Engineering Law and Managerial Economy for Strategic Management of Chemical Engineering Works: Issues and Way Forward by Itua E

ENGINEERING LAW AND MANAGERIAL ECONOMY FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WORKS: ISSUES AND WAY FORWARD

BY ITUA EHIAGHE ESTHER 18/ENG01/012

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AFEBABALOLA UNIVERSITY, ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF ENG 384: ENGINEERING LAW AND MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

DATE OF SUBMISSION: TUESDAY 11TH MAY, 2021.

ABSTRACT This term paper offers a systematic account on the various issues faced by chemical engineers in the industry as well as those facing their works(products) in Nigeria. Chemical engineering is branch of Engineering that is present in almost all facets of life and their products being used day in day out by various individuals. It deals with the conversion of raw materials into useful products. These products include petrochemicals, drugs, food, dyes, plastics. Etc. Chemical Engineering profession requires a number of skills such as Advanced numerical skills, Advanced laboratory skills, Project management skills, Ability to think creatively and Good attention to detail. Engineering law and Managerial Economics is a field of study that encompasses both knowledge on the various rules and regulations that govern the Engineering profession as well as the basic principles of management and economics. The main governing body that regulates the activities of engineering profession in Nigeria is COREN. They are charged with responsibilities which include; regulating and controlling the practice of the engineering profession in all its aspects and ramifications. determining who are engineers for the purposes of this Act. In carrying out this study, a number of materials were studied and various scenarios and cases examined to be able to identify the Issues affecting the strategic management of Chemical Engineering works using Nigeria as a major case study as well as be able to buffer a solution. Some of these issues include; inadequate manpower, inadequate equipment, stringent government laws and policies and are only a few to mention. Some of the solutions put forward in helping to combat these issues are; manpower development, development and maintenance of basic amenities, favourable government policies. Etc In conclusion, I was able to get an insight of some of the laws governing the practice of chemical engineering works in Nigeria as well as know their various challenges in various Nigerian industries.

LIST OF TABLES Table 2. 1 List of some applications used by Chemical Engineers in Modelling ...... 20

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 1 Chemical Engineering is Importants ...... 1

Figure 2. 1 Map of Nigeria with Public Universities that offer Chemical Engineering...... 8 Figure 2. 2 A Chemical Engineer ...... 8 Figure 2. 3 CSTR Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ...... 9 Figure 2. 4 Distillation Column...... 9 Figure 2. 5 A Chemical Engineer carrying out experiments in the lab ...... 10 Figure 2. 6 Bio plastics ...... 11 Figure 2. 7 Engineering plastic (used in tube/pipe productions) ...... 11 Figure 2. 8 Epoxy Resins ...... 12 Figure 2. 9 Polyolefins (straws) ...... 12 Figure 2. 10 Polyolefins...... 13 Figure 2. 11 Polyvinylchloride...... 13 Figure 2. 12 Thermoplastics ...... 14 Figure 2. 13 1 ton of paper. (A product of chemical engineers) ...... 14 Figure 2. 14 Paper Production equipment ...... 15 Figure 2. 15 Dye Producing equipment...... 16 Figure 2. 16 Different Colours Dyes ...... 16 Figure 2. 17 Drugs tablets...... 16 Figure 2. 18 Chemical Engineers working in a drug production company ...... 17 Figure 2. 19 Fertilzer Production Plant ...... 17 Figure 2. 20 Petro chemical plants ...... 18 Figure 2. 21 Food Process...... 18 Figure 2. 22 Bio-reactor ...... 19 Figure 2. 23 Ultrasound representation of urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) a hyperplastic prostate...... 20 Figure 2. 24 A modelled system ...... 23 Figure 2. 25 A reactor plant...... 24 Figure 2. 26 A binary distillation column...... 24 Figure 2. 27 Food processing plant for refrigeration...... 25 Figure 2. 28 Chemical/Environmental engineer taking sampkes ...... 26 Figure 2. 29 Aspects of a Environmental engineer ...... 26 Figure 2. 30 Branches of Chemical Engneering ...... 27 Figure 2. 31 COREN logo ...... 31

Figure 3. 1 Names of some Pharmaceutical Industries in Nigeria ...... 34 Figure 3. 2 Petrochemical Products ...... 35 Figure 3. 3 Indorama Eleme Petrochemical Company plant...... 36

Figure 3. 4 A chemical plant at Sinopec ...... 37 Figure 3. 5 Sweet corn production...... 38 Figure 3. 6 Paper production industry ...... 38 Figure 3. 7 Metal processing ...... 39

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ISCRE International Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering COREN Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria ACostE Accredited Cost Engineer IACE Institute of Appraisers and Cost Engineers ECOPACCE Engineering Consultancy and Project Management Services Agreement Charges and Conditions of Engagement. AIChe American Institute of Chemical Engineering IChemE Institute of Chemical Engineers EU European Union C2 2-Carbon (Industrial name for ethene) C3 3-Carbon (Industrial name for propene) NNPC Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NBS National Bureau of Statistics NUC Nigerian Universities Commission

TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT ...... ii LIST OF TABLES ...... iii LIST OF FIGURES ...... iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... vi TABLE OF CONTENT ...... vii CHAPTER 1 ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.0 WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING? ...... 1 Branches of Chemical Engineering...... 1 1.0 DEFINITION OF LAWS ...... 2 Engineering Laws ...... 3 1.1 MANAGEMENT ...... 3 Functions of Management...... 3 Management skills ...... 4 1.2 ECONOMICS ...... 4 Branches of Economics...... 4 Importance of Economics ...... 5 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...... 5 CHAPTER 2 ...... 6 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 6 2.1 HISTORY OF MODERN ENGINEERING ...... 6 2.1.1 History of Chemical Engineering ...... 6 2.1.2 History of Chemical Engineering in Nigeria ...... 7 2.1.2.1 In Nigerian schools ...... 7 2.2 WHO IS A CHEMICAL ENGINEER ...... 8 2.2.1 What differentiates Chemical Engineering from other types of engineering...... 8 2.2.2 What do Chemical Engineers do? ...... 10 2.2.3 Our Products...... 10 2.2.3.1 Plastics and polymers, ...... 10 2.2.3.2 Paper ...... 14 2.2.3.3 Dyes ...... 15 2.2.3.4 Medicines ...... 16

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2.2.3.5 Fertilizers ...... 17 2.2.3.6 Petrochemicals ...... 17 2.2.3.7 and even many foods ...... 18 2.3 FIELDS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ...... 18 2.3.1 Biochemical Engineering ...... 18 2.3.2 Biomedical engineering ...... 19 2.3.2 Chemical process modeling ...... 20 2.3.4 Chemical reaction engineering ...... 23 2.3.5 Distillation Design ...... 24 2.3.6 Food engineering ...... 24 2.3.7 Nano-technology...... 25 2.3.8 Environmental Engineering ...... 25 2.3 ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF A CHEMICAL ENGINEER ...... 27 2.4 CORE SKILLS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS ...... 28 2.5 WHERE DO CHEMICAL ENGINEERS WORK ...... 29 2.6 ENGINEERING LAWS IN NIGERIA...... 29 2.6.1 Roles of COREN...... 31 2.6.2 Rules and Regulations...... 31 2.6.2.1 Rules guiding individuals ...... 31 2.6.2.2 Rules guiding contracts ...... 32 2.6.2.3 Rules guiding relationship with colleagues...... 32 2.7 ENGINEERING LAW AND MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS...... 32 2.7.1 Definition...... 32 CHAPTER 3 ...... 33 METHODOLOGY ...... 33 3.1 METHOD USED ...... 33 3.1.1 PROCEDURE ...... 33 3.2 CASE STUDY 1; PHARAMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY...... 33 3.2.1 Inadequate power supply by government...... 34 3.2.2 High importation tariffs ...... 34 3.2.3 Excessive work load (inadequate personnel) ...... 35 3.3 CASE STUDY 2; PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES...... 35

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3.3.1 Improving the environmental footprint in order to meet ever-increasing standards 36 3.3.2 Wrong individuals in position of authority ...... 37 3.3.3 Inadequate equipment...... 37 3.4 CASE STUDY 3; MANUFACTURING ...... 37 3.4.1 Insufficient and erratic power supply ...... 39 3.4.2 High taxes ...... 39 3.4.3 Inadequate Infrastructures ...... 39 3.5 MATERIALS USED...... 39 CHAPTER 4 ...... 41 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ...... 41 4.1 ENGINEERING LAW AND MANAGERIAL ECONOMY FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WORKS: WAY FORWARD...... 41 4.1.1 UPGRADE OF POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT 41 4.1.2 REDUCING IMPORT AND EXPORT DUTIES ...... 41 4.1.3 PUTTING THE RIGHT PEOPLE IN POSITIONS OF AUTHORITY ESPECIALLY CONCERNING ENGINEERING WORKS ...... 41 4.1.4 PROVISION OF BASIC SOCIAL AMENITIES BY GOVERNMENT ...... 42 4.1.5 IMPROVING THE EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE COUNTRY ...... 42 4.2 DEVICES FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WORKS ...... 42 CHAPTER 5 ...... 43 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 43 5.1 CONCLUSIONS...... 43 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 43 REFERENCES ...... 44

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING? Chemical engineering is an engineering discipline that deals with the conversion of raw materials into useful products. These useful products include the clothes we wear, different food and drinks we consume, as well as certain forms of energy we make use of in various equipment for easy living. Chemical engineering focuses on various products and processes, that is why they are sometimes referred to as process engineers. It is involved in the developing and design processes to create products- either focusing on bettering the existing processes or designing or coming up with entirely new processes. They are also concerned with managing resources, protecting the environment and health and safety of the public. Chemical engineers are sometimes called ‘universal engineers’ because it is a very broad discipline - they are essentially concerned with transforming one thing into another.

Figure 1. 1 Chemical Engineering is Importants

Branches of Chemical Engineering. Chemical Engineering as earlier stated is such a broad discipline of engineering. It can be divided into so many sub branches and some of these sub branches include;

 Biochemical engineering

 Biomedical engineering

 Chemical process modeling

 Chemical Technologist

 Chemical reactor

 Chemical reaction engineering

 Distillation Design

 Electrochemistry

 Fluid dynamics

 Food engineering

 Heat transfer

 Mass transfer

 Materials science

 Microfluidics

 Nanotechnology

 Natural environment

 Plastics engineering

 Polymer engineering

 Process control

 Process design (chemical engineering)

 Pulp and paper

 Semiconductors

 Thermodynamics

 Transport phenomena

 Unit operations

 Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering

1.0 DEFINITION OF LAWS Law is a series of rule, regulations, directives, instructions that govern/regulate a society, community or organization with the sole purpose of maintaining social order, upholding justice and preventing harm to individuals and property. It is a body of rules of conduct of binding legal force and effect, prescribed, recognized, and enforced by controlling authority. It was defined as a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior (Roberston, 1990).

Engineering Laws Engineering law can be defined as those rules and regulations, backed by sanctions when flouted, which guide the conduct and behaviour of members of engineering family in a community or society, and which they accept and consider as binding for their professional practice. Engineering law refers to the exercise of those law, rules applying to the practice of professional engineering. It is the study of how ethics and legal frameworks are adopted to ensure public safety surrounding the practice of engineering. California law defines engineering as the professional practice of rendering service or creative work requiring education, training and experience in engineering sciences and the application of special knowledge of the mathematical, physical and engineering sciences in such professional or creative work as consultation, investigation, evaluation, planning or design of public or private utilities, structures, machines, processes, circuits, buildings, equipment or projects, and supervision of construction for the purpose of securing compliance with specifications and design for any such work.

1.1 MANAGEMENT Management can be defined as a process of overseeing the operations of a company, business organization, a non-profit organization, government agency, of materials and even people. Management is a discipline that entails the setting an of organization's strategy and organizing the efforts of its employees (or volunteers) to achieve its goals through the application of available resources, such as financial, natural, technical, and human resources, are all part of management. The word "management" may also apply to those who oversee an organization's operations—managers. Functions of Management The basic functions of management as defined by Fayol (was a French mining engineer, mining executive, author and director of mines who developed a general theory of business administration that is often called Fayolism) are listed below;

 Planning: determining what needs to happen in the future and developing action plans (deciding in advance) for them.  Organizing (or staffing): Ensuring that human and nonhuman resources are put in place for efficient and effective results.  Commanding (or leading): Knowing what must be done in different situations and getting the right people to do it.  Coordinating: Creating/Designing a structure through which an organization's goals can be accomplished.  Controlling: Checking working progress against plans.

Management skills Some Management skills as obtained from "Management Roles | Principles of Management" include:

1. Political skills; this one uses to build a power base, a network and to establish connections. 2. Conceptual skills; this enables one to analyze complex and dynamic situations/problems. 3. Interpersonal skills; One is supposed to possess this to be able to communicate with those under him/her, as well as help motivate, mentor, delegate and encourage them. 4. Diagnostic skills: ability to visualize/predict appropriate responses to a situation. 5. Leadership skills: this is one’s ability to be able to accurately communicate a vision, goal, target. aspiration as well as direct and inspire others to embracing that vision and achieving it. 6. Technical skills; being an expert in one's particular field so as to effectively lead others. 7. Behavioral skills; perception towards others, conflict resolution, time-management, self- improvement, stress management and resilience, patience, clear communication.

1.2 ECONOMICS The word 'Economics' is derived from two Greek words, 'eco' which means home and 'nomos' which stands for accounts. Economics is a very broad discipline in the social sciences department such that different individuals have come up with different meanings and definition of this field of study. Economics as defined by one of its founding fathers Alfred Marshall is defined as; a social science directed at the satisfaction of needs and wants through the allocation of scarce resources which have alternative uses. Economics is a social science that studies how products and services are produced, distributed, and consumed. It helps to investigate how different people, corporations, states, and nations make resource allocation decisions. Branches of Economics. Economics can generally be broken down into two namely;

 Macroeconomics  Microeconomics Macroeconomics; studies the economy as a mechanism in which production, consumption, saving, and investment interact, as well as the factors that influence it, such as the use of labor,

4 capital, and property, currency inflation, economic growth, and public policies that affect these factors. It which concentrates on the behavior of the economy as a whole Microeconomics; studies the fundamental elements of the economy, such as human actors and markets, as well as their relations and outcomes. Households, businesses, buyers, and sellers are all examples of individual agents. Its focus is on individual people and businesses Importance of Economics 1. The study of scarcity and choice is central to economics. 2. Economics tries to reconcile infinite desires with finite resources. 3. In terms of the underlying resource costs and consumer benefits, economics illustrates the challenges of living in cities. 4. Economics is concerned with the coordination of activities that arise as a result of specialization.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The goal of this paper is to get an understanding on the various laws guiding chemical engineering works as well as affecting the effective and strategic management of these works. This was done by doing a study of the issues as well as proffering solutions.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 HISTORY OF MODERN ENGINEERING In its early uses, the term engineering referred particularly to the construction of engines of war and execution of works intended to serve military purposes. Military engineers were for long the only ones to whom the title ‘engineer’ was applied especially during the periods of war. Engineering meant primarily at that time, the creation of facilities and devices for military. It was not until the first 18th century that a new set of engineers who concerned themselves with works such as making of roads and bridges which were neither for military use nor executed by soldiers arose. So by way of distinction these men came to be known as civilian engineers. Therefore, at this stage engineering consisted of military and civil engineers. The civil engineers organized themselves into a new association. From here, more specialized branches of engineering gradually began to emerge from civil engineering. The first of these to be recognized was mechanical engineering which deals with engines, machines, tools and moving machinery in general. Another branch of engineering was electrical engineering. Electricity and magnetism had been discovered in the 18th century. Accompanying the developments in mechanical and electrical engineering technology were developments in the understanding of materials, substances and their properties (Chemical Science). Fuels were needed for internal combustion engines, lubricants were needed rapidly developing mechanical devices, protective coatings needed for corrosive metal parts of machines. The design and operation of plants of the industry for mass production of these materials and chemicals led to the development of chemical engineering. 2.1.1 History of Chemical Engineering From the above, it can be seen that chemical engineering came into existence in the late 18th century beginning of the 19th century. Chemical engineering is a discipline that was developed out of those practicing "industrial chemistry" in the late 19th century. Before the Industrial Revolution (18th century), industrial chemicals and other consumer products such as soap were mainly produced through batch processing. Batch processing is labour-intensive and individuals mix predetermined amounts of ingredients in a vessel, heat, cool or pressurize the mixture for a predetermined length of time. The product may then be isolated, purified and tested to achieve a saleable product. Batch processes are still performed today on higher value products, such as pharmaceutical intermediates, specialty and formulated products such as perfumes and paints, or in food manufacture such as pure maple syrups, where a profit can still be made despite batch methods being slower and inefficient in terms of labor and equipment usage. Due to the application of Chemical Engineering techniques during manufacturing process development, larger volume chemicals are now produced through

6 a continuous "assembly line" chemical processes. The Industrial Revolution was when a shift from batch to more continuous processing began to occur. Today commodity chemicals and petrochemicals are predominantly made using continuous manufacturing processes whereas specialty chemicals, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals are made using batch processes. 2.1.2 History of Chemical Engineering in Nigeria The history of chemical engineering in Nigeria dates back to the late 1950s when the first Nigerians graduated from universities in the UK and US. But it wasn’t until a decade later, in the late 1960s, that a steady stream of young Nigerian chemical engineers graduating from UK and US universities began to return to the country. Prior to this, chemical engineering was scarcely known or understood in the country. At best it was considered to be applied chemistry and physics, or in other situations, a cross between chemistry and mechanical engineering. 2.1.2.1 In Nigerian schools Chemical engineering education in Nigeria commenced in the late 1960s when an applied chemistry programme started at the then University of Ife, now Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), at Ile-Ife, south western Nigeria. This was subsequently upgraded to chemical technology and eventually chemical engineering. The first locally-trained chemical engineers graduated in 1973. The University of Lagos and Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, in Northern Nigeria, followed suit with parallel chemical engineering programmes, leading to first graduates from the two institutions in 1976 and 1977 respectively1. Today there are about 30 universities offering chemical engineering degrees in Nigeria. Seventeen of these are owned by the Federal Government of Nigeria while eight belong to various state governments of the Federation. The other five are private universities. In addition to the universities, there are about ten polytechnics in the country which offer chemical engineering at National Diploma (ND) and Higher National Diploma (HND) levels, training technicians and technologists.(Article by John Erinne & Tony Ogbuigwe Matrix Petro- chem & Pejad Nigeria)

Figure 2. 1 Map of Nigeria with Public Universities that offer Chemical Engineering.

2.2 WHO IS A CHEMICAL ENGINEER A chemical engineer is a professional engineer. He is one who has undergone through the rigorous training and education required by and an engineer and has obtained the necessary skills, knowledge and practice, and is now well equipped with the knowledge of chemical engineering. He is one who has undergone the right form and proper examination and scrutiny by the regulating engineering bodies and has been given license to practice chemical engineering, works principally in the chemical industry to convert basic raw materials into a variety of products, and deals with the design and operation of plants and equipment.

Figure 2. 2 A Chemical Engineer

2.2.1 What differentiates Chemical Engineering from other types of engineering. Chemical Engineering is a unique kind of engineering. Chemical engineers are sometimes called "universal engineers" because their knowledge base and abilities are so broad. They have all the basic engineering training in mathematics and physics as well as an in-depth mastery of chemistry and biology It is seen as the backbone of other branches of engineering. Some even view it as the brain which controls the other forms of engineering. Reason being that it deals with

8 the production as well as properties of materials that are used or required in the building or design carried out by other forms of engineering. This distinguishes it from the other forms of engineering, i.e the knowledge of chemical kinetics and reactor design needed in the production of these materials. Below are some examples of reactor systems designed by chemical engineers.

Figure 2. 3 CSTR Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor

Figure 2. 4 Distillation Column.

2.2.2 What do Chemical Engineers do? Chemical engineers like other forms of engineering are into designing, creation as well as modification of a system or a product to bring forth a new product or improve on the existing ones. Chemical engineers are particularly more concerned about the design, creation and optimization of the systems and equipment used in chemical, industrial, biological and environmental processes. They are involved in the production of a range of materials. Figure 2.5 shows a picture a picture of a chemical engineer carrying out experimental analysis in the lab. These materials range from from fuels and fertilizers to processed foods, beer and wine, polymers and pharmaceuticals. This is properly discussed below;

Figure 2. 5 A Chemical Engineer carrying out experiments in the lab 2.2.3 Our Products. Chemical engineers are in involved the design and production of systems used in the making of a variety of products. They are also involved in the design and creation of the product itself. These include; 2.2.3.1 Plastics and polymers, Polymers Plastics are naturally occurring materials (organic), just like wood, paper or wool. The raw materials involved in the production of plastics are naturally occurring products such as cellulose, coal, natural gas, salt and, of course, crude oil. The term “plastic” is derived from the Greek word ''plastikos'', meaning fit for moulding. This refers to the material’s malleability, or plasticity during manufacture, which allows it to be cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes - such as films, fibres, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, and much more. These plastics are divided into broad categories 1. Bio- based plastics; Bio-based plastics are made in whole or partially from renewable biological resources biodegradable plastics. Biodegradable plastics are plastics degraded by microorganisms into water, carbon dioxide (or methane) and biomass under specified conditions. Below is a diagram of an example of a bio-based plastic product.

Figure 2. 6 Bio plastics

2. Engineering plastics; Engineering plastics exhibit higher performance than standard materials, making them ideal for tough engineering applications. They are gradually replacing traditional engineering materials such as wood or metal in many applications because, not only do they equal or surpass them in their weight/strength ratio and other properties, but they are also much easier to manufacture, especially in complicated shapes. A figure of this is shown in the figure below;

Figure 2. 7 Engineering plastic (used in tube/pipe productions)

3. Epoxy resins; Epoxy resins have been around for more than 50 years, and are one of the most successful of the plastics families. Their physical state can be changed from a low viscosity liquid to a high melting point solid, which means that a wide range of materials with unique properties can be made. In the home, you’ll find them in soft-drinks cans and special packaging, where they are used as a lining to protect the contents and to keep the flavour in. They are also used as a protective coating on everything from beds, garden chairs, office and hospital furniture, to supermarket trolleys and bicycles. They are also used in special paints to protect the surfaces of ships, oil rigs and wind turbines from bad weather. This is shown in the figure below;

Figure 2. 8 Epoxy Resins

4. Expanded polystyrene; Expanded polystyrene, or EPS, is widely used commodity polymer. It has been a material of choice for about 50 years (the same time as the epoxy resins) because of its versatility, performance and cost effectiveness. It is widely used in many everyday applications, such as fish boxes, bicycle helmets and insulation material. EPS is a thermoplastic foam product with a unique combination of qualities, including: light weight, strength, durability, shock absorption properties, insulating properties and excellent process ability.

5. Polyolefins; It is a class of polymer. Polyolefin are a family of polyethylene and polypropylene thermoplastics. They are produced mainly from oil and natural gas by a process of polymerization of ethylene and propylene respectively. Their versatility has made them one of the most popular plastics in use today. The figure below gives an example of polyolefins.

Figure 2. 9 Polyolefins (straws)

6. Polystyrene; Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer made from styrene monomer, which is a liquid petrochemical. It is a thermoplastic polymer which softens when heated and can be converted via semi-finished products, such as films and sheets, into a wide range of final articles. The figure gives an example of polystyrene.

Figure 2. 10 Polyolefins.

7. Polyvinylchlroides; polyvinylchloride (PVC) was one of the first plastics discovered, and is also one of the most extensively used. It is derived from salt (57%) and oil or gas (43%). It is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer, after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC comes in two basic forms: rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and flexible. The figure below shows an example of the application of PVC in pipe production.

Figure 2. 11 Polyvinylchloride.

8. Thermoplastics; Thermoplastics are defined as polymers that can be melted and recast almost indefinitely. They are molten when heated and harden upon cooling. When frozen, however, a thermoplastic becomes glass-like and subject to fracture. These characteristics, which lend the material its name, are reversible, so the material can be reheated, reshaped, and frozen repeatedly. As a result, thermoplastics are mechanically recyclable. Some of the most common types of thermoplastic are polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, polyethylenetheraphthalate and polycarbonate.

Figure 2. 12 Thermoplastics

2.2.3.2 Paper Paper this is a thin sheet material which is made by processing cellulose fibres obtained from wood, grasses, rags or other plant sources in water. This processing is done mechanically and/or chemically by draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although originally, paper was made in single sheets by hand but now, the use of large machines are employed —some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes. The figure below shows a picture of a paper production equipment designed by a chemical engineer.

Figure 2. 13 1 ton of paper. (A product of chemical engineers)

Figure 2. 14 Paper Production equipment

2.2.3.3 Dyes A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they color. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber, coloring materials that are applied as a solution and cling to whatever they are applied to (e.g., textiles, hair, wood, food)—can be used for decorative, aesthetic, and artistic purpose. The figures below show some colours of dyes and a dye producing equipment.

Figure 2. 15 Dye Producing equipment.

Figure 2. 16 Different Colours Dyes

2.2.3.4 Medicines Also in lame man terms referred to as a drug. It is a chemical substance that is used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being. Below is a figure of drug capsules and chemical engineers in the industry.

Figure 2. 17 Drugs tablets.

Figure 2. 18 Chemical Engineers working in a drug production company

2.2.3.5 Fertilizers A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients. Fertilizers may be distinct from liming materials or other non- nutrient soil amendments. Many sources of fertilizer exist, both natural and industrially produced. For most modern agricultural practices, fertilization focuses on three main macro nutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) with occasional addition of supplements like rock dust for micronutrients. Farmers apply these fertilizers in a variety of ways: through dry or pelletized or liquid application processes, using large agricultural equipment or hand-tool methods. Below is a picture of a fertilizer producing plant.

Figure 2. 19 Fertilzer Production Plant

2.2.3.6 Petrochemicals Petrochemicals (sometimes abbreviated as petchems) are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as maize, palm fruit or sugar cane. The two most common petrochemical classes are olefins (including ethylene and propylene) and aromatics (including benzene, toluene and xylene isomers). Below is a figure of petro chemical plants.

Figure 2. 20 Petro chemical plants

2.2.3.7 and even many foods Chemical Engineering are food engineers. This deals with the combination of engineering principles with other fields like microbiology, physical sciences, chemistry, and more. Deals with safety measures as well as equipment and processes involved in food production. Used in food manufacturing. An example of a food process is shown below;

Figure 2. 21 Food Process.

2.3 FIELDS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING As stated earlier in the introduction, there are different sub-branches of Chemical Engineering and this include; 2.3.1 Biochemical Engineering Biochemical engineering, also known as bioprocess engineering, is a field of study with roots stemming from chemical engineering and biological engineering. It deals mainly with the design, construction, and advancement of unit processes that involve biological organisms or organic molecules and has various applications in areas of interest such as biofuels, food, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and water treatment processes (UC Davis,2015) . The role of a biochemical engineer is to take findings developed by biologists and chemists in a laboratory and translate that to a large-scale manufacturing

process. It is an essential aspect of bio-technology and useful in the food industry. Below is the figure of a bio reactor.

Figure 2. 22 Bio-reactor

2.3.2 Biomedical engineering Biomedical engineering (BME) or medical engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes (e.g., diagnostic or therapeutic). BME is also traditionally known as "bioengineering", but this term has come to also refer to biological engineering. This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine, combining the design and problem-solving skills of engineering with medical biological sciences to advance health care treatment, including diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy (John Denise: Joseph B, 2012). Also included under the scope of a biomedical engineer is the management of current medical equipment in hospitals while adhering to relevant industry standards. Prominent biomedical engineering applications include the development of biocompatible prostheses, various diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices ranging from clinical equipment to micro-implants, common imaging equipment such as MRIs and EKG/ECGs, regenerative tissue growth, pharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic biologicals. It contains certain sub functions that are also performed by chemical engineers, serving as a breach that extends chemical engineering more into the biological sciences. An example of practical

19 science and medical science working together as an application of biomedical engineering is shown in the figure below;

Figure 2. 23 Ultrasound representation of urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) a hyperplastic prostate.

2.3.2 Chemical process modeling Chemical process modeling is a computer modeling technique used in chemical engineering process design. It typically involves using purpose-built software to define a system of interconnected components which are then solved so that the steady-state or dynamic behavior of the system can be predicted. The system components and connections are represented as a process flow diagram. Simulations can be as simple as the mixing of two substances in a tank, or as complex as an entire alumina refinery. Below is a table of a list of some of the modelling applications used by chemical engineers obtained from wikipedia; Table 2. 1 List of some applications used by Chemical Engineers in Modelling

Operative Software Developer Applications License system

Advanced Process data validation and Windows, Simulation Avtech reconciliation, real-time Linux, open-source Library Scientific optimization, virtual sensing FreeBSD, (AGPLv3)

(ASL) and predictive control Mac

Operative Software Developer Applications License system

MATLAB/Python/Julia- based data reconciliation, Windows, open-source

APMonitor APMonitor real-time optimization, Linux (BSD-2-Clause) dynamic simulation and nonlinear predictive control

Fortum and VTT Technical Dynamic process simulation Apros Windows closed-source Research Centre for power plants of Finland

Dynamic process simulation, Windows, open-source

ASCEND ASCEND general purpose language BSD, Linux (GPLv2)

Aspen Custom Aspen Dynamic process simulation Windows closed-source

Modeler Technology (ACM)

Aspen Aspen Process simulation and Windows closed-source

HYSYS Technology optimization

Aspen Process simulation and Aspen Plus Windows closed-source

Technology optimization

Kongsberg ASSETT Dynamic process simulation Windows closed-source

Digital

Operative Software Developer Applications License system

Simulation and Optimization BatchColumn ProSim Windows closed-source of batch distillation columns

Simulation of recipe driven multiproduct and Batch Process multipurpose batch BATCHES Technologies, Linux closed-source processes for applications in Inc. design, scheduling and supply chain management

Simulation of chemical BatchReactor ProSim Windows closed-source reactors in batch mode

Yoel Cortes- Pena & Design, simulation, and Windows, open-source BioSTEAM BioSTEAM costing of biorefineries Mac, Linux (BSD-3-Clause) Development under uncertainty Group

CADSIM Aurel Systems Steady-state and dynamic Windows closed-source Plus Inc. process simulation

Chromatographic process ChromWorks YPSO-FACTO design, simulation & Windows closed-source optimization

Software suite for process CHEMCAD Chemstations Windows closed-source simulation

The figure below gives an illustration of a typical process modelled by a chemical engineer

Figure 2. 24 A modelled system

2.3.4 Chemical reaction engineering Chemical reaction engineering (reaction engineering or reactor engineering) is a specialty in chemical engineering or industrial chemistry dealing with chemical reactors. Frequently the term relates specifically to catalytic reaction systems where either a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst is present in the reactor. Sometimes a reactor per se is not present by itself, but rather is integrated into a process, for example in reactive separations vessels, retorts, certain fuel cells, and photocatalytic surfaces. The issue of solvent effects on reaction kinetics is also considered as an integral part. (History of ISCRE". Retrieved 25 April 2018). Below shows a figure of a typical reactor plant designed by a chemical engineer

Figure 2. 25 A reactor plant.

2.3.5 Distillation Design Distillation is a separation method that involves bringing a gas and a liquid into contact at constant temperatures and pressures. To separate the two elements, distillation uses the difference in boiling points of the solvent and the oil. Distillation design in chemical engineering involves the building, a planning or drawing is of a distillation separation process with the sole purpose of either purification or getting out the important component from the mixture. Chemical engineers not only design these columns but also supervise the use and maintenance of these columns. The figure below is a picture of a distillation column, a product of the design of a chemical engineer.

Figure 2. 26 A binary distillation column.

2.3.6 Food engineering Food engineering is a scientific, academic, and professional field that interprets and applies principles of engineering, science, and mathematics to food manufacturing and operations, including the processing, production, handling, storage, conservation, control, packaging and distribution of food products. Refrigeration purpose food storage, a product of chemical engineering design.

Figure 2. 27 Food processing plant for refrigeration.

2.3.7 Nano-technology. Nanotechnology is a fast growing branch/field of chemical engineering. This involves using nano-particles to purify contaminated groundwater or working with DNA for gene or stem cell therapies. 2.3.8 Environmental Engineering

Another growing field for chemical engineers is environmental engineering. Here they try to work on ways to clean up or prevent pollution, safely dispose of toxic waste, or manage a sewage treatment plant. These days, many companies hire chemical engineers to fill their positions in environmental engineering. The figures below help to give a pictorial representation of what environmental engineers ( a branch of chemical engineers are really involved / focused on) and show first hand a chemical/ environmental engineer taking river samples to run tests on it.

Figure 2. 28 Chemical/Environmental engineer taking samples

Figure 2. 29 Aspects of a Environmental engineer

These are only a few of the things a chemical engineer can be involved in. When anything is man- made, there's a good chance a chemical engineer was involved. Other branches of chemical engineering are;

 Heat transfer

 Mass transfer

 Materials science

 Microfluidics

 Electrochemistry

 Fluid dynamics

 Chemical Technologist

 Chemical reactor

Below is a diagrammatic representation of the branches of chemical engineering;

Figure 2. 30 Branches of Chemical Engneering

energy and oil industries have always needed chemical engineers, but other job opportunities are growing even more. The demand for increased energy efficient and alternative energy sources is keeping chemical engineers with plenty of work to do.

Careers in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals are also very abundant for chemical engineers. They are instrumental in creating and manufacturing drugs as well as medical and surgical supplies - everything from catheters to artificial kidneys or prosthetics.

Chemical engineering often overlaps with many other fields. For example, chemical engineers are needed for designing and manufacturing computer parts and other electronics, and they work closely with electronic engineers.

2.3 ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF A CHEMICAL ENGINEER Chemical engineers have a vast number of functions in the world we live in today. Some of these functions include;

 Chemical engineers are involved in the development of economic ways of using materials and energy. These they use by making use of skills, and knowledge of chemistry and engineering to turn raw materials got from the environment into usable products. Products such as medicine, petrochemicals, and plastics on a large-scale, industrial setting.  Chemical Engineers are also involved in waste management and research. Environmental Engineering which is a branch of chemical engineering is saddled with this responsibility, ensuring that waste effluents from various industries are converted into less harmful products before released into the environment.

 Chemical engineers are also present in industry and/or university research where they are tasked as earlier mentioned with designing and performing experiments to create better and safer methods for production of various products, pollution control for a safer environment, and even resource conservation. They help create safer, more efficient methods of refining petroleum products, making energy and chemical sources more productive and cost effective.  Chemical Engineers are usually involved in designing and constructing plants as a project engineer. As project engineers, chemical Engineers make use of their knowledge and skills in selecting optimal production methods and plant equipment to minimize costs of production and processing without compromising quality as well maximize safety and profitability.  Chemical Engineers also offer maintenance services even after plant construction, as project managers. They take part in equipment upgrades, troubleshooting, and daily operations in either full-time or consulting roles.  Chemical engineers in food industries serve to improve food processing techniques, and in fertilizer plants serve to improve methods of producing fertilizers. This helps to increase the quantity and quality of available food, (helping reduce hunger).  In textile industries, they are involved in the construction of the synthetic fibers that make our clothes more comfortable and water resistant.  In drug and petro-chemical industries, they develop methods to mass-produce drugs, improving the affordability and availability of the drugs.

2.4 CORE SKILLS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS Chemical Engineers after going through rigorous training become well equipped with certain important skills to be able to effectively and efficiently practice their profession. Some of the skills relevant to chemical engineers are;  Specialist knowledge of chemical engineering theories, methods and practices.  Knowledge of core scientific topics across all sciences such as chemistry, physics, biology.  Understanding of scientific literature, it’s application and relevance.  Apprehension of manufacturing processes and systems  Understanding of important concepts used in the chemical, minerals and material industries  Advanced numerical skills  Advanced laboratory skills  Ability to analyze complex data sets and form conclusions  Clear understanding of the commercial application of science, chemical engineering and general engineering  Commercial awareness of chemical engineering field(s)  Good understanding of IT and computer aided design (CAD) software

 Awareness and understanding of ethical issues within chemical engineering  Written and oral communication skills, including presentations and report writing, to an acceptable academic standard  Time management, independent learning and organization skills  Problem-solving and decision-making skills  Independent research and study skills  Analytical and critical thinking skills  Teamwork and leadership skills  Project management skills  Ability to think creatively  Good attention to detail

2.5 WHERE DO CHEMICAL ENGINEERS WORK Chemical Engineering is a branch of engineering that is very versatile and as a result they are found in almost all if not all aspects of life. And because of this, they are capable of working in anywhere. Chemical Engineers are present in; 1. Manufacturing. 2. Pharmaceuticals. 3. Healthcare. 4. Design and construction. 5. Pulp and paper. 6. Petrochemicals. 7. Food processing. 8. Specialty chemicals. 9. Microelectronics. 10. Electronic and advanced materials. 11. Polymer production. 12. Business services. 13. Biotechnology, and 14. Environmental health and safety industries, among

2.6 ENGINEERING LAWS IN NIGERIA. Engineering in Nigeria is being controlled, monitored, supervised by a legal professional body known as COREN (Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria). The rules guiding these profession is listed in the COREN act. The COREN act is divided into various sections as obtained from the COREN act in on the website. These sections are listed below with its sub- sections;

SECTION 1. Establishment of the Council of Registered Engineers of Nigeria. 2. Financial provisions. 3. Control of Council by Minister. The register 4. Preparation and maintenance of the register. 5. Publication of register and lists of corrections. Registration 6. Registration as engineers. 7. Titles to be used by registered persons. 8. Transfer from one register to the other. 9. Approval of courses, qualifications and institutions. 10. Power to compile list of establishments, etc. 11. Registration of Consultants 12. Supervision of instructions and examinations leading to approved qualifications. 13. Certificate of experience. Professional discipline 14. The Directorate of the National Youth Service Corps to communicate location of engineers. 15. Establishment of Disciplinary Tribunal and Investigating Panel. 16. Penalties for unprofessional conduct. Miscellaneous and General 17. Provisional registration of persons not citizens of Nigeria. 18. Offences 19. Miscellaneous supplementary provisions. 20. Recovery of fees, etc. 21. Regulations, rules and orders 22. Interpretation, etc.

23. Short title. Below is the logo for the body

Figure 2. 31 COREN logo

2.6.1 Roles of COREN As listed in the COREN act, the roles of the organization include; (a) determining who are engineers for the purposes of this Act. (b) determining what standards of knowledge and skill are to be attained by persons seeking to become registered as engineers and raising those standards from time to time as circumstances may permit. (c) securing, in accordance with the provisions of this Act, the establishment and maintenance of a register of persons entitled to practise as registered engineers and the publication from time to time of lists of those persons. (d) regulating and controlling the practice of the engineering profession in all its aspects and ramifications. 2.6.2 Rules and Regulations According to the “ENGINEERS (REGISTRATION, ETC.) ACT, CAP. Ell 2004 COUNCIL FOR THE REGULATION OF ENGINEERING IN NIGERIA”, there are certain rules guiding registered and accredited engineers and a number of them are listed below; 2.6.2.1 Rules guiding individuals 1. Without prejudice, Registered/Accredited Engineer shall not conduct himself in a manner which in the opinion of the Council may prejudice his professional status or the reputation of the Institution. 2. A Registered/Accredited Engineer, shall not engage in any occupation or business which in the opinion of the Council is incompatible: with the professional status of an Accredited Engineer. 3. He/she shall continue his /her professional development throughout his/her career through engaging in Continuing Professional Development.

4. A Registered /Accredited Cost Engineer, (ACostE) shall not issue a valuation report under his registered number unless such valuation. (а) follows the prescribed standard set out by the board (b) bears the stamp and seal issued by IACE and Council. 2.6.2.2 Rules guiding contracts 1. Every Registered/Accredited Engineer, shall disclose the relevant facts to his client when acting for a client whose interests conflicts or may conflict with his own 2. Ensure that neither him, personally, nor any firm or company carrying on practice as Accredited Engineer which he is a partner or director acts for two or more parties with conflicting interests without disclosing relevant facts to the parties. 3. . A Registered /Accredited Engineer, shall charge fees in accordance with the current approved scale of professional charges— see COREN Engineering Consultancy and project Management Services agreement charges and conditions of engagement (ECOPACCE). 2.6.2.3 Rules guiding relationship with colleagues. 1. A Registered/Accredited Cost Engineer shall not be involved in any activity, which causes improper behavior or conflict of interest between himself and other Registered/Accredited Engineer. 2. A Registered/Accredited Cost Engineer, (ACostE) shall not directly or indirectly interfere with the professional employment of another registered/ accredited Cost Engineer, on the same professional matter of which he has prior notice without clearance from the original Registered /Accredited Cost Engineer.

2.7 ENGINEERING LAW AND MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS. 2.7.1 Definition. As earlier mentioned above, Engineering law and Managerial Economics is a field of study that encompasses both knowledge on the various rules and regulations that govern the Engineering profession as well as the basic principles of management and economics. This helps to equip engineers with dos and don’ts of their profession as well as the skills needed to take up management positions and effectively and efficiently deliver the desired result and output.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHOD USED In carrying out this report, different series of materials were sourced out, surveyed and used since the questionnaire method could not be fully adopted due to inadequate personnel around. 3.1.1 PROCEDURE

 A proper understanding of the topic was first achieved.  A Rough and narrow outline of the meaning of the topic of discussion was made as well as proposed subtopics.  The template of the report was then marked out.  Textbooks on Chemical Engineering as well as books on materials related to the topic were sourced for and read.  More relevant information was then looked for on the internet.  The findings and information obtained were then collated and typed down in this report. Below are the scenarios studied; ENGINEERING LAW AND MANAGERIAL ECONOMY FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WORKS: ISSUES As earlier mentioned, chemical engineering is a very broad branch of engineering with its effects and presence felt in almost all aspects of life. The aspects they are present in are also categorized as their works. It includes; manufacturing, pharmaceutical industry, healthcare, design and construction, pulp and paper, petrochemicals, food processing, specialty chemicals, microelectronics, electronic and advanced materials, polymers, business services, biotechnology, and environmental health and safety industries, etc and these works have been briefly explained above. Here, we are going to discuss the various issues, laws, policies affecting the working and strategic management of these works using Nigeria as major case study;

3.2 CASE STUDY 1; PHARAMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY. In the pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical products (drugs, vaccines, etc) has to be produced at high and right standards to ensure the strength of the active ingredients, quality and purity of the final products. These standards set help to ensure safe and effective products for patients. Any so called minute changes in any of these factors can lead to adverse consequences on patients, therefore necessary measures, controls and checks have been put in place. These measures are even far more stringent in this industry than in other industries like, the food industry, paper industry, etc. With and new batch, the medical community and patients expect medicines to be consistently manufactured to a high degree of precision and protection. However, it is nearly impossible for a medical or pharmacy professional, let alone a consumer, to determine whether or not a

33 pharmaceutical product supplied by the manufacturer is safe or contains what it claims to contain. Below is a figure which gives the name of some pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria.

Figure 3. 1 Names of some Pharmaceutical Industries in Nigeria

The primary responsibility for maintaining customer protection rests with manufacturers, who must adhere to industry-accepted Good Practices in order to ensure safety and efficacy. Some of the issues faced by chemical engineers in carrying out their works in this field effectively include; 3.2.1 Inadequate power supply by government. One of the rules and regulations as issued by the EU regarding how the premises of a pharmaceutical industry should be is that the; lighting, temperature, humidity, ventilation and electrical supply should not adversely affect pharmaceutical products or the functioning of equipment. There are about 115 pharmaceutical industries in Nigeria and this is one of major constraint affecting them, inadequate stable power supply. Due to the inconsistency in power supply needed to be able to power the various equipment needed and used in the industry, it limits the number of products that could be made/ produced. It also limits the kind of electronic systems, machines and facilities that can be used in this part of the world thereby lowering the productivity of the chemical engineer. This also greatly affects management strategies of the company, because management strategies that have proven to be effective over the years in other places like Australia, Canada, London .etc will not be as effective here in Nigeria. 3.2.2 High importation tariffs Government policies are not favoring the local industries. For example, there are so much inappropriate taxations by federal, state, and local government agencies on importation of materials, goods and services. Since these items are not readily available in the region, some of the required equipment and materials for the smooth operation of the business must be imported from abroad, but due to certain government policies on importation, the cost of importing and clearing the goods from the border is sometimes times ten on the cost spent on procurement.

3.2.3 Excessive work load (inadequate personnel) Owing to a inadequate personnel, there is usually an excessive amount of work to be done and very few trained engineers due to the neglect of the government on the educational system of the country.

3.3 CASE STUDY 2; PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. The chemical compounds obtained from refining petroleum are known as petrochemicals. Some petroleum-derived chemical compounds may also be produced from other fossil fuels like coal or natural gas, or renewable sources like corn, palm fruit, or sugar cane. This is a sort of minature bridge that serves as the link between Petroleum and Chemical Engineers. The petroleum engineer is more concerned with the mining of petroleum, while chemical engineers are more concerned with converting petroleum into more varied and useful goods. Olefins (which include ethylene (C2) and propylene (C3)) and aromatics groups (including benzene, toluene and xylene isomers) are the most common petrochemical groups. Fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions produces olefins and aromatics in oil refineries but, in petrochemical plants, olefins are produced by steam cracking natural gas liquids like ethane and propane. Aromatics are created when naphtha is catalytically reformatted. Olefins and aromatics are used to make a variety of materials, including solvents, detergents, and adhesives. Polymers and oligomers made from olefins are used in plastics, resins, fabrics, elastomers, lubricants, and gels. The figure below gives examples of petrochemical products.

Figure 3. 2 Petrochemical Products

From the department of Petroleum Resources in Nigeria, it has been said that the only fully- fledged petrochemical complex in Nigeria is the Indorama Eleme Petrochemicals Company Limited. The Indorama Eleme Petrochemicals Company Limited (IEPL), formerly known as Eleme petrochemicals Company Limited (EPCL) was acquired in 2006 from the NNPC during the privatization program by Indorama as the Core investors. Below is a picture of the company.

Figure 3. 3 Indorama Eleme Petrochemical Company plant.

Some of the issues facing Chemical Engineers help in this industry are; 3.3.1 Improving the environmental footprint in order to meet ever-increasing standards

Since the oil and gas industry consumes so much water and electricity, it is subject to increasingly strict environmental regulations. In order to obtain or retain their operating license, they must reconsider their mining, processing, and distribution methods. Here, the chemical engineers as well as the petroleum engineers are constantly charged with the responsibility of making right decisions concerning preserving the environment round them as well as not compromising the quality of their products and maximizing their profits. They must also have assurances and maintain continuity in their environmental management.

Environmental standards are especially stringent in the Beijing region of China, where water shortages are becoming more common and combating air pollution is a major central government commitment. In particular, the regulations regulating wastewater discharges are actually the most stringent in the world. This is a significant compliance challenge for the region's industrial groups, especially Sinopec. It is Asia's largest refining firm, and it owns and operates the Beijing Yanshan petrochemical complex, one of the country's largest refinery sites.

Figure 3. 4 A chemical plant at Sinopec

3.3.2 Wrong individuals in position of authority In most petrol-based industries in Nigeria, due to corruption and the likes, trying to embezzle funds or due to ethnic/ religious tribalism, government tend to put inadequately skilled personnel to supervise engineering projects in this field. This leads to mismanagement of funds, resources etc and eventually running down of the company. 3.3.3 Inadequate equipment. In Nigeria for example, we are still faced with the problem of using obsolete tools and equipment. The world is evolving each day and there are technological changes occurring yearly with a rise of about 7% this year as compared to last year (even with the COVID outbreak – it even led to the development of more ideas, innovations. etc) almost every is changing. Due to inadequate equipment engineers here are charged with more work load and reduces the efficiency of the engineer.

3.4 CASE STUDY 3; MANUFACTURING Manufacturing is the method of turning raw materials into finished products using labour, equipment, machines, and biological or chemical processing or formulation. Manufacturing can refer to either the large-scale transformation of raw materials into finished goods or the creation of more complex items by selling basic goods to manufacturers for the production of automobiles, airplanes, or household appliances. The manufacturing industry in Nigeria has many sub branches and these include;

 Food Industry; This form of manufacturing industry is in charge of processing food and beverages, which are later distributed to the general public. Items like Salt, sugar, flour, malt drinks, energizing drinks, coffee, bottled water, and so on are just a few examples to mention, the list goes on.

Figure 3. 5 Sweet corn production.

 Paper Products; Paper, paper products, and pulp are produced by a large number of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Since the country has a lot of raw materials, producing paper is very popular, but sadly the paper mills in Nigeria are not very active.

Figure 3. 6 Paper production industry

 Metal manufacturing; In Nigeria, this form of manufacturing involves both primary and fabricated metal processing. Nigeria is making efforts to revive this industry. is Metal cutting, bending, and assembly are only a few of the stages involved in the operation. Since many metal items are assembled and built using designer scratches, it is closely connected to the engineering sphere. Metal fabrication firms create valuable equipment for house construction, such as metallic framingframes, railings, stairs etc.

Figure 3. 7 Metal processing

Others include;

 Textile and Apparel Production;  Leather and Footwear Production  Furniture and Wood products The problems facing chemical engineers in this industry are almost same or rather similar to those facing chemical engineers in the industries listed above. These include; 3.4.1 Insufficient and erratic power supply This is a reoccurring in almost all industries of the Nigerian economy and the manufacturing industry is not spared as well. Inadequate power supply to run the necessary facilities for effective productions. Electrical supply is a necessary amenity for the productive and effectual running of the facilities used. Lack of power affects the works of chemical engineers here leading to very little progress and output obtained. 3.4.2 High taxes The import duty on importation of certain materials that are required are extremely high. 3.4.3 Inadequate Infrastructures Inadequate infrastructures such as lack of good transportation and communication network also lead to a major decline in the productive of chemical engineers in this industry. It also leads to adverse results in managerial economics cause a lot is lost in trying to transport goods as well as adequately communicate with workers and consumers.

3.5 MATERIALS USED Materials used in this include; 1. Textbooks; these are books that serve as a reference work for the study of a specific topic. A number of Chemical Engineering textbooks were read and used in the writing of this report, some which include;  Introduction to polymer science and technology by Mustafa Akay

 Coulson’s and Richardson Chemical Engineering. Volume 1  Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering.  Transport Phenomena A unified Approach by Robert Brodkey Just to mention a few. 2. The internet; this is one of the most powerful research tool of this generation and it came in very handy in carrying out this study. I visited a number of websites some of their links are;  https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/faq-what-is- manufacturing  https://iclg.com/practice-areas/construction-and-engineering-law-laws- and-regulations/nigeria  https://guardian.ng/opinion/food-industry-in-a-troubled-economy/  https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/manufacturing-in-nigeria-status- challenges-and-opportunities/62236/  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Nigeria  https://www.naija247news.com/2019/01/27/why-we-cant-set-up- indigenous-paper-mills-in-nigeria/ And a few online newspapers were consulted and the rest are listed in the reference.

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

4.1 ENGINEERING LAW AND MANAGERIAL ECONOMY FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WORKS: WAY FORWARD. The issues after strategic management of chemical engineering works have been mentioned and some extensively discussed above. Here, some solutions are going to be provided, which is believed to bring about a better results and aid in making the works carried out by chemical engineers in these industries more productive, economical as well as efficient. These solutions include; 4.1.1 UPGRADE OF POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT Government, should upgrade the power, generation transmission and distribution infrastructures as soon as possible. This will increase the amount of power available for industrial usage as well as consumers. Thereby helping to increase efficiency and productivity of the engineers in turn improving the output of these industries. It also aids in management as well.

4.1.2 REDUCING IMPORT AND EXPORT DUTIES Government policies on import and export should be made is such a way to favour engineering works which will help lead to rapid industrialization as well as growth of the nation. 4.1.3 PUTTING THE RIGHT PEOPLE IN POSITIONS OF AUTHORITY ESPECIALLY CONCERNING ENGINEERING WORKS Individuals who possess the right skills and qualifications as well as experience (must have been in the field for quite a number of years and handled several jobs as well as produced successful results) should be made to lead/ manage engineering works/ project. This is because like the regular saying goes, “experience is best teacher” so it is believed that with the level of experience they have gathered over the years they are now well equipped to be able to efficiently carry out the project, and be able to tackle head-on whatever issues that may arise and buffer the right solutions for it. Also, be able to effectively communicate ideas and share opinions with your team of engineers. A good example of such is actively seen in the academic sector where the HOD of Chemical Engineering Department is a Chemical Engineer.

4.1.4 PROVISION OF BASIC SOCIAL AMENITIES BY GOVERNMENT Government should provide basic amenities such as good transportation to aid in ease of movement and reduce the problem of cost in engineering works. 4.1.5 IMPROVING THE EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE COUNTRY Educational Sector in the economy should be properly funded by government so as to increase the number of graduate personnel and be able to evenly distribute workload.

4.2 DEVICES FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WORKS 1. Addition/Creation of human resources and management skills in the curriculum of tertiary institutions. 2. One of the common challenges were inadequate power supply, so efforts should be made in achieving a more stable supply of power to the various industries as well as homes. 3. Policies should be put in place and strictly backed by governing bodies such as COREN to ensure that engineering projects are being managed by an engineering personnel. 4. Encouragement of innovative ideas on systems and models that can help control pollution from various individuals by Government by awarding them and even offer funds to build the business

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSIONS From the study carried out during the course of this term paper, it was deduced on successful completion that Chemical engineering has a pivotal role to play in the sustainable growth and development of any nation as well as producing comfort for all individuals. This it does by finding new methods and coming up with new designs and processes for the conversion raw materials as well as waste materials into useful materials. The issues facing chemical engineering works are majorly affected factors such as legal policies, inadequate equipment and infrastructures. Finally, after successfully completing the term paper, I was able to proffer solutions to the various issues mentioned.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS During the course of carrying out my research for writing this report, I jotted down some points. In light of this, I am writing to make the following recommendations, which should be considered a way forward in combatting the issues facing chemical engineers; 1. Proper funding of tertiary institutions by government and regular routine checks by NUC as well as COREN to ensure the students are being well equipped with adequate knowledge to be able apply it effectively in the industry. 2. Imported equipment should be scattered by engineers and tried to fix back so as to be able to understand its workings and even create something similar to reduce the number of equipment imported. 3. The use of scrubber should be put in place on all industrial exhausts, motor vehicle exhaust, motorcycles, and motorbikes. 4. Chemical engineering issues should go beyond theory and be addressed holistically. 5. Personnel who are well-trained and competent should be hired.

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