Estimation of Selected Agri-Environmental Indicators In

10.2478/sggw-2014-0002

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Land Reclamation No 46 (1), 2014: 17–31 (Ann. Warsaw Univ. Life Sci. – SGGW, Land Reclam. 46 (1), 2014)

Estimation of selected agri-environmental indicators in farms located in direct inﬂ uence zone on Natura 2000 area Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie (PLH300002) JERZY MIROSŁAW KUPIEC Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection University of Life Sciences in Poznań

Abstract: Estimation of selected agri-environ- for structures to store manure. From the 75 stud- mental indicators in farms located in direct in- ied farms, only seven had the right size concrete fl uence zone on Natura 2000 area Dąbrowy structure for storing solid manure for a period of Krotoszyńskie (PLH300002). The aim of this pa- six months. As many farmers had a suitable tank perwork was the potential risk assessment from for liquid manure. Concrete for solid manure did farming for natural-valuable ecosystems in Na- not have 18% of farmers and 73%, there was no tura 2000 area, based on selected production tank for liquid manure. This demonstrates the and environment indicators. There were select- high negligence in this area and the potential risk ed 75 farms located in Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie of migration of nutrients to the environment. (PLH300002) and in zone of direct effect on the NATURA 2000 area, in the Wielkopolska prov- Key words: Natura 2000, Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie, ince. In the research data from years 2004–2011 non-pointed pollution, agri-environmental indi- were used. Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie are located in cators two nitrogen vulnerable zone’s (NVZ) – Orla river, Czarna Woda and Kuroch rivers. Average size INTRODUCTION of 75 farms chosen to research was 37.8 ha. All of farms led plant and animal production. In the Intensive farming, irrational and set to structure of livestock species predominated cattle profi t maximization, consuming large (62.1%). Pork accounted for 36.6% share. To hear the current threat to the quality of surface waters amounts of artifi cial production means, from agricultural production for the 26 representa- like fertilizers, manures and industrial tive farms were calculated NPK nutrients balance feeds comes to changes in environment by “on fi eld surface” methodology. The results (OECD 2008). Changes in plant and wild showed the average balance of nutrients surplus, animals diversity are the most danger- –1 the group analyzed on the level 121.9 kg N·ha ous, also surface water eutrophication, and 47.1 kg K·ha–1, which indicates that macro- -components are unsustainable management. Con- acidifi cation of soil or water pollution tent of phosphorus did not exceed standards. One (Kajak 1994, Kupiec and Zbierska 2006, of the basic environmental indicators in agricul- Kupiec 2007, Ławniczak et al. 2008). ture is a load of farmland nitrogen from manure In Europe, as a result of soil over-rich produced by livestock kept on the farm. Of the 75 with nitrogen, moors massively die. But surveyed farms only 12% exceeded the recommended standard 170 kg N·ha–1, while in 56% of agriculture areas are in many examples farms had amount not exceeding 100 kg N·ha–1. In a refuge for rare plant and animal spe- the paper were analyzes the status and the needs cies, which adjust their development to 18 J.M. Kupiec treatments made in agriculture, and MATERIAL AND METHODS thanks to them they survived. In time There were selected 75 farms located in of Poland’s transition from central- Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie and in zone of ly-controlled economy to European direct effect on the Natura 2000 area in Union, agri-environment politic in the Wielkopolska province (Figs 1, 2). In country was not priority. By the re- the research data from years 2004–2011 moval of government support for agri- were used. Details about land structure, culture, contribute to reduction of some plant and animal production or infra- production means use, like plant protec- structure were obtained directly from tion products, fertilizers or energy. This farms, based on special questionnaire. resulted a drop of agriculture produc- Part of data came from community of- tion intensity, and because of that this fi ce, from identify cards of farms. This sector’s pressure on environment has cards are prepared for implementing so- decreased. In 1990 had introduced some -called Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) pro-environment actions, like so-called and Action program in nitrogen vulner- Green Lungs of Poland which was vol- able zones (NVZs). Chosen farms were untary project in order to protect natural- different in size, production and spe- -valuable agricultural areas in north-east cialization. Enclosures were located in Poland. First National Environmental 23 places and 9 communes (Dobrzyca, Policy had introduced in 1991 principles Kobylin, Koźmin Wielkopolski, Kro- which regulates water and soil protec- toszyn, Ostrów Wielkopolski, Raszków, tion. However, the Nature Conservation Rozdrażew, Sulmierzyce, Zduny). In the Act from 1995 establishes protection of paperwork animal production in farms agricultural genetic resources in country. Very important step was to initiate Euro- pean Ecological Network Natura 2000, in order to keep wildlife heritage. The Network comprising Special Protec- tion Areas – SPAs (in Polish legislative OSO) based on so-called Bird Direc- tive (79/409/EEC) and Special Areas of Conservation – SACs (in Polish legislative SOO) based on so-called Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). The aim of this paperwork was the potential risk assessment from farming for natural-valuable ecosystems in Na- tura 2000 area, based on selected pro- FIGURE 1. Localization of Natura 2000 area duction and environment indicators. Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie in Poland Estimation of selected agri-environmental indicators... 19

FIGURE 2. The analyzed zone of Natura 2000 area Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie with farms location was analyzed (manures policy, storage of ionaceous plants in fi eld crops and manures, nitrogen application). To recog- on the grassland, nitrogen fi xation by nize potential risk assessment of environ- soil microorganisms, deposit atmo- ment quality from agri-production, fi rst sphere’s nutrients; of all surface and underground water, – output: taking of nitrogen with yields for 26 chosen representative farms the (main and by-product); balance of nutrients (NPK) was counted – surplus (= input – output) – losses with “fi eld surface balance” method, used calculated of balance sheet included in many countries in different modifi cations (Oenema 1999, Kupiec and Zbier- emission of ammonia from farming ska 2012). This balance included: fertilizers, nitrogen losses from deni- – input: use of fertilizers, manures, trifi cation, nutrient leaching from biological nitrogen fi xation by papil- fertilizers. 20 J.M. Kupiec

The balance of owned buildings to The content of nutrients in bought manures storage analyze was made with and applied mineral fertilizers was esti- environmental unit of farms rapid of mated with information given by produc- identifi cation system (SSI), worked up to ers. Nutrients content in own production estimate farms infl uence on environment and purchased manures was counted (Raport… 2011). It was cataloged the oc- according to Mazur and Górski (under currence and size of concrete for solid Wrześniowski et al. 1997). Biological manures and tanks for liquid manures and N2 fi xation by various species of Rhizo- counted demand for these constructions on bium bacteria living in symbiosis with the basis of inventory according to animals papilionaceous plants was calculated on average year balance (Rozporządzenie… the basis of symbiotic nitrogen binding 2002, Rozporządzenie… 2005). Lack coeffi cients obtained from literature data of that constructions were referenced to (Gorlach and Mazur 2002). The amount point scale (Table 1). In the scale included of nitrogen bound by free-living micro- tolerance to 5% from optimal demand for organisms in the soil was assumed by buildings to magazine manures, resulted Fotyma and Mercik (1995). The size of from changes in inventory. The assessment atmospheric nutrients deposition for the for constructions to magazine separately examined regions was adopted on the solid and liquid manures was made. basis of the total NPK fall (GUS 2010). The content of nutrients in the main TABLE 1. Point scale SSI for farm risk assess- crops, by-products and catch crops was ment in owned constructions for manures storage adopted from information obtained on Range of the size shortages Points farms, literature data, tables of food of constructions (%) chemical composition and recommen- ≤ 50dations for practice (Czarnik et al. 1986, 6–15 1 Piekarska and Łoś-Kuczera 1990, Ko- 16–25 2 stuch 1996, Sady 2000, Elmadfa and Muskat 2003, Furgał-Dzierżuk et al. 26–35 3 2003, Kunachowicz 2005) or own ana- 36–45 4 lyses. 46–55 5 Calculations of ammonia emission in animal production were carried out ac- > 55–99 6 cording to recommendations for Poland Lack of constructions, 100 7 based on model of RAINS – regional air pollution information and simula- Quantity of produced manures tion (Klimont and Brink 2004). Losses was counted basing on animals aver- of NH3 were calculated depending on age year balance according to guide- animal species and technology of their lines from Ministry of the Environment rearing taking into consideration emis- Ordinance dated from 18 May 2005 sions in animal housing facilities, dur- (Rozporządzenie… 2005). ing storage and agricultural utilisation Estimation of selected agri-environmental indicators... 21 of manures as well as on pastures and 3 as priority. Besides that, this area is cattle yards. Emissions of N2O follow- located in close neighborhood to one ing denitrifi cation as well as NH3 release of the most valuable ornithologist areas from mineral fertilizers were calculated – bird habitat of European importance using coeffi cients elaborated by Polish E54 (Dolina Baryczy PLH020041). researchers (Fotyma and Mercik 1995, Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie is located in two Skiba et al. 1997). The level of the nu- NVZ areas – Orla river, Czarna Woda and trients losses as a result of leaching Kuroch rivers. Orla is right-bank tributary from the soil was calculated according of Barycz, and subjected area appointed to Roszyk and Spiak (1999) as well as in catchment has 1,165.61 km2. NVZ in Fotyma and Mercik (1995). catchments of Czarna Woda and Kuroch rivers, which are also right-bank tributar- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ies of Barycz river, contain 232.84 km2. Main threats for analyzed Natura Natura 2000 area Dąbrowy Krotoszyń- 2000 zone are modifi cations of water skie (PLB300007) was under the Mini- relations, inept forest management, in- stry of the Environment Ordinance from tensive and irrational agri-management. 12 January 2011 in case of Special Pro- The biggest problems registered in this tection Areas1. The area of 34,245.3 ha is region are: complete removal of woody one of the bigger and better known oak debris from forest, planting trees mono- forest complexes in Europe. In Dąbrowy cultures, ground dehydration as a result Krotoszyńskie there are six reserves: of inept land reclamation, problems with Baszków (3.6 ha), Buczyna Helenopol regeneration oak forests, agri-produc- (42 ha), Dąbrowa Smoszew (9.8 ha), tion intensifi cation and extensive using Dąbrowa near Biadki Krotoszyńskie of meadow gathering. (16.6 ha), Miejski Bór (29.2 ha), and Average size of 75 farms chosen to Mszar Bogdaniec (22 ha). Additionally, research was 37.8 ha. Analyzing land- 88% of area is covered with Landscape -use structure, it is needed to pay atten- Protected Area Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie tion to avery big share of arable grounds, Baszków-Rochy (55,800 ha). The Natu- riding around 86.9% (Table 2). Partici- ra 2000 area Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie is pation of grassland was about 10%. Also covered almost completely with area of was not convenient as regards diversity Site of Community Importance – SCI of cultivated plants and their participa- (in Polish legistative OZW) – Dąbrowy tion. In analyzed region farmers mostly Krotoszyńskie (PLH300002). This zone planted cereal plants on their land, and was approved in 2007 and it occupies these ones shared 96% of sown area. 34,225.2 ha. On its area 12 types of habi- Apart from cereals and cereal mixes it tats defi ned in Enclosure I of Council Di- were cultivated industrial plants (2%), rective 92/43/EEC are affi rmed, therein fodder plants (1%) and others – roots, leguminous plants, small-seeded papil- 1 Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland ionaceous and vegetables. – Dz.U. 2011 nr 25, poz. 133. 22 J.M. Kupiec

TABLE 2. Chosen elements of analyzed farms 36.6%. In farms also horses were provid- characteristic ed (1%) and hens, goats, turkeys, ducks, Parameter Unit Range Average sheep and pigeons (summary around Farm’s ha 2.8–650.0 37.8 0.3%). Research introduced in this pa- area perwork showed that in group of 75 ana- ha 2.3–525.0 32.6 Tilllands lyzed farms, located in Natura 2000 area % 50.0–100.0 86.9 and in direct inﬂ uence zone on Dąbrowy ha 0.0–87.0 4.0 Krotoszyńskie, inappropriate agricul- Grassland % 0.0–45.8 10.3 tural practices were observed, bounded with animal excrements management ha 0.0–14.0 0.5 Woods (Table 3). The main problem was lack or % 0.0–25.0 1.5 inefﬁ cient size of constructions for ma- Others- ha 0.0–24.0 0.5 nures storage. As it is shown in Table 3 lands % 0.0–6.7 0.6 the level of farms danger, followed from Livestock LSU 4.4–505.6 41.8 lack of buildings to store manures, was – summary LSU·ha–1 0.1–7.7 1.5 high; 70% of farms had the highest score LSU 0.0–332.2 26.0 (14–15 points), which showed that there Cattle were a shortage in size of concrete con- LSU·ha–1 0.0–4.6 0.9 structions for solid manures and capaci- LSU 0.0–173.4 15.3 Pigs ty of tanks for liquid manures. In spite of LSU·ha–1 0.0–3.4 0.5 exceeded norms for density of livestock, Other LSU 0.0–13.1 0.5 quantity of nitrogen broughted from ma- animals LSU·ha–1 0.0–2.1 0.04 nures was over norm (> 170 kg N·ha–1) in only 12% of farms. TABLE 3. Rank of threat, resulting from lack of appropriate amounts of constructions for manures storage Increasing of threat Indicator of threat

Obtained points 0 1346781011121314 Share of farms with determined 7113344 3 1 35317 sum of points (%)

Animal production was characteriz- High potential threat to natural ecosys- ing not high diversity in animal species. tems in analyzed area could be irrational The average density of livestock was 1.4 nutrients management (NPK). The nitro- LSU (livestock unit) per 1 ha. In species gen balance counted in 26 representative structure of provided animals the high- farms showed surplus reaches as far as est was cattle (62.1%). The swine had 450 kg N·ha–1 (Table 4). The maximum TABLE 4. Structure and results of nutrients (NPK) balance in 26 selected farms Amount of nutrient (kg·ha–1) Specifi cation nitrogen – N phosphorus – P potassium – K mean min. max. s mean min. max. s mean min. max. s Input Mineral fertilizers 91.5 0.0 172.4 62.2 6.7 0.0 25.4 8.1 26.4 0.0 86.0 25.2 Manures – own production 97.9 9.8 283.4 68.9 16.6 1.9 44.9 11.6 89.7 8.5 282.3 64.3 Manures – purchased 9.5 0.0 109.7 22.5 2.5 0.0 30.0 6.1 6.5 0.0 69.0 14.7 Deposition 14.5 14.4 16.0 0.4 ––––15.1 5.0 15.9 2.9 Fixation by free-living soil 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 –––––––– microorganisms Symbiothic fi xation 2.1 0.0 25.5 5.3 –––––––– Input – summary 225.6 65.4 549.2 115.3 25.8 4.7 82.3 18.1 137.6 51.4 369.8 78.7 Output Main crops 77.0 23.0 167.4 37.5 14.2 3.1 30.7 6.8 38.1 3.4 154.7 34.3 By-products and catch crops 26.7 0.8 62.0 15.5 5.1 0.2 12.8 3.1 52.4 1.6 118.3 29.8 Output – summary 103.7 27.9 212.9 47.1 19.4 3.3 38.4 8.9 90.4 11.9 237.2 52.9 Surplus (Input – Output), 121.9 –102.6 449.5 116.0 6.4 –28.8 62.9 19.0 47.1 –88.1 292.7 83.8 including Denitrifi cation from 1.50.02.81.0–––––––– mineral fertilizers Leaching from mineral 5.5 0.0 10.3 3.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 5.2 5.2 5.2 0.0 fertilizers NH emission from mineral 3 5.90.011.04.0–––––––– fertilizers NH emission from 3 11.4 0.0 37.2 8.8 –––––––– manures Others* 97.6 –139.8 410.8 110.7 5.9 –29.3 62.5 19.0 41.9 17.1 242.4 83.8 s – standard deviation, * including immobilization. 24 J.M. Kupiec nitrogen balance should not go over because of not-fulfi lled requirements for 30 kg N·ha–1 (Kodeks… 2004), mean- protected areas. The problem of pointed while from 26 analyzed farms there pollution is already almost solved, still was in 20 with over norm balance. The intensive farming and not normed wa- average nitrogen balance was near to ter and savage management poses high 122 kg N·ha–1. A little bit better looked danger in this region for quality of sur- the phosphorus balance (Table 4). Soil face and underground water as well. Re- in analyzed area were rich in this nutri- search conducted in years 2007–2010 at ent, so phosphorus balance should be four monitoring points in river basins of close to zero. The average balance for Orla, Czarna Woda and Kuroch, within this macro-component showed surplus which is situated analyzed Natura 2000 6.4 kg P·ha–1. In 12 from 26 farms the area, showed exceeded indicators of eu- norm were exceeded. The maximum trophication in almost all cases (Table 6). balance was around 63 kg P·ha–1. The In farming, the quality of water is di- potassium balance also showed big ex- rectly connected with nutrients manage- ceed and was running at 47.1 kg K·ha–1 ment. One of methods to research cor- (Table 4). In 14 from 26 farms noticed rectness of nutrients management is to that established norms were exceeded prepare balance and analyze its structure (15 kg K·ha–1) – soil in this area is usual- and results. Input of balance showed that ly not rich in this nutrient. The maximum quantity of entered nutrient was the big- noticed balance was 292.7 kg K·ha–1. gest in produced in farms manures. Par- Quality of surface water in analyzed ticipation of nitrogen entered this way to area for many years is on dissatisfy- 26 farms was as high as 45.4%. Almost ing level. Because analyzed region is the same nitrogen was applied to farms a typical agricultural area, intensive and with fertilizers (42.5%). Per 1 ha on ag- irrational agriculture could be the main ricultural land the amount of nitrogen cause of bad water condition. These days from manures was about 98 kg N·ha–1. there is government monitoring on pro- In relation to requirements referred to as tected areas in range of habitat or spe- absorption of macro-components from cies protection, for which maintenance main crop and by-products (summary or improvement of water condition is around 104 kg N·ha–1) it is almost enough very important in their protection. Water amount to cover plants needs from this monitoring for protected areas in ana- source. Similar situation was in case of lyzed ground shows moderate ecologic potassium, where average quantity of potential. Evaluation of a body of sur- nutrient applied from solid and liquid face water Orla from Rdęca, and Rdęca manures was 89.7 kg K·ha–1. Farmers in Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie zone in took out potassium with yields from 2010–2012 the operational monitoring fi elds quantity about 90.4 kg K·ha–1. showed also moderate ecological poten- Participation of potassium from ferti- tial (Table 5). For both analyzed bodies lizers in input was 19.2%, so it was not of surface water the condition is bad, to high. In phosphorus case this nutrient TABLE 5. Assessment of bodies of surface water localized on Natura 2000 area Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie in 2010–2012 (WIOŚ 2012)

Name of estimated Name State of BoSW of check-point BoSW including bathing species (total score) Ecological potential ments for protected areas Class of biological elements c synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants Protected areas that are uniform water Class of hydromorphological elements Ecological potential for protected areas ﬁ Class of physical and chemical elements species of economic importance and pro- bodies intended for recreational purposes, Protected areas sensitive to eutrophication ci and nitrogen vulnerable zones (total score) tected areas for the protection of habitats or Protected areas for the protection of aquatic caused by pollution from municipal sources Assessment of compliance with the require- Class of physical and chemical elements – spe-

Żydowski Potok – Baszków

Borownica Orla from – Jutrosin source to Rdęca – (PLRW60001714639) Orla – Baszków III II BGP II N NN bad moderate moderate Orla – Dubin

Rdęca Rdęca – Jutrosin N (PLRW600017146499)

BoSW – a body of surface water; BGP – below good potential; N – unfulﬁ lled requirements. 26 J.M. Kupiec

TABLE 6. Violation of water quality standards on nitrate vulnerable zones (Program… 2012) N-NO NO max. NO mean 3 N mean P mean River Check-point Year 3 3 mean og og (mg·l–1) (mg·l–1) (mg·l–1) (mg·l–1) (mg·l–1) 2007 107.00 38.79 8.82 10.98 1.04 km 52.6 2008 134.53 31.50 7.16 9.37 1.28 Orla – Baszków 2009 135.42 45.37 10.16 12.50 0.97 2010 81.11 46.34 10.48 13.00 0.46 2007 98.17 33.86 7.69 14.06 0.82 Żydowski km 1.2 2008 91.64 27.66 6.29 13.96 1.45 Potok – Baszków 2009 103.61 40.32 9.16 15.79 0.69 2010 62.55 34.92 7.89 13.19 0.49 2007 40.82 12.88 2.93 4.70 0.13 km 0.6 2008 33.00 8.89 2.02 3.74 0.17 Borownica – Jutrosin 2009 48.37 10.99 2.50 4.18 0.17 2010 28.40 14.56 3.29 6.30 0.15 2007 71.70 23.42 5.30 8.58 0.46 km 0.5 2008 57.58 16.21 3.67 7.31 0.64 Kuroch – Uciechów 2009 64.72 21.30 4.82 7.69 0.53 2010 no data no data no data no data no data 2007 77.90 25.81 5.83 6.77 0.14 Czarna km 3 2008 74.80 28.49 6.43 7.46 0.16 Woda – Wrocławice 2009 no data no data no data no data no data 2010 no data no data no data no data no data Underlined measurements – limits of eutrophication indicators are exceeded. was brought to fi elds mainly with manures for phosphorus was about –3.5–1.5 kg (64.3%). But quantity of phosphorus, P·ha–1 and potassium 12.8–17.8 K·ha–1. which had been bringing this way only In case of 26 analyzed farms the aver- with phosphorus from fertilizers (sum- age balance for these three nutrients was mary from fertilizers: 23.3 kg P·ha–1), outside the recommended norms. For ni- was complementing defi ciencies due trogen and potassium these exceeds were to collection of components with main signifi cant. Excess of nitrogen and phos- crop and by-products (19.4 kg P·ha–1). phorus in environment affect mostly on According to Toczyński et al. (2013), water eutrophication. To big surplus of optimum balance for nitrogen in the nitrogen can also affect to acidifi cation Wielkopolska province was within 55.9– of water and soil or to reduction biodi- –65.9 kg N·ha–1. Scope of optimal balance versity of plant organisms, indirectly Estimation of selected agri-environmental indicators... 27 also to animals (Jadczyszyn et al. 2004, heap directly on ground. In these cases Oszlànyi et al. 2004). Nitrogen increases heaps must be located outside the land susceptibility of trees to stress factors, depressions, on possibly fl at area, slope maximum to 3%, on not sandy and wet and because of NO2 emission could be the reason of the greenhouse effect and terrain, at the distance greater than 20 m formation of ozone hole phenomenon. from shore line of surface water. Farm- Potassium migrated to water in higher ers are obligated to locate heap in other quantity in special cases can also effect place, when there is manure re-submis- on their eutrophication (Ławniczak et al. sion on heat in next growing season. 2010). Besides downloading potassium Previous long-term authors observations from soil by plants, the big part of it is in this province shows continued non- loss from agricultural production as re- compliance with these recommenda- sult of erosion. These factors causes by tions. In many places manure was stor- depletion of resources soil potassium. aged for whole growing season, also in Lack of transgression caused by ex- winter time. The heaps location was not cessive animals livestock, and hence too correct, for example in fl ooded areas or much of nitrogen applied to fi elds with in direct neighborhood to surface water. animal excrements by analyzed farmers leads to the conclusion that reason of wa- CONCLUSIONS ter pollution in analyzed area has other 1. From chosen agri-environmen- support than manures fertilization. One tal coeffi cients the biggest prob- of the most important problems, besides lem in Dąbrowy Krotoszyńskie not balanced nutrients management, can (PLH300002) zone was incorrect size be storage of manures. These days the or lack of constructions for manures valid program of activities for Wielko- storage. Lack of obligations to have polska province, introduced under Re- these kind of constructions and con- gional Director Regulation of Water trol of that could be the reason of Management Board in Poznań from 17 higher risk of pollutions migration to 2 August 2012 . Recommends sealed tank environment. as place to store liquid manures. In case 2. Nutrients management in chosen of solid manure it should be concrete or farms in analyzed area was irrational. other, specially made from sealed and Macro-components surplus made in impervious place of storage. This place agricultural production, mostly ni- should be protected from leaching to wa- trogen and potassium, could be the ter or to ground. It means that there is no reason of changes not only in water obligation to have concrete constructions ecosystems, but also in land ecosys- to store manures storage. It is allowed to tems, because of their pointed con- st th store manures from 1 March to 31 Oc- centration in environment. tober, but not longer than for 12 weeks on 3. Despite of high participation cattle in species herd structure, the sharing 2 Journal of Laws of the Wielkopolskie Voivode- of grassland in land-use structure of ship – Dz.U. Woj. Wlkp. 2012, poz. 3601. analyzed farms was only 10%. Lack 28 J.M. Kupiec

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wiejskich. Dz.U. 2005 nr 93, poz. 778, 779 ocena potencjalnego zagrożenia wód powierzch- i 780. [Ministry of the Environment Ordi- niowych na obszarze Natura 2000 ze strony nance dated 18 may 2005 on detailed condi- gospodarki rolnej na podstawie wybranych tions and procedures of fi nancial help provid- wskaźników produkcyjno-środowiskowych. Do ing for conformance of farms to European badań wytypowano 75 gospodarstw rolnych, Union standards involved of Rural Develop- umiejscowionych w strefi e bezpośredniego od- ment Programme]. działywania na obszar Natura 2000 Dąbrowy Rozporządzenie Dyrektora Regionalnego Zarzą- Krotoszyńskie (PLH300002) w województwie du Gospodarki Wodnej w Poznaniu z dnia 17 wielkopolskim. W badaniach wykorzystano sierpnia 2012 r. w sprawie wprowadzenia pro- dane z okresu 2004–2011. Badany obszar nie- gramu działań mających na celu ograniczenie mal w całości położony jest w granicach obsza- odpływu azotu ze źródeł rolniczych. Dz.U. ru szczególnie narażonego na zanieczyszczenia Woj. Wlkp. 2012, poz. 3601. [Regional Direc- związkami azotu ze źródeł rolniczych (OSN) tor Regulation of Water Management Board w zlewni rzeki Orli. Wielkość badanych go- in Poznań dated 17 Sept. 2012 on detailed re- spodarstw wahała się od 2,8 do 805 ha. Średnia quirements for limiting nitrogen run-off from powierzchnia gospodarstw wyniosła 37,8 ha. agricultural sources oriented programs]. Wszystkie gospodarstwa rolne prowadziły pro- SADY W. 2000: Nawożenie warzyw polowych. dukcję roślinną i zwierzęcą. W strukturze gatun- [Fertlizization of fi eld vegetables]. PLANT- kowej inwentarza przeważało bydło (62,1%). PRESS, Kraków: 97. Trzoda stanowiła 36,6% udziału. Dla rozpo- SKIBA U., FOWLER D., SMITH K.A. 1997: znania aktualnego zagrożenia jakości wód po- Nitric oxide emissions from agricultural soils wierzchniowych ze strony produkcji rolniczej in temperate and tropical climates: Sources, dla 26 reprezentatywnych gospodarstw rolnych obliczono bilans biogenów NPK metodą „na controls and mitigation options. Nutrient Cy- powierzchni pola”. Wyniki bilansu składników cling in Agroecosystems 48: 75–90. wykazały średnią nadwyżkę, w grupie analizo- TOCZYŃSKI T., WRZASZCZ W., ZEGAR J.S. wanych gospodarstw, na poziomie 121,9 kg N·ha–1 2013: Zrównoważenie polskiego rolnictwa. i 47,1 kg K·ha–1, co wskazuje na nieracjonal- Powszechny Spis Rolny 2010. [Sustainability ną gospodarkę tymi składnikami. Saldo bilansu of polish agriculture. National Agricultural fosforu mieściła się w normie. Jednym z podsta- Census 2010]. Warszawa: 219. wowych wskaźników środowiskowych w rol- WIOŚ (Wojewódzki Inspektorat Ochrony Środo- nictwie jest obciążenie gruntów rolnych azotem wiska w Poznaniu). 2012: Ocena stanu jed- z nawozów naturalnych, wytworzonych przez nolitych części wód w latach 2010–2012 z zwierzęta gospodarskie utrzymywane w gospo- uwzględnieniem oceny spełnienia wymagań darstwie. Spośród 75 badanych gospodarstw dla obszarów chronionych. http://poznan. tylko 12% przekraczało zalecaną normę 170 kg wios.gov.pl/monitoring-srodowiska/wyniki- N·ha–1, przy czym w 56% gospodarstw była to badan-i-oceny/monitoring-wod-powierzch- ilość nieprzekraczająca 100 kg N·ha–1. W pracy niowych/rzeki/ocena-stanu-jednolitych-cze- przeanalizowano również stan i zapotrzebowanie sci-wod-w-latach-2010-2012/. na budowle do przechowywania nawozów natu- WRZEŚNIOWSKI Z., SOSNOWSKA W., ralnych. Spośród 75 analizowanych gospodarstw STEMPEL R. 1997: Tabele pomocnicze do tylko siedem miało odpowiedniej wielkości płytę planowania rolniczej działalności gospodar- do przechowywania obornika przez 6 miesięcy, czej. [Auxilary tables to plan agricultural ac- tyle samo miało odpowiedni zbiornik na płynne tivities]. ART, Olsztyn: 112. nawozy naturalne. Płyty obornikowej nie miało Streszczenie: Ocena wybranych wskaźników 18% rolników, a w 73% przypadków w gospo- rolniczo-środowiskowych gospodarstw rolnych darstwie nie było zbiornika na płynne nawozy zlokalizowanych w strefi e bezpośredniego od- naturalne. Świadczy to o dużych zaniedbaniach działywania na obszar Natura 2000 Dąbrowy w tym zakresie oraz potencjalnym ryzyku migra- Krotoszyńskie (PLH 300002). Celem pracy była cji biogenów do środowiska. Estimation of selected agri-environmental indicators... 31

Słowa kluczowe: Natura 2000, Dąbrowy Kroto- szyńskie, zanieczyszczenie obszarowe, wskaźni- ki rolniczo-środowiskowe MS. received in February 2014

Author’s address: Jerzy Mirosław Kupiec Katedra Ekologii i Ochrony Środowiska Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu ul. Piątkowska 94 C, 60-649 Poznań Poland e-mail: [email protected]