A Not-So-Distant Horror : Mass Violence in East Timor Ebook Free Download

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Not-So-Distant Horror : Mass Violence in East Timor Ebook Free Download A NOT-SO-DISTANT HORROR : MASS VIOLENCE IN EAST TIMOR PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Joseph Nevins | 296 pages | 23 Jun 2005 | Cornell University Press | 9780801489846 | English | Ithaca, United States A Not-So-Distant Horror : Mass Violence in East Timor PDF Book Reviewed By Lucian W. The organic law promulgated in provided more commotion than clarity: the organisational setup with ten main units plus 13 districts units and some more special offices rather provided room for confusion and is still not operating It ranges from national NGOs to civil society to donors. This site uses cookies to improve your user experience. And they have to do with intelligence services and the like. The soldiers urinate in the food then mix it up for the person to eat. Jardine, Matthew. The woods, the streams, everything on it belong to everybody and is for the use of all. List by death toll Chronological list Cultural genocide Genocidal rape Genocidal massacre Utilitarian genocide Incitement to genocide Psychology Denial Risk factors Prevention Effects on youth Studies Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders War and genocide. People hit me on my back and on my sides with their hands and then kicked me Indeed, the level of impunity is such that they and their political heirs continue to wield the trumpets, openly bragging about and celebrating what they did. Cornell University Press. Item 87 of the provisional agenda, Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects Brahimi Report. ReZel rated it really liked it Dec 06, The story of East Timor after the collapse of Portuguese colonial rule is a confusing one, since it is unclear whether the communists would have taken over if the Indonesian army had not intervened. The complete names of around 2, Indonesian soldiers and pro-Indonesian militias who died in action as well as from illness and accidents during the entire occupation is engraved into the Seroja Monument, located in TNI Headquarters in Cilangkap, East Jakarta. Massey, D. Ramaditya rated it really liked it May 29, In the arena of negotiations, the needs assessment mission actors on the national and international actors bargain about the state-building interventions. Hence, the required time for capacity building was far too time-consuming in order to keep a system of jurisdiction and subsequent conviction running. Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. There are very important lessons here, which no reader of this searingly honest and penetrating study can fail to draw. Todorov, T. Thank you for signing up. The Path to Independence , p. Researcher Ben Kiernan says that "a toll of , is likely close to the truth," although one can throw out an estimate of , or higher. In the interviews conducted, both international and Timorese respondents agreed that capacity building was severely neglected and policies for institutional reform not implemented. Generations of Resistance. This past August, the Pentagon announced the sale of eight Apache attack helicopters to Indonesia. Share on Twitter. The Timorese interviewees argued that the ministry was not structured at that time to deal with such an organizational development. Gusmao recently downplayed the findings of his country's truth commission, the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor known by its Portuguese initials, CAVR and its recommendations for justice and reconciliation. Goodman, A. By late , between , and , Timorese had passed through these camps. Elkins, C. Community Reviews. Fretilin: the origins, ideologies and strategies of a nationalist movement in East Timor. Harvard University Press. A Not-So-Distant Horror : Mass Violence in East Timor Writer Definitions Genocide law Prevention Effects on young survivors Genocide recognition politics Genocide justification. Carey, Peter. Other forms of violence against women took the form of harassment, intimidation, and enforced marriage. This had also an impact on service delivery in the sector of justice: while national qualified staff were lacking, international staff did not encompass such a diverse knowledge in valid judiciary. In researcher Rebecca Winters released the book Buibere: Voice of East Timorese Women , which chronicles many personal stories of violence and abuse dating to the earliest days of the occupation. Showing Agnew, J. The massacre ended the governments opening of the territory and a new period of repression began. It's not just Yugoslavs who have rights. The breakdown of the ceasefire agreement was followed by a renewed wave of massacres, summary executions and "disappearances" at the hands of Indonesian forces. Elkins, C. Tim Metayer rated it it was amazing Apr 08, G, , Peacekeeping in East Timor. But what is the understanding of the state, who are the main actors and what is their division of labor in negotiating statehood? Download preview PDF. At the time Aileu fell to Indonesian forces, the population was around 5,; by the time Indonesian relief workers visited the village in September only 1, remained. The author explores issues of accountability for East Timor's plight and probes the meaning of what took place in terms of international institutions and law. Journal of Land, Resources and Environmental Law , 27 2 , — Add to Wishlist. Agrandir Original jpeg, 78k. Nevins eloquently moves from the horrifying reality of the slaughter on the ground to the international political elite who allowed it to happen, and go unpunished. Negotiating statehood and humanitarian assistance in Timor-Leste: an incompatible pair? Sign Up. Consequently, the regular government functions came to a standstill when the Indonesians left London: Zed Books Ltd, As Nevins quotes then-U. Rich marked it as to-read Dec 14, Kaci rated it it was amazing Aug 03, He visited East Timor many times during the years of the Indonesian occupation and was the first American to meet with the East Timorese guerrilla movement. The author explores issues of accountability for East Timor's plight and probes the meaning of what took place in terms of international institutions and law. Every actor carries out a certain function teachers educate in schools, tax officers track down revenues etc. More than , people, about a third of the population, lost their lives due to Indonesia's invasion and subsequent occupation, making the East Timorese case proportionately one of the worst episodes of genocide since World War II. A Not-So-Distant Horror : Mass Violence in East Timor Reviews Retrieved Definitions Genocide law Prevention Effects on young survivors Genocide recognition politics Genocide justification. Gunn, Geoffrey C. The United States, Britain, France, and others did not 'look away' or 'fail to act' as deniers often say. In this appealing autobiography, Rose Cohen looks back on her family's journey from Tsarist Russia They even put a gun on the table. This was not the case in most other mission teams, where the Timorese felt that the process was predominantly driven by international experts. Part 1. Welcome back. Congo, by his own admission, killed around one thousand individuals. Harvard University Press. Archived from the original PDF on The struggle of the people of East Timor for survival, against incredible odds, is a truly inspiring achievement, one of the most astonishing of recent history. Yugoslavia was unique among the communist countries of the Cold War era in its openness to mixing cultural elements from both socialism and capitalism. Positions on the political and administrative level were handed over to international staff, making decisions and developing strategies for the future development of Timor- Leste, while preparing the transition to independence. Schenk Christine, , p. Van Atta, D. Erin Saiof added it Jan 23, Community Reviews. Dependent Communities: Aid and Politics in Cambodia and. The subsequent pull-out of the official Indonesian authorities left the country without any legitimate representative of the Timorese people or a governmental bureaucracy. Problems in the statistics of massacre in Indonesia — and East Timor — To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. Her account of their struggles and of her own coming of age in a complex new world vividly By Steve Cox. A Not-So-Distant Horror : Mass Violence in East Timor Read Online Examining issues such as violence, the geography of memory, and social power, Nevins makes clear that the case of East Timor has much to tell us about the contemporary world order. Fretilin: the origins, ideologies and strategies of a nationalist movement in East Timor. Support for Occupation in East Timor". East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism. There are present-day consequences for such impunity, a number of which Joshua Oppenheimer demonstrates in his chilling documentary, The Act of Killing. Shaw, M. Show More. Condition: Used-Good Details. Archived from the original on 24 November Joseph rated it it was amazing Aug 10, Home 1 Books 2. The documentary is not the one that Oppenheimer set out to make. From the start of the invasion in August as well as afterward, the TNI forces engaged in the wholesale massacre of Timorese civilians. He visited East Timor many times during the years of the Indonesian occupation and was the first American to meet with the East Timorese guerrilla movement. Nowadays these areas are discovered by donors and organization as an urgent field of involvement, but much trouble might have been avoided through an earlier engagement. International Law and the Question of East Timor. We here also have the same level of humanity as the rest of the world. More than , people, about a third of the population, lost their lives due to Indonesia's invasion and subsequent occupation, making the East Timorese case proportionately one of the worst episodes of genocide since World War II. Hearing before the subcommittees on international organizations and on Asian and Pacific affairs of the Committee on International Relations, 23 March Modvig, J.
Recommended publications
  • Legal Response to Propaganda Broadcasts Related to Crisis in and Around Ukraine, 2014–2015
    International Journal of Communication 9(2015), Feature 3125–3145 1932–8036/2015FEA0002 Legal Response to Propaganda Broadcasts Related to Crisis in and Around Ukraine, 2014–2015 ANDREI G. RICHTER1 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Keywords: freedom of expression, freedom of the media, propaganda for war, incitement to hatred, international standards, rule of law, national regulators, Russia, Ukraine, UK, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova The conflict in and around Ukraine in 2014–2015 has brought about the spread of propaganda for war and hatred, especially on television and on the Internet. Research on the national laws and resolutions made by courts and independent media regulators that adjudicated complaints on Russian TV propaganda in Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, the UK, and Ukraine shows that the national courts and regulators made few references to international norms, resting, rather, on domestically developed standards. As a result, there was a lack of solid grounds for stopping, blocking, and banning programs emanating from Russian media. In particular, there was no clear line between propaganda for war and hatred, proscribed under international norms, and legally protected Kremlin interpretation of the events in Ukraine. The comparative analysis of case law attempts to provide a modern rationale for regulation of propaganda for war and hatred and through it to offer relevant recommendations. Introduction The year 2014 marked the 100th anniversary of the beginning of World War I. It is worthwhile to recall that the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia, which precipitated the start of the hostilities, included a major demand to stop nationalistic propaganda, as it flared the existing controversies.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptualising Historical Crimes
    Should crimes committed in the course of Conceptualising history that are comparable to genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes be Historical Crimes referred to as such, whatever the label used at the time?180 This is the question I want to examine below. Let us compare the prob- lems of labelling historical crimes with his- torical and recent concepts, respectively.181 Historical concepts for historical crimes “Historical concepts” are terms used to de- scribe practices by the contemporaries of these practices. Scholars can defend the use of historical concepts with the argu- ment that many practices deemed inadmis- sible today (such as slavery, human sacri- fice, heritage destruction, racism, censor- ship, etc.) were accepted as rather normal and sometimes even as morally and legally right in some periods of the past. Arguably, then, it would be unfaithful to the sources, misleading and even anachronistic to use Antoon De Baets the present, accusatory labels to describe University of Groningen them. This would mean, for example, that one should not call the crimes committed during the Crusades crimes against hu- manity (even if a present observer would have good reason to qualify some of these crimes as such), for such a concept was nonexistent at the time. A radical variant of the latter is the view that not only recent la- bels should be avoided but even any moral judgments of past crimes. This argument, however, can be coun- tered with several objections. First, diverg- ing judgments. It is well known that parties V HISTOREIN OLU M E 11 (2011) involved in violent conflicts label these conflicts differently.
    [Show full text]
  • The Public Eye, Summer 2010
    Right-Wing Co-Opts Civil Rights Movement History, p. 3 TheA PUBLICATION OF POLITICAL R PublicEyeESEARCH ASSOCIATES Summer 2010 • Volume XXV, No.2 Basta Dobbs! Last year, a coalition of Latino/a groups suc - cessfully fought to remove anti-immigrant pundit Lou Dobbs from CNN. Political Research Associates Executive DirectorTarso Luís Ramos spoke to Presente.org co-founder Roberto Lovato to find out how they did it. Tarso Luís Ramos: Tell me about your organization, Presente.org. Roberto Lovato: Presente.org, founded in MaY 2009, is the preeminent online Latino adVocacY organiZation. It’s kind of like a MoVeOn.org for Latinos: its goal is to build Latino poWer through online and offline organiZing. Presente started With a campaign to persuade GoVernor EdWard Rendell of PennsYlVania to take a stand against the Verdict in the case of Luis RamíreZ, an undocumented immigrant t t e Who Was killed in Shenandoah, PennsYl - k n u l Vania, and Whose assailants Were acquitted P k c a J bY an all-White jurY. We also ran a campaign / o t o to support the nomination of Sonia h P P SotomaYor to the Supreme Court—We A Students rally at a State Board of Education meeting, Austin, Texas, March 10, 2010 produced an “I Stand With SotomaYor” logo and poster that people could displaY at Work or in their neighborhoods and post on their Facebook pages—and a feW addi - From Schoolhouse to Statehouse tional, smaller campaigns, but reallY the Curriculum from a Christian Nationalist Worldview Basta Dobbs! continues on page 12 By Rachel Tabachnick TheTexas Curriculum IN THIS ISSUE Controversy objectiVe is present—a Christian land goV - 1 Editorial .
    [Show full text]
  • Genocide and Belonging: Processes of Imagining Communities
    GENOCIDE AND BELONGING: PROCESSES OF IMAGINING COMMUNITIES ADENO ADDIS* ABSTRACT Genocide is often referred to as “the crime of crimes.” It is a crime that is very high on the nastiness scale. The purpose of the genocidaire is of course to destroy a community—a community that he regards as a threat to his own community, whether the threat is perceived as physical, economic or cultural. The way this takes place and the complicity of law in this process has been extensively explored by scholars. But the process of destroying a community is perversely often simultaneously an “exercise in community build- ing,” a process through which intra-communal bonds and belong- ing are sought to be strengthened. This aspect of genocide has been entirely neglected by scholars, especially the role of law in that pro- cess. This article makes and defends two claims about communities and belonging in relation to genocide. First, it argues that as per- verse as it sounds, genocide is in fact an exercise in community building and law is highly implicated in that process. It defends the thesis with arguments that are conceptual as well as empirical. The second, and more hopeful, claim is that the international response * W. R. Irby Chair and W. Ray Forrester Professor of Public and Constitutional Law, Tulane University School of Law. Previous drafts of the paper were presented at an international conference at the Guanghua Law School of Zhejiang University (China) and at Tulane Law School faculty symposium. I thank participants at those meetings for the many helpful questions and comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective
    UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS Entanglements of Modernity, Colonialism and Genocide Burundi and Rwanda in Historical-Sociological Perspective Jack Dominic Palmer University of Leeds School of Sociology and Social Policy January 2017 Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is their own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. ©2017 The University of Leeds and Jack Dominic Palmer. The right of Jack Dominic Palmer to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by Jack Dominic Palmer in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would firstly like to thank Dr Mark Davis and Dr Tom Campbell. The quality of their guidance, insight and friendship has been a huge source of support and has helped me through tough periods in which my motivation and enthusiasm for the project were tested to their limits. I drew great inspiration from the insightful and constructive critical comments and recommendations of Dr Shirley Tate and Dr Austin Harrington when the thesis was at the upgrade stage, and I am also grateful for generous follow-up discussions with the latter. I am very appreciative of the staff members in SSP with whom I have worked closely in my teaching capacities, as well as of the staff in the office who do such a great job at holding the department together.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Genocide Studies
    Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 7 Issue 1 Article 1 April 2012 Full Issue 7.1 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation (2012) "Full Issue 7.1," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 7: Iss. 1: Article 1. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol7/iss1/1 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Editors’ Introduction Volume 7, issue 1 of Genocide Studies and Prevention continues the discussion of the state of the field of genocide studies that was initiated in volume 6, issue 3. Due to our (the editors’) keen desire to include as many different voices and perspectives as possi- ble, we reached out to old hands in the field, younger but well established scholars, and several scholars who recently completed their graduate studies but have already made an impact on the field. The sequence of the articles over the two issues began with comprehensive treat- ments and then moved into articles with more specific focuses, grouped thematically where applicable. Through the entire sequence across these two issues of GSP, we hope that readers will gain a solid sense of the history of the field and insight into some of the perdurable issues that have been at the heart of the field since its inception and that they have opportunities to reflect on the host of issues and concerns raised by authors coming from different disciplines (e.g., history, political science, sociology, psychology, philosophy) with vastly different perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Breaking the Silence: Women's Narratives of Sexual Violence During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
    Breaking the Silence: Women’s Narratives of Sexual Violence During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide By: Jessica Alison Hubbard Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SOCIOLOGY Dr. Carol A. Bailey, Chair Dr. Kwame Harrison Dr. Neal King April 16, 2007 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Genocidal Rape, Rwanda, Genocide, Sexual Violence, Feminist Theory Breaking the Silence: Women’s Narratives of Sexual Violence During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide Jessica Hubbard ABSTRACT: In times of war, women are subjected to sexual abuse that is largely ignored by military organizations, media outlets, and international courts. Existing literature has illustrated how wartime rape was accepted or dismissed in the past, and how today, while this practice continues, international courts are beginning to identify the harm being done to women, making explicit how rape is used as a tool of genocide. In this thesis I argue that wartime rape serves as a means of genocide, a way to eliminate a group of individuals and their culture. A recent example of how rape worked as genocide is seen in the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Rape was used as a systematic policy to destroy a group of people, the Tutsi, through torture and the spreading of AIDS. The purpose of this research is to examine genocidal rape from the perspectives of women who were raped in Rwanda during the genocide. The focus is on gaining insight to wartime rape as a form of genocide and the aftermath of rape on the women and the culture within which it occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • The U.S. Response to the Burundi Genocide of 1972
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses The Graduate School Spring 2012 The .SU . response to the Burundi Genocide of 1972 Jordan D. Taylor James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Taylor, Jordan D., "The .SU . response to the Burundi Genocide of 1972" (2012). Masters Theses. 347. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019/347 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The U.S. Response to the Burundi Genocide of 1972 Jordan D. Taylor A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History May 2012 Dedication For my family ! ii! Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis committee for helping me with this project. Dr. Guerrier, your paper edits and insights into America during the 1970s were invaluable. Dr. Owusu-Ansah, you helped me understand the significant impacts of the Belgian colonial legacy on independent Burundi. Dr. Seth, you provided challenging questions about the inherent conflicts between national sovereignty and humanitarian intervention. All these efforts, and many more, have helped to strengthen my thesis. I would also like to give a special thanks to my parents. Dad, your work on the Nigerian Civil War served as my guiding light throughout this project, and mom, I never would have been able to transcribe the Nixon Tapes without your help.
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Stages to Genocide
    10 STAGES TO GENOCIDE This revised list replaces the previous 8 stages of Genocide based on Gregory H Stanton of Genocide Watch - Source: Genocide Watch http://genocidewatch.net/ 1. The differences between people are not respected. There is a division of ‘us’ CLASSIFICATION and ‘them’ - German and Jew, Hutu and Tutsi. 2. To the classification, names or symbols are used to distinguish between SYMBOLISATION people such as forcing Jewish people to wear the yellow star (and other symbols) under Nazi rule and the blue scarf for people to identify those the Khmer Rouge planned to murder. 3. The dominant group uses law, custom, and political power to deny the rights *NEW* of other groups. Examples include the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 in Nazi DISCRIMINATION Germany, which stripped Jews of their German citizenship, and prohibited their employment by the government and by universities. Denial of citizenship to the Rohingya Muslim minority in Burma is a current example. All human rights are stripped away. People are equated with animals, 4. vermin, insects or diseases. The Nazis referred to Jews as ‘vermin’ and during DEHUMANISATION the genocide in Rwanda, Tutsis were referred to as ‘cockroaches’. At this stage, hate propaganda in print and on radios are used to vilify the victim group. 5. Genocide is always organized, usually by the state, often using militias to ORGANISATION provide deniability of state responsibility. Special army units or militias are often trained and armed. 6. Propaganda continues to be spread by hate groups. The Nazis used the POLARISATION newspaper Der Stürmer to spread and incite messages of hate about Jewish people.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 4, No. 1, 2019 Vol
    VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2019 VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2019 4, NO. VOL. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARMENIAN GENOCIDE STUDIES VOLUME 4, NO. 1, 2019 International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies Published by Armenian Genocide Museum & Institute Editor in Chief: Dr. Harutyun Marutyan, Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute Foundation, Armenia [email protected] Associate Editor: Dr. Edita Gzoyan, Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute Foundation, Armenia [email protected] Editorial Board Dr., Prof. Rouben Paul Adalian, Armenian National Institute, Washington, D.C., USA [email protected] Dr., Prof. Peter Balakian, Colgate University, New York, USA [email protected] Dr. Matthias Bjørnlund, Kristeligt Dagblads Forlag, Denmark [email protected] Dr., Associate prof. Lerna Ekmekçioglu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA [email protected] Dr. Donna-Lee Frieze, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia [email protected] Dr., Prof. Sévane Garibian, University of Geneva, Switzerland [email protected] Dr. Elke Hartmann, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany [email protected] Dr., Prof. Raymond Kevorkian, Foreign member of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, France [email protected] Dr. Prof., Hans-Lukas Kieser, University of Zurich, Switzerland [email protected] Dr. Suren Manukyan, Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute Foundation, Armenia [email protected] Dr. Armen Marsoobian, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA [email protected] Dr., Prof. Rubina Peroomian, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA [email protected] Dr., Prof. Vahram Shemmassian, California State University, Northridge, USA [email protected] Dr. Vahé Tachjian, Pázmány Péter Catholic Universtiy, Houshamadyan Project, Germany [email protected] Dr., Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • The Systematic Use of Sexual Violence in Genocide — Understanding Why Women Are Being Targeted Using the Cases of Rwanda and the Former Yugoslavia ! ! !
    ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The systematic use of sexual violence in genocide — understanding why women are being targeted using the cases of Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia ! ! ! Author: Viktoria Nicolaisen Supervisor: Dr. Minoo Koefoed, Gothenburg University May 29, 2019 ! ! This thesis is submitted for obtaining the Master’s Degree in International Humanitarian Action and Conflict. By submitting the thesis, the author certifies that the text is from her hand, does not include the work of someone else unless clearly indicated, and that the thesis has been produced in accordance with proper academic practices. Abstract When describing sexual violence as a ’weapon of war’ or as systematic in the setting of a conflict, many times there is no distinction between how it is used during different types of conflicts. Moreover, they are often discussed as either a crime against the ”enemy” or a crime against women. This research seeks to describe sexual violence during the genocides of Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia and to find whether there is an underlying genocidal intent. It also aims to emphasize the intersectional nature of such crimes — the targeting of a woman on the basis of both gender and group belonging. ! With the use of books, journal and research articles, reports and interview transcripts — this paper is based on a qualitative research method aiming to describe the underlying intent of the strategic use of sexual violence targeting women in genocide. It is the interpretation of the gathered material and theories which enables the discussion to take form. The genocidal intent behind rapes and sexual violence is not only to use women as reproductive vessels, prevent births within a group and inflict such injuries that would make a woman suffer and become less worthy in her community — but also to humiliate a group through sexual violence in a way that fragments it into elimination.
    [Show full text]
  • Rape and Forced Pregnancy As Genocide Before the Bangladesh Tribunal
    4 ‐ TAKAI ‐ TICLJ 2/29/2012 5:31:50 PM RAPE AND FORCED PREGNANCY AS GENOCIDE BEFORE THE BANGLADESH TRIBUNAL Alexandra Takai* I. INTRODUCTION Rape as an act of genocide is a recent and controversial topic in international law. When genocide first emerged as an international crime in response to the atrocities committed by the Nazis during World War II, sexual violence was not part of the discourse. In 1948, when the Genocide Convention was established to define and codify the crime of genocide, rape was still viewed as an inevitable byproduct of war1 rather than a deliberate strategy. It was not until 1998 in the landmark case of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Prosecutor v. Akayesu,2 when rape was successfully prosecuted as an act of genocide. In the wake of Akayesu, the international legal community is beginning to recognize genocidal rape as a distinct crime. During the 1971 Liberation War, in which Bangladesh seceded from Pakistan,3 it is estimated that between 200,000 and 400,000 women were raped,4 and thousands became pregnant as a result.5 Four decades later, Bangladesh’s International Criminal Tribunal (the “Tribunal”) began to charge individuals for crimes committed during the Liberation war.6 The Tribunal has yet to establish a prosecutorial plan for sexual crimes, opening up debate * J.D. (expected May 2012), Temple University James E. Beasley School of Law; B.A., Bucknell University. The author would like to thank Professor Margaret deGuzman for her guidance and insight and Andrew Morrison for his support throughout the writing process.
    [Show full text]