PDCC* Rahu Telewadi 6 0 1 6 PDCC* Rahu Devkarwadi 8 1 1 7 PDCC* Rahu Pilanwadi 12 1 1 8 PDCC* Khamgaon Ladkatwadi 15 1 1 9 PDCC* Pimpalgaon Ekeriwadi 1 10 PDCC* Khutbav Khutbav 20 3 1 11 BOI Urulikanchan Dalimb 29 2 1 12 BOI Urulikanchan Boriaindi 30 0 1 13 PDCC* Nangaon Khopodi 47 1 1 14 PDCC* Patas Roti 59 2 1 15 PDCC* Patas Wasunde 61 2 1 16 PDCC* Daund Gar 63 1 1 17 SBI Daund Betwadi 64 2 1 18 PDCC* Patas Birobachiwadi 67 2 1 19 SBI Daund Sonawadi 70 2 1 20 CBI Daund Gopalwadi 72 0 1 21 PDCC* Daund Masanarwadi 75 2 1 22 CBI Daund Pedgaon 80 6 1 23 SBI Kurkumbh Jiregaon 84 1 1 24 PDCC* D Raje Hingni Berdi 95 3 1 25 PDCC* D Raje Kalewadi 1 26 PDCC* D Raje Gar 1 27 PDCC* Rahu KoregaonBhivar 4 1 1 1 28 UCO Rahu Patethan 7 0 2 29 PDCC* Khamgaon Kasurdi 25 5 1 1 30 PDCC* Khamgaon Bhandgaon 35 5 1 1 31 PDCC* Kedgaon Wakhari 36 1 11 32 PDCC* Khutbav Galandwadi 39 3 1 1 33 PDCC* Warvand Hatvalan 44 1 2 34 PDCC* Warvand Kadethanwadi 45 7 2 35 PDCC* Nangaon Dapodi 46 3 2 36 Canara Daund Khorodi 76 0 2 37 BOM Daund Deulgaon Raje 78 11 2 38 BOM Daund Wadgaon Darekar 79 4 2 39 SBI Kurkumbh Pandharewadi 83 3 11 40 PDCC* Daund Kalewadi 89 4 2 41 PDCC* Ravangaon Lonarwadi 91 4 11 42 SBI Kurkumbh Kurkumbh 95 1 11 43 PDCC* Rahu Rahu 98 1 1 1 44 PDCC* Rahu Wadgaon Bande 3 0 2 1 45 PDCC* Rahu Patethan 7 2 1 2 46 UCO Rahu Mirvadi 9 0 3 47 PDCC* Khamgaon Undawadi 14 2 11 1 48 PDCC* Warvand Padavi 57 6 21 49 SBI Daund Girim 68 1 3
183 Appendix 16.1 (Contd…)
Number of Number of Number of SHGs Existing SHGs to be Village SHGs to be to be Provided Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Number Provided Code Formed Revolving Fund of SHGs Direct Credit
TATA T A 50 BOM Bhigwan Chincholi 97 2 11 1 51 PDCC* Rajegaon Naygaon 3 52 BOM Bhigwan Naygaon 102 1 12 53 PDCC* Warvand Warvand 7 3 54 PDCC* Dahitne Dahitne 10 1 3 1 55 UCO Rahu Rahu 11 2 22 56 PDCC* Khutbav Pimpalgaon 17 3 4 57 PDCC* Khamgaon Khor 37 1 4 58 PDCC* Patas Kusegaon 58 3 31 59 PDCC* Daund Shirapur 81 1 31 60 PDCC* D Raje Kadamvasti 87 2 4 61 PDCC* Daund Hingni Berdi 94 0 4 62 PDCC* Rajegaon Watlug 99 0 4 63 PDCC* Rahu Mirvadi 9 0 4 1 64 SBI Urulikanchan Sahjapur 27 0 5 65 BOI Urulikanchan Boribhadak 28 3 12 2 66 BOM Khutbav Khutbav 90 0 11 3 67 CBI Khadki Khadki 97 0 5 68 BOM Bhigwan Watlug 99 6 14 69 SBI Urulikanchan Nandur 0 41 70 PDCC* Rahu Walki 5 7 1 5 71 SBI Kurkumbh Malad - Patas 86 3 41 1 72 PDCC* Paragon Pargaon 40 9 7 73 PDCC* Patas Kangaon 62 1 23 2 74 CBI Daund Lingali 73 2 24 1 75 Canara Daund Malthan 90 5 12 4 76 BOM Bhigwan Khanota 101 9 52 77 BOM Patas Patas 91 3 61 1 78 BOM Warvand Warvand 92 8 44 79 PDCC* Kedgaon Nangaon 41 1 51 3 80 BOM Khutbav Delvadi 18 3 44 2 81 PDCC* Khamgaon Khamgaon 23 4 52 3 82 PDCC* D Raje Alegaon 77 4 42 4 83 SBI Daund Boribel 88 4 51 4 84 BOM Yawat Yawat 93 1 82 1 85 PDCC* Ravangaon Ravangaon 93 4 110 86 PDCC* Kedgaon Pargaon 40 0 71 4 87 BOM Bhigwan Rajegaon 100 2 24 6 88 PDCC* Nangaon Bori Pardhi 54 4 44 6 89 BOM Kedgaon Kedgaon 53 0 11 6 5 Note : * PDCC operating in the service area of other commercial banks.
184 Appendix 16.2 Villagewise Implementation of Credit Activity Under SGSY in Daund
Individual Dairy ( SHG Non-Key (SHG Goatery (SHG Members) Swarozgaris Members) Members) Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Village Code
T A T A T A ASHN1 ASHMN1 A T A
1 BOI Urulikanchan Dalimb 29 2 2 BOI Urulikanchan Boribhadak 28 227 3 BOM Bhigwan Watlug 99 2 4 BOM Bhigwan Chincholi 97 2 55 5 BOM Bhigwan Rajegaon 100 2 10 10 6 BOM Bhigwan Khanota 101 530 2 7 BOM Daund Wadgaon Darekar 79 2 1 8 BOM Daund Deulgaon Raje 78 2 15 28 521 9 BOM Kedgaon Khopodi 47 7 10 BOM Kedgaon Kedgaon 53 12 285310 11 BOM Khutbav Delvadi 18 821 12 BOM Khutbav Khutbav 90 1 7 6 12 4 13 BOM Warvand Warvand 92 44 5115 14 BOM Yawat Yawat 93 1 15 Canara Daund Shirapur 1 16 Canara Daund Khorodi 76 8 17 Canara Daund Daund 99 10 1 18 Canara Daund Malthan 90 33 12 30 20 3 19 CBI Daund Gopalwadi 72 1 20 CBI Daund Lingali 73 2 21 CBI Daund Pedgaon 80 21 63 22 CBI Khadki Khadki 96 4 23 CBI Khadki Ravangaon 93 22 81710 3 24 PDCC* Bhigwan Khanota 101 3155 25 PDCC* D Raje Alegaon 77 10 26 PDCC* D Raje Hingni Berdi 95 23 45 27 PDCC* Dahitne Dahitne 10 1 10 6 32 28 PDCC* Daund Kalewadi 89 5 29 PDCC* Daund Mergalwadi 74 246 30 PDCC* Daund Masanarwadi 75 1 58411
185 Appendix 16.2 (Contd…)
Individual Dairy ( SHG Non-Key (SHG Goatery (SHG Members) Swarozgaris Members) Members) Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Village Code
T A T A T A ASHN1 ASHMN1 A T A
31 PDCC* Delvadi Delvadi 18 21 5 5 32 PDCC* Kedgaon Pargaon 40 1 33 PDCC* Kedgaon Kedgaon 53 3 36422 34 PDCC* Kedgaon Nangaon 41 223 35 PDCC* Kedgaon Bori Pardhi 54 4 210555 36 PDCC* Khadki Lonarwadi 91 1 10 37 PDCC* Khamgaon Khor 37 55 38 PDCC* Khamgaon Bhandgaon 35 947 39 PDCC* Khamgaon Kasurdi 25 41 79 40 PDCC* Khamgaon Khamgaon 23 20 15 52 41 PDCC* Khutbav Khutbav 20 11 4105 42 PDCC* Khutbav Pimpalgaon 17 1 13 10 6 43 PDCC* Nangaon Dapodi 46 1 44 PDCC* Nangaon Nangaon 41 41 910 45 PDCC* Nangaon Bori Pardhi 54 1 858214 46 PDCC* Nathachiwadi Ekeriwadi 19 13 7 47 PDCC* Paragon Pargaon 40 235 48 PDCC* Patas Kangaon 62 1 49 PDCC* Patas Wasunde 61 2 50 PDCC* Patas Birobachiwadi 67 1 8102 1 51 PDCC* Patas Kusegaon 58 41010 52 PDCC* Patas Patas 66 5 10 10 7 53 PDCC* Pimpalgaon Ekeriwadi 5 54 PDCC* Pimpalgaon Nathachiwadi 16 28 55 PDCC* Rahu Patethan 7 155
186 Appendix 16.2 (Contd…)
Individual Dairy ( SHG Non-Key (SHG Goatery (SHG Members) Swarozgaris Members) Members) Sr No Bank Branch Village Name Village Code
T A T A T A ASHN1 ASHMN1 A T A
56 PDCC* Rahu Devkarwadi 8 21 74 57 PDCC* Rahu Panawali 2 10 10 58 PDCC* Rahu Pilanwadi 12 21 8101 59 PDCC* Rajegaon Watlug 99 21 56 60 PDCC* Rajegaon Rajegaon 100 10 10 2 1 61 PDCC* Ravangaon Lonarwadi 91 10 62 PDCC* Ravangaon Malad 86 256 63 PDCC* Ravangaon Ravangaon 93 10 10 64 PDCC* Warvand Warvand 57 65 PDCC* Warvand Kadethanwadi 45 1 5194 66 PDCC* Yawat Bharatgaon 1 67 PDCC* Yawat Kasurdi 52 8 68 SBI Daund Girim 68 1 69 SBI Daund Sonawadi 70 1 70 SBI Daund Boribel 88 2 48 71 SBI Kurkumbh Malad - Patas 86 3 72 SBI Kurkumbh Pandharewadi 83 11 73 SBI Kurkumbh Kurkumbh 95 24 44 74 SBI Kurkumbh Jiregaon 84 32 2852 75 SBI Kurkumbh Kauthadi 85 1 3108 76 SBI Urulikanchan Nandur 6 77 SBI Urulikanchan Sahjapur 27 71 78 UCO Rahu Rahu 11 2 682 1 2 81 100 311 378 260 0 0 0 61 0 79 Note : * PDCC operating in the service area of other commercial banks.
187 Appendix 17.1 Villagewise Implementation of SHG Activity Under SGSY in Kumta Number of SHGs to Number of SHGs Number of SHGs to be Village be provided Direct Sr No Bank Branch Village Name to be Formed provided Revolving Fund Code Credit TAT A T A 1 CAN Kumta Konalli 87 2 2 COR Tadri Belekan 41 3 GSSB Bargadde 7 4 GSSB Hanehalli Bankikodla 4 25 5 GSSB Katgal 2 6 GSSB Muroor 41 7 GSSB Santegulli 4 8 KAR Dhareshwar Devgiri 78 4 9 KAR Gokarna Belehittal 2 10 KAR Muroor Alavalli 93 11 11 KAR Kumta Kumta 7 12 KDCC Baad 3 13 KDCC Gokarna 1 14 KDCC Hiregutti 13 15 KDCC Kumta Holangadd 71 4 16 KDCC Mirjan 26 17 RSSB Kujalli 1 18 RSSN Baad Baad 69 2 19 SBI Kumta Antrolli 52 24 20 SBI Tadri Ashoke 42 21 SYN Baliga Coll.Kumta 1 22 SYN Bankikodia Bankikodia 4 7 23 SYN Gokarna Bavikodla 3 21 8 24 SYN Hegde Hegde 54 13 6 25 SYN Katgal Alkod 41 25 26 SYN Kodkani Bargigajni 27 415 27 SYN Kumta Alvekodi 527 28 VGB Gokarna 33 29 VGB Kagal Aganashini 64 13 26 30 VGB Kumta Harodi 85 48 31 VGB Santegulli Abbolli 114 46 32 VIJ Gudengadi Baad 69 510 33 VIJ Kumta Chitrigi 61 25 34 VIJ Madangeri Betkuli 26 10 6 35 VSSB Bargi 18 36 VSSB Dhareshwar 3 37 VSSB Gokarna 5
188 Appendix 17.2 Villagewise Implementation of Credit Activity Under SGSY in Kumta
Fishery Horticulture Dairy (SHG ISB (Total Village Sr No Bank Branch Village Name (SHGMembers) (SHGMembers) Members) Swarozgaris) Code TATATATA 1 GSSB Hanehalli Bankikodla 4 12 12 2 GSSB Hanehalli Harumaskeri 12 12 3 GSSB Hanehalli Hanehalli 7 13 13 4 GSSB Hanehalli Torke 16 27 5 GSSB Hanehalli Kadme 6 28 6 GSSB Hanehalli Madangeri 14 28 7 GSSB Hanehalli Hoskeri 5 13 13 13 13 8 GSSB Hanehalli Nadumaskeri 27 26 28 9 GSSB Hanehalli Bhavikodia 54 54 12 12 10 RSSN Baad Gudeangadi 18 18 11 VGB Kagal Baad 13 13 12 VGB Kagal Kagal 65 14 14 13 VGB Kagal Hubbanageri 66 20 20 14 VGB Kagal Aganashini 64 66 66 15 VSSN Bargi Bargi 18 18 33 33 206 218 90 90 18 18 66 94
189 Appendix 18.1 Villagewise Implementation of Credit Activity Under SGSY in Rayavaram
Villagewise Information Not Available
190 Exhibit 1 Transaction Details of a typical Loan Account and Interest Calculation
Branch : Pirabazar Bank : CBI SHG : Maa Mangala SHG Village : Atoda Number of Members : 12 Type : Female *Date of Opening Savings Account : 1/29/2003 Purpose of Loan : Goat Rearing Loan Amount Sanctioned : 250000 Date of Sanction of Loan : 12/23/2004 Subsidy Amount : 110000 Date of Sanction of Subsidy : 3/29/2005 Rate of Interest : 11 Type : TL Number of Repayment Installments : 60 Frequency of Repayment Installment : Monthly Moratarium Period : Regular Status of the Account :
Outstanding Loan Total Interest Alternative Total Alternative Product = Alternative Interest net of Subsidy Amount for Product = Product till Rate= Product till Interest Nature of Otstanding No of Days Amount * Days (Original Rate= Interest Date Debit Credit Taking Care of Product Ignoring Amount * Interest Interest Calculation (Sum) ( Transaction Balance for Product Outstanding Without Amount*365/Product Date of Sanction Negative Amount Days Calculation Amount*365/ Of Original Deducting Subsidy) Sum of Subsidy (Sum) Product Sum Outstanding)
12/23/2004 loan 60000 60000 60000 60000 46.00 2760000 2760000 2/7/2005 insurance 2650 62650 62650 62650 0.00 0 0 2/7/2005 interest 1772 64422 64422 64422 52.00 3349944 2760000 0.23 3349944 2760000 0.23 3/31/2005 transfer 190000 254422 254422 254422 0.00 0 0 3/31/2005 interest 13466 267888 267888 267888 153.00 40986864 3349944 1.47 40986864 3349944 1.47 8/31/2005 deposit 1300 266588 266588 266588 6.00 1599528 1599528 9/6/2005 deposit 50000 216588 216588 216588 6.00 1299528 1299528 9/12/2005 deposit 9124 207464 207464 207464 0.00 0 0 9/12/2005 ssg 74 207538 207538 207538 14.00 2905532 2905532 9/26/2005 interest 8315 215853 215853 0 31.00 0 46791452 0.06 0 46791452 0.06 10/27/2005 deposit 2000 213853 213853 0 34.00 0 0 11/30/2005 deposit 1000 212853 212853 0 6.00 0 0 12/6/2005 occ 1462 211391 211391 0 0.00 0 0 12/6/2005 commission 53 211444 211444 0 3.00 0 0 12/9/2005 occ 1775 209669 209669 0 0.00 0 0 12/9/2005 commission 53 209722 209722 0 46.00 0 0 1/24/2006 deposit 800 208922 208922 0
Total Interest Effective Rate Charged till 23553 52901396 0.163 52901396 0.16 of Interest Date
191 Map 1 Activity Level under SGSY in Sriganganagar Block after Implementation of 2004-05 Plan
Dairy
Sheep 1 1 Existing Sheep
Existing Dairy Khes 3
Existing Khes
Furniture 6 Existing Furniture 6 192 8 12 9 16
13 14 15 17 18 19 20 22 21
23 24 25 25 36
34
4242
41 43 Map 2 Activity Level under SGSY in Maitha Block after Implementation of 2004-05 Plan
(2) (1) (3) (4) (6) (5)5 (7)(7) (8)
(14) (14) (11) (9) (15) (16) (17) (12) (10) (21)(21) (18) (10) (13) (22)(22) (23)(23) (45) (20) (19)(19) (47)(47) (46) (25) (24) (36) (27)27 (28) (35) (36) (37)37 (48) (49) (26) (44)(44) (29) (30) (34) (31) (38) (33)(33) (39)(39) (43) (50) 193 (32)(32) (41)(41) (42) (51) (52) (59) (40) (56) (60)(61) (53) (60) (55) (57) (63) (54) (62)(62) (58)(58)
(81) (64) (66)(66) (67) (84) (69) (85) (85)
(83) (68) (70) (82) Dairy (65) (86)(86) (87) (92) (71) Existing Dairy (72) (76) (93) (88) (91) (75) (94) Sheep (95)95 (73) (74) (98)98 (77) (89) (96) (97) (78) (77) (90) Existing Sheep (101) (99) (103) (102) (100) (79) Minor Irrigation
(80) Map 3 Activity Level under SGSY in Sanchi Block after Implementation of 2004-05 Plan
1
11 10 22 8
38 19
45 25 16 58 43 52 68 72 56 67 114 64 111 39 78 54 55 109 48 85 103 114 47 194
165 122 123 124 164 167 83 162 166 161
197 195 192 193 191 Dairy 194 149 Existing Dairy 136
Sheep 144 211
Existing Sheep 204 Minor Irrigation Map 5* Activity Level under SGSY in Salepur Block after Implementation of 2004-05 Plan
60
26
85 52 40 84 20
49 82 73 74 143 56 195 104 70
158 90 72 Pisiculture 66 22 Dairy
Horticulture 154
Mushroom 122 Goat
7 4 1
Existing Horticulture 145
Existing Mushroom
Note : * Map 4 of Arrah Block is missing Map 6 Activity Level under SGSY in Sidli Block after Implementation of 2004-05 Plan
6 74 48 12 29 53 50 51 11 45 14 34 56 196 16 23 54 52 18 24 33 39 22 55 21
65 62
66
Dairy Poultry Tractor 69
Piggery Horticulture
Weaving Sericulture Existing Map 7
Activity Level under SGSY in Daund Block after Implementation of 2004-05 Plan
(12)
(17) (11) (41) (18) (10) (40) (42) (39) (23) (47) 197 (15) (20) (45) (53) (54) (55) (29) (35) (75) (77) (78) (66) (76) (67) (90) (89) (74) (93) (99) (58) (83) (100) (92) (60) (84) (85)
Dairy (97)
Goatery Existing Map 8 Activity Level under SGSY in Kumta Block after Implementation of 2004-05 Plan
4 5 7
14 16
64 198
52 Arabian Sea 71 92
89
88 Dairy Horticulture
Fish
Existing
Note : Map 9 : Villagewise Implementation in Rayavaram is not available. Annexure 1 SHG Grading Model SHG Rating : Objective Parameters To Lend or Not Composition How much to Lend Motives How much Monitoring Required Functioning of the Group Democratic Principle Financial Principle Lending Activity Composition Range Score Range Score Size <10 0 Percent of >75 2 Size 10-15 2 Women 50-75 1 <50 0 Percent of <25 2 Functional >3 Members 2 Unmarried 25-50% 1 Literacy 2 Members 1 Women >50 0 <=1 Member 0 Migrating 100 Percent No Credit Members >75% 0 50-75% 1 <50% 2 Functioning of the Group Regularity of 80 percent or 5 Attendance 80% or more 5 the more in the meeting 60-80% 3 Meeting (percent 60-80 percent 3 <60% 1 of stipulated meeting) <60 percent 1 Discussion of non-financial >75% of Meetings 5 Socio-economic 50-75% 2 Topics 25-50% 1 <25% 0 Motives Bank Loan >75% 0 Subsidy Main >40% Members 0 the First 50-75% 1 Reason for bank 20-40% 1 Preference 25-50% 2 Loan 10-20% 2 <25% 3 <10% 3 0% 5 0% 5 Democratic Principles Selection of By the Group 5 Rotation of Every 3 years 5 the Group By Facilitator 2 Group leader 3-5 years 2 Leader & Group Ad hoc 1 By Facilitator 1 Never 0 By outsider 0 Depositing all by rotation 5 Money in group leaders 2 Bank Account facilitator 1 Financial Discipline Adnerence to Rigrously 5 Record Keeping- Up-to-date Rules Moderately 3 Regularity Records Rarely 1 100% 5 Never 0 75% or More 3 Record Keeping- Very Clear 5 50-75% 2 Readability Moderately 2 <50% 0 Clear Record Keeping Matching of cash Badly 1 Accuracy 100% 5 Recorded >90% 3 Regularity in 100% member 5 70-90% 2 Savings >80% 3 <70% 0 60-80% 2 Repayment 100% 5
199 Composition Range Score Range Score 40-60% 1 >90% 3 <40% 0 75-90% 2 50-75% 1 Cash-in-hand Nil 5 <50% 0 100% of Monthly 3 Thrift 200% 2 200-300% 1 >300% 0 Lending Activity Loan Decision Group Discussion 5 Group Leader 2 Facilitator 1 Outsider 0 Lending Activity Loan Percent of Loan >80% 5 Dispersion: Members Dispersion: 60-80% 2 First Round >50 5 Subsequent <60% 1 25-50% 2 Round <25% 1 Lending Activity Percent of Loan Percent of Loan Thrift Intensity: Bank Loan Intensity : First >200 % 5 Subsequent >150% 5 Round 100-200% 3 Round 125-150% 3 75-100% 2 100-125% 2 <75% 0 <100% 0 Scoring Pattern Composition 10 Functioning of the Group 15 Motives 10 Democratic Principles 15 Lending Activity 15 Financial Discipline 35 Total 100 Decision >80% Strong Estimated Demand 70-80% Fairly Strong More than Token 60-70% Not Strong Watch, Token Loan 50-60% Weak Wait Re-evaluation <50% Very Weak Strengthen
200 Annexure 2 Monitoring Format 1 : SHG – Grading, Direct Loan and Revolving Fund (By Branch Offices)
Bank : Branch :
Grading of SHGs for Revolving Non-Subsidized Direct Loan to Fund and Income Generating Revolving Fund (Number) SHG (Number) Activities ( Number) Sr No Village Name Village Code Application Application Loan Target for Graded till Target for Loan Disbursedtill Target for Received till Sanctioned Disbursed till 2004-05 December 31 2004-05 December31 2004-05 Dec 31 till Dec31 Dec 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
201 Annexure 3 Monitoring Format 2 : Income Generating Activity Loan to Swarozgaris (By Branch Offices)
Bank : Branch :
SHG Member Swarozgaris ( Number) Non-SHG Individual Swarozgaris (Number)
Village Activity Application Application Loan Application Application Loan Sr No Village Code Target 2004- Name Name Target 2004-05 Received till Sanctioned Disbursed Received till Sanctioned Disbursed till 05 Dec 31 till Dec31 till Dec 31 Dec 31 till Dec31 Dec 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
202 Annexure 4 Monitoring Format 3 : Coverage of Different Segments of Population (By Branch Offices)
Bank : Branch :
Scheduled Caste Swarozgaris ( Scheduled Tribe Swarozgaris ( Physically Handicapped Women Swarozgaris (Number) Number) Number) Swarozgaris ( Number) Village Sr No Village Code Name Target for Achievement till Target for Achievement till Target for Achievement till Target for Achievement till 2004-05 December 31 2004-05 December 31 2004-05 December 31 2004-05 December 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
203 Annexure 5 Monitoring Format 4 : Execution of Non-Credit Plan (By Block/DRDA Office)
SHG Formation (Number) Infrastructural Item Capacity Building Training (Number) Skill Training ( Number) Total To Be Trained Total Trained till during 2004-05 December 31 Village Village Sr No Name Code Target Achievement till Planned for Implemented Total Total 2004-05 December 31 2004-05 till Dec 31 SHG SHG Skill Swarozgaris To Swarozgaris SHG SHG Members Members Type be Trained during Trained till 2004-05 December 31
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
204 Annexure 6 Review Format 1 : Achievement of 2004-05 SGSY Plan till March 31, 2005
District : Block : Bank : Branch :
Number of Number of SHGs Number of SHGs Village Provided Sr No Village Code SHGs Provided Number of Individual Sworazgaris Provided SGSY Credit for Income Generating Activity Number of SHGs (Members) Provided Income Generating Activities Name Non- Formed Revolving Subsidized Fund Credit (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23)
Name of the Name of the Name of the Name of the Name of the SHG Name of the SHG Name of the SHG No. No. No. No. SHG SHG SHG Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Members Activity Members Activity Members
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
205 Annexure 7 Review Format 2A : Repayment and Recovery Planning for SHG Accounts
Distric t: Block : Bank : Branch : Details of Current Loan(s) Repayment and Recovery for Each Account
Loan Type Amount of Amount of Total Amount of Type (Male, (Revolving, Purpose of Loan Demand till Collection NPA out of the Demand Demand Name of the Village Village Date of Loan Loan Overdue Sr No. Female or Non- Loan (In Case Disbursed March 31, till March 31, Overdue in During 2005- During 2005- SHG Name Code Sanctioned Sanctioned Amount (Rs) Mixed) Subsidised of IGA Loan) (Rs) till March 2005 (Rs) 2005 (Rs) Column (13) 06 (Rs) 06 (13+15) (Rs) or IGA)* 31, 2005 (Rs) (Rs)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
206 Annexure 8 Review Format 2B : Repayment and Recovery Planning for Non-SHG Individual Accounts
District : Block : Bank : Branch : Details of Current Loan(s) Repayment and Recovery for Each Account
Amount of Amount of Total Amount of Loan Demand till Collection till NPA out of Demand Demand Sr Name of the Village Purpose of Date of Loan Loan Overdue Village Code Disbursed March 31, March 31, the Overdue During 2005- During 2005- No Borrower Name Loan Sanctioned Sanctioned Amount (Rs) till March 31, 2005 (Rs) 2005 (Rs) in Column 06 (Rs) 06 (11+13) (Rs) 2005 (Rs) (11) (Rs) (Rs)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
207 Annexure 9 Review Format 3 : Implementation of Non-Credit Plan in 2003-04
Infrastructural Plan Capacity Building Plan Skill Training Plan
No of SHG Members No of Swarozgaris No of Implemented or Not No of SHG Type of Skill Planned Item Training Order Planned to have been Planned to have been Swarozgaris (Yes/No) Members Trained (Activity) Trained Trained Trained
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
208 Annexure 10 Review Format 4 : Achievement of 2004-05 Plan for Different Segments of Population During April 1, 2004 – March 31, 2005
SHG Formation ( Number) Revolving Fund (Number) SGSY Credit for Income Generating Activities ( Number) Total SHG Non-SHG Total Women SC/ST Handicapped Bank Branch Total SHG Women SC/ST Handicapped Total SHG Women SC/ST Handicapped SHGs Member Individual Borrowers Borrowers Borrowers Borrowers SHGs Members Members Members Members SHGs Members Members Members Members Borrowers Borrowers
Total
209 Annexure 11 Plan Format 1 : SHG Formation Plan Agencywise Bank Branch SHGs to be Formed during 2004-05 by Potential Total SHGs to Village Existing Sr No Village Code Number of Bank DRDA NGO Anynother be Formed Name SHGs SHGs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
210 Annexure 12 Plan Format 2 : SHG Formation Plan Quarterwise
Bank Branch SHGs to be Formed during 2004-05 in Total SHGs Village Sr No Village Code to be Name Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Formed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
211 Annexure 13 Plan Format 3 : SHG Grading Plan for 2004-05 Bank Branch
SHGs Not at all SHGs to be SHGs to be SHGs to be SHGs to be SHGs Already SHGs SHGs to be SHGs to be SHGs to be SHGs to be Total Graded (including Graded for Graded for Graded for Graded for Graded and Graded and Graded for Graded for Graded for Graded for Sr No Village Village Code Existing those which failed Revolving Revolving Revolving Revolving Eligible for Eligible for IGA Credit in IGA Credit in IGA Credit in IGA Credit in SHGs in the grading Fund in Fund in Fund in Fund in Revolving Fund IGA Credit Quarter1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 process) Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
212 Annexure 14 Plan Format 4 : SHG Plan for Revolving Fund for 2004-05
Bank Branch
Number of SHGs to be Provided Revolving Fund in Quarter
Existing SHGs Village Sr No Village Code Eligible for First Second Third Fourth Total Name Revolving Fund
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
213 Annexure 15 Plan Format 5 : SHG Plan for Direct Linkage (Non-Subsidized Loan) Bank Branch
Number of SHGs to be given Direct Credit during 2004-05 in Quarter
Sr No Village Name Village Code First Second Third Fourth Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
214 Annexure 16 Plan Format 6 : Credit Plan for Income Generating Activities
Block : Bank : Branch : District : Number of Swarojgaris To Be Given Credit During 2004-05 Key Activities Non-Key Activities Total Plan 1* 2* 3* 4* 5* Village Sr No Village Code SHG SHG SHG SHG SHG Activity SHG SHG Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Member Member Member Member Member Name Member Member
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Note : * Write name of the Activity
215 Annexure 17 Plan Format 7 : Credit Plan for Different Sections of People for 2004-05 for Income Generating Activities
Block : Bank :
Branch : District :
Scheduled Scheduled Physically Sr Total General Caste Women Men Village Name Village Code Caste Tribe Handicapped No Swarozgaris Swarozgaris Swarozgaris Swarozgaris Swarozgaris Swarozgaris Swarozgaris
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
216 Annexure 18 Plan Format 8 : Credit Plan for Income Generating Activities in Different Quarters of 2004-05 (Swarozgaris) Village Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Sr No Village Code Name Key Non-Key Total Key Non-Key Total Key Non-Key Total Key Non-Key Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Note : Legend : Q – Quarterly
217 Annexure 19 Plan Format 9 : Infrastructural Plan for 2004-05
Village Infrastructural Expected Date of Reason for Sr No Village Code Amount Name Item Planned Implementation Planning
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
218 Annexure 20 Plan Format 10 : Capacity Building Training for 2004-05
No of No of SHG Name of the Villages Location of Date of Who will Number of SHGs Cost of Sr No Training Members to be whose SHGs will be Training Training Train? to be Covered Training (Rs) Days Covered Covered
1 2 3 4 5
219 Annexure 21 Plan Format 11 : Skill Training for 2004-05
No of No of SHG No of Non-SHG Location of Date of Type of Skill Who will Cost of Sr No Training Swarozgaris to be Swarozgaris to Training Training (Activity Name) Train? Training (Rs) Days Covered be Covered 1 2 3 4 5
220 Annexure 22 Plan Format 12 : Recovery Planning
District : Block : Bank : Branch :
Amount to be Amount Due from Repayment Number of SHGs Amount to be Number of SHGs Amount of Loan to Recovered Out of Total Dues to be Village Village SHGs which have Demand of Sr No Given Loan till Recovered out of to be Given Loan be Given During Demand in Recovered During Name Code Been Given Loan till Loans in March 31, 2005 Dues in Column (5) During 2005-06 2005-06 Column (9) During 2005-06 (6+10) March 31, 2005 Column (8) 2005-06
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
221 Annexure 23.1
222 223 Annexure 23.2
224 225 Annexure 23.3
226 227 228 229 230 231 Annexure 23.4
232 233 234 Annexure 23.5
235 Annexure 24 Formats for Monitoring the Progress of SGSY-SHG Movement by BDO/PD SHGs of Age Below One year
Number of Amount of Number of Groups with Number of Loan Village (by Number of Groups with Scope for Expected Expected Amount of thrift Groups Disbursed BDO) / BPL Potential No SHGs Total Number of Members Expected Actual Repayment Number of Additional Number of Amount of Thrift collection Having Among the Block (by Population of SHGs Formed Total SHGs Number of Meetings Taken Loan Amount of Amount of of 90% of Groups Got SHGs Total Thrift to be Actually 90% of the Disbursed Group PD) Members Held in the Repayment Repayment the Expected Bank Loan Meetings collected Collected Expected Loan in the Members in Current Year Amount or Amount or Current Year the Current More More Year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
236 Annexure 24 (Contd…) SHGs of Age One-Three years
Number of Amount of Number of Groups with Number of Loan Village (by Number of Groups with Expected Expected Amount of thrift Groups Disbursed BDO) / Total Number of Members Expected Actual Repayment Number of Number of Amount of Thrift collection Having Among the Block (by Total SHGs Number of Meetings Taken Loan Amount of Amount of of 90% of Groups Got Total Thrift to be Actually 90% of the Disbursed Group PD) Members Held in the Repayment Repayment the Expected Bank Loan Meetings collected Collected Expected Loan in the Members in Current Year Amount or Amount or Current Year the Current More More Year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
237 Annexure 24 (Contd…) SHGs of Age More than Three years
Number of Amount of Number of Groups with Number of Loan Village (by Number of Groups with Expected Expected Amount of thrift Groups Disbursed BDO) / Total Number of Members Expected Actual Repayment Number of Number of Amount of Thrift collection Having Among the Block (by Total SHGs Number of Meetings Taken Loan Amount of Amount of of 90% of Groups Got Total Thrift to be Actually 90% of the Disbursed Group PD) Members Held in the Repayment Repayment the Expected Bank Loan Meetings collected Collected Expected Loan in the Members in Current Year Amount or Amount or Current Year the Current More More Year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
238 Annexure 25 Monthly Account Sheet for Functioning of SHG Name of the GROUP : Promoter : Village : Block : District : Week : Month : Year : Individual Account Outflow from the Group (Rs) Outstanding Amount Cumulative Information Since Beginning Inflow to the Group (Rs) (Rs) Total Total Number of Cash (Profit) Total Amount of Repayment Repayment Present or Member's Member's Regular Voluntary Repayment Repayment Total Refund of Loans Total Thrift Total Fine Signature of Sr No Fine Loan Taken Payment to the Loan Thrift Book Profit Loan Taken from Made to the Made to the Absent Name Fee Thrift Thrift of Principal of Interest Repayment Thrift Taken from (I14+I11) Paid the Member Members the Group Group Group (Yes/No) the Group (Principal) (Interest) (I1) (I2) (I3) (I4) (I5) (I6) (I7) (I8) (I9) (I10) (I11) (I12) (I13) (I14) (I15) (I16) (I17) (I18) (I19) (I20) (I21) (I22) (I23) 1N1 2N2 3N3 4N4 5N5 6N6 7N7 8N8 9N9 10 N10 11 N11 12 N12 13 N13 14 N14 15 N15 16 N16 17 N17 18 N18 19 N19 20 N20
TOTAL ---- (T3) (T4) (T5) (T6) (T7) (T8) (T9) (T10) (T11) (T12) (T13) (T14) (T15) (T16) (T17) (T18) (T19) (T20) (T21) ---- Total Present
GROUP ACCOUNT GROUP ACCOUNT CREDIT ( INFLOW) DEBIT (OUTFLOW) OUTSTANDINGS Cash-in-hand (Before Loan 1 1 ( T10) 1 Bank Deposit Transaction) Disbursed 2 Total Fees ( T3) 2 Refund of Thrift (T11) 2 Federation Deposit 3 Total Regular Thrift (T4) 3 Profit to the Members (T12) 3 Group Capital 4 Total Voluntary Thrift (T5) 4 Loan Repaid to Bank Principal 4 Loan with the Members (T13) 5 Total Thrift (T4+T5) 5 Loan Repaid to Bank Interest 5 Loan to be Repaid to the Bank 6 Total Fine (T6) 6 Loan Repaid Total 6 Total Cumulative Thrift (T14) 7 Total Repayment Principal (T7) 7 Deposit to Bank 7 Total Book Profit (T15) 8 Total Repayment Interest (T8) 8 Deposit to Federation 9 Total Repayment ( T9) 9 Group Expenditure 10 Bank Loan 10 Cash-in-hand (After Transaction) 11 Withdrawl of Deposit TOTAL 12 TOTAL
239 Annexure 26 Internal Loan Document Within SHG
Loan of Rs ______(Rupees ______) has been sanctioned to Ms ______, member of the ______SHG for the purpose of ______by the consent of all the members present in the meeting held on ______at ______(time) at ______(venue).She has total thrift amount of Rs ______(Rupees ______), and outstanding loan amount of Rs ______(Rupees ______) in the SHG.
The total loan amount Rs ______(Rupees ______) will be repaid in ______months through ______monthly/bimonthly/trimonthly/halfyearly installments along with interest of ______per cent per month on the outstanding balance/total loan amount (flat rate).
Date ______President Vice President Name : Signature/ Thumb Impression
I agree to repay the loan of Rs ______(Rupees ______) taken on ______(date) along with the earlier outstanding loan amount Rs ______(Rupees ______) in ______months as per the above schedule along with the interest of ______per cent per month on the outstanding balance/total loan amount.
Date ______Applicant Member Witness Name Signature/ Thumb Impression
We agree to repay the unpaid amount of above loan taken by Ms ______on ______(date) along with earlier balance to the ______SHG in case Ms ______herself fails to repay the loan by the agreed date. Our assets and liabilities in the Group on date are given below.
Guarantor 1 Guarantor 2 Name Thrift Amount(Rs) Outstanding Loan Balance(Rs) Signature/ Thumb Impression Date
240