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Procyon Lotor) Associated with Ridges and Valleys of Pennsylvania: Implications for Oral Rabies Vaccination Programs

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Procyon Lotor) Associated with Ridges and Valleys of Pennsylvania: Implications for Oral Rabies Vaccination Programs University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Publications Plant Health Inspection Service 2009 Landscape Genetics of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) Associated with Ridges and Valleys of Pennsylvania: Implications for Oral Rabies Vaccination Programs J. Jeffrey Root USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center, [email protected] Robert B. Puskas United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Bolivar, Pennsylvania Justin W. Fischer USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center, [email protected] Craig B. Swope United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Bolivar, Pennsylvania Melissa A. Neubaum United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Root, J. Jeffrey; Puskas, Robert B.; Fischer, Justin W.; Swope, Craig B.; Neubaum, Melissa A.; Reeder, Serena A.; and Piaggio, Antoinette J., "Landscape Genetics of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) Associated with Ridges and Valleys of Pennsylvania: Implications for Oral Rabies Vaccination Programs" (2009). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 946. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/946 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors J. Jeffrey Root, Robert B. Puskas, Justin W. Fischer, Craig B. Swope, Melissa A. Neubaum, Serena A. Reeder, and Antoinette J. Piaggio This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ icwdm_usdanwrc/946 VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES Volume 9, Number 6, 2009 © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0110 Landscape Genetics of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) Associated with Ridges and Valleys of Pennsylvania: Implications for Oral Rabies Vaccination Programs J. Jeffrey Root,1 Robert B. Puskas,2 Justin W. Fischer,1 Craig B. Swope,2 Melissa A. Neubaum,1 Serena A. Reeder,3 and Antoinette J. Piaggio1 Abstract Raccoons are the reservoir for the raccoon rabies virus variant in the United States. To combat this threat, oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programs are conducted in many eastern states. To aid in these efforts, the genetic structure of raccoons (Procyon lotor) was assessed in southwestern Pennsylvania to determine if select geo- graphic features (i.e., ridges and valleys) serve as corridors or hindrances to raccoon gene flow (e.g., move- ment) and, therefore, rabies virus trafficking in this physiographic region. Raccoon DNA samples (n ϭ 185) were collected from one ridge site and two adjacent valleys in southwestern Pennsylvania (Westmoreland, Cam- bria, Fayette, and Somerset counties). Raccoon genetic structure within and among these study sites was char- acterized at nine microsatellite loci. Results indicated that there was little population subdivision among any sites sampled. Furthermore, analyses using a model-based clustering approach indicated one essentially pan- mictic population was present among all the raccoons sampled over a reasonably broad geographic area (e.g., sites up to 36 km apart). However, a signature of isolation by distance was detected, suggesting that widths of ORV zones are critical for success. Combined, these data indicate that geographic features within this land- scape influence raccoon gene flow only to a limited extent, suggesting that ridges of this physiographic system will not provide substantial long-term natural barriers to rabies virus trafficking. These results may be of value for future ORV efforts in Pennsylvania and other eastern states with similar landscapes. Key Words: Genetics—Landscape—Pennsylvania—Procyon lotor—Rabies—Raccoon. Introduction and citations therein), which evolved into one of the most significant and widespread epizootics in the history of he raccoon (Procyon lotor), a medium-sized meso- wildlife rabies (Childs et al. 2000). Ultimately, this rabies Tpredator, is a common inhabitant across most of the virus focus expanded throughout the eastern United States United States (Fitzgerald and Meaney 1994), ranging from (Winkler and Jenkins 1991), north to the Canadian border, southern Canada to Panama in the New World (Lotze and east to the Atlantic Ocean, south to the original states of Anderson 1979). Raccoons occupy a wide variety of habitat Georgia and Florida, and as far west as Ohio, presenting a types (Fitzgerald and Meaney 1994) and are well-adapted to significant public health threat over a large geographical re- anthropogenic conditions (Schmidly 2004). gion (see USDA 2004). Until the early 1970s, raccoon rabies, caused by the rac- To combat the threat of terrestrial rabies, the United States coon rabies virus variant, was reported predominantly in the Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services conducts an- southeastern states of Florida and Georgia (McLean 1975). nual cooperative oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programs in However, in the 1970s rabies-infected raccoons were trans- several regions of the United States each year for several tar- ported from Florida to the Virginia/West Virginia border get wildlife species (e.g., raccoons, coyotes [Canis latrans], and area where a new focus and epizootic of the raccoon variant gray fox [Urocyon cineroargenteus]). The raccoon ORV pro- of rabies virus was initiated (see Winkler and Jenkins 1991 gram is concentrated in the eastern United States and uses a 1United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado. 2United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, Bolivar, Pennsylvania. 3U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. 583 584 ROOT ET AL. vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (Rab- pense, it is important that any key geographic features that oral V-RG® [V-RG], Merial, Athens, GA). The vaccine is enhance or inhibit raccoon gene flow be recognized and de- placed in sachets in fish meal polymer baits and/or bait- scribed to assess the rabies virus trafficking potential of these coated sachets to deliver vaccines to raccoons (USDA 2004). animals in various systems. Notably, it has been suggested Public health officials reported the first cases of raccoon that the identification of rabies dissemination corridors could variant rabies in south-central Pennsylvania in 1982, along be used in prevention or elimination efforts (Moore 1999). the western edge of the ridge-and-valley physiographic re- Therefore, the objective of this study was to use a landscape gion (Moore 1999). The ridge-and-valley system of Pennsyl- genetics approach (Manel et al. 2003) to describe the geo- vania was suggested to be a route of dissemination of rac- graphic features, if any, that could hinder or enhance rac- coon rabies soon after the introduction, with extension coon gene flow and rabies virus trafficking in this mammal. patterns following the corridors of this system (Moore 1999). These results may assist future ORV efforts in southwestern Currently, nearly all terrestrial cases of rabies in Pennsylva- Pennsylvania and may have applications to areas with sim- nia are attributed to raccoons (USDA 2006). ilar habitats and physiographic features. Population genetics has recently been used successfully to assess various associations involving the transmission Materials and Methods and/or trafficking of select etiologic agents causing wildlife Study sites and sample collection and human (i.e., zoonotic) diseases (e.g., Root et al. 2003, 2004, Blanchong et al. 2007). In addition, these techniques This study was based on and adjacent to Laurel Ridge (hill) have proven useful for addressing various population as- in southwestern Pennsylvania (Westmoreland, Cambria, pects of multifaceted invasive species issues (Hampton et al. Fayette, and Somerset counties; Fig. 1). This ridge was se- 2004). Thus, modern genetic techniques, combined with eco- lected based on elevation, access, and additional logistical logic and etiologic information, have helped researchers to considerations (e.g., roads). Although this ridge is located address applied questions of great scope and complexity. near the edge of the true ridge-and-valley system, its topog- Because a significant number of ORV baits are deployed raphy has similar geographic features with high elevation in the eastern United States each year at a considerable ex- hills and deciduous forests. Therefore, Laurel Ridge and ad- FIG. 1. Centroids of locations of study sites for raccoon DNA collections on and near Laurel Ridge (Hill), southwestern Pennsylvania. Minimum and maximum distances among these sites were 6.1 km and 36.0 km, respectively. Minimum el- evation of collection locations in the valley sites ranged from 335–603 m, and the maximum elevation of collection locations from the ridge site was 874 m. RACCOON LANDSCAPE GENETICS IN PENNSYLVANIA 585 jacent valleys (consisting primarily of agricultural and small Table 2. Summary Statistics for Raccoons suburban areas) have excellent geographic features
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