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Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 11 Metamorphic and Metamorphogenic Ore Deposits F.M REVieWS IN EConomiC Geology Volume 11 METAMORPHOSED AND METAMORPHOGENIC ORE DEPOSITS CONTENTS Ores and Metamorphism: Introduction and Historical Perspectives F.M. Vokes Regional Metamorphic Remobilization: B. Marshall, F.M. Vokes, and A.C.L. Larocque Upgrading and Formation of Ore Deposits Discriminating between Regional Metamorphic Remobilization and B. Marshall and P.G. Spry Syntectonic Emplacement in the Genesis of Massive Sulfide Ores Metamorphic Fluids and Their Relationship to the Formation of I. Cartwright and N.H.S. Oliver Metamorphosed and Metamorphogenic Ore Deposits Regional Metamorphism and Ore Formation: C.A. Heinrich, A.S. Andrew, and M.D. Knill Evidence from Stable Isotopes and Other Fluid Tracers Fiuid Inclusions in Metamorphosed and Synmetamorphic B. Marshall, A.D. Giles, and S.G. Hagemann (Including Metamorphogenic) Base and Precious Metal Deposits: Indicators of Ore-Forming Conditions and/ or Ore-Modifying Histories? Sulfidation and Oxidation Haloes as Guides in the P.G. Spry Exploration for Metamorphosed Massive Sulfide Ores Meta-Exhalites as Exploration Guides to Ore P.G. Spry, J.M. Peter, and J.F. Slack Metamorphism of Komatiite-Hosted Nickel Sulfide Deposits S.J. Barnes and R.E.T. Hill Metamorphism of Ni-Cu Sulfides in Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions: F. Mancini and H. Papunen The Svecofennian Saaksjarvi Complex, Southern Finland Tungsten Mineralization and Metamorphic Remobilization in R. Höll and R. Eichhorn the Felbertal Scheelite Deposit, Central Alps, Austria Gold Deposits in Amphibolite and Granulite Facies Terranes J. Ridley, D.I. Groves, and J.T. Knight of the Archean Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: Evidence and Implications of Synmetamorphic Mineralization Subduction-Related Diamond Deposits? Constraints, W.L. Griffin, S.Y. O’Reilly, and R.M. Davies Possibilities, and New Data from Eastern Australia Editors F.M. Vokes, B. Marshall, and P.G. Spry SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC. Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 11 Metamorphic and Metamorphogenic Ore Deposits F.M. Vokes, B. Marshall, and P.G. Spry, Editors Additional copies of this publication can be obtained from Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. 7811 Shaffer Parkway Littleton, CO 80127 www.segweb.org ISBN: 978-1-629495-69-9 The Authors: Anita Andrew Alan D. Giles Robin E.T. Hill CSIRO Division of Petroleum Dewrtment of Applied Geology CSIRO, Exploration and Mining Resources University of Technology- Sydney Private Bag, PO Wembley PO Box 136 North Ryde PO Box 123 Broadway Western Australia 6014 New South Wales 1670 New South Wales 2007 Australia Australia Australia Tel. +61.8.9333.6373 Tel. +6.2.9490.8743 .TeL +61.2.6287.3681 Fax: +61.8.9383.7993 Fax: +61.2.9490.8921 Fax: +61.2.6288.2876 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Rudolf HoB Stephen J. Barnes William L. Griffin Institut fiir Allgemeine und CSIRO Division of Exploration GEMOC Angewandte Geologie and Mining Department of Earth and Planetary Ludwig-Maximillians-Universiilit Private Bag, W~mbley Sciences Luisenstrasse 37 Western Australia 6014 Macquarie University D-80333 Miinchen Australia Sydney . Germany Tel. +61.8.9333.6375 New South Wales 2109 Tel. +49.89.5203.214 Fax: +61.8.9383.7993 Australia Fax: +49.89.5203.293 e-mail: [email protected] Tel. +61.2. 9850.8954 e-mail: rudolf.hoell@ Fax: +61.2.9850.8943 iaag.geo.unimuenchen.de Ian Cartwright e-mail: [email protected] Department of Earth Sciences Matthias D. Knill Monash University David I. Groves SIG Schweizerische Industrie- Clayton Centre for Strategic Mineral Deposits Gesellschaft Holding AG Victoria 3168 University of Western Australia Industrieplatz Australia Nedlands 8212 Neuhausen am Rheinfall Tel. +61.3.9905.4887 Western Australia 6907 Switzerland Fax: +61.3.9905.4903 Australia Tel. +41.52.674.6123 e-mail: [email protected] Tel. +61.8.9380.2685 Fax: +41.52.674.6556 Fax: +61.8.9380.1178 e-mail: [email protected] Rondi M. Davies e-mail: dgroves®geol. uwa.edu.au GEMOC Joseph T. Knight Department of Earth and Planetary Steffen G. Hagemann BHP Minerals Discovery Sciences Department of Geology and Level 3, QCL House Macquarie University Geophysics 40 McDougall St. Sydney Centre for Strategic Mineral Deposits Milton, Brisbane New South Wales 2109 University of Western Australia Queensland 4064 Australia Nedlands Australia Tel. +61.2.9850.8258 Western Australia 6907 Tel. +61.7.3307.9600 Fax: +61.2.9850.6904 Australia Fax: +61.7.3307.9500 e-mail: [email protected] Tel. +61.8.9380.1517 e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +61.8.9380.1178 Roland Eichhorn e-mail: shageman@geol. uwa.edu.au Adrienne C.L. Larocque Bayerisches Geologisches Landesamt Department of Geological Sciences HeBstrasse 128 Christoph A. Heinrich 125 Dysart Road D-80797 Miinchen Institut fiir Isotopengeologie und University of Manitoba Germany Mineralische Rohstoffe Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 Tel. +49.841.9511.139 Departement Erdwissenschaften NO Canada Fax: +49.89.1213.2647 ETH Zentrum Tel. +1.204.474.7413 e-mail: [email protected] CH-8092 Zurich Fax: +1.204.474.7623 Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] Tel. + 41.1.632.6851 Fax: +41.1.632.1179 e-mail: [email protected] ii Franco Mancini Jan M. Peter Mineral and Fuel Resources Geological Survey of Canada Department 601 Booth Street Geological Survey ofJapan Ottawa, Ontario KIA OE8 1-1-3 Higashi, Tsukuba 305 Canada Japan Tel. +1.613.992.2376 Tel. +81.298.543627 Fax: +1.613.996.9820 Fax: +81.298.543633 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] John Ridley Brian Marshall GEMOC Department of Applied Geology Department of Earth and Planetary University of Technology- Sydney Sciences PO Box 123 Broadway Macquarie University New South Wales 2007 Sydney Australia New South Wales 2109 Tel. +61.2.9514.1775 Australia Fax: +61.2.9514.1755 Tel. +61.2.9850.8371 e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +61.2.9850.8943 e-mail: [email protected] Nicholas H.S. Oliver Economic Geology Research Unit John F. Slack School of Earth Sciences U.S. Geological Survey James Cook University National Center, MS 954 Townsville Reston, VA 20192 Queensland 4811 USA Australia Tel. +1.703.648.6337 Tel. +61.7.4781.5049 Fax: +1.703.648.6383 Fax: +61.7.4725.1501 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Paul G. Spry Suzanne Y O'Reilly Department of Geological and GEMOC Atmospheric Sciences Department of Earth and Planetary 253 Science I Sciences Iowa State University Macquarie University Ames, lA 50011-3212 Sydney USA New South Wales 2109 Tel. +1.515.294.1837 Australia Fax: +1.515.294.6049 Tel. +61.2.9850.8258 e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +61.2.9850.6904 e-mail: [email protected] Frank M. Vokes Institutt for Geologi og Bergteknikk Heikki Papunen Norges tekniske naturvitenskapelige Department of Geology Universitet University ofTurku N-7034 Trondheim FIN-20014 Norway ,, Turku Tel. +47.7359.4808 ,. Finland Fax: +47.7359.4814 Tel. +358.2.333.5480 e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +358.2-333.6580 e-mail: [email protected] iii PREFACE Many of the world's largest deposits of base and precious thors are followed by Heinrich, Andrew, and Knill, who use metal ores are located in metamorphic terclnes. Deforma­ mass-balance and metal-solubility arguments to constrain tion, metamorphism, and the accompanying fluid-flow metamorphogenesis, before discussing the contributions regimes have tremendous capacity to both form and modifY of stable isotopes and other fluid tracers in studies of meta­ such deposits. Nevertheless, ideas regarding-the relationships morphic ore formation. Marshall, Giles, and Hagemann of specific deposits to metamorphic and_ deformational close the section on fluids by focusing on the application of processes affecting their host rocks have varied over the years; fluid-inclusion studies to determine the genesis and fluid once again, these relationships and associated concepts are history of metamorphosed-metamorphogenic deposits. being scrutinized and intensely questioned. It is, therefore, Exploring for and assessing ore deposits in metamorphic an appropriate time to review knowledge and beliefs per­ terranes are facilitated by the recognition of a range of taining to several aspects of these ores. Not only is such a re­ lithologic-mineralogic guides that result from metamor­ view ofacademic interest (important and exciting as this may phism of preexisting ores and their associated host rocks. be), but also, a better understanding of the timing of miner­ These ore indicators have district-wide and more local sig­ alization relative to deformation, metamorphism, and re­ nificance for exploration. Spry reviews exploration guides gional and local fluid flow is essential to more effective ex­ provided by the mineralogical changes produced by sulfi­ ploration for, and exploitation of, these types of ore. dation and oxidation processes in the vicinity of sulfide It has not been practical to cover all aspects of ores in ores; Spry, Peter, and Slack evaluate the use of characteris­ metamorphic terranes in this volume. The individual pa­ tic horizons of metamorphosed exhalites as guides to the pers are authoritative, being based on the original research presence of possible economic, exhalative ores. of well-recognized experts in their respective fields, and in The remaining five papers are devoted to aspects of a se­ many cases they present new data. While a degree of bal­ lected number of ore types found in metamorphic ter­ ance has been sought, it is recognized that some important ranes. Two papers deal with the metamorphism ofNi-(Cu) ore types and related processes lack consideration. This is ores of magmatic affiliation found in Precambrian rocks: undoubtedly the case for some nonsulfidic ore types, and Barnes and Hill review the metamorphism of komatiitic with one exception, most nonmetallic mineral deposits in volcanic-hosted Ni ores in Archean terranes, and Mancini metamorphic terranes.
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