Government Views and Decisions

GOVERNMENT VIEWS AND DECISIONS

ON THE

REPORT OF THE JUDICIAL COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO THE RECENT KILLINGS OF MEMBERS OF THE NIGERIAN SECURITY FORCES (NIGERIA POLICE AND THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE SECURITY SERVICES), DESTRUCTION AND CONFISCATION OF SECURITY PERSONNEL’S OPERATIONAL VEHICLES AND WEAPONS IN ALAKYO VILLAGE OF LAFIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA AND MATTERS CONNECTED THEREWITH.

MARCH, 2014

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His Excellency, Umaru Tanko Al-makura, Governor of Nasarawa State, Government House, Shendam Road, Lafia.

Your Excellency,

SUBMISSION OF THE REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE JUDICIAL COMMISSION OF INQUIRY

Your Excellency may wish to recall that a Judicial Commission of Inquiry Into the Recent Killings of Members of the Nigerian Security Forces (Nigeria Police and the Department of State Security Services), Destruction and Confiscation of Security Personnel’s Operational Vehicles and Weapons in Alakyo Village of Lafia Local Government Area and Matters Connected Therewith was established by an instrument to that effect signed under your hand on the 25th day of June, 2013 with the following Terms of Reference: i. To inquire into the remote and immediate cause(s) of the killings of over fifty Nigeria Security Personnel on the 7th of May, 2013 and the extent of the involvement of the outlawed ‘Ombatse Militia Group’ or any other group whatsoever in the said act and or mayhem;

ii. To inquire into how and why, despite its proscription vide Nasarawa State Legal Notice No. 4 of 2012, Vol. 15, the outlawed Ombatse Militia continue its activities unabated and continued to cause breach of the peace in Nasarawa State;

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iii. To inquire into how and where the outlawed Ombatse militia was formed or evolved, its founders, promoters, sponsors, financiers, members, aiders and abettors and examine their role(s) in the killings of the said Nigeria Security Operatives on or about the 7th of May, 2013 and recommend, provide and exert appropriate punishment for those found culpable within the provision of the penal code as applicable in Nasarawa State;

iv. To inquire into the modus operandi of the said outlawed Ombatse Militia and how it acquired/acquires its finances, arms, ammunitions, charms and weapons of attack and destruction including how they are stored and distributed and identify persons or groups, supporters and or collaborators and recommend, provide and exert appropriate punishment for those found culpable within the provision of the penal code as applicable in Nasarawa State and other extant status regulating arms and ammunitions;

v. To identify the number of people including Nigeria Security Personnel who lost their lives and who sustained varying degrees of injuries, the extent of properties destroyed and damaged as well as the economic loss in the killings of Nigerian Security Personnel on or about the 7th of May, 2013 and other areas of the State etc and the perpetrators or culprits with a view to recommending, providing and or exerting appropriate penal sanctions in accordance with the

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penal code as applicable in Nasarawa State and other extant penal statutes etc;

vi. To identify the persons, groups, community or communities, associations or organizations who have been involved, directly or indirectly whether as leaders, sponsors, financiers, members, aiders, foot soldiers, errand boys, spies, collaborators or backers, etc in the massive and unwarranted killings of individuals and large scale destruction of lives and properties at Alakyo, Barkin Abdullahi and Kwandare in Lafia LGA, Iggah in Nassarawa Eggon LGA, Burum-Burum in Doma LGA, Yelwa-Bassa in Kokona LGA of Nasarawa State respectively and recommend, provide and exert appropriate penal sanctions in accordance with relevant penal statutes;

vii. To examine and proffer suggestions/advice on the ways, means and methodology through which Government can deal with, curb and completely wipe out the activities of this outlawed militia or any other militia or illegal or anti-social group or groups in the State; and

viii. To highlight any other matter incidental to the Commission’s terms of reference and make appropriate recommendation(s).

2. On 26th June, 2013, Your Excellency formally inaugurated the Commission in Lafia. The Commission has successfully

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completed the assignment and has the honour and privilege to submit its report which is in five (5) Volumes made up of:

i. Volume I: Main Report;

ii. Volume II: Submitted memoranda;

iii. Volume III

A: Record of Proceedings and Final Addresses of the Counsel;

B: Verbatim Report on the Commission’s Proceedings;

iv. Volume IV: Exhibits Tendered, Admitted and Marked;

v. Volume V: Album of Photographs and Discs on the Commission’s activities;

vi. Volume VI: List of individual assessment of assets and properties damaged/destroyed during the crises.

3. We feel greatly honoured and uniquely privileged by Your Excellency’s confidence as to carry out this very important and sensitive State assignment. We hope that our recommendations, if acceptable and implemented, will serve as the much-needed panacea for the required peace among the diverse communities and individuals in this State.

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4. Thank you very much, Sir.

Hon. Justice J. F. Gbadeyan (Rtd) Abubakar Sadiq Ishaq Chairman. Permanent Secretary (Cabinet Affairs & Special Service, Office of the SSG, Lafia) Secretary to the Commission. Government Views: Government Notes.

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TABLE OF

CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

i. TITLE PAGE … … … … … i ii. FORWARDING LETTER … … … … … ii iii. TABLE OF CONTENTS … … … … vi iv. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT … … … … … xi v. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS … … … … xv vi. TABLE OF STATUTES (LEGISLATIONS) … … xvi vii. LIST OF OTHER LEGAL/OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS … … … …… xvii

viii. PREAMBLE … … … … xviii

PART I: INTRODUCTORY/ PRELIMINARY MATTERS … … … … … 1

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION … … … 1

1.1 Brief Historical Background of Nasarawa State … … 1

1.2 Background to Recent Inter-Communal Violence … … 3 1.3 Constitution of the Judicial Commission of Inquiry … … 7 1.4 Inauguration of the Commission … … 12 1.5 Modus Operandi … … 13

CHAPTER TWO: MEMORANDA SUBMITTED TO THE COMMISSION … … 19

2.1 Public Sittings … … 19 2.2 Summons … … 22 2.3 Exhibits … … 26 2.4 Visits to Loci in Quo and Critical Stakeholders … 26 2.5 Organisation of Report … … 27

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PART II: CONSIDERATION OF TERMS OF REFERENCE, FINDINGS AND SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS … … … 28

CHAPTER THREE: TERM OF REFERENCE NO. I … … 28

3.1 Issues for Determination … … … … … 28 3.2 Findings … … … … … 28 3.3 Observations … … … … … 40 3.4 Recommendations … … … … … 42

CHAPTER FOUR: TERM OF REFERENCE NO. II … … 44

4.1 Issues for Determination … … … … … 44 4.2 Findings … … … … … 44 4.3 Observations … … … … … 46 4.4 Recommendations … … … … … 46

CHAPTER FIVE: TERM OF REFERENCE NO. III … … 48

5.1 Issues for Determination … … … … … 48 5.2 Findings … … … … … 49 5.3 Observations … … … … … 64 5.4 Recommendations … … … … … 66

CHAPTER SIX: TERM OF REFERENCE NO. IV … … 69

6.1 Issues for Determination … … … … … 69 6.2 Findings … … … … … 70 6.3 Observations … … … … … 72 6.4 Recommendations … … … … … 73

CHAPTER SEVEN: TERM OF REFERENCE NO. V … … 74

7.1 Issues for Determination … … … … … 74 7.2 Findings … … … … … 75 7.3 Observations … … … … … 122 7.4 Recommendations … … … … 123

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CHAPTER EIGHT: TERM OF REFERENCE NO. VI … 133

8.1 Issues for Determination … … … … 133 8.2 Findings … … … … 133 8.3 Observations … … … … 134 8.4 Recommendations … … … … 134

CHAPTER NINE: TERM OF REFERENCE NO. VII … 135

9.1 Issues for Determination … … … … 135 9.2 Recommendations … … … … 135

CHAPTER TEN: TERM OF REFERENCE NO. VIII … 203

10.1 Issues for Determination … … … … 203 10.2 Incidental Findings and Observations … … 203 10.2 Specific Recommendations … … … … 211

PART III: FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS, GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION … 212

CHAPTER ELEVEN: RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE VARIOUS COMMUNITIES, INTEREST GROUPS AND STAKEHOLDERS … … … … 212

11.1 Recommendation by the Various Communities, Interest Groups and Stakeholders … 212

11.1.1 Ipusu Community (Tiv) Kadarko … 213

11.1.2 Migili Traditional Council, Zhe Migili Palace, Agyaragu … … … … … 215

11.1.3 Lafia Emirate Council … 216

11.1.4 Alago People of Annah (Burum-Burum) Town of Doma Local Government Area … 217

11.1.5 Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria (MACBAN), Nasarawa State Chapter… 218

11.1.6 The Hausa Community, Bassa District, Agwada Development Area, Kokona LGA … 220

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11.1.7 Miyetti Allah Kautal Hore Socio-Cultural Association of Nigeria, Nasarawa State Chapter … 222

11.1.8 Eggon Community of Kadarko, Keana LGA … 223

11.1.9 Affected Eggon Community in Doma LGA … 224

11.1.10 Eggon Cultural and Development Association, Chairman, Bassa District, Kokona LGA, Mr. Musa Namo and Elder Gideon Affiku … 224

11.1.11 Kwandare Community, Lafia North Development Area of Lafia LGA … … 224

11.1.12 Iggah Community and its Environs (Eggon), Agidi Development Area of Nassarawa Eggon LGA… 225

11.1.13 The Mada Community of Bassa District, Kokona LGA … …… 226

11.1.14 Joshua Daudu (JP), The District Head of Bassa Zarangi, Kokona LGA … … 226

11.1.15 Honourable Danladi Jatau, Member, Representing Kokona West Constituency, NSHA 227

11.1.16 Affected Eggon Community of Barkin Abdullahi (B.A.D) and Environs, Lafia LGA … … 228

11.1.17 Iggah Community (Gwandara) of Nassarawa Eggon LGA…………… 228

11.1.18 Alago People of Assakio Town, Headquarters of Lafia East Development Area of Lafia LGA … 229

11.1.19 Non-Eggon Speaking Community of B.A.D. Town of Lafia LGA … … 230

11.1.20 Nigeria Police Force, Nasarawa State Command … 232

11.1.21 Department of State Services, Nasarawa State Command … … 233

11.1.22 Nasarawa State Government … … 236

11.1.23 Nasarawa State Council of Chiefs Committee … 238

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CHAPTER TWELVE: ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE COMMISSION … … 241

12.1 Recommendations for Essential Security Reforms 241 12.2 Recommendations for Essential Legal Reforms … 256

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: GENERAL SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS … … 259

13.1 Summary of Findings … … … … 259 13.2 Summary of Recommendations … … … 264

CHAPTER FOURTEEN: CONCLUSION … … … 270

AFFIRMATION/CERTIFICATION … … … 271

Government Views: Government Notes.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Judicial Commission of Inquiry Into the Recent Killings of Members of the Nigerian Security Forces (Nigeria Police and the Department of State Security Services), Destruction and Confiscation of Security Personnel’s Operational Vehicles and Weapons in Alakyo Village of Lafia Local Government Area and Matters Connected Therewith hereby specially acknowledges and owes our highest degree of appreciation to the Almighty God, the Creator of all flesh, who kept us and made it possible for us to start and complete the onerous, sensitive and important assignment without any untoward incident.

Our profound appreciation goes to His Excellency, Umaru Tanko Al-makura, the Governor of Nasarawa State for finding us worthy of appointment to serve the State in this capacity. We appreciate the sustained logistics, support and keen interest of His Excellency in the assignment of the Commission, as well as the welfare and wellbeing of members throughout the period of the assignment. The Governor’s abiding faith in the Commission is cogently demonstrative of a leader’s desire to have a properly managed and tranquil State.

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The Commission owes it a duty to also acknowledge the unqualified support of the Secretary to the State Government, Hajiya Zainab T. Abdulmumin. Her humility and equanimity are virtues to behold. In the same vein, we also wish to acknowledge the cooperation, support and assistance extended to the Commission by the Honourable, the Attorney-General and Commissioner for Justice, Innocent Lagi, Esq. Again, we cannot be unmindful of the role of the immediate past Honourable Attorney-General of the State and now Special Adviser to the Governor of Nasarawa State on Special Duties in the person of Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi, Esq, in ensuring the success of the Commission. We thank him most immensely.

Similarly, we acknowledge with gratitude the kind hospitality of His Lordship, Honourable Justice Suleiman Umaru Dikko, the Honourable, the Chief Judge of the State, for the unencumbered use of the Chief Magistrate Court 2, Shendam Road, Lafia for the entire duration of the Commission’s assignment.

The Judicial Commission of Inquiry also appreciates the diligent and tireless efforts of the Nasarawa State Police Command, the Department of the State Services, as well as the Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps who, both day and night, have done their utmost to ensure our safety

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throughout the duration of the assignment.

We would also like to acknowledge with thanks the wholesome support and cooperation of members of the general public who appeared as witnesses or audience for their orderly conduct throughout the Public Sittings of the Commission. We thank, in no small measure, the entire learned members of the Nigerian Bar Association, Lafia Branch, and all the Counsel that appeared and worked assiduously to keep pace with the Commission. Our thanks also go to members of the Fourth estate of the realm – the media for the fair coverage of the activities of the Commission.

The Commission would also wish to place on record its acknowledgement for the invaluable contribution of its Learned Counsel, Mrs. Funsho Dada Lawal. We equally and correspondingly also commend the prompt and untiring efforts of the entire members of the Commission’s Secretariat, who worked round the clock to ensure the successful completion of the Commission’s assignment. Special mention should be made of the Commission’s Secretary, Abubakar Sadiq Ishaq, Permanent Secretary, Cabinet Affairs and Special Services, Office of the Secretary to the State Government. He is an indefatigable, conscientious and efficient officer. His non-intrusive and unobtrusive servicing of the Commission will remain ever green in our minds. He is an excellent bureaucrat

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combining technical competence with moral virtues. We acknowledge the admirable contributions of his able lieutenants, Abubakar Isa Abdullahi, Director Political Affairs, Office of the Secretary to the State Government and Austin Ayuba Mungo, Chief Administrative Officer, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Office for their immense selfless services to the Commission.

We are profoundly grateful to Dr. Ahmed Yakubu Ashuku, Chief Medical Director; Dr. Egba Edego, Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon; Dr. Timothy Abuba, Consultant Family Physician, all of Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital (DASH), Lafia and last but not the least, Prof. Foloronsho Abiodun Ajayi, Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Keffi and Mrs. Mercy Asso, Nurse with the Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Faculty of Agriculture Clinic, Lafia Campus for their medical support to the Chairman and members of the Commission.

To the entire management and staff of Ta’al Conference Hotel, Lafia, we thank them for their hospitality.

Government Views: Government Notes.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1 ADR - Alternative Dispute Resolution 2 APCMC - Advisory Peace/Conflict-Management Committee 3 AU - African Union 4 CAN - Christian Association of Nigeria 5 CBCRS - Community Based Conflict Resolution Strategy 6 CMC - Citizen Mediation Centre 7 DDR - Disarmament, Demobilization and Re-integration 8 DFID - Department for International Development 9 DSS - Department of State Services 10 ECDA - Eggon Cultural and Development Association 11 ECOWAS - Economic Community for West African States 12 EU - European Union 13 EYM - Eggon Youth Movement 14 FG - Federal Government 15 JNI - Jama’atu Nasril Islam 16 LFN - Laws of Federation of Nigeria 17 LGA - Local Government Area 18 MDGs - Millennium Development Goals 19 NASEMA - Nasarawa State Emergency Management Agency 20 NSG - Nasarawa State Government 21 NASIEC - Nasarawa State Independent Electoral Commission 22 NSCDC - Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps 20 NSCIA - Nigeria Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs 23 OPD - Office of the Public Defender 24 TOR - Terms of Reference 25 UN - United Nations 26 USAID - United States Agency for International Development

Government Views: Government Notes.

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TABLE OF STATUTES

1. Criminal Procedure Code of Northern Nigeria, 1959, CAP 30 Laws of Northern Nigeria, 1963 Vol. I (as adapted and applicable in Nasarawa State).

2. Commission of Inquiry Law, Cap 25, Laws of Northern Nigeria 1963, Vol. I (as adapted and applicable in Nasarawa State).

3. Collective Punishment Law. CAP 24 Laws of Northern Nigeria, 1963, Vol. I (as adapted and applicable in Nasarawa State).

4. 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria & Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009 with 2011 Amendments.

5. Evidence Act 2011 CAP E.14 LFN.

6. Fire Arms Act CAP F28, LFN, 2004.

7. The Northern Nigeria Penal Code Law 1959 (Cap. 89) Laws of Northern Nigeria, 1963 Vol. I) (as adapted and applicable in Nasarawa State).

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8. Terrorism Prevention Act, Act No. 10, 2011.

9. Public Order Act, CAP P.2 LFN, 2004.

Government Views: Government Notes.

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OTHER LEGAL/OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS:

i. Government’s Views and Decisions on the Report of the High-Powered Commission of Inquiry on Ethnic Disturbance in Assakio, November, 2012.

ii. Nasarawa State Legal Notice No. 4 of 2012 Vol. 15 (Law Proscribing the Ombatse militia).

iii. Report of the High-Powered Commission of Inquiry on Ethnic Violence in Agyaragu, January, 2013.

Government Views: Government Notes.

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PREAMBLE

COGNISANT should ALL be, Leaders and Followers alike, of

the fact that law and order (and by necessary implication,

peace and harmonious co-existence) are in a near state of

complete crisis and failure if those employed and charged

with the responsibility of maintaining security and of

enforcing the law are wantonly targeted for elimination. Such

state of affairs, if not adequately contained, will further

engender the endangering and ever-growing culture of

impunity and the never-decreasing slide or trend towards

anomie and anarchy. If we want to remain as a people, in

our country, and in a functional society, an emphatic and

genuine response is required from the Nigerian State on the

very subject-issue of the present Inquiry and Report.

Government Views: Government Notes.

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PART I: INTRODUCTORY/PRELIMINARY MATTERS

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Brief Historical Background of Nasarawa State 1.1.1 Sequel to the creation of twelve (12) States out of the regional arrangement in the country by the Gowon Administratio n in 1967, the present day Nasarawa State found itself in the defunct Benue-

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Plateau State, which comprised the old Benue and Plateau Provinces. It is pertinent to note that the then Plateau Province comprised of the former Akwanga Division, (now Wamba, Nassarawa Eggon and Akwanga Local Government Areas), while the defunct Benue Province comprised of former Lafia and Keffi

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Divisions (now Lafia, Awe, Doma, Obi, Keana, Keffi, Nasarawa, Toto, Karu and Kokona Local Government Areas of Nasarawa State.

1.1.2 In 1976, the General Murtala Ramat Mohammed’s Administratio n further increased the number of States in the Country to nineteen (19). The exercise resulted in

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the splitting of the former Benue- Plateau State to Plateau and Benue States respectively. Consequently , the present day Nasarawa State came under the defunct Plateau State. Similarly, what constitutes Nasarawa State today was as a result of the creation of additional States by the General Sani Abacha

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Administratio n on 1st October, 1996.

1.1.3 In line with political arrangement s as applicable in other States of the Federation, Nasarawa State is structured into three (3) Senatorial Districts, namely Nasarawa South, Nasarawa North and Nasarawa West Senatorial Districts. The

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Nasarawa South Senatorial zone as a geo-political entity is made up of the former Lafia Division in the defunct Benue Province and comprised of Awe, Doma, Keana, Lafia and Obi Local Government Areas.

From the historical evidence available to the Commission, it is important to point out that the former Lafia Division right from the Native Authority System of Admÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ

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