ARCTIC

Chronicles of the NSF Arctic Sciences Program Autumn 2001, Volume 9 Number 1

SCICEX Sonars Chart New Topographies, New Theories by Margo Edwards, Robert Anderson, Dale Chayes, Bernard Coakley, James Cochran, Martin Jakobsson, Gregory Kurras, Leonid Polyak, and Mark Rognstad

n the 1990s, the U.S. Navy and NSF Icollaborated to develop the Science Ice Exercises (SCICEX), a five-year program to investigate the Arctic Basin using Sturgeon-class nuclear-powered subma- rines (see Witness Spring 1996, Spring 1998, Spring/Autumn 1999). During the final two deployments of SCICEX in 1998 and 1999, Seafloor Characterization and Mapping Pods (SCAMP) were mounted on the hull of the USS Hawkbill to collect data necessary for producing the first com- prehensive high-resolution maps of the surface and shallow subsurface of the arctic seafloor. The SCAMP system incorporated a 12 kHz sidescan bathymetric sonar for imaging and measuring seafloor depths over a swath of up to 10 km, and a chirp subbottom profiler for studying the sub- surface. SCAMP succeeded remarkably, acquir- ing more than 40 million depth sound- ings; the volume of textural and subbottom data collected exceeds the number of depth soundings by 2–3 orders of magnitude. In combination with the surface texture (sidescan) and subbottom data, SCAMP bathymetry data are provid- ing a new three-dimensional perspective of the Arctic Basin seafloor that is enabling geologists to challenge widely held theories in diverse subjects. Recent letters pub- Three bathymetric representations of the same area along the western Gakkel Ridge. The uppermost chart shows the best lished in Nature span the scientific spec- data publicly available for the Gakkel Ridge in 1999 (ETOPO-5); the middle chart depicts data from the International trum from fire to ice, using SCAMP data Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) released in 2000; the lowest chart shows data collected by the USS to present new ideas about mid-ocean Hawkbill using the Seafloor Characterization and Mapping Pods (SCAMP) in 1999. Top: The ETOPO-5 Earth topography dataset was created by combining the Digital Bathymetry Database-5 (DBDB5) for the oceans with several ridge volcanism and paleoclimatology. different topographic datasets for the continents (Loughridge, 1986). Grid cell size is 5 minutes x 5 minutes; data continued on next page density, however, is highly variable within the bathymetric dataset (continued on next page).

Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 1 Feature Article

Edwards et al. (2001) report the dis- moving glaciers and at glacier margins, been mapped in this level of detail, keeps covery of two large, relatively young volca- respectively, in water depths ranging from arctic scientists alert for an opportunity to noes on the ultra-slow-spreading Arctic 400 to nearly 1,000 m on the Chukchi collaborate again in a future submarine Mid-Ocean Ridge commonly referred to Borderland, Alaska Margin, Lomonosov deployment (see page 18). as the Gakkel Ridge. Prevailing models of Ridge, and Yermak Plateau. At shallower The NSF Arctic Natural Sciences Pro- mid-ocean ridge systems predict that as depths, the seafloor was found to be gouged gram (see pages 10–11), Lamont-Doherty spreading rate decreases, the influence of extensively by icebergs. Because strati- Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia volcanism also decreases; it has been graphic models for Arctic Ocean sediments University, Palisades Geophysical Institu- unclear if significant volcanism occurred at are controversial, assigning precise ages to tion, and the governments of Canada, all at ultra-low spreading rates (<1.5 cm/ the presence of the ice shelves will require Norway, and Sweden funded SCAMP. year). SCAMP data clearly demonstrate further research. The deepest glacial ero- For more information about the that significant volcanism does occur along sion at almost 1,000 m depth on Lomono- SCICEX program and SCAMP instru- the slowest spreading mid-ocean ridge on sov Ridge appears to have occurred at mentation, see the LDEO web site (www. Earth. SCAMP sidescan maps for the east- either 150,000 or 600,000+ years ago. ldeo.columbia.edu/SCICEX/), or contact ern Gakkel Ridge show two volcanoes that Most current paleoclimate models Margo Edwards in Honolulu, HI (808/ are acoustically very reflective compared to assume Arctic Ocean ice cover was thin 956-5232; fax 808/956-6530; margo@ the surrounding terrain, which SCAMP during the Pleistocene ice ages, attaining soest.hawaii.edu). To view examples of subbottom data confirm to be covered by just several meters at its maximum thick- bathymetry and sidescan charts produced thick sediments. The morphology of the ness. Polyak et al.’s (2001) report will from SCICEX/SCAMP, see www.soest. reflective regions is consistent with that of stimulate major revisions in our under- hawaii.edu/HMRG/. The IBCAO data are submarine lava flows observed at other standing of the Earth’s climatic history available at www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/ mid-ocean ridges. The location of one vol- and should improve predictions of Earth’s bathymetry/arctic/arctic.html. cano imaged by SCAMP coincides with past and present climate changes. Proof the average location of epicenters for more that thick ice once covered the Arctic also References than 250 earthquakes that the global seis- poses an intriguing question for biologists: Edwards, M.H., G.J. Kurras, M. Tolstoy, mic network detected from January how did life survive under a thick ice cap D.R. Bohnenstiehl, B.J. Coakley, and through September 1999. The USS in an almost isolated Arctic Ocean? J.R. Cochran. 2001. Evidence of recent Hawkbill passed directly over the volcano, The two reports described above are volcanic activity on the ultra-slow spread- at a safe altitude of approximately two the first results from the SCICEX/SCAMP ing Gakkel Ridge. Nature 409, 808–812. miles above the seafloor, on 6 May 1999. database. Extended articles detailing the Jakobsson, M., N.Z. Cherkis, J. Wood- Edwards et al. (2001) suggest that the sub- findings are due to be submitted before the ward, R. Macnab, and B. Coakley. marine mapped an underwater eruption in end of this year. Additional projects using 2000. New grid of Arctic bathymetry the Arctic as, or shortly after, it occurred. the SCICEX/SCAMP dataset focus on the aids scientists and mapmakers. Eos, Polyak et al. (2001) use SCAMP side- Lomonosov Ridge, Alaska Margin, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 81, 89–96. scan and chirp data to present compelling Northwind Ridge, and Yermak Plateau. Loughridge, M. 1986. Relief map of the evidence that floating ice sheets (ice SCAMP data are being used to support Earth’s surface. Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. shelves) as thick as one kilometer covered this autumn’s joint U.S./European ice- Union 67, 121-122. large parts, or perhaps all, of the Arctic breaker cruise to the Gakkel Ridge (see Polyak, L., M.H. Edwards, B.J. Coakley Ocean at least once during the Pleistocene page 17), and are included in the Ocean and M. Jakobsson. 2001. Existence of ice ages (from 1.6 million to 10,000 years Drilling Project’s database to support arc- Arctic ice shelves during the Pleistocene ago). Just as glaciers alter the land beneath tic drilling (see Witness Spring 1998). inferred from deep-sea glaciogenic them, ice shelves once modified the arctic At the present, dedicated science mis- bedforms. Nature 410, 453–456. sea-floor, leaving telltale signs of how they sions are not feasible for the Navy’s moved across submarine ridges and pla- nuclear submarine force; the success and M. Edwards is an Associate Researcher, teaus. The USS Hawkbill and SCAMP broad impact of the 1998 and 1999 col- R. Anderson is an Acoustician, G. Kurras is mapped lineations and ridges that appear laboration, however, and the fact that only a doctoral candidate, and M. Rognstad is a to have been formed at the bottom of a small fraction of the Arctic Basin has Sonar Design Specialist, all at the University of Hawaii; D. Chayes is a Senior Staff Asso- ciate and J. Cochran is a Senior Research Caption (continued from page 1). Center: The International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO; see Scientist, both at Lamont-Doherty Earth Witness Spring 2000) dataset was derived from approximately 1.5 million single-beam soundings and digitized bathymetric maps compiled from myriad expeditions to produce a grid with 2.5 x 2.5 km cells (Jakobsson et al. 2000). Observatory, Columbia University; B. In the central Arctic Ocean, a nearly empty database was significantly enriched by the addition of historic and modern Coakley is an Assistant Professor at Tulane observations collected by U.S. and British submarines, Swedish and German icebreakers, and by depths derived from a University; M. Jakobsson is a Research Sci- new contour map prepared by the Russian Navy. The IBCAO dataset contains single-beam profiles collected by U.S. entist at the Center for Coastal and Ocean Navy submarines from 1958 until 1988 and also during the 1995–99 SCICEX missions. Bottom: In the SCAMP Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center, Uni- data, it is possible to distinguish individual abyssal hills, valleys, seamounts, and ridges and thus evaluate which processes formed the topography. The SCAMP data shown were collected over approximately three days in 1999. Swath width is versity of New Hampshire; and L. Polyak approximately 10 km; bathymetric data were gridded in 250 m x 250 m cells. The dataset will be made publicly is a Research Scientist at the Byrd Polar available in 2002 (figure by Gregory Kurras and Margo Edwards). Research Center, The Ohio State University. 2 The Interagency Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH)

SEARCH Develops Implementation Framework

he Study of Environmental Arctic sible sub-elements of SEARCH, including: atmospheric and cryospheric observing sys- TChange (SEARCH) is an interdisci- • the Arctic/Sub-Arctic Ocean Fluxes tems in the context of SEARCH. The plinary, multiscale program dedicated to program (see Witness Winter 2000/2001); workshop, which is advisory to the IWG understanding the complex of interrelated • Arctic Ocean circulation and ice and SSC, will assess how current observa- changes that have been observed in the dynamics; tions can be best used and enhanced to un- arctic environment in the past few decades • atmospheric and cryospheric change in derstand and predict the ongoing changes (see Witness Spring 2000). SEARCH is the Arctic; and in the Arctic. A preliminary agenda is avail- envisioned as a long-term effort of obser- • the responses of ecosystems and societies able on the SEARCH web site, and more vations, modeling, process studies, and to environmental change. information is available from Jim Overland applications devoted to understanding this The latter theme was the subject of a June in Seattle, WA (206/526-6795; fax 206/ complex, its relation to global climate, and 2001 SEARCH Biocomplexity Incubation 526-6485; [email protected]). its impacts on ecosystems and society. Activity workshop (see Witness Winter For more information, see the SEARCH The SEARCH Science Plan, recently 2000/2001). web site (http://psc.apl.washington/search), completed by the SEARCH Science Steer- or contact SSC Chair Jamie Morison in ing Committee (SSC) and Interagency Future Plans Seattle, WA (206/543-1394; fax 206/616- Working Group (IWG), is available on the The IWG-SSC workshop participants 3142; [email protected]) or SEARCH web site. The SSC and IWG also outlined additional planning efforts IWG Chair John Calder in Silver Spring, have been working together and separately needed to guide the coordinated imple- MD (301/713-2518 ext. 288; fax 301/ to begin implementation of the SEARCH mentation of SEARCH. The SSC will 713-2519; [email protected]). effort (see Witness Winter 2000/2001). produce a draft implementation strategy outlining possible future implementation Interagency Planning plans, including science questions and the Agencies Contributing to Because the broad SEARCH effort priority-timing phase diagram developed SEARCH requires a coordinated interagency at the August workshop. The IWG will approach, the IWG is composed of key draft terms of reference for SEARCH National Science Foundation program managers from agencies that par- operating and funding mechanisms. National Aeronautics and Space ticipate in the Interagency Arctic Research The SSC and IWG will work together Administration Policy Committee (IARPC; see box). The to develop a comprehensive SEARCH Department of Commerce IWG is developing an interagency funding implementation plan, which will identify: National Oceanic and Atmospheric method for SEARCH and has completed • the sub-elements necessary to address Administration an implementation framework for SEARCH the science questions, Department of Defense with funding plans for 2002 and 2003. • a target time sequence, Office of Naval Research General agency priorities for 2003 are • mechanisms for developing individual Cold Regions Research and anticipated in five major thematic areas: implementation plans for the sub- Engineering Laboratory • human society, elements of SEARCH, Department of Energy • marine/terrestrial biosphere, • opportunities for international Atmospheric Radiation Measurement • atmosphere and cryosphere, involvement, and Program—North Slope of Alaska/ • ocean, and • mechanisms to ensure that the Adjacent Arctic Ocean Site • integrated projects/models/assessment. SEARCH effort remains focused. Department of Interior The implementation framework has The next joint meeting of the SSC and Bureau of Land Management been transmitted to IARPC, the IWG’s IWG, tentatively planned for late October Fish and Wildlife Service parent body; IARPC Chair and NSF 2001, will review and discuss: Geological Survey Director Rita Colwell will use the imple- • the near-final implementation strategy, Minerals Management Service mentation framework in discussions with • a working draft of the SEARCH National Park Service the other agencies and the Office of Man- implementation plan, and Department of Agriculture agement and Budget to gain Administra- • drafts of the terms of reference. Agricultural Research Service tion approval for the program. The IWG and SSC are hopeful that Natural Resource Conservation In August 2001, the SSC and IWG agency budgets for FY 2002 will be Service held a joint workshop to coalesce investi- known by late October, so that agencies Forest Service gator and funding agency expectations of will be able to be more explicit about Environmental Protection Agency SEARCH. The group focused on identify- SEARCH efforts during 2002. Smithsonian Institution ing appropriate priorities and temporal SEARCH will sponsor a workshop in Department of Transportation phases for addressing SEARCH science Seattle, 27–29 November 2001, to discuss U.S. Coast Guard questions. Participants also discussed pos- existing knowledge of large-scale 3 Arctic Upper Atmosphere Research

Auroral Studies Shed Light on the Physics of Space

Because the upper atmosphere is affected by capabilities for space weather operational the topography of the polar magnetic field, forecasting. This substantial investment in the solar wind, the interplanetary magnetic space science reflects the growing numbers field, and cold mesospheric temperatures, its of space- and ground-based technical behavior in the arctic region is relevant to systems that are vulnerable to adverse global change and space weather issues and conditions in the space environment. may have implications for arctic system sci- Another current research focus con- ence. In this and following issues of Witness cerns the feedback between the arctic the Arctic, we present overviews of current upper atmosphere and the distant mag- research efforts on arctic upper atmosphere netosphere. Although it is the incoming topics, including studies of the aurora, occur- particles that produce auroral light, elec- rence and physics of noctilucent clouds, and trons are in fact moving into and out of the polar ionosphere. the polar ionosphere in equal numbers. To produce the observed optical effect, auroral electrons This coupling can influence the efficacy must be accelerated to a velocity of ~50,000 km/s during n 1859, British astronomer Richard their journey from the magnetosphere to the atmosphere. with which the aurora forms. For instance, ICarrington, observing the sun as part An outstanding issue in plasma physics, the mechanism the fact that the aurora is more likely to of a long-term study of sunspot behavior, by which this acceleration occurs is the focus of current occur in nighttime than in daytime is satellite missions, such as NASA’s POLAR and IMAGE noted an enormous brightening in one spacecraft (photo courtesy of Craig Heinselman, SRI related to the elevated electrical conduc- sunspot group. Seventeen hours later, an International). tance of the sunlit ionosphere. Several new intense disruption occurred in the terres- instruments designed to improve daylight trial magnetic field, accompanied by an netic cavity. The magnetic field of an observations of the aurora, under develop- aurora that could be seen as far south as approaching solar wind triggers the explo- ment with support from the NSF Division Cuba. In noting a possible connection sive release of the particles into the atmo- of Atmospheric Sciences, should contrib- between these events, Carrington marked sphere. This triggering process—referred ute significantly to elucidating the mecha- the birth of space physics—the study of to as “reconnection”—is fundamental to nism by which the increased electrical the portion of the space environment that all plasmas. Reconnection is being studied conductance is communicated to the mag- falls within the Sun’s sphere of influence through programs funded by NSF, the netosphere. In addition, the GEM pro- and, consequently, is of direct relevance National Atmospheric and Space Admini- gram recently initiated a multimillion- to life on Earth. stration (NASA), and the Departments of dollar effort to study the coupling between The aurora continues to be a central Defense and Energy (DoD and DOE). the magnetosphere and ionosphere. topic in space physics because it provides a Research programs supported by sev- Permanent ground-based facilities in unique window into the Earth’s near-space eral agencies address the aurora’s effects on the Arctic provide essential observations to environment. The aurora is produced space weather, global change, and the complement space-based investigations of mainly by electrons precipitating from energy balance of the Earth’s atmosphere. the aurora. NSF supports the Søndrestrøm space. Because the air density in the upper The Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics Facility in Greenland and the Polar Cap atmosphere is so low, auroral electrons are of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR; see Observatory in Resolute Bay, Canada, and constrained to move in tight helical orbits page 5) and Geospace Environment Mod- contributes to the deployment and opera- along the Earth’s magnetic field lines. This eling (GEM) programs of the NSF Divi- tion of radiowave and optical instruments means that auroral arcs can be interpreted sion of Atmospheric Sciences examine throughout the Arctic. While these instru- as magnetic field structures illuminated by solar influences on global change, includ- ments and facilities are designed to observe incoming electrons in the same way that ing climate changes linked to long-term the aurora and other manifestations of the images are produced on a television screen. variations of the Sun. The Sun Earth Con- interaction between the atmosphere and Similarly, auroral motions are a projection nections Program, a major NASA effort the magnetosphere, they are also impor- of time-dependent dynamics in the remote dedicated to understanding the flow of tant logistics hubs for other arctic research. magnetosphere. energy from the Sun to the Earth, includes For more information, see the follow- Early theories proposed that the aurora the Living With a Star program, which ing web sites: NSWP (www.spacescience. resulted from the direct entry of solar wind supports research and space missions to org/SWOP/NSWP), NSF Atmospheric electrons into the polar atmosphere. describe the Sun’s effects on space weather Sciences (www.geo.nsf.gov/atm), and Although still prevalent in the popular lit- and global change. With contributions Søndrestrøm (www.isr.sri.com), or contact erature, this explanation was refuted by from NSF, NASA, DoD, DOE, and the Jeff Thayer (650/859-3557; thayer@ observational evidence. Auroral particles National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- sri.com), John Kelly (650/859-3749; come from a population of electrons and ministration, the interagency National [email protected]), or Joshua Semeter (joshua. ions which has built up over time in the Space Weather Program (NSWP) supports [email protected]) in Menlo Park, CA (fax stretched anti-sunward tail of Earth’s mag- research leading to better predictive for all: 650/322-2318). 4 Arctic Upper Atmosphere Research

CEDAR Observations Map the Arctic’s Upper Atmosphere

he Coupling, Energetics and Dynam- momentum between the poles and middle Tics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) latitudes. The distinctive features of the program started in 1986 as a community arctic upper atmosphere and ionosphere initiative for instrumentation that would can thus have major effects on the global enable state-of-the-art investigations of the behavior of the upper atmosphere. Earth’s upper atmosphere. Broadened to Research in Polar Aeronomy is directed at encompass multiple diagnostic techniques, processes, such as the solar wind, that theory, modeling, and coordinated obser- induce disturbances at high latitudes and vational campaigns, CEDAR is currently in turn drive the energy and dynamics of the dominant national and international the ITM system at lower latitudes. research program in terrestrial aeronomy. Current studies of the arctic upper Part of the Solar Influences Program atmosphere through CEDAR are contrib- within the NSF Division of Atmospheric uting to the development of a multi- Sciences, CEDAR is devoted to the char- dimensional view of the chemical, acterization and understanding of the dynamic, thermodynamic, and electro- The close coalignment of the axis of the Earth’s geomag- atmosphere from approximately 60 to dynamic coupling mechanisms throughout netic field and the axis of the Earth’s rotation facilitates 1,000 km above the surface of the Earth the atmospheric column above both poles. the entry of energy and momentum from the solar wind and interplanetary space into polar regions. The aurora, (i.e., the mesosphere, exosphere, magneto- Major issues for future arctic upper shown here from space, is the most commonly known sphere), with emphasis on the energetic atmospheric research in CEDAR include: example of this phenomenon (image from NASA’s and dynamic processes that determine the • energetics and neutral dynamics, Dynamics Explorer satellite, courtesy of Louis Frank, University of Iowa). basic composition and structure of the • plasma electrodynamics and structure, atmosphere. Particular attention is given • neutral and ion composition, to how these processes are coupled both • aerosol formation and charging, and (LIDAR) instruments that probe up to vertically and horizontally, transferring • auroral emissions and forms. approximately 100 km altitude, obtaining mass, energy, and momentum, and signifi- density, temperature, and in some cases, cantly affecting the global behavior of the CEDAR Facilities wind measurements as a function of Earth’s upper atmosphere. Beginning in 1986 with the creation of altitude. All-sky imagers, photometers, The science agenda of CEDAR Phase CEDAR “Class one” observatories and the interferometers, imaging spectrographs, III, outlined in 1998, includes the follow- NSF Upper Atmospheric Facilities program, ionosondes, and ionospheric absorption ing initiatives: CEDAR scientists have been provided mappers complement these measure- • Coupling with Lower Altitudes—the with the best observational tools available. ments. Arrays of magnetometers and study of tidal, planetary, and gravity CEDAR observing facilities, spread across SuperDARN coherent radars (see Witness waves, which are forced primarily in the the Arctic and shared among the circum- Spring/Autumn 1999) provide informa- troposphere and stratosphere and have polar nations, are located at: tion about ionospheric currents and profound influences on the ionosphere- • Svalbard, Norway (see Witness Winter drift motions. thermosphere-mesosphere (ITM) system; 2000/2001); • Solar-Terrestrial Interactions—investi- • Søndrestrømfjord, Greenland; Science Management gations of the response of the global • Poker Flat, Alaska; and A science steering committee (SSC) ITM system to solar variations and • Eureka and Resolute Bay, Canada. appointed by the directors of the NSF disturbances over many time scales; and The new Polar Cap Observatory at Aeronomy and Upper Atmospheric Facili- • Long-term Variations—exploring the Resolute Bay is slated for further develop- ties program provides guidance to the origins of long-term atmospheric varia- ment to house the new Relocatable CEDAR program. CEDAR has attracted tions by building on 10 to 30-year long Atmospheric Observatory in a few years. many graduate students and international datasets. CEDAR observational programs nor- collaborators through its open workshop mally couple radio, optical, and geomag- structure and its cooperative approach, Arctic Studies in CEDAR netic techniques through the co-location which focuses a wide range of techniques Because limited access to polar regions of instruments at strategic sites, as well as and expertise into comprehensive studies. has prevented a full understanding of the the use of arrays of automated stations and For more information, see the fundamental processes that govern the remote sensing from satellites. Where pos- NSF Solar Influences web site polar atmosphere, Polar Aeronomy is the sible, the sites have an Incoherent Scatter (www.nsf.gov/egch/gc_solar.html#cedar), fourth CEDAR Phase III initiative. Hori- Radar (ISR), which can determine atmo- or contact Roger Smith, chair of the zontal transit times are hours to days in spheric and ionospheric properties to CEDAR SSC, in Fairbanks, AK the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, heights exceeding 1,000 km. Many sites (907/474-7416; fax 907/474-5882; allowing rapid advection of energy and have Light Detection and Ranging [email protected]). 5 ARCSS Program

ARCSS Plans All-Hands Workshop for February 2002

he second Arctic System Science ARCSS Program through a major transi- thematic priorities that formed the basis of T(ARCSS) Program All-Hands Work- tion from the current disciplinary compo- the second ARCSS Science Plan, Toward shop will take place 20–23 February 2002 nents organized geographically (terrestrial Prediction of the Arctic System (ARCUS at the Bell Harbor International Confer- vs. marine) and temporally (current vs. 1998). These thematic questions are: ence Center in Seattle, Washington. The past) to a broader approach of interdisci- • How will the climate of the Arctic first ARCSS All-Hands Workshop was plinary issues, questions, and themes. change over the next 10 to 100 years? held in 1996 at Snowbird, Utah. To assist in this transition, the ARCSS • How will future climate change interact The 2002 workshop will provide infor- Committee (AC) will organize the 2002 with human activities to affect the mation and recommendations to guide the All-Hands meeting around the five sustainability of natural ecosystems and human societies? • How will changes in arctic bio- geochemical cycles and feedbacks affect ARCSS Components to Meet November 2001 arctic and global systems? • How will changes in arctic hydrological n an important contributing step toward the February 2002 ARCSS All-Hands cycles and feedbacks affect arctic and meeting (see article this page), two of the major components of the NSF Arctic I global systems? System Science (ARCSS) Program will hold their annual all-investigator meetings in • Are the predicted changes in the arctic mid-November 2001 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions system detectable? (OAII) and Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) investigators will take advan- The major objective of the meeting is a tage of this proximity to meet with representatives from other ARCSS components. comprehensive assessment of the ARCSS Program in terms of: OAII All-Hands Meeting • progress to date in addressing these The OAII All-Hands Meeting will convene 14–16 November 2001. In addition to priorities, poster sessions on general arctic science activities and OAII research and outreach, • identifying gaps in research needed to researchers will present proposals for initiatives dealing with atmospheric and near- pursue important questions, shore processes (see page 9). For more information, registration, and the agenda, see • developing opportunities to integrate the OAII web site (http://arcss-oaii.hpl.umces.edu/AllHands/Mtg2001.html), or con- results and questions across ARCSS tact Jane Hawkey in Cambridge, MD (410/221-8416; fax 410/221-8490; research components, and [email protected]). • articulating novel questions arising from this analysis. LAII All-Hands Meeting The AC is working with the ARCSS The LAII All-Hands Meeting will convene 14–17 November 2001. Investigators science steering committees to gather in the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX), Arctic Transitions in the Land- information to begin this assessment, Atmosphere System (ATLAS), and Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Envi- including: ronments in the Arctic (RAISE) projects will meet separately for part of the meeting • the principal research questions guiding to supplement the plenary and poster sessions (see page 7). For more information and each of the current ARCSS components, the agenda, see the LAII web site (www.laii.uaf.edu/mtg.htm), or contact Patricia A. • a database of ARCSS-funded projects, and Anderson in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-5415; fax 907/474-6722; [email protected]). • an outline of results to date. This information will contribute to a Joint Meetings for OAII or LAII Registrants broad understanding of the accomplish- A morning plenary session on 15 November 2001, open to registrants from either ments of and appropriate future directions meeting, will bring together OAII, LAII, RAISE, and PARCS (see page 8) investigators to for the ARCSS Program. • update one another on the various components’ activities and initiatives, More information and preregistration • foster interdisciplinary discussions, and for the 2002 All-Hands meeting is avail- • identify the contributions needed to facilitate an effective ARCSS All-Hands able on the ARCUS web site (www.arcus. Meeting in February 2002. org/ARCSS/allhands2002/). The OAII, LAII, and RAISE Science Steering Committees will meet jointly on the For more information about the ARCSS afternoon of 16 November 2001 to follow up on the plenary discussions. Program, see the ARCSS web site (www.nsf. In addition, the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium (BASC) Science Advisory gov/od/opp/arctic/system.htm), or contact Group will convene an open meeting on the evening of 15 November 2001, followed Program Director Mike Ledbetter in Arling- by an informational session. For more information, see the BASC web site (www.sfos. ton, VA (703/292-8030; fax 703/292-9082; uaf.edu/basc), or contact Glenn Sheehan in Barrow, AK (907/852-4881; fax 907/ [email protected]) or AC Chair Jack Kruse 852-4882; [email protected]). in Leverett, MA (413/367-2240; fax 413/ 367-0092; [email protected]). 6 ARCSS Program

LAII Prepares for All-Hands Meeting, Upgrades Web Site

he next Land-Atmosphere-Ice (ATLAS), and Russian-American Initia- • online viewing of SMO publications. TInteractions (LAII) All-Hands Meet- tive on Shelf-Land Environments in the Site enhancements will ultimately provide ing will convene 14–17 November 2001 Arctic (RAISE) projects; users with complete access to all LAII- in Salt Lake City, Utah (see box page 6). • opportunities for integration across related information and locations of The goals of the meeting are to: LAII, OAII (see page 9), RAISE (see archived data. Plans for additional • develop explicit plans for synthesis of below), and PARCS (see page 8) in both improvements include: the past decade of research on land- synthesis and future research; and • a community outreach section, atmosphere-ice interactions; • a discussion of the new LAII science • a speakers’ bureau, • meet jointly with the other major plan as the land-atmosphere contribu- • a media guide, and ARCSS programs to discuss ways in tion to future ARCSS research. • employment and research/funding which LAII research might be better More information on meeting arrange- opportunities. integrated in the future; and ments and registration can be found on Comments from site visitors and LAII • finalize a new science plan that outlines the LAII web site (www.laii.uaf.edu/). researchers will guide further site the priorities for arctic terrestrial- improvements. atmospheric research for the next Improvements to the LAII Web Site For more information about the LAII decade. The draft science plan will be The LAII Program Science Manage- web site (www.laii.uaf.edu/), or contact posted on the LAII web site for commu- ment Office (SMO) at the University of Christopher Shock in Fairbanks, AK (907/ nity review in September 2001. Alaska Fairbanks has renovated the LAII 474-1534; fax 907/474-6251; Participants will focus on: web site. The site now includes: [email protected]). For more information • planning and implementation of LAII • current field reports, about the LAII program, contact Patricia research synthesis for International Tun- • direct links to archived LAII data, A. Anderson at the LAII SMO in dra Experiment (ITEX), Arctic Transi- • links to individual projects’ dedicated Fairbanks, AK (907/474-5415; fax 907/ tions in the Land-Atmosphere System web sites, and 474-6722; [email protected]; ).

RAISE Plan Focuses on Ship-Based Research in Russia

he Russian-American Initiative on Science planning for ship-based invited to contact Science Steering TShelf-Land Environments in the research in Russia must address both: Committee (SSC) Chair Lee Cooper. Arctic (RAISE) has been developing a new • the logistical and political challenge of Transfer and development of an science plan with the goal of facilitating providing costly ship support in remote improved RAISE web site (www.raise.uaf. ship-based research in the Russian Arctic. areas for groups of researchers, and edu) has been completed, including: Although land-based joint research • government authorities’ concerns about • links to current research summaries by projects under the RAISE umbrella have scientific access within the Russian RAISE investigators, moved forward over the past few years, Exclusive Economic Zone (see page 16). • links to other arctic research sites, including studies of: It is hoped that the RAISE effort will lead • contact information for Russian and • organic material and nutrient fluxes to a joint announcement of opportunity U.S. members of the International from Russian rivers, by both NSF and the Russian Foundation Science Steering Committee (ISSC), and • seasonal flooding dynamics along rivers, for Basic Research, promoting joint ship- • information on past and planned and based research on a variety of topics by meetings of the ISSC. • reconstruction of late-Pleistocene Russian and U.S. investigators. A Russian language version of the web glacial and sea-level history on Wrangel Current and past research programs page is planned. Island, such as the successful Russian-German The next meeting of RAISE investiga- research topics in the nearshore waters of cooperation of the 1990s, as well as the tors and the ISSC will be in Salt Lake the Russian continental shelf have not joint U.S.-Russian Bering and Chukchi City, Utah, on 14–17 November 2001 been adequately addressed. These scientific Seas Expeditions (BERPAC) program that (see box page 6). issues range from: led to several joint research cruises in the For more information, contact Lee • the biogeochemical fate of organic mate- 1970s, ’80s, and ’90s, are being used as Cooper in Knoxville, TN (865/974-2990; rials contributed to the Arctic Ocean by successful models of bilateral research. fax 865/974-7896); [email protected]) or shoreline erosion and river runoff, to Members of the international research RAISE Project Office Director Vladimir • the social and biological impacts of community wishing to contribute to the Romanovsky in Fairbanks, AK (907/474- changes in sea-ice distributions. development of the new science plan are 7459; fax 907/474-7290; [email protected]). 7 ARCSS Program

PARCS Develops Two Updated Research Goals

he Paleoenvironmental Arctic Sci- meeting participants defined two major • the last interglacial (marine isotope stage Tences (PARCS) community held its research goals. 5), which appears as a very strong warm- principal investigator meeting in March A key area of concern is how much do ing in the paleo record approximately 2001 at the University of Massachusetts, recent observations of climate change in 125,000 years ago. in conjunction with the annual Arctic the Arctic reflect natural climate cycles? Key topics to investigate in relation to Workshop. Two major issues affecting arc- The first PARCS goal is, therefore, to these periods are: tic paleo research dominated the agenda: describe the spatial and temporal context • feedbacks and nonlinear changes • a recent shift in NSF funding of 20th-century warming and current (surprises) as consequences of strong administration, and observations of climatic change with refer- warming—particularly the role of sea • a need to revise and renew the PARCS ence to high-resolution records of the past ice, ice sheets, and land-surface cover; science goals (see Witness Spring 2000) 2,000 years and the Holocene (the past • the implications of strong warming for with respect to the ARCSS Program. 10,000 years). Major topics include: arctic and global carbon budgets. An important change in the proposal- • the medieval warm period (approxi- These two goals will contribute to application and funding system for arctic mately AD 1000–1400) and Little Ice discussions at the February 2002 ARCSS paleosciences at NSF will take place in FY Age (approximately AD 1400–1850), All-Hands meeting (see page 6) and, possi- 2002. The Earth System History (ESH) • high-amplitude Holocene climate bly in modified form, will be the key foci program will no longer administer propos- cycles, and for ARCSS-related paleo research. als funded by Arctic Natural Sciences • the possible connection of the onset of At the end of 2001, Darrell Kaufman (ANS; see page 10) or ARCSS; instead, the neoglacial (a mid-Holocene cooling (Northern Arizona University) and Feng- these programs will deal directly with their particularly evident at high northern Sheng Hu (University of Illinois) will respective proposals. latitudes) with shifts in the frequency replace Bruce Finney and Julie Brigham- and amplitude of such climate cycles. Grette on the PARCS SSC. Current Status of PARCS More and more evidence suggests that For more information, see the PARCS Arctic paleo research is currently car- the Arctic is shifting to conditions that are web site (www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/ ried out in many forms that are important warmer than any within living memory. parcs), or contact PARCS Co-chairs Glen in the general context of arctic science. The second PARCS goal is to describe the MacDonald in Los Angeles, CA (310/825- This broad mission is clearly set out in the consequences of very warm arctic climates 2568; fax 310/206-5976; 1999 PARCS science and implementation for marine and terrestrial systems. Very [email protected]) and Mary plan, The Arctic Paleosciences in the Context warm past arctic scenarios that can serve Edwards in Trondheim, Norway (+47/ of Global Change Research (see Witness as analogues for future warming include: 7359-1915; fax +47/7359-1878; mary. Spring/Autumn 1999); the PARCS Sci- • the early Holocene, when the Arctic [email protected]); or Mike Retelle in ence Steering Committee (SSC) intends experienced high summer insolation Lewiston, ME (207/786-6155; fax 207/ that PARCS will continue to work toward anomalies; and 786-8334; [email protected]). these goals, both in the U.S. research community and through international organizations and collaborations. Updates on PARCS activities and future directions HARC Explores Ways to Stimulate Discussion will be available soon in an edition of the PARCS newsletter PaleoTimes. ecause human activities in the Arctic depend closely upon the environment, Bnatural or human-caused changes are likely to have far-reaching social, cultural, PARCS Research Goals for ARCSS and economic effects. To address these issues, NSF/ARCSS launched the Human PARCS also remains an essential Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) initiative in 1997 (see Witness Spring 1997, ARCSS component. Much of the 2001 Autumn 1998). In light of the specific disciplinary and cultural challenges that PARCS meeting was devoted to develop- researchers face in assembling research teams and developing appropriately integrated ing a focused set of research goals for the approaches, the recently funded HARC Science Management Office (SMO) is explor- next three to five years, consistent both ing new ways of engaging the scientific community and others in creative discussions. with new directions in the research com- Beginning in fall 2001, a series of Internet-based open workshops will provide munity and, specifically, with anticipated opportunities for communication across disciplinary, cultural, and national bound- progress in the ARCSS Program over the aries, bringing expertise from many perspectives to bear on the critical research ques- next five to ten years. As the ARCSS Pro- tions that HARC was developed to address. Workshop announcements will be gram becomes more integrative in its sci- disseminated through ArcticInfo (see www.arcus.org) and the HARC web site. ence and structure, paleo research activities For more information, see the HARC web site (www.arcus.org/harc), or contact will be important to the development of a SMO Director Henry Huntington in Eagle River, AK (907/696-3564; fax 907/696- coherent perspective. With this in mind, 3565; [email protected]). 8 ARCSS Program

SHEBA Data Helping to Evaluate Performance of Models

or one year beginning in October SHEBA. ARCMIP results will be applied, SHEBA-column integrated dataset, and F1997, SHEBA conducted field work in turn, to the SHEBA SCM. identification of the individuals who will from a ship frozen into the arctic ice pack The Joint Office for Science Support oversee completion of the elements (see Witness Autumn 1998). SHEBA is (JOSS; see page 15) at the University within each of 12 categories—top-of- now in its third and final phase, with 17 Corporation for Atmospheric Research the-atmosphere radiation, atmospheric projects focused on using the 1997–98 provides data management support to structure, atmospheric boundary layer, dataset to study processes and mechanisms SHEBA. During the final two years of surface flux forcing, atmospheric advec- that affect climate feedback in the arctic Phase III, JOSS expects to process an esti- tion, cloud properties, surface optical system. The goals of SHEBA are: mated 50–100 new, extended, or revised properties, state of the sea-ice and snow • to improve simulations of the Arctic in SHEBA datasets, totaling approximately cover, ice deformation, ocean structure, global climate models, and 100 Gbytes. Highest-priority integrated ocean turbulence and boundary layer, • to improve our capability to monitor data sets are gridded fields (e.g., surface and miscellaneous; and arctic climate using satellites and temperature), a SHEBA column dataset • updated and more detailed definition of autonomous remote platforms. for the entire SHEBA year, and datasets SHEBA’s six case study periods in 1998 SHEBA’s Phase III principal investiga- for specific case study periods (see next (14–20 January; 25–29 April; 20–24 tors (PIs) met in Boulder, Colorado, in column). Results of the 2001 SHEBA data May; 20–24 July; 10–20 June; and July 2001 for updates on the Phase III questionnaire conducted by JOSS are 28 July–2 August) as well as associated objectives of modeling and in-depth analy- available at www.joss.ucar.edu/sheba/ datasets, model experiments, and case sis of processes and feedback mechanisms. phase3/webresponse/. study leaders. These periods are to be SHEBA data have been used to evalu- The ARCSS Data Coordination analyzed in detail by all Phase III PIs. ate the performance of the global, coupled Center (see Witness Winter 2000/2001) The Phase III PIs aim to complete the Community Climate System Model has posted satellite reconnaissance imagery extended, updated, integrated column data (CCSM), which proved to be simulating of the SHEBA experimental region (5 km2 set in approximately six months and to more winter cloud cover and incident and 20 megabytes each) on the web at meet again within a year to develop first surface long-wave irradiance than are actu- http://arcss.colorado.edu/Projects/Sheba drafts of collaborative, project-wide papers. ally observed. Ongoing SHEBA research is Recon/metadata1.html. Renovations of the SHEBA web site addressing the cloud and radiation prob- Breakout groups at the workshop dis- include a restructuring into two sections— lems but has not yet resulted in imple- cussed single-column modeling, ice-albedo one for the general public and one for mented improvements in the CCSM. The feedback and solar energy, atmosphere and SHEBA Phase III scientists. polar physics of the most up-to-date ocean boundary-layer modeling, global For more information, see the SHEBA version of the CCSM includes a multi- and regional models, radiative transfer web site (http://sheba.apl.washington. category ice-thickness-distribution model modeling, and model evaluation and feed- edu), or contact Dick Moritz in Seattle, with a surface albedo parameterization, back analysis. These discussions generated: WA (206/543-8023; fax 206/543-3521; which tracks the SHEBA observations • a more detailed definition of the [email protected]). fairly well. This new model is to be released in approximately January 2002. SHEBA data are also being used to simulate and diagnose the energy and mass OAII Considers New Initiatives budget of the ocean-atmosphere-ice column at the SHEBA experimental site. he Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) component of the ARCSS The initial arctic single-column model T Program has made progress on several fronts in the first half of 2001, including (SCM) provides a credible starting point publishing a new science plan, preparing for the OAII All-Hands Meeting in Novem- for model improvement, capturing much ber 2001 (see box on page 6), considering new research initiatives dealing with of the variability in surface temperature, nearshore and atmospheric processes that will be discussed at the OAII All-Hands heat budget components, ice thickness, meeting, and adding an outreach page to the OAII web site. Phase III of the Surface and upper ocean temperature on time Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) program continues to use data from the 1997– scales ranging from a few days to a season. 98 field work to study climate feedbacks and processes (see article this page), while The most notable weakness is that, like the Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) researchers have submitted proposals for Phase II field global CCSM, the SCM oversimulates work (see page 10). cloud cover during winter and early spring. For more information, see the OAII web site (http://arcss-oaii.hpl.umces.edu), The Arctic Regional Climate Model or contact Lou Codispoti or Jane Hawkey at the University of Maryland Center for Intercomparison Project (ARCMIP; see Environmental Science’s Horn Point Laboratory in Cambridge, MD (410/221-8479; Witness Winter 2000/2001) is concentrat- fax 410/221-8490; [email protected], [email protected]). ing its initial efforts on simulating 9 ARCSS Program

Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) Prepares for Field Work

he Western Arctic Shelf-Basin seasonal survey and process studies, and page 22), discussions at the Arctic Ocean TInteractions (SBI) project, sponsored modeling efforts. This phase focuses on Science Board meeting generated support by the ARCSS Program and the U.S. three research topics in the core study area: for an International SBI working group to Office of Naval Research, is investigating • northward fluxes of water and bioactive foster pan-arctic scientific collaboration on the arctic marine ecosystem to improve elements through the Bering Strait studies of shelf-basin interactions. Forma- our capacity to predict environmental input region; tion of an International SBI group was one change (see Witness Winter 2000/2001). • seasonal and spatial variability in the recommendation of the November 2000 Since 1999, SBI Phase I principal investi- production and recycling of biogenic SBI pan-arctic meeting (see Witness Win- gators have conducted retrospective matter on the shelf-slope area; and ter 2000/2001). Jackie Grebmeier, direc- research and analyses, opportunistic sam- • temporal and spatial variability of tor of the U.S. SBI Project Office, will ini- pling studies, and modeling to prepare for exchanges across the shelf-slope region tially chair this group. Phase II field work in the Chukchi and into the Canada Basin. For more information, see the SBI web Beaufort seas. Phase II funding decisions are expected by site (http://utk-biogw.bio.utk.edu/SBI. The SBI Phase II Field Implementation October 2001. nsf), or contact Jackie Grebmeier in Knox- Plan outlines a five-year (2002–06) Following an SBI presentation at the ville, TN (865/974-2592; fax 865/974- sampling program combining moorings, 2001 Arctic Science Summit Week (see 7896; [email protected]).

Arctic Natural Sciences Program

Arctic Natural Sciences Supports Fundamental Research

he Arctic Natural Sciences Program ies, magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, their physical and biological interactions T(ANS) is a multidisciplinary program and atmospheric dynamics and chemistry with the global hydrosphere, and forma- within the NSF Office of Polar Programs, (see pages 4 and 5). Conjugate studies tion and maintenance of the arctic sea-ice supporting research primarily in the atmo- are considered jointly with the Antarctic cover. Areas of interest are the distribution spheric, biological, and earth sciences, Aeronomy and Astrophysics Program. of life in high-latitude oceans; low-tem- including glaciology and oceanography. In the biological sciences, OPP sup- perature life processes; formation, move- This program provides core support for ports research in freshwater, marine, and ment, and mixing of arctic water masses; disciplinary research in the Arctic. terrestrial biology; organismal adaptation growth and decay of sea ice; exchange of Two ANS program directors share the to the arctic environment; ecology; ecosys- salt and heat with the Atlantic Ocean and program’s diverse portfolio. For the most tem structure and processes; and biological the Bering Sea; magnetic anomalies, heat part, Jane Dionne, a geologist with spe- consequences of ultraviolet radiation. flow, and gravity variations; sedimentary cialty in sedimentary geology, handles pro- In the earth sciences, ANS supports history; and the role of the Arctic Ocean posals in glaciology, geology, and geophys- all sub-disciplines of terrestrial and marine and adjacent seas in global climate. ics. Neil Swanberg, a zoologist and ocean- geology and geophysics. Special emphasis ANS supports research on contami- ographer who has also worked with the in- is placed on understanding geological nants in the Arctic, including their physi- ternational global change science commu- processes important to the arctic regions cal, chemical, and biological behavior and nity, manages proposals in atmospheric and geologic history dominated by human impacts. Such research may focus sciences and space physics, biology, ocean- those processes. on one component or address complex ography, and contaminants. Glaciological research in ANS is con- interdependencies. Priority is placed on ANS research in arctic atmospheric sci- cerned with the study of the history and fundamental questions, including those ences focuses on stratospheric and tropo- dynamics of all naturally occurring forms that will contribute to the development of spheric processes as well as arctic climate of snow and ice, including seasonal snow, increasingly comprehensive models of and meteorology. ANS has supported glaciers, and the Greenland ice sheet. large-scale arctic physical phenomena. work on past climates and atmospheric Program emphases include ice dynamics, For more information, see the ANS gases as preserved in arctic snow and ice numerical modeling, glacial geology, and web site (www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/ cores, as well as atmosphere-sea and remote sensing of ice sheets. natural.htm), or contact Jane Dionne or atmosphere-snow/ice interactions. Oceanographic research funded by Neil Swanberg in Arlington, VA (703/ In upper atmospheric and space phys- ANS is improving knowledge of the struc- 292-8030; fax 703/292-9082; ics, research interests include auroral stud- ture of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, [email protected]; [email protected]). 10 Arctic Natural Sciences Program

Fossils may Harbor Pathogens that Caused Extinctions

nder a grant from the Arctic Natural of days. If the agent is easily transmitted USciences Program, scientists from the from host to host, epidemics (epizootics) American Museum of Natural History in of exceptional mortality can be ignited. New York City are collecting remains of Worse, if epizootics started simultaneously extinct late-Quaternary mammals from the in several different species, the infectious Taimyr Peninsula and elsewhere in the agent could have continued to spread Arctic to determine if they contain evi- rather than simply “burn out”—the usual dence of ancient infectious diseases. The fate of highly lethal pathogens that quickly investigation will test a new hypothesis run out of new individuals to infect. In about the cause of certain ice-age mammal any species, serious infectious diseases extinctions—that they may not have been commonly hit the two ends of the age dis- due to climate change or overhunting by tribution particularly hard—the old and humans, but instead to superplagues of the very young. This pattern is especially great virulence and lethality. devastating for species that reproduce Late-Quaternary extinctions were slowly, such as large mammals. extensive. In northern Asia and the conti- Other factors, including climate nental parts of the New World, at least change and human hunting, may have 130–140 species of mammals went extinct contributed to population declines, but over a period of probably much less than the researchers are trying to determine 1000 years. These extinctions, mostly whether emerging diseases were the prime Ross MacPhee (American Museum of Natural History) among species of large or “megafaunal” cause of the Pleistocene extinctions. uses a specially adapted drill bit to access the marrow cavity of a woolly mammoth tibia found on the Taimyr body size (e.g., woolly mammoth), Evidence to test the disease hypothesis will Peninsula. Because the marrow cavity is connected to the occurred immediately after the first probably come in several forms, including: vascular system in a living animal, pathogens that were appearance of humans in the respective • small pieces of genetic material from travelling through the circulatory system near time of death may be preserved in marrow tissue. Bone plugs are areas. Many researchers believe that the pathogen genomes, and used for host DNA studies and 14C dating. MacPhee and extinctions could only have been caused • fragments of the proteinaceous coats colleagues are working in Taimyr because the youngest by direct impacts related to migrating that enclose some kinds of viruses. radiocarbon dates yet found for mainland mammoths (ca. 9,600 years BP) come from the area and because humans, such as overhunting. Very few To recover and identify these microbial relatively cold conditions have prevailed there, increasing kill sites of relevant age have been discov- fossils, Alex Greenwood, Ross MacPhee, prospects of recovering DNA samples that have been well ered in the Americas or northern Asia, and their associates are using an array of preserved (photo by Clare Flemming). however, and how small bands of hunters techniques drawn from modern molecular with unsophisticated tool kits could have biology and immunology. Recovering the and isolate candidate pathogens and then wrought so much destruction in so short remains of ancient pathogens depends collect enough samples to determine if any a period remains unclear. largely on the quality of preservation un- were prevalent enough to be regarded as Proponents of the disease hypothesis der natural conditions. Because cold con- the agents of superplagues. suggest that this “dreadful syncopation”— ditions can slow the rate of degradation of This project has benefited greatly from the humans come, the animals go—was DNA, the researchers are concentrating on the active participation of European col- connected with human presence, but indi- the analysis of relatively young fossils (10– leagues in various investigations and rectly. Humans, or more likely their com- 20,000 years old) from areas like Taimyr strong in-country support by the secre- mensals or synanthropics, might have that have experienced persistently cold tariat of the International Mammoth acted as carriers for infectious diseases to conditions since the last glaciation. Committee in St. Petersburg. which they themselves were well adapted. The investigators have been able to For more information, contact Ross The immunologically-naive species that recover well-preserved mitochondrial MacPhee in New York, NY (212/769-5480; humans encountered in the course of their DNA—and, for the first time, nuclear fax 212/769-5239; [email protected]). migrations to the northern parts of the DNA—from mammoths and muskox world were unprepared for this microbial from Taimyr. The team has also demon- References onslaught. strated the presence of endogenous Greenwood, A.D., F. Lee, C. Capelli, Emerging infectious diseases can follow retrovirus-like sequences in mammoth R. DeSalle, P.A. Marx, and R.D.E. many different courses, but the classic host specimens from Alaska and Siberia MacPhee. 2001. Evolution of endog- reaction to completely novel infections (as (Greenwood et al. 2001). Although these enous retroviral-like elements of the in the case of Ebola disease in humans) is particular entities are not infectious, the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus poor or inappropriate immune response same techniques can be used to recover primigenius) and its relatives. Mol. Biol. followed by massive symptomology, sys- information on exogenous (foreign) Evol. 18: 840–847. temic collapse, and often death in a matter microbes. The researchers must identify 11 Arctic Social Sciences Program

Inuit Perceptions of Aging Withstand the Test of Time

The following two articles profile research made possible by dissertation-improvement awards Inuit has focused on the sweeping through the Arctic Social Sciences Program (see box). Opportunities for graduate student sup- social, economic, and political changes port through NSF include: occurring in the Canadian Arctic, the • standard research grants, research focused on the following issues: • Graduate Fellowships, • the ways in which Inuit of different • dissertation-improvement awards, and generations define the life course and • grants for Graduate Fellows in K–12 Education (see page 26). expect their lives will unfold; • how changes to Inuit society—particu- larly settlement in the permanent com- imon leaned forward and stirred some fast. I worked too hard, so my body wore munity, schooling, and moderniza- Ssugar into his tea before answering the out quick. Not like white people, these tion—have altered relationships question. “How come my body’s no more Eskimos.” between elders and juniors in Holman; good? I eat well, alright, but all Inuit is not As part of his dissertation project and the same, you know. Some of them, they funded by the Arctic Social Sciences Pro- • how Inuit definitions of individual can still go a long ways even though gram, Peter Collings (University of health and an individual’s ability to they’re inutquaq (old men). But I get old Nebraska – Lincoln) interviewed Simon manage senescence correlate with quick because I work too hard. I remem- and 37 other Inuit to investigate Inuit successful aging. ber when I was younger, I used to travel conceptions of aging and elderhood in Lengthy, open-ended interviews with from here to Fish Lake, I’d get there Holman, Northwest Territories, Canada. Inuit ranging from 20–85 years old before anybody was up and having break- Because much of the current literature on revealed that, contrary to Collings’ original expectations, there remains a great deal of cultural continuity within the community. The narratives of young Inuit males, for example, suggest that, although they are Arctic Social Sciences Program Grows not fluent in Inuinaqtun, and few can hope to become full-time hunters and he Arctic Social Sciences Program (ASSP) received a 25% funding increase in trappers, they continue to value their rela- FY 2001, bringing the total budget—including research support and logis- T tionships with their older relatives. Indeed, tics—to $2.3 million. The ASSP is currently funding projects in political science, these young men, and all other Inuit inter- sociology, linguistics, traditional knowledge, anthropology, archaeology, and inter- viewed, seem to define their lives and their disciplinary research. This diverse portfolio is deepening understanding of past and passage through their life course in nearly present northern societies. identical fashion. The narratives reveal The ASSP sponsored a January 2001 workshop to enhance the continued devel- that Inuit are using the concept of ihuma opment of social science research in the Arctic and sub-arctic (see www.arcus.org/ (often translated as “knowledge” or ASSP_ workshop). Over 70 participants, including academic arctic researchers, “wisdom”) as an organizing principle of social scientists based in other regions, federal and state agency scientists, and policy personal development and as a marker of and decision makers working on related issues, explored: an individual’s age. • interdisciplinary linkages among the social sciences, To date, much of the literature that • opportunities for international collaboration, and focuses on contemporary Inuit society has • the interrelationships between social and physical and biological sciences. assumed that Inuit culture is changing, or The workshop identified additional opportunities for ASSP, including support of “acculturating” toward southern Canadian data sharing and management, networking, and increased facilitation of bottom-up, values, and that Inuit culture is slowly but community-based research. The Polar Research Board (see page 19) organized an surely fading away as Inuit youth are innovative round-table discussion on the perspectives of federal and state agencies exposed to southern Canadian culture. on arctic social science research. To follow up on the workshop, the ASSP is begin- Collings’ field work in Holman, however, ning planning for a large social sciences conference in fall 2002. suggests that much of what is distinctly In August, Program Manager Fae Korsmo announced that she will begin serving Inuit remains in Holman, and that, at as a program director in the office of the NSF Experimental Program to Stimulate least in the domain of aging and life Competitive Research (EPSCoR) in September; she will continue to manage the course, Inuit culture remains not only Arctic Social Sciences Program until a replacement can be recruited. intact but vibrant. The ASSP welcomes proposals in August and February of each year. For more For more information, contact Peter information, see the ASSP web site (www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/social.htm), or con- Collings in Lincoln, NE (402/472-9422; tact Program Manager Fae Korsmo in Arlington, VA (703/292-8030; fax 703/292- fax 402/472-9642; [email protected]). 9082; [email protected]). 12 Arctic Social Sciences Program

Ph.D. Study Documents Athabascan Language Structure

any of the indigenous languages subtly, in Tanacross discourse patterns, is pronounced with a low tone, while Mspoken in the interior region of but it is also readily apparent in the struc- the word t’áath (cottonwood tree) is northwestern North America belong to the ture of the words themselves. For example, pronounced with a high tone, indicated Athabascan family, a large group of closely Tanacross pays particular attention to the in the orthography by an acute accent. related languages including, for instance, way an object is handled; this is reflected Because the realization of tone on a par- Navajo and Apache. ticular word is dependent on where that Evidence from the study of linguistic word occurs in a phrase, careful work is diversity clearly indicates a northern required to document the underlying lexi- homeland for the Athabascan languages; cal (defining) tone correctly. more than half of the Athabascan lan- Another area of investigation is mor- guages are spoken in Alaska and the neigh- phology, or word structure. Like other boring Yukon Territory, Canada. Further- Athabascan languages, Tanacross words more, the closest relatives to the Athabas- are composed of many meaningful parts can family—Eyak and Tlingit—are also (morphemes) combined in fixed orders. spoken in this region. Many of these For example, the Tanacross word that northern languages, however, remain only means “we are eating something” is cursorily documented, with few published yi-ts’e-’áaæ, composed of the morphemes: materials and no comprehensive dictionar- • yi (something), ies or grammatical description. • ts’e (we), and Among these is Tanacross, a language • áaæ (to be eating). now spoken by fewer than 50 people in In the neighboring Ahtna language, the eastern interior Alaska. As with most other word is sc’eyaan, composed of: Alaska Native languages, Tanacross is no • s (we), longer learned as a first language by chil- • c’e (something), and dren or used as the language of daily com- • yaan (to be eating). munication. Tanacross remains the first While each individual morpheme is cog- language of the Elders, however, and nate (related) across the two languages, the ordering of the morphemes differs. This is reflects and shapes the Tanacross culture. Language consultant Laura Sanford identifies Native As the Elders pass on, knowledge of the plant names near Tanacross, Alaska. This willow (Salix just one example of the variability between language and its attendant culture pass discolor) is dahæigaay (photo by Gary Holton). the Athabascan languages—while they are with them, creating an urgent need to related in much the same way that French, record that linguistic knowledge. in the use of different verb stems to refer Italian, and Spanish are related, they are With support from an Arctic Social to the handling of different types of distinct enough to require independent Sciences dissertation research grant, Gary objects. Thus, the word meaning “give me linguistic documentation. Holton, then a graduate student at the that object” varies depending on the way The new data from Tanacross: University of California, Santa Barbara that object is handled: • add to our understanding of cross- (UCSB), spent 16 months in 1999–2000 • shtl’á’inkaayh is used for an object in linguistic variation within the working with Tanacross speakers to docu- an open container (e.g., a cup of water), Athabascan family, ment the language. Most of the work was • shtl’á’inkíiyh is used for an elongated • provide the basis for further documenta- conducted in interview format with bilin- object (e.g., a gun), and tion in neighboring Han and Upper gual speakers. Several Native speakers also • shtl’á’inchuuth is used for a flat, flexible Tanana languages, and worked as consultants for the project, object (e.g., a blanket). • have been incorporated into teaching interviewing Elders and transcribing and Taken as a whole, such words form an materials for language instruction. translating recordings. With support from elaborate system of indigenous classifica- In addition to providing a foundation Tanacross Village Corporation and the tion, reflecting and embodying Tanacross for further research in both theoretical and University of Alaska Tok Center, two world views. applied linguistics, the results of Holton’s multi-day community language workshops The phonology, or sound system, of research formed the basis for his 2000 provided the opportunity for Tanacross Tanacross contrasts at least four different Ph.D. dissertation supervised by Marianne speakers and nonspeakers to learn about types of tone—high, low, rising, and fall- Mithun, a specialist at UCSB in the typol- the modern orthographic system, fostering ing. As with other tone languages, knowl- ogy and morphology of the languages of further interest in language documentation edge of the tone associated with a Native North America. within the community itself. Tanacross word is necessary in order to For more information, contact Gary The interdependence of language and pronounce the word correctly. The Holton in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-6585; culture is revealed most often, and most Tanacross word t’ah (pocket), for instance, fax 907/474-6586; [email protected]). 13 Arctic Social Sciences Program

The North Alaskan Eskimo Revisited after 40 Years

n 1959, Robert Spencer, an anthropolo- his study depicted a situation that existed Spencer assumed that no significant social Igist at the University of Minnesota, throughout the 19th century. Anthropo- change occurred in arctic Alaska during published The North Alaskan Eskimo. A logists working in northern Alaska in recent the 19th century. He did not seek evi- Study in Ecology and Society, on the basis of years, however, have come to suspect that, dence of change in his conversations with interviews he and his wife Marietta con- while Spencer’s account is accurate regard- Elders, therefore, and he ignored most that ducted with Elders in Barrow and Anaktu- ing the situation existing near the end of crossed his path. This was unfortunate, vuk Pass during the summers of 1952 and the 19th century, it may not apply as well because evidence now available shows that 1953. Spencer’s monograph was intended, to earlier portions of the post-contact era. famine and epidemic disease reduced the and has been widely regarded, as a compre- In 1999, the Arctic Social Sciences Iñupiaq population over the course of the hensive summary of 19th century Iñupiaq Program recognized the continuing signifi- 19th century to such an extent that the Eskimo culture on Alaska’s Arctic Slope. cance of Spencer’s book by funding a early contact societal structure had largely The publication has served as the reexamination of the document on the collapsed by 1900. major source on the structure of moder- 40th anniversary of its publication. For Accordingly, Burch is concentrating on ately complex hunter-gatherer societies, this purpose, E.S. Burch, Jr. of the Arctic social and demographic change, with spe- and as the basic reference on the 19th Studies Center at the Smithsonian Institu- cial attention to three periods for which century social organization and ecology tion is using several sources of informa- information is particularly abundant: of the Iñupiaq Eskimos of arctic Alaska. tion, including: 1826–39, 1849–54, and 1880–90. Burch’s Spencer’s book, which has been reprinted • 19th century journals and commentaries study should provide a more rigorous twice, made two enduring contributions to that have been discovered since 1959, understanding of both early contact Alaskan ethnography. The first was to give • a few 19th century publications that Iñupiaq societies and the changes they inland Eskimos equal billing with their Spencer overlooked, experienced over the 19th century. coastal counterparts. The second was to • Spencer’s own field notes (thanks to For more information, contact Ernest describe in some detail the dominant role the generosity of Marietta Spencer), Burch in Camp Hill, PA (717/975-3590; family relationships played in the • Point Hope field notes compiled by fax 717/975-3592; [email protected]). operation of Eskimo societies. Froelich Rainey in 1940, Anthropologists have used Spencer’s • Point Hope field notes compiled by References reconstruction to model early contact Don Foote in the early 1960s, and Beechey, F.W. 1831. Narrative of a Voy- Iñupiaq social organization, to make infer- • data Burch has obtained from age to the Pacific and Beering’s Straits in ences about how the bearers of the prehis- Elders in the region. the Years 1825, ’26, ’27, ’28. London, toric Thule Culture might have lived in Burch is conducting the study without Colburn and Bentley (2 vols.). the same part of the world at an earlier drawing on Spencer’s analysis; he will then Spencer, R.F. 1959. The North Alaskan time, and to elucidate a pre-contact compare Spencer’s results to those derived Eskimo. A Study in Ecology and Society. hunter-gatherer type of social system. from the independently acquired material. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Spencer apparently was comfortable with Burch has found evidence, both in Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin these uses of his work, since he believed Spencer’s book and in his field notes, that 171.

The Iñupiaq village of Nuwuk, at Pt. Barrow, Alaska, as first seen by Europeans in 1826. The people with upraised arms are signalling a desire to trade (from Beechey 1831). 14 Arctic Research Support and Logistics

Science Use Expands at Toolik Field Station

oolik Field Station (TFS; see Witness UAF Telephone Services, and IAB colla- Designs have been completed and site TSpring 2000), on the north slope of borated on this project, which included: preparation has begun for: Alaska, supported 4,811 science days in • connecting a buried fiber-optic cable • new residences, 2000, up 30% from 3,715 days in 1999. from the TFS to the fiber-optic cable • a washhouse, and Projections for 2001 exceed 5,200 days. that parallels the Trans-Alaska Pipeline; • a year-round science support building, Twelve temporary tent platforms and this new fiber link supplements existing all to be completed in coming years. Weatherports, provided by VECO Polar radiotelephones and allows Internet For more information, see the TFS web Resources (VPR; see page 16), provided access via the UAF computer network; site (www.uaf.edu/toolik), or contact Mike housing during periods of peak demand. • installing a wireless building-to-building Abels in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-5063; The increased use of TFS coincides Local Area Network (LAN); and fax 907/474-5513; [email protected]). with a new funding framework. Since • installing a telephone network Toolik Field Station Population Between April 8–October 1 June 2000, the NSF Arctic Research Sup- based on internet protocol, for 1997–2001 port and Logistics Program has covered in-camp and external 120 2001 base operations costs at TFS through a communications. 2000 100 1999 1998 cooperative agreement with the Institute During the past two seasons, 1997 of Arctic Biology (IAB) at the University additional upgrades have included: 80 of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). Users now pay • new snow machines, boats and 60 Population only the incremental costs of their station outboard motors, four-wheeler 40 use. The cooperative agreement allows and trailer, laboratory furniture, IAB to operate and develop TFS in a and beds; and 20 stable funding and planning environment. • installation of a temporary 0 5-Jul 3-Jun 1-Oct 7-Sep 8-Apr 13-Jul 21-Jul 29-Jul 6-Aug 2-May 11-Jun 19-Jun 27-Jun 15-Sep 23-Sep 16-Apr 24-Apr 14-Aug 22-Aug 30-Aug Funded by NSF, a major communica- dining tent, an electric panel, 10-May 18-May 26-May tions upgrade for the station was com- and modules for a generator User days at Toolik Field Station have increased in both the peak and pleted in July 2001. VPR, VECO Alaska, and temporary shower and shoulder seasons since June 2000, when NSF began covering base SRI International, UAF Facility Services, washroom. operations costs (figure prepared by Mike Abels).

JOSS Helps Arctic Researchers Manage Datasets

or nearly 20 years, the Joint Office (see Witness Winter 2000/2001), and mit—in near real-time—field reports, Ffor Science Support (JOSS) at the • the Shelf-Basin Interactions project equipment status summaries, and data University Corporation for Atmospheric (see page 10). products that are valuable for in-field Research (UCAR) has provided scientific, JOSS supports data-sharing mechanisms, analysis. These logs can become the technical, and administrative support for including web-based tools and workshops, permanent record of field activities. field research anywhere in the world. for ARCSS scientists engaged in these In addition, JOSS can work with the JOSS participates, for instance, in data- research programs. investigators to build composite datasets, management coordination for the interna- The JOSS support is determined by form new datasets, or provide quality- tional Arctic Climate System Study/ close coordination with project scientists control processing for selected types Climate and Cryosphere (ACSYS/CliC) and science management offices—the of data. projects of the World Climate Research common thread is to help the researchers The large ARCSS datsets that are ben- Programme. archive and share data while fostering efitting from JOSS support as field data In 1996, NSF enlisted JOSS (see Wit- access to datasets by the rest of the arctic are generated will be transferred, ulti- ness Winter 2000/2001) to help archive science community. Specific JOSS data mately, to the ARCSS Data Coordination the volumes of data that are being gener- management capabilities include: Center at the Snow and Ice Data Center ated, often simultaneously across many • an on-line interactive data catalog archi- in Boulder, Colorado, (see Witness Winter disciplines, by the ARCSS Program’s val and distribution system (CODIAC), 2000/2001), for long-term management. largest field projects: which offers scientists a means to The National Oceanic and Atmo- • the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic archive data while allowing others to spheric Administration (NOAA) and NSF Ocean (see page 9), identify datasets, view selected data and are principal sponsors of JOSS. • Arctic Transitions in the Land- meta-data, and obtain data via the For more information, see the JOSS Atmosphere System (see Witness Internet or other media; and web site (www.joss.ucar.edu/), or contact Autumn 1998), • the JOSS on-line field catalog, which Jim Moore in Boulder, CO (303/497-8635; • the International Tundra Experiment provides participants the ability to sub- fax 303/497-8158; [email protected]). 15 Arctic Research Support and Logistics

Russian Logistics are Challenging, Not Insurmountable

he Russian Arctic remains a logistical both entering and leaving the country for jackets increase the likelihood of accidents. Tchallenge for American investigators. personnel, scientific equipment, and Medical Advisory Systems, Inc. (MAS) Although access to colleagues, facilities, chemicals. Arrangements for communica- and a few other organizations can provide and information is now less hampered by tions equipment and GPS units are best medical advice and evacuations if needed. security concerns than before, economic handled entirely by Russian collaborators. and political difficulties can make logistics, Many scientific field stations have Office of Polar Programs Efforts permitting, and transportation in the vast closed, and those that remain are not well The Arctic Section of the NSF Office Russian Arctic problematic. supported. The biological field stations of Polar Programs (OPP) has taken several associated with nature reserves (zapovedniki), steps to aid U.S. investigators working in Advice from Researchers although fairly common, are not much the Russian Arctic. OPP has tasked VECO Western investigators who have more than shelters. Polar Resources (VPR; see box) to provide worked recently in the Russian Arctic offer Transportation beyond major cities is a support to specific projects in Russia. the following general advice. challenge. Many high-arctic towns with The Barrow Arctic Science Consor- Collaborating with Russian investiga- rail and air service during the Soviet period tium (BASC), through its cooperative tors, rather than institutions, is the most are now closed or nearly so. Use of small agreement with OPP, has developed the direct way to access appropriate logistic fixed-wing aircraft is inadvisable because Chukotka Science Support Group (CSSG) systems, sampling platforms, and field sta- runways are not maintained in many areas. to provide permitting, customs, and logis- tions. It is vital to begin planning with Rus- Helicopters, the remaining option for tical support in Chukotka. Staffed by sian colleagues at least a year in advance areas not accessible by boat, are expensive members of two Native groups—the for remote field work. Although foreigners and increasingly unreliable. Ship-based Yup’ik Eskimo Society and the Naukan may now establish bank accounts in Russia investigators face additional barriers to Production Cooperative (Chukchi)— and transfer funds to remote areas, it accessing research sites (see page 7). CSSG is supporting several U.S.-funded remains difficult to arrange permits and Less rigorous safety standards for every- projects in Chukotka and developing transportation and to negotiate customs thing from sidewalks to availability of life logistical infrastructure in Lavrentiya and Provideniya. At the invitation of Governor Roman Abramovich of the Chukotka VECO Completes Second Arctic Field Season Autonomous Okrug, BASC and CSSG are developing background data to help select he NSF Arctic Research Logistics Support Services (ARLSS) contractor, VECO sites for environmental observatories and TPolar Resources (VPR; see Witness Winter 2000/2001) has completed its second may organize a U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker arctic field season, collaborating with researchers, other logistics providers, and local scientific cruise to Chukotka for 2002. organizations to provide high-quality logistics support to NSF investigators. In partnership with the NSF Geo- In its second year, VPR has supported more than 70 research projects in sciences Directorate and International Greenland, Alaska, Canada, Russia, near the North Pole, and several vessel-based Office and the U.S. Civilian Research and research cruises. Accomplishments in 2001 include: Development Foundation (CRDF), OPP • doubling the ARLSS satellite telephone inventory and upgrading to newer, established a science liaison office in more robust models of INMARSAT mini-M and Iridium; Moscow in 1999. The CRDF can assist • organizing wilderness first aid and safety training for 25 arctic researchers; researchers with financial and permitting • providing specifically tailored first aid kits and a remote medical care service arrangements in Russia. (Medical Advisory Systems; see article this page) to 10 field projects; Information about Russia is becoming • completing the 2000–01 Summit, Greenland, winter campaign and planning more available on the Internet, and the for 2001–02; OPP-supported Arctic Logistics Informa- • installing a new generator system and additional sleeping quarters at Summit Camp; tion and Support (ALIAS) web site will • coordinating more than 600 hours of aircraft support for researchers working provide a portal to the most useful sites on in remote locations of Alaska; logistics issues in Russia. • supporting a 12-person research team at Cherskii in Siberia (see article this page); and For more information, see these web • providing logistics costs estimates for almost a dozen research proposals. sites: VPR (www.vecopolar.com), BASC Plans for 2002 include further enhancements to field communications capabili- (www.arcticscience.org), CRDF (www.crdf. ties, additional Russia-based projects, offering field training courses at several U.S. org), ALIAS (www.arcus.org/alias), MAS universities during the off-season, and continued enhancements to VPR’s web site. (www.mas1.com), or contact Arctic For more information, see the VPR web site (www.vecopolar.com), or contact Research Support and Logistics Program Project Manager Jill Ferris in Englewood, CO (720/344-5619; fax 720/344-6514; Manager Simon Stephenson in Arlington, [email protected]). VA (703/292-7435; fax 703/292-9082; [email protected]). 16 Arctic Research Support and Logistics

With Healy Underway, AICC Turns to Science Facilitation

ith the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter from five nations are following up on the to use any of the icebreakers in 2003 are WHealy safely through science trials new evidence, obtained by the 1999 due by 15 February 2002. Critical infor- and working in the eastern Arctic on her SCICEX cruise, of volcanism at the ultra- mation for icebreaker cruise planning in first funded science cruises, the Arctic Ice- slow spreading ridge (see page 1). The general and the Healy in particular can be breaker Coordinating Committee (AICC) mission includes petrological, geophysical, found on the Coast Guard web site is now turning its full attention to science hydrothermal, and biological studies of the (www.uscg.mil/pacarea/iceops/cpmanual/ facilitation for the three U.S. Coast Guard ridge system. Sponsored by the NSF cpmanual.htm). icebreakers (Healy, Polar Sea, and Polar Teachers Experiencing Antarctica and the The AICC acknowledges the contribu- Star). On behalf of the University- Arctic Program (see Witness Winter 2000/ tions of the members who are cycling off National Oceanographic Laboratory Sys- 2001), a seventh-grade science teacher is the committee—Joe Coburn (Woods tem (UNOLS), the AICC is developing a also participating in the cruise (see http:// Hole Oceanographic Institution), Glenn post-cruise assessment procedure for all tea.rice.edu/tea_adamsfrontpage.html). Cota (Old Dominion University), and funded cruises and continues to work with For more information on the Healy’s cruise Dan Lubin (Scripps University). The three the Coast Guard and NSF on: to the Gakkel Ridge, see www.earthscape. new members—Bob Bourke (Naval Post- • long-range planning, org/rr1/hea01/hea01.html. graduate School), Margo Edwards (Uni- • establishing procedures for ongoing data Other arctic science missions for 2001 versity of Hawaii), and Peter Minnett collection, and have included: (Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmo- • prioritizing science equipment needs for •a Polar Star cruise to the St. Lawrence spheric Science, University of Miami)— the icebreakers. Island polynya in March, came on board in September 2001 for the The Coast Guard is working to standard- • a second Healy cruise in the eastern AICC meeting in Washington, DC. ize equipment (e.g., salinometers, Arctic Ocean, and For more information on the AICC, debubblers, CTDs) across all three vessels. • both funded and opportunistic science see the UNOLS web site (www.unols.org), The Healy’s maiden science mission is to the Bering and Chukchi seas on or contact AICC Chair Lisa Clough in a joint voyage with the German research board the Polar Sea in July and August. Greenville, NC (252/328-1834; fax 252/ vessel, Polarstern, to the Gakkel Ridge. Final details are being worked out for a 328-4178; [email protected]) or the From July to October 2001, investigators busy year in 2002 as well. NSF proposals UNOLS office ([email protected]).

UNOLS Develops Design for an Arctic Mid-Sized Vessel

n September 2000, the Ship Acquisition • a technical description of the ship • a 1,024 sq. ft. main lab, Iand Upgrade Program of the NSF Divi- (e.g., expected speed, power, stability, • a 500 sq. ft. wet lab, sion of Ocean Sciences provided funding seakeeping, range, endurance), and • a 220 sq. ft. analytical lab, to the University of Alaska Fairbanks • a description of the general arrange- • a 240 sq. ft. electronics shop, and (UAF) for a concept design study for an ments, (e.g., inboard and outboard • a 309 sq. ft. electronics/computer lab. Alaskan Region Research Vessel (ARRV). profiles, machinery and science All the labs will be on the main deck. The vessel will replace the 35-year-old arrangements). Adaptable laboratory and deck space will RV Alpha Helix for year-round research The ARRV is expected to be used for accommodate diverse capabilities such as in the North Pacific Ocean and sub-arctic a variety of science missions, with an over-the-side fisheries sampling and waters, as well as serving seasonally in emphasis on general oceanographic and acoustic procedures. the Arctic (see Witness Spring 2000). fisheries investigations in high-latitude Glosten Associates of Seattle developed The just-completed concept design will open seas, nearshore regions, and seasonal the completed concept design, and Arno have applications to both the ARRV and sea ice. As part of its strengthening for use Keinonen of AKAC, Inc., consulted on to the development of future intermediate in seasonal sea ice, the vessel will have: the hull features related to sea ice. The vessels in the University-National Oceano- • a two-foot reamer on each side of the design committee, chaired by Vera graphic Laboratory System (UNOLS) hull to reduce hull pressure and allow Alexander (UAF), is seeking additional fleet. The UNOLS Fleet Improvement efficient turning in ice, and funding from NSF to develop a more Committee developed the science mission • an ice wedge beneath the keel to push detailed preliminary design for the ARRV. requirements and is overseeing develop- ice sheets aside. For more information, contact Vera ment of the ARRV; a joint committee of Other specifications include: Alexander, Robert Elsner, or Terry investigators from UAF and the Woods • length of 226 ft. (69 m), Whitledge in Fairbanks (907/474-6824; Hole Oceanographic Institution collabo- • endurance of 45 days, fax 907/474-7386; [email protected]; rated on the design study, which includes: • science berths for 24, [email protected]; [email protected]). 17 Arctic Research Support and Logistics

Working Group Outlines New Edition of Logistics Report

he Arctic Research Support and The report also will discuss needed The first draft of the next edition of TLogistics Working Group (RSLWG) improvements in several general research- Logistics Recommendations for an Improved is supported by NSF to represent the support areas identified by the science U.S. Arctic Research Capability will be research community in providing long- community, including: available for community review in term expertise and advice on arctic • field safety, spring 2002. logistics and science support issues • long-term observing systems, For more information, see the ARCUS (see Witness Winter 2000/2001). • access to modeling capacity and results web site (www.arcus.org/rslwg/), or con- The Working Group organized a to develop a predictive capability, tact RSLWG co-chairs Peter Schlosser in session on Arctic Research Support and • technology investments, Palisades, NY (845/365-8707; fax 845/ Logistics (RSL) during the ARCUS 13th • synthesizing local and research-based 365-8155; [email protected]) and annual meeting in May 2001. knowledge, Terry Tucker in Hanover, NH (603/646- Presentations included: • interagency cooperation, and 4268; fax 603/646-4644; wtucker@ • an update from NSF Arctic Research • international collaboration and access crrel.usace.army.mil). Support and Logistics Program Manager to key locations. Simon Stephenson; • discussion of RSLWG activities and community perspectives on arctic logistics; The Future of SCICEX • a report on 2000 and 2001 field support activities by Jill Ferris, VECO Polar he USS Hawkbill, the last Sturgeon-class nuclear submarine operated by the Resources project manager (see page TU.S. Navy, was inactivated at Pearl Harbor in 1999, ending the first phase of 16); and the Science Ice Exercises (SCICEX) program. Five vessels from this class supported • an update on the results of the April SCICEX cruises from 1995 to 1999 (see page 1). The scientific community 2001 workshop on infrastructure support remains hopeful that opportunities will emerge for future submarine-based research for arctic science in the Barrow region. in the Arctic. The U.S. Arctic Research Commission (USARC; see facing page), Members of the RSLWG are drafting which fostered the development of the SCICEX program, is tracking six possibili- an update of Logistics Recommendations for ties, most on a relatively distant time scale. an Improved U.S. Arctic Research Capabil- The USARC, NSF, the Office of Naval Research, and the operational Navy ity (ARCUS 1997), using community have concluded a Memorandum of Understanding to continue SCICEX operations input gathered at the May 2001 session on a “Cruises of Opportunity” basis. This will allow short data-collection opportu- and from previous community surveys and nities but without science riders or special instrument installation. In summer town meetings. The update will: 2001, both the USS Scranton (Los Angeles class) and USS Connecticut (Seawolf • develop recommendations for future class) were deployed to the Arctic, proving the capability of these submarine classes. arctic logistics investments, in light of The Scranton surfaced at the North Pole in June 2001 and obtained emerging science priorities, and temperature and salinity data. • identify new science opportunities made New, high-endurance, survey autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), under possible by improved research support development at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute and the Navy’s and logistics capabilities. Underwater Warfare Center, appear promising for use in the Arctic. With signifi- The report, while not intended to be a cant development efforts, these AUVs may be capable of continuing the regional comprehensive review of arctic research mapping of ice, water, and bottom properties begun with the SCICEX cruises. issues, will outline the scientific priorities The USARC is continuing discussions with other navies with nuclear driving the updated assessment. This submarines, including: assessment will include discussion and • the Royal Navy, about the possibility of mounting Seafloor Characterization and recommendations for specific research- Mapping Pods (SCAMP; see page 1) on a Royal Navy submarine, and support investments needed for • the Russian government, about the use of a Victor-class submarine for arctic investigations of: research. • variability in the physical environment, At least two nations—Sweden and Germany—are manufacturing conventional • biogeochemical cycling and submarines with air-independent power systems, which may be capable of contaminants, extended under-ice operations. • effects of change on biological resources, The Japanese Nuclear Power Institute has produced a concept paper for a small • dynamics of human systems, nuclear submarine with full science capabilities, dedicated to research. • upper atmosphere and space weather The U.S. Navy is considering the construction of a new nuclear research sub- studies, marine, a successor to the small NR-1, which would have arctic capability. • solid earth issues, and For more information, contact USARC Director Garry Brass (see facing page). • life in extreme environments. 18 U.S. Arctic Research Commission

USARC Represents Research from Alaska to Svalbard

hroughout the spring and summer of The Commission convened at the Arc- (see Witness Winter 2000/2001)—and the T2001, the U.S. Arctic Research Com- tic National Wildlife Refuge in early June. British and German research stations. mission (USARC) has advocated in the In Arctic Village and Nuiqsut, Commis- Having observed Norwegian conduct of U.S. Arctic, in Washington, DC, and sioners met with residents who voiced arctic research support, the Commission abroad for arctic research activities. concerns about energy resources, water will recommend to NSF that the United USARC Chairman George Newton and waste water, distance education, States establish a station there. and Executive Director Garry Brass telemedicine, and housing. Also in June, Brass represented the attended the ARCUS Annual Meeting in The Commission met in mid-June at USARC at the inaugural meeting of the May 2001, where Brass participated in a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service headquar- North Pacific Research Board (NPRB), panel on arctic research advocacy on ters in Arlington, Virginia, for briefings on created to oversee the distribution of $10 Capitol Hill (see page 28). Newton and NOAA, NSF, and FWS agency activities. million per year in federal funds for fisher- Brass also discussed several topics with Commissioners honored David Garman ies and ecosystem research in the North personnel in the Office of Naval Reactors, for his support of the arctic research Pacific, Bering Sea, and Arctic Ocean. For including the possibility of a new nuclear community while on Senator Frank more information about the NPRB, see research submarine with arctic capabilities to Murkowski’s (R-AK) staff; Garman is now www.sfos.uaf.edu/npmr/dsands.html. replace NR1, a small Navy nuclear subma- the Assistant Secretary of Energy for For more information, see the USARC rine currently in service (see facing page). Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. web site (www.uaa.alaska.edu/enri/arc_ Newton and Brass also testified at a The USARC traveled to Svalbard, web/archome.htm), or contact USARC Senate Appropriations Committee hearing Norway, in late June for a two-day meet- Director Garry Brass in Arlington, VA in Fairbanks, Alaska, on climate change in ing which included a visit to Ny- (800/AURORAB or 703/525-0111; fax the Arctic in May (see page 21). Ålesund—the research center on Svalbard 703/525-0114; [email protected]).

Polar Research Board

Committee to Assess Oil and Gas Impacts in Alaska

ongress asked the National Academy Arctic National Wildlife Refuge), Barrow, For more information, contact PRB Cof Sciences (NAS) to contribute to Deadhorse and surrounding oil facilities, Director Chris Elfring in Washington, its debate about oil development on Fairbanks, Nuiqsut, and Kaktovik. The DC (202/334-3479; fax 202/334-1477; Alaska’s North Slope. In response, the committee has held public sessions in each [email protected]). Polar Research Board (PRB) and the community to gain insights into impacts, Board on Environmental Studies and as well as briefings from academic and oil Toxicology have appointed a study com- industry scientists, engineers, and citizens. mittee to “review information about oil The committee is chaired by NAS member PRB Members and gas activities (including exploration, Gordon Orians (University of Washing- Spring 2001 development, and production) on Alaska’s ton); its final report is expected in July onal Manahan, Chair, University of North Slope.” The committee has been 2002. For more information, see “Current DSouthern California, Los Angeles • asked to assess the known and probable Projects” at http://national-academies.org. Richard Alley, Pennsylvania State Uni- cumulative impacts on the physical, bio- The PRB’s Committee on Abrupt Cli- versity, University Park • Robin Bell, logical, and human environments of mate Change has completed a draft report Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Alaska’s North Slope (including the adja- and submitted it for outside review. The Palisades, NY • Akhil Datta-Gupta, cent marine environment) of oil and gas final report is expected in fall 2001. The Texas A&M University, College Station activities there from the early 1900s to the Committee on the Gulf of Alaska Ecosys- • Henry Huntington, Eagle River, AK • Amanda Lynch, University of Colorado, present. It will also look at potential tem Monitoring Program continues to Boulder • Robie Macdonald, Fisheries future cumulative effects and different sce- assist the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee and Oceans Canada, British Columbia • narios of oil development in combination Council as it develops a long-term plan for Miles McPhee, Naches, WA • P. Buford with other human activities such as tour- research and monitoring in the Prince Price, Jr., University of California, Berke- ism, fishing, and mining. William Sound area. Finally, a new ley • Carole Seyfrit, Old Dominion Uni- The 18-member committee has gath- committee to assist the Oil Spill Recovery versity, Norfolk, VA • Marilyn Walker, ered information in Anchorage, Arctic Institute by reviewing its research program University of Alaska, Fairbanks Village (including an overflight of the is expected to get underway in fall 2001. 19 Capitol Updates

Senate Proposes 5.6% Increase in NSF Budget

efore the month-long August 2001 the reason for their smaller-than-expected stipulate an amount for OPP or any other Brecess, both the U.S. House and offering for NSF. directorate. The Senate Report does, how- Senate appropriations committees passed Following the 11 September attacks, the ever, specifically designate two items to be their respective versions of the VA-HUD White House and members of Congress administered by OPP: bill, which funds independent federal agreed to new funding levels to accelerate • continued funding of the International agencies, including NSF. completion of the FY 2002 appropriations Arctic Research Center (IARC; see page The two versions of the bill have a bills. President Bush has acknowledged to 24), under a recent three-year $15 mil- wide disparity in their overall funding lev- Congress the need for $25 billion more in lion cooperative agreement with NSF, els that will have to be settled. The Senate discretionary spending than the levels in citing the importance of climate change version of the VA-HUD bill provides sig- the FY 2002 budget resolution. research (see facing page); and nificantly less money for NSF in FY 2002 At press time, appropriations staff are • consultation with NOAA to determine than does the House bill (Senate: $4.67 resolving differences in the House and the feasibility of establishing an Arctic billion, up 5.6% from FY 2001; House: Senate versions of already passed bills, and Research Center in Barrow, Alaska. $4.84 billion, up 9.4%). President Bush’s both the House and Senate have named Within Education and Human FY 2002 budget request for NSF proposed members to the VA-HUD conference Resources, the Senate bill increases the an increase of 1.3% (see Witness Winter committee. Experimental Program to Stimulate Com- 2000/2001). For more information about petitive Research (EPSCoR) budget by $10 either bill, see House Report 107-159 and Specific Funding Areas million to $85 million; an additional $25 Senate Report 107-43. For Research and Related Activities million in co-funding through the RRA Although Senators Kit Bond (R–MO) (RRA), the Senate bill provides an increase account brings the total EPSCoR budget and Barbara Mikulski (D–MD), co-chairs of 4.9% from FY 2001, to $3.515 billion. to $110 million. The House bill proposes of the VA-HUD subcommittee, advocate The House bill provides an 8.7% increase a level EPSCoR budget. a doubling of the NSF budget over five to $3.642 billion. Within RRA, House For more information, see the follow- years, the proposed funding would provide appropriations committee report language ing web sites: the Library of Congress approximately one third of the amount specifies funding for the Office of Polar (http://thomas.loc.gov), American Insti- required to move forward with this strat- Programs (OPP) of $299 million, 9.4% tute of Physics (www.aip.org), U.S. Senate egy. Bond and Mikulski cited the alloca- over the amount in the president’s budget. (www.senate.gov), U.S. House of Repre- tion from the Senate budget committee as The Senate bill traditionally does not sentatives (www.house.gov).

NSF will Survey Grant Recipients on Funding Needs

n response to a request by the presi- than three years. “This puts our investiga- will be used by NSF administrators to help Ident’s Office of Management and tors at a disadvantage,” she said. “It forces develop their FY 2003 budget, which will Budget (OMB), NSF has begun a major them to immediately begin applying for a be delivered to OMB sometime in the fall survey of principal investigator and insti- new grant as soon as they’ve gotten the of 2001. Survey results will be tutional views on grant size and duration. first one—time they could be spending available to the public in early 2002. The surveys, the first of their kind for the doing their research.” Karl Erb, director of the NSF Office agency, are being conducted in the fall of At the ARCUS 13th annual meeting in of Polar Programs, reiterated the impor- 2001. According to Thomas Cooley, NSF May 2001, Cooley outlined the plan for tance of this survey at the 2001 ARCUS Chief Financial Officer and Director of the agency-wide survey effort: annual meeting. “I encourage all who the Office of Budget, Finance, and Award • all researchers who received NSF grants receive the survey to complete it,” he said. Management, the survey was prompted by in 2000 will be sent a survey; and “The results of this survey will help us word from OMB that budget increases for • all institutions with researchers on active understand how and whether larger, NSF would follow only demonstrated grants will be sent an institution survey. longer grants would benefit our grantees, need, and that OMB was looking closely The survey will ask investigators a range including those who conduct remote field at grant size and duration as avenues for of questions, including: research in the Arctic. If the results favor possible increases. • the history of their grants, increases in grant size or duration, they NSF Director Rita Colwell pointed out • time taken to apply and administer the will help us make the cases for increased in her annual Community Budget Briefing grants, and funding in our budget requests.” in April 2001 that the average annual size • what needs they have for their research. For more information, contact Thomas of an NSF grant is approximately Answers to these questions, along with Cooley in Arlington, VA (703/292-8200; $100,000, and average duration is less information gathered from institutions, fax 703/292-9007; [email protected]). 20 Capitol Updates

Climate Change in the Arctic and the 107th Congress by Senator Ted Stevens

his past May I chaired the Senate may bring to our planet; TAppropriations Committee’s field the effects of change are hearing on global climate change at the real and occurring now. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Represen- Undoubtedly, the tatives from NSF, the National Oceanic hearing in Fairbanks and Atmospheric Administration, the accentuated the need to National Aeronautics and Space Admini- better understand cli- stration, the U.S. Geological Survey, and mate change; it also professors from the nation’s top research revealed the shortcom- institutions attended the hearing. This was ings of our nation’s cur- a valuable discussion on the status of sci- rent efforts to address entific research on climate change, particu- this issue. Although sev- larly in the arctic region, and how climate eral different federal change is impacting our area. agencies have programs On 29 May 2001, Senator Ted Stevens convened a field hearing of the Senate Testimony from researchers at this related to climate Appropriations Committee in Fairbanks, AK, to discuss global climate change. hearing underscored an important change, federal funding A member of the U.S. Senate since 1968, Stevens chaired the Appropriations message—the Arctic has been affected by for relevant research and Committee from 1997 to 2001; he currently serves as the Committee’s ranking member (photo by Eric Engman). climate change more than any other area development has on planet Earth. Understanding what has steadily declined over taken place here may be key to unlocking the past 10 years. The resources for be to achieve the goal of lowering or level- the uncertainties of global climate change. coordination and over-arching organiza- ing off of concentrations of CO2 in the Many witnesses at the hearing noted that tion among the different agencies have atmosphere. recent climate change activity likely stems been inadequate, resulting in unnecessary On 18 July the Senate Governmental from a number of factors, including natu- duplication of effort and the ultimate fail- Affairs Committee held a hearing on the ral variances and human activity. ure to address the singular issue of climate Climate Change Strategy and Technology Regardless of cause, many changes pre- change. Consequently, areas like the arctic Innovation Act of 2001 (SB 1008). I dicted worldwide appear to be happening region have gone without adequate climate invited the members of the committee to first and with greater severity in arctic change observation and data compilation. visit Alaska and witness first-hand the regions, including Alaska. For instance, I have co-sponsored, with Senator Byrd effects that climate change has had on the the pack ice that protects our state’s of West Virginia, legislation to create a arctic environment. The bill received coastal villages formed later in the year and process for the United States to seriously thoughtful discussion, and, shortly there- was much softer, allowing storms to batter address climate change. Our bill, titled after, the committee approved it by unani- and erode the coastline. Forests have grad- “The Climate Change Strategy and Tech- mous consent. Presently, the bill is on the ually moved farther north and west in nology Innovation Act of 2001,” would Senate calendar and awaits further debate Alaska as permafrost has receded. The not interfere with or replace existing before its ultimate disposition. Northwest Passage has been seasonally ice efforts of federal agencies related to cli- There is an immediate need to stimu- free for the past three years, generating mate change. Rather it would complement late our nation’s research and development increased interest from commercial shippers current agency programs by coordinating in innovative energy technologies. Through to use this route. In addition, recent stud- our nation’s approach to global climate this regimen our country can develop the ies show the world has increased in tem- change. This would be accomplished necessary tools for the entire world to perature by one degree, but the arctic tem- through the implementation of a national employ in decreasing the base of pollution perature has increased by seven degrees. strategy based on emission mitigation we collectively generate and put into the We are not sure whether the changes measures, investments in energy-efficient atmosphere. The ongoing climate change taking place in the Arctic are part of a technologies, expanded research into cli- taking place in the Arctic has put the natural climatic cycle in our region or the mate adaptation, and resolving remaining world on notice of what global warming beginning of a long-term, possibly scientific and economic uncertainties may look like. It is our job to take heed irreversible, trend. Ironically, the Arctic is regarding climate change. and make responsible decisions now. among the least studied regions in the Paramount to this effort, the bill For more information, see the world, yet it is experiencing the greatest authorizes new funding for research and Senator’s web site (http://stevens. immediate impacts of a noticeable warm- development to create the next generation senate.gov/), or contact him in ing climate change. The changes to the of innovative energy technologies, with the Washington, DC (202/224-3004; fax arctic region are not just theoretical prog- goal of greatly reducing emissions from the 202/224-2354; senator.stevens@ nostications of what future climate change use of fossil fuels. The eventual result will stevens.senate.gov). 21 International News

Arctic Council Marks Culmination of its First Ten Years

elegates to the 10th anniversary cel- Circumpolar Map of Resources at Risk from approved three project proposals for Debration of the Arctic Environmental Oil Spills in the Arctic is expected in time further development: Protection Strategy (AEPS) met in June for the November 2001 SAO meeting. • Reduction of Atmospheric Mercury 2001 in Rovaniemi, Finland. The AEPS, Finland is coordinating a new project— Releases from Arctic States, first proposed by Finland, evolved into the a survey on major accidents and natural • Environmentally Sound Management of Arctic Council in 1996. Finnish Environ- disasters in the Arctic over the past decade. Stocks of Obsolete Pesticides in Russia, ment Minister Satu Hassi and Prime Min- Protection of the Arctic Marine • Outspread and Implementation of ister Paavo Lipponen both spoke at the Environment (PAME): The Russian Cleaner Production Methodology commemoration. U.S. State Department National Plan of Action for the Protection in the Russian Arctic. Assistant Secretary for Oceans and Fisher- of the Arctic Marine Environment from Arctic Climate Impact Assessment ies Mary Beth West described the Council Anthropogenic Pollution has been (ACIA): Scientists from all eight arctic as a model for regional cooperation on approved by the Russian Duma. The U.S. nations and Europe have begun drafting environmental and sustainable develop- chair of PAME is organizing a meeting in the scientific impact assessment chapters ment issues. Iceland announced officially Washington, DC, in 2001 to encourage (see Witness Winter 2000/2001). The that it is willing to take over the chair of governmental, private sector, and interna- ACIA steering group and lead authors the Council from Finland in 2002. tional financing for the program. The next have agreed on the baseline climate change The AEPS commemoration was fol- PAME meeting, scheduled for 9–11 Octo- scenario to be used—SRES B-2. lowed by the semiannual meeting of the ber 2001 in Moscow, will include a half- Senior Arctic Officials (SAOs). The meet- day seminar on offshore oil and gas issues. Meetings on the Arctic Horizon ing included status reports from Arctic Sustainable Development Working The next SAO meeting will take place Council working group chairs and presen- Group: The children and youth project in Espoo, Finland, 6–7 November 2001. tations on the Arctic Climate Impact is collecting data on maternal and infant The next Ministerial-level meeting of the Assessment (see Witness Winter 2000/ health, suicide prevention, and infectious Arctic Council will be held in September 2001), arctic transportation, and the diseases. The United States and Finland 2002 in Inari (Saariselka), Finland. World Summit on Sustainable Develop- have presented proposals for a circumpolar For more information, see the Arctic ment. Five of the six indigenous groups transportation and infrastructure project. Council web site (http://arctic-council. attended, as well as many observer nations Joint workshops are scheduled for org), or contact Hale VanKoughnett at the and nongovernmental organizations. The September 2001. Department of State in Washington, DC European Commission attended as invited Arctic Council Action Plan to Elimi- (202/647-4972; fax 202/647-4353; guest of the Finnish chair. nate Pollution of the Arctic: The SAOs [email protected]).

Working Group Activities Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP): Fact sheets on radioac- Arctic Science Summit Week 2001 tivity and heavy metals in the Arctic were Draws Researchers to Iqaluit released in Rovaniemi. Updates of the pol- lution studies published in 1997 are ex- pproximately 300 people participated in the third Arctic Science Summit Week pected to be completed by the next Minis- A(ASSW) in April 2001 in Iqaluit, Nunavut. Several international and regional terial meeting in September 2002. arctic science organizations also convened meetings in Iqaluit, offering participants Conservation of Arctic Flora and opportunities for both formal and informal interactions during the week. Fauna (CAFF): Arctic Flora and Fauna: Leading arctic scientists contributed to a Science Day on “Science and Technol- Status and Conservation, the first truly cir- ogy for Sustainable Communities” and enjoyed the demonstration of a novel way to cumpolar overview of arctic biodiversity share the findings of scientists with northern residents. Anders Karlqvist, Director- and related conservation issues (see Publi- General of the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, conceived and wrote an arctic the- cations, page 27), was released in Rovan- atre play as a forum for reporting about current research findings. The play, which iemi. The study concludes that species are revolves around both the historic Franklin Expedition and a contemporary Swedish showing the effects of overexploitation, tundra expedition, was originally performed by professional artists at a major theater habitat loss, and pollution, and that dis- in Stockholm. The Iqaluit mini-version was performed by two professional actors, a tance has not made the Arctic immune to jazz musician, a Native drummer from Iqaluit, and five scientists. global environmental issues. CAFF will The ASSW is convened annually by the International Arctic Science Committee develop policy recommendations for (IASC). ASSW 2002 will be held 21–26 April 2002 in Groningen, The Netherlands. governments based on these findings. For more information about IASC and ASSW, see the IASC web site (www. Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, iasc.no), or contact Odd Rogne in Oslo, Norway (+47/2295-9900; fax +47/2295- and Response (EPPR): The release of the 9901; [email protected]). 22 International News

Cold Water Flux from Nordic Seas has Decreased

he main source for the deep water of Tthe North Atlantic is the overflow of cold, dense water from the Nordic seas across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge and into the Atlantic Ocean; this overflow helps drive the inflow of warm, salty sur- face water into the Nordic seas. The Faroe Bank Channel (FBC; see figure) is the deepest passage (approximately 840 m deep) across the ridge, and the deep flow through the FBC has been estimated to carry approximately 33% of the total over- flow of cold water from the Nordic seas into the Atlantic. A report in the 21 June 2001 Nature presents evidence that the overflow of cold water through the FBC has weakened since 1950. The investiga- tion was funded by the Nordic Environ- The Greenland-Scotland Ridge stretches approximately 1700 kilometers from Greenland in the west to the Shetland mental Research Programme and the Islands, just north of Scotland. Areas shallower than 700 meters are shown as light blue. The four low channels where VEINS project of the European cold Nordic water flows across the ridge to the Atlantic are indicated by arrows. Approximately 50% of the overflow Community. passes through the Denmark Strait (DS) between Greenland and Iceland. Approximately 33% flows through the Faroe Bank Channel (FBC). The remainder flows across the Iceland-Faroe Ridge (IFR) and the Wyville Thomson Ridge Bogi Hansen, an oceanographer at the (WTR) (figure prepared by Bogi Hansen). Faroese Fisheries Laboratory, describes the flow of cold water over the FBC as a sub- marine river 15 kilometers wide and 200 There are no measurements to confirm melting of sea-ice and increased freshwater meters deep, carrying twice as much water whether the flow of cold water elsewhere supply due to global warming would tend as all the world’s freshwater rivers com- over the Greenland-Scotland Ridge has to lower the density of surface waters in bined. Since November 1995, Hansen and increased to compensate for the FBC affected areas, reducing the efficiency of colleagues Bill Turrell (Scotland) and decrease, or has also decreased. If the total convection and other processes that form Svein Østerhus (Norway) have been able overflow from the Nordic seas has and drive the cold arctic water overflow. to collect nearly continuous measurements decreased over the latter half of the 20th Thus, the decreased FBC flux may indi- of velocity from an upward-looking century, then the global thermohaline cate that global warming has affected the Doppler current profiler moored at the circulation may also have been affected. global thermohaline circulation and sill of the channel. The cold overflow from the Nordic oceanic heat transport toward the Arctic. Previous work had documented that seas requires a compensating inflow of For more information, contact Bogi the water flowing over the FBC had (warmer) water from the Atlantic to the Hansen in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands become warmer and less saline over time Nordic seas. Reduced cold-water overflow (+298/315-092; fax +298/318-264; (Turrell et al. 1999, Hansen et al. 1999). can be expected to lead to reduced Atlantic [email protected]). The new instrumentation showed that, inflow. Such a reduction could explain in addition, the flow of water colder than why some of the areas most affected by the References 0.3˚C through the FBC decreased 2–4% Atlantic inflow (e.g., the Faroe Islands) Hansen, B., W.R. Turrell, and per year in 1995–2000. The authors argue have not experienced global warming. S. Østerhus. 2001. Decreasing overflow that the decrease probably also includes The heat and salt transported by the from the Nordic seas into the Atlantic warmer components of the overflow. Atlantic inflow is vitally important in Ocean through the Faroe Bank channel This data, considered in combination maintaining conditions in the Nordic seas since 1950. Nature 411: 927–930. with hydrographic observations collected and the Arctic Ocean, and far-reaching Hansen, B. and R. Kristiansen. 1999. from a weather ship (OWS-M on figure) consequences can be expected if the FBC Variations of the Faroe Bank Channel since 1948, suggests that the flux of cold flux continues to decrease. overflow. Rit Fiskid 16, 13–21. water (<0.3˚C) flowing over the FBC While the observed decrease in cold Turrell, W.R., G. Slesser, R.D. Adams, decreased by at least 20% in the period water flow from the Arctic to the Atlantic R. Payne, and P.A. Gillibrand. 1999. 1950–2000. Most of the decrease took over the FBC may be part of naturally Decadal variability in the composition place after 1970 and apparently acceler- occurring variations, the observations are of Faroe Shetland Channel bottom ated considerably during the last decade consistent with predicted consequences of water. Deep Sea Research 46, 1–25. of the 20th century. anthropogenic climate change. Increased 23 International News

IARC Outlines Research Contributing to Global Models

he International Arctic Research CAMP will develop 21st century Intercomparison Project and the Coupled TCenter (IARC) was established on scenarios of arctic climate change, using Model Intercomparison Project, both the campus of the University of Alaska model intercomparisons and experiments coordinated by Lawrence Livermore Lab, Fairbanks (UAF) in August 1999 for the designed to identify and improve para- the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison purpose of integrating and synthesizing meterizations critical to long-term arctic Project, and the Arctic Regional Climate global climate change research conducted climate simulations (see figure). This work Model Intercomparison Project (see by arctic scientists from around the world will contribute to the Atmospheric Model Witness Winter 2000/2001). (see Witness Autumn 1997). The National The NABOS project will measure 14 Science Board authorized NSF to negoti- 12 circulation, water-mass transformation, ate a cooperative agreement with UAF, 10 and transformation mechanisms in the 8 effective May 2000, funding IARC opera- 6 Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. tions and four major projects: 4 NABOS will deploy 12 moorings in four 2 • the Community Arctic Modeling 0 transects of the continental slope of the Project (CAMP), -2 Nansen and Amundsen Basins. Data from -4 • the Nansen and Amundsen Basins -6 these moorings will complement data from Observational System (NABOS), -8 a set of moorings across Fram Strait oper- -10 • the establishment of methane and -12 ated by European Union programs. permafrost database centers, and -14 The database center for methane o • the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment C research will be coordinated with the Inter- Variability among eight global climate models’ project (ACIA; see Witness Winter projections of arctic warming by the late 21st century national Arctic Science Committee’s Feed- 2000/2001). (figure from J. Walsh and W. Chapman). backs and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems project (FATE; see Witness Spring 2000) and the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX; see Witness Winter 2000/2001). Global Change Conference Organizers The permafrost research center will be coordinated with the International Perma- Call for an Ethical Social Response frost Association, the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, Colorado (see n July 2001, more than 1,600 people changes; and page 6), and the Ecosystem Database Cen- Ifrom 100 countries gathered in Amster- • there are no precedents for the magni- ter at the National Institute of Agro- dam, The Netherlands, for an open sci- tudes and rates of some of the changes Environmental Science in Japan. ence conference on “Challenges of a observed today. The Frontier Research System for Changing Earth.” The conference was In light of these observations, the authors Global Change, established in 1997 by the sponsored by four international global urge the people of the world—and their Japan Marine Science and Technology change programs, in part to call attention governments and NGOs, scientists and Center and the National Space Develop- to the contributions of the first full decade policy makers—to reach across customary ment Agency of Japan, also supports of global change research. boundaries to create an ethical framework research at IARC. Frontier investigators The sponsoring organizations—the and deliberate strategies for sustaining the are organized into: International Geosphere-Biosphere Earth system while meeting social and • a physics group focused on atmosphere/ Programme, the International Human economic objectives. ocean/ice interactions, and Dimensions Programme on Global Envi- Three days of presentations and ple- • a multidisciplinary group emphasizing ronmental Change, the World Climate nary sessions focused on topics such as: biogeochemistry. Research Programme, and the interna- • fisheries and food production, The cooperative agreement that funded tional biodiversity program DIVERSI- • the proliferation of large dams (5,000 IARC also created an Oversight Council TAS—drafted “The Amsterdam Declara- in 1950; 45,000 in 2001) and their to advise both NSF and UAF on IARC. tion on Global Change,” affirming that: impacts, A Science Advisory Board advises the • the Earth System is a single, self- • links between biogeochemical cycles, director and staff on the institution’s regulating system; • environmental changes driven by social general research priorities, and national • in the “Anthropoecene Era,” human- change in Southeast Asia, and and international collaboration. driven changes are now comparable to • changes in biodiversity and fire regimes. For more information, see the IARC great forces of nature; For more information, see www. web site (www.iarc.uaf.edu), or contact • global changes are difficult to predict; sciconf.igbp.kva.se, or contact Will Steffen IARC Director Syun Akasofu in • Earth System dynamics are characterized in Stockholm, Sweden (+46/816-6448; fax Fairbanks, AK (907/474-6012; fax 907/ by critical thresholds and abrupt +46/816-6405; [email protected]). 474-5662; [email protected]). 24 Publications Education News

Students Examine Industry in Northwest Russia

uring the past few decades, mineral Dand energy industries have expanded in arctic regions. This development has coincided with increasing local empower- ment among arctic indigenous people. As home rule areas seek local economic devel- opment, the region’s enormous reserves of minerals, oil, and gas are obvious sources of income. In many areas of the Arctic, conflicts over resource exploitation have pitted indigenous populations against newcomers. Conflicts revolve around issues such as: • self government vs. domination by the southern majority, • traditional vs. modern lifestyles, • renewable vs. nonrenewable resources, and • the consequences of transboundary contamination. The sixth annual summer course in the This apatite mine in Kirovsk is the world’s largest source of apatite ore, which is crushed and exported to the south as a Circumpolar Arctic Social Science (CASS; phosphorus source for fertilizers. The copious dust produced in the mining and crushing processes is a serious health see Witness Spring 2000) network exam- hazard for the 115,000 people living in Kirovsk and Apatity (photo by Rasmus Ole Rasmussen). ined these conflicts regarding industrializa- tion in northwest Russia in September The 2001 CASS/CAES course all arctic nations have participated in the 2001. The course, Industrial Development focuses on: CASS courses since 1996, creating an in the Arctic, places special emphasis on • social science topics, international interdisciplinary network of the social, economic, and cultural conse- • environmental science topics, and arctic social science students and faculty quences of the development process. • an interdisciplinary approach to the members (see Witness Spring 2000). Portions of the course take place in col- interrelations between the social and For more information, see the CASS laboration with the Circumpolar Arctic the environmental consequences of course web page (www.geo.ruc.dk/nors/ Environmental Studies (CAES) network’s industrialization in the Russian Arctic. phd_net/nwruss.htm), the CAES network 2001 course, Industrial Impacts on Natural As part of the course, small groups of stu- web site (www.caesnetwork.cjb.net), or and Social Environments, enabling students dents pursue interdisciplinary research contact Rasmus Ole Rasmussen in to explore cross-disciplinary approaches to projects on the interrelationships among Roskilde, Denmark (+45/467-42137; fax the study of environmental consequences industry, environment, and society in +45/467-43031; [email protected]) or Katja of industrialization. The CAES network, northwest Russia. Ruth in Luleå, Sweden(+46/9207-2800; established in 1998, is based on the same More than 60 doctoral students from fax +46/9209-1697; [email protected]). principles as CASS and held its first course in 2000. About 40 students and 19 faculty members visited the Kola Peninsula to University of the Arctic Launched view first-hand the huge mining sites and n June 2001, after four years of planning by northern institutions in all eight arctic mineral processing plants in Nikel, Inations, more than 200 northern educators and politicians gathered at the Univer- Monchegorsk, and Apatity, as well as the sity of Lapland, Finland, to formally launch the University of the Arctic (UArctic). small Sami minority’s cultural and eco- In fall 2001, UArctic offers its first undergraduate course, “The Circumpolar nomic center in Lozovero. The group also World,” focusing specifically on northern topics and northern needs. The course will visited Murmansk and Archangelsk—two be available in traditional classrooms at participating institutions in Russia, Europe, major infrastructural and military centers and North America, and also on the Internet. The use of the Internet to facilitate in the Russian Arctic. In addition to the learning, particularly for students in remote areas, is central to the UArctic concept. contributions of the faculty and students, For more information, see the UArctic web site (www.uarctic.org), or contact local authorities and governmental repre- Asgeir Brekke in Tromsø, Norway (+47/7764-5151; fax +47/7764-5580; sentatives involved in the development [email protected]). process participated in the course. 25 Education News

SDSU Graduate Students Open Doors in Arctic Classrooms

n October 1999, NSF launched an and created educational exhibits for the they began to understand that they Iinitiative to support graduate students Iñupiat Heritage Center (IHC). In Janu- are local experts about their own and advanced undergraduates in the sci- ary 2001, Rios and Maggie Reinbold spent environment. ences, mathematics, engineering, and tech- two weeks with Barrow students preparing In September 2001, Rios and Nancy nology to serve directly as resources in them for a Global Change Institute, spon- Taylor, PISCES co-PI and science coordi- K–12 schools. Partnering of science sored by PISCES and the IHC, in collabo- nator for the San Diego County Office of undergraduates and graduates with ration with BASC. Students were able Education, will give workshops for teach- elementary teachers is facilitated by yearly to discuss: ers in Barrow and two other North Slope stipends and tuition. The program for • historical accounts of change in weather villages on the kit-based science lessons Graduate Teaching Fellows in K–12 and climate with Elders, used in the Barrow PISCES program. Education (GK–12) is designed to: • scientific perspectives with both local NSF’s GK-12 Program is managed by • improve the Fellows’ communication researchers (Richard Glenn, Dan the Directorate for Education and Human and teaching skills, Endres, and Kenneth Toovak) and Resources (EHR). Required letters of • enrich learning for K–12 students, SDSU researchers (Walter Oechel and intent for 2002 GK-12 proposals were due • provide professional development Glen Kinoshita), and in August 2001. NSF expects $10 million opportunities for K–12 teachers, and • the weather and biology of the local area to be available. • strengthen partnerships between with elementary students in San Diego. For more information on PISCES, institutions of higher education and Responding to the SDSU researchers’ see the PISCES web site (www.sdsa.org/ local school districts. enthusiasm and ability to communicate pisces), or contact Nancy Taylor in San The San Diego State University science to students, the North Slope Diego, CA (858/292-3854; fax 858/292- (SDSU) Global Change Research Group, Borough School District organized the 9827; [email protected]). one of 31 institutions to receive GK–12 entire 2001 summer school program— For more information on GK-12, see funding in 1999, has been investigating including math, language arts, and science the EHR web site (www.ehr.nsf.gov/dge/ plant and ecosystem responses to elevated (the latter taught by Rios and Reinbold)— programs/gk12/), or contact GK-12

CO2 as well as CO2 fluxes in the natural around an ecosystem theme: rain forests. Program Director Terry Woodin in ecosystems on the North Slope of Alaska As students compared the familiar arctic Arlington, VA (703/292-8697; fax 703- since 1981. The group, led by Walt environment with the tropical rain forest, 292-9048; [email protected]). Oechel, proposed to collaborate with teachers in Barrow and Atqasuk to explore ways to use hands-on laboratory materials as part of their K–6 curricula. Their NSF Supports Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Training GK–12 program is Partnerships Involving n August 2000, NSF awarded $49 million to 19 innovative graduate programs. the Scientific Community in Elementary The Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) awards Schools (PISCES). I support graduate training for scientists and engineers to pursue multidisciplinary While many arctic researchers have approaches to challenging contemporary questions. All NSF directorates and the been able to spend a day or several hours Office of Polar Programs participate in the IGERT program, which has made 57 of their own time with elementary stu- awards since its inception in 1998. dents, the GK–12 funding has allowed the The University of Alaska (UA) received one of the FY 2001 IGERT awards for a PISCES fellows and teachers to have more program in Regional Resilience and Adaptation (RR&A). In fall 2001, RR&A will consistent contact over longer periods of begin training scholars, policy makers, and managers to address the challenge of sus- time—and this has made a difference. taining the desirable features of Earth’s ecosystems and society at a time when all of Glenn Sheehan of the Barrow Arctic Sci- the major forces that shape the structure and functioning of ecosystems and society ence Consortium (BASC) has assisted with are undergoing major changes (see page 22). RR&A will apply ecology, economics, the PISCES program and writes, anthropology, climate dynamics, and philosophy in a systems framework to under- “the SDSU researchers have ‘proven’ stand the functioning of regional systems, with an emphasis on high-latitude ecosys- themselves both as good communicators tems. It will also emphasize cross-cultural communication through intensive involve- of science and as good collaborators with ment with the Alaska Native community, managers, businesses, and conservation the teachers and administrators who must groups. Up to 10 fellowships will be awarded to Ph.D. students each year; M.S. and plan far in advance to have effective addi- M.A. students are also encouraged to participate. tions or changes to what would otherwise For more information about RR&A, contact Terry Chapin in Fairbanks, AK be a routine school year or class.” (907/474-9722; fax 907/474-6967; [email protected]). In the first year of funding, PISCES For more information about IGERT, see www.nsf.gov/igert, or contact Lawrence fellow Alejandra Rios helped with science Goldberg in Arlington, VA (703/292-8339; fax 703/292-9147; [email protected]). activities during the 2000 summer school 26 3535 College Road, Suite 101 Calendar Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 USA Phone: 907/474-1600 Fax: 907/474-1604 [email protected] October 1–5 Bering Sea Summit 2001. Postponed to April 22–26, 2002. www.arcus.org Anchorage, AK. Contact Suzanne Marcy at the Environmental Protection Agency in Anchorage (907/271-2895; fax 907/271-3424; [email protected]). Executive Director: Wendy K. Warnick October 18–19 Beringia Days 2001. Anchorage, AK. Sponsored by the National Park ARCUS is a nonprofit organization Service and the Anchorage Museum of History and Art. See www.nps.gov/akso/ consisting of institutions organized beringia/. and operated for educational, October 25–27 Arctic Feedbacks to Global Change. Rovaniemi, Finland. Sponsored professional, or scientific purposes. by the Nordic Arctic Research Programme and the Academy of Finland. Contact Peter ARCUS was established by its member Kuhry at the Arctic Centre in Rovaniemi, Finland (+358/16341-2755; fax +358/16341- institutions in 1988 with the primary 2777; [email protected]), or see www.urova.fi/home/arktinen/feedback.htm. mission of strengthening arctic research to meet national needs. ARCUS activi- October 31–November 2 Changes in Climate & Environment at High Latitude. ties are funded through a cooperative Tromsø, Norway. Arranged by the Norwegian Polar Institute and the University of agreement and grants from NSF, by Tromsø. Contact Conference Secretary Kai-Rune Mortensen (+47/7764-4428; fax +47/ the Alaska Federation of Natives, and 7764-5600; [email protected]), or see www.ibg.uit.no/geologi/konferanser/clienvir/. by membership dues. November 5–7 The Arctic Ocean—Progress in Arctic Ocean Research of the Past Witness the Arctic is published Decades. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Contact Leif biannually by ARCUS. Any opinions, G. Anderson at Göteborg University in Sweden (+46/31772-2774; fax +46/31772- findings, conclusions, or recommenda- 2785; [email protected]), or see www.polar.kva.se/aktuellt/ tions expressed in this publication do the_arctic_ocean2001.html. not necessarily reflect the views of NSF. November 14–16 Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) All-Hands Meeting. Salt Submit suggestions for the Spring 2002 Lake City, UT. Contact Jane Hawkey in Cambridge, MD (410/221-8416; fax 410/ newsletter by 15 January 2002. 221-8490; [email protected]), or see the OAII web site (http://arcss- Managing Editor: Alison York oaii.hpl.umces.edu/AllHands/Mtg2001.html). Editor/Designer: Marty Peale November 14–17 Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) All-Hands Meeting. Salt Copy Editors: Sue Mitchell, Diane Wallace Lake City, UT. Contact Patricia A. Anderson in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-5415; fax Contributors: M. Abels, S. Akasofu, 907/474-6722; [email protected]), or see the LAII web site (www.laii.uaf.edu/ P.A. Anderson, R. Anderson, B. Barnes, mtg.htm). R. Behnke, S. Bishop, G. Brass, A. Brekke, E. Burch, J. Calder, V. Carney, F.S. Chapin November 26–30 Arctic Coastal Dynamics Workshop. Potsdam, Germany. Contact III, M. Chapin, W. Chapman, D. Chayes, Volker Rachold in Potsdam (+49/471-4831-1202; fax +49/471-4831-1149; L. Clough, B. Coakley, J. Cochran, [email protected]), or see www.awi-potsdam.de/www-pot/geo/acd.html. L. Codispoti, P. Collings, T. Cooley, L. Cooper, R. Crain, J. Dionne, M. Duvall, February 20–23, 2002 Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program All-Hands Workshop. M.E. Edwards, M.H. Edwards, C. Elfring, Seattle, WA. Contact Alison York at ARCUS in Fairbanks, AK (907/474-1600; fax R. Elsner, E. Engman, K. Erb, J. Ferris, 907/474-1604; [email protected]), or see the ARCUS web site (www.arcus.org/ARCSS/ C. Flemming, L. Frank, J. Grebmeier, allhands2002/). B. Hansen, S. Hastings, J. Hawkey, C. Heinselman, G. Holton, H. Huntington, M. Jakobsson, J. Kelly, F. Korsmo, J. Kruse, For more events, check the Calendar on the ARCUS web site (www.arcus.org/misc/fr_calendar.html). G. Kurras, M. Ledbetter, G. MacDonald, R. MacPhee, M. McClaren, J. Moore, J. Morison, R. Moritz, S. Ortega, Publications J. Overland, M. Paxton, L. Polyak, T. Pyle, R.O. Rasmussen, A. Rios, B. Robinson, O. Rogne, M. Rognstad, V. Romanovsky, Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). 2001. Arctic Flora and Fauna: Status and K. Ruth, P. Schlosser, J. Semeter, Conservation. Edita, Helsinki. 272 pp. Contact Jukka Helisjoki in Helsinki, Finland G. Sheehan, C. Shock, R. Smith, (+358/20-4502248; fax +358/20-4502380; [email protected]). 375 Fmk, W. Steffen, T. Stevens, N. Swanberg, including shipping and handling (approximately $58 U.S.). Edita accepts Visa, MC, N. Taylor, H. VanKoughnett, J. Walsh. Euro, and Amex cards. wit.ness (wit nis) n. 1.a. One who has heard or seen something. b. One who furnishes United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2001. GLOBIO. Global methodology evidence. 2. Anything that serves as for mapping human impacts on the biosphere. The Arctic 2050 scenario and global applica- evidence; a sign. 3. An attestation to a fact, tion. UNEP/DEWA/TR.01-3. Available as a PDF file at www.grida.no/prog/polar/ statement, or event. —v. tr. 1. To be globio. present at or have personal knowledge of. 2. To provide or serve as evidence of. 3. To Vörösmarty, C.J., L.D. Hinzman, B.J. Peterson, D.H. Bromwich, L.C. Hamilton, testify to; bear witness. —intr. To furnish or J. Morison, V.E. Romanovsky, M. Sturm, and R.S. Webb. 2001. The Hydrologic Cycle serve as evidence; testify. [Middle English and its Role in Arctic and Global Environmental Change: A Rationale and Strategy for witnes(se), Old English witnes, witness, knowledge, from wit, knowledge, wit.] Synthesis Study. Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S., Fairbanks, AK. 84 pp. Contact ARCUS. 27 A Note from the President

he ARCUS Washington, DC, office • providing briefing papers on relevant topics can be found on the new ARCUS Topened in September 2000 to provide topics, requests for member action, and Washington, DC, web pages science policy information to ARCUS other materials to the ARCUS Board of (www.arcus.org/washington). members, and to act as a liaison between Directors and membership; and We encourage all of our members to ARCUS members and key federal and • participating in a June 2001 exhibition use the DC office as a resource whenever congressional staff. ARCUS members have on Capitol Hill for congressional mem- they need science policy information. The long urged the organization to develop a bers and staff, sponsored by the Coali- knowledge we gain from having “eyes and presence in our nation’s capital. tion for National Science Funding, of ears in DC” will help our members be ARCUS Federal Liaison Suzanne which ARCUS is now a member. more effective and active advocates for Bishop has begun working on issues and At the 2001 ARCUS annual meeting, arctic research. activities that will provide useful informa- Bishop organized and moderated a panel tion to our members, including: presentation entitled “Arctic Science Takes • tracking and advocating for the FY 2002 the Hill.” Panelists were: and 2003 budgets of the many federal • Allen Cutler, then-majority staff mem- agencies that fund or influence arctic ber for the Senate Budget Committee; research, including NSF, the depart- • George Leventhal, senior federal Inside ments of Commerce, Agriculture, relations officer for the Association of Defense, Interior, NASA, and the American Universities; The Interagency Study of Environmental Smithsonian Institution; • David Verardo, director of Paleoclimate Arctic Change (SEARCH) 3 • working and sharing information with Programs at NSF; and Arctic Upper Atmosphere Research 4 agency staff on a variety of issues, • Garry Brass, executive director of the ARCSS Program 6 including briefings on ARCUS capabili- U.S. Arctic Research Commission (see Arctic Natural Sciences Program 10 ties, member concerns, and other perti- page 19). Arctic Social Sciences Program 12 nent information; This distinguished panel discussed a Arctic Research Support & Logistics 15 • providing assistance to member repre- wide range of issues, including informa- U.S. Arctic Research Commission 19 sentatives visiting the DC area, includ- tion about contacting one’s congressional Polar Research Board 19 ing help finding agency staff, directions delegation, protocol for requesting help on Capitol Updates 20 to agency buildings, etc.; a particular issue, and issues important to International News 22 • publication and advocacy support of the arctic research community on the Hill. Education News 25 SEARCH, a project of the Interagency More information about the panel, Calendar and Publications 27 Working Group of IARPC (see page 3); issues and policies, Capitol Hill, and other

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Printed on Recycled Paper 28 Special Science Education Supplement Witness the Arctic, Autumn 2001

The Conceptual Challenges of Climate Change Education by Milton McClaren

This article has been abstracted from “The monitor their own progress, make Learning for deep understanding Conceptual Challenges of Education About appropriate adjustments to their means that learners change their minds Climate Change,” published in Clearing approaches, and become effective self- and literally see the world through differ- 109, Spring 2001, by Creative Educational regulators of their learning processes. ent conceptual lenses. To accomplish this, Networks Environmental Education Project. These three ideas present learners as teachers and program developers must Milton McClaren is an emeritus professor of active participants in their education. allow learners to consider their ideas in education at Simon Fraser University in I will focus this paper largely on the first light of new experiences and information Burnaby, British Columbia. His email concept, and to a lesser extent on the sec- and to question, challenge, explore, inves- address is [email protected]. ond, and try to show how these ideas tigate, puzzle, tinker, and ultimately con- apply to education about climate change. struct new knowledge structures. As edu- he release of the most recent report of cators (or parents and mentors), we can Tthe Intergovernmental Panel on Prior Knowledge and Misconceptions model learning and thinking through our Climate Change has renewed discussions When learners begin to develop their own behaviors, nurture critical thinking of environmental education responses to understanding of climate change or other and questioning, and provide learners with this global issue. Environmental education global changes, their existing ideas, knowl- resources to support inquiry. and information programs directed at both edge, and personal experiences affect what None of this is radically new in educa- students and the general public are often they will learn and how they will learn it. tional thought, but it should be clearly elements of policy proposals to address New learning may affirmed as we con- these potential changes. Environmental require learners to sider education The challenges of education about educators and curriculum developers are modify existing ideas about climate climate change confront challenged to develop materials and and assumptions, or change. Let me turn environmental educators with instructional approaches to help the public it may challenge now to the consider- important questions about the understand climate change and think criti- preconceptions and ation of specific con- differences among education, cally about various options and proposals create dissonance or ceptual areas in information, and indoctrination to address its consequences and reduce disbelief. In both which climate and require educators to blend the human influences on climate. situations, the learner change presents par- best of current knowledge about The challenges of education about plays an active role, ticular educational learning with the best of current climate change confront environmental and teachers and cur- challenges and earth science. educators with important questions about riculum developers opportunities. the differences among education, informa- assist by creating and tion, and indoctrination and require edu- selecting experiences, resources, and activi- Climate and Weather cators to blend the best of current knowl- ties that engage the learner with new ideas People think about climate through the edge about learning with the best of and information in ways that provoke weather they actually experience. Students current earth science. thinking. confronted with a record cold winter or Modern learning theory is grounded If students view the Earth as a rela- severe ice storm may find the idea of glo- on three fundamental propositions: tively static, unchanging planet or as one bal warming confusing. It is important to • new learning is influenced by prior in which major changes ended with the help students distinguish between climate knowledge and experiences. Learners do appearance of humans, this will influence and weather and to understand that not come to learning situations as blank how they think about and learn new ideas increases in Earth’s average temperature slates ready to be impressed with the and information about global climate could change climate patterns in ways that right stuff. Their prior knowledge and change. If students have misconceptions result in colder, more snowy conditions in experiences exert an active influence on about processes such as the water cycle, some areas; this is not proof that global new learning. photosynthesis, or the role of solar energy warming predictions are in error. • learning for deep understanding requires in the climate, it will be difficult for them both a body of content and a set of to learn and apply new ideas. Misconcep- Changes on Top of Changes organizing concepts through which the tions often don’t simply “go away” when The idea that the Earth is a dynamic, content becomes meaningful and trans- learners are presented with correct con- changing system is a critical concept in ferrable to other situations. cepts and accurate information; they environmental education. It is essential • learners can be taught things about their remain active and can shape future reason- that students appreciate that the Earth’s own learning that will help them ing in surprisingly durable ways. climate has changed significantly in the continued on next page

Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 1 Special Science Education Supplement Witness the Arctic, Autumn 2001

past and will be different in the future. If If students have major misconceptions “surprises” need to be considered as stu- students think of the Earth in the past as in these areas it will be difficult for them dents weigh arguments about costs and largely being the same as at present, they to develop a solid understanding of the benefits or risk. need opportunities to explore the non- way greenhouse gases work in the atmo- human forces that have changed the Earth sphere. Students need ample time to make Life on the Earth versus Life of the Earth in the past before they can begin to their own charts and diagrams, ask ques- Many people seem to view the develop an understanding of how humans tions, try out ideas and propositions, make biogeosphere as a passive environment in may now be affecting the climate and of the models, do basic research, and go to source which humans live relatively separate from possible consequences of climate change. materials to sort out and reconstruct their the rest of the natural system. In contrast, existing ideas and build new ones based on students need to understand that every Greenhouse Effect accurate concepts. atom and molecule in our bodies derives Because people know that the green- from the planet and has been cycled house effect is caused by carbon dioxide, Technology as Solution and Problem through the natural system, as well as how

they think that CO2 must be abundant in Some claim that in the time it will take life has shaped the planet. The best the atmosphere. One way to test students’ for global climate change to become a seri- example of this is the present oxygen-rich prior knowledge of this topic is to ask ous problem, engineers and scientists will atmosphere. When students consider them to make pie charts in which the size figure out technical solutions to address it. whether or not living things, like humans, of each pie sector The educational can affect the destiny of an entire planet, corresponds to the Our task as educators is not to challenge is to they should remember the oxygen they percentage of each advocate particular policies or have students con- breathe as an immediate example of the gas in the atmo- solutions but to invite students to sider the costs and world-shaping capacities of life. sphere. Students need consider the best available scientific benefits of various to appreciate that evidence and to review the options approaches to Educational Challenges and

gases like CO2 and proposed by politicians, lobbyists, addressing human Opportunities ozone comprise very and advocacy groups with a clear impacts on cli- Climate change is an example of an small fractions of the understanding of that evidence and mate, including area where normal global geobiospheric total gas volume of of the procedures that scientists use the option of con- processes can be influenced by human the atmosphere. to gather data, test hypotheses, and tinuing on the activities, even though humans aren’t in When greenhouse weigh claims. Because climate current course of control. The challenge for environmental gases are termed change is a topic about which increasing use of educators is to develop programs that pro- “pollutants,” students people disagree and have many fossil fuels. In this vide opportunities for students to develop tend to think of different perspectives, it is a rich case, students a better and more durable understanding solving the global field for the integration of science should appreciate of these fundamental processes and invite warming problem by with other forms of knowledge. that doing nothing them to think critically about the human

somehow taking CO2 is in fact an action dimensions of global changes in personal, out of the air or by stopping its produc- and has consequences as well. Students individual terms. tion, as the problem of ozone depletion need to be able to use their critical think- Our task as educators is not to advo- was “solved” by taking CFCs out of aero- ing skills to consider the consequences of cate particular policies or solutions but to sol cans and coolants. various technological options, in both the invite students to consider the best avail- Teachers should ask students to discuss short and longer term. able scientific evidence and to review the the meaning of terms like greenhouse options proposed by politicians, lobbyists, effect, greenhouse gas, and global warm- Positive Feedbacks and advocacy groups with a clear under- ing; teachers also need to know what stu- The release of methane from thawing standing of that evidence and of the proce- dents already understand about the Sun’s permafrost is an example of a positive dures that scientists use to gather data, test energy and its actions on the Earth, feedback in which warming results in pro- hypotheses, and weigh claims. Because cli- including: cesses that result in even further warming mate change is a topic about which people • How much of incoming solar energy is in an upward spiral of accelerating climate disagree and have many different perspec- reflected by clouds, ice, water, or snow, changes. The concepts of positive vs. nega- tives, it is a rich field for the integration of absorbed by land and seas, or used by tive feedbacks are critical for students to science with other forms of knowledge, in- plants in photosynthesis? grasp as they develop their understanding cluding economics, politics, ethics, his- • When solar energy causes heating, what of the mechanisms that cause climate tory, and anthropology. The study of glo- does the heat energy do? change. An understanding of positive feed- bal climate change is a wonderful opportu- • Do students understand that energy is backs will help students realize the diffi- nity to engage students in thinking criti- not created or destroyed in normal culties inherent in predicting future cally about important topics that are likely physical/chemical reactions when it changes and that it is unwise to assume to affect the quality of their lives and those comes to how solar energy drives plan- that even current rates of fairly rapid of the species with which we share the etary processes such as the water cycle? climate change will continue. Possible Earth. 2 Special Science Education Supplement Witness the Arctic, Autumn 2001

Aspects of Traditional Iñupiat Education by Paul Ongtooguk

This article has been abstracted from what knots should be used to properly tie aspects of preparing and engaging in the “Aspects of Traditional Iñupiat Education,” things down in the various parts. What hunt. The stories often stress how clever, published in Sharing Our Pathways Volume had appeared simple at the first observa- thoughtful, and ingenious a person has 5, Issue 4, Sept/Oct 2000, by the Alaska tion gradually becomes extremely compli- been in becoming successful as a hunter Rural Systemic Initiative. Paul Ongtooguk is cated as the issues are understood. The and a provider to the community. Many a senior research associate at the Institute of sophisticated observer finally extracts the of the stories emphasize the attitude of the Social and Economic Research, University of principles that become the threads by hunter, condemning bragging and pride in Alaska, Anchorage, and member of the which what has been “seen and done” is personal accomplishment while encourag- project team for Alaska Native Studies Cur- understood. ing respect for the hunted animal. Pride riculum and Teacher Development Project Often a young hunter is guided by an and arrogance can be fatal in the Arctic (www.alaskool.org). His email address is uncle in another aspect of traditional edu- where the best lesson to keep in mind is [email protected]. cation, an apprenticeship. When appren- how little we actually know and how easily tice hunters begin going to a hunting we can be swept from the world. raditional Iñupiat society was, and is, camp they might spend most of their time Tabout knowing the right time to be in on chores like hauling water and collecting The Community as a School the right place, with the right tools, to take firewood. While out at camp, the young In traditional Iñupiat society, the com- advantage of a temporary abundance of boy learns about: munity is a school. Older men tell stories resources. Such a cycle of life was, and is, • good locations for certain animals, fish, about everything, and the stories are the based on a foundation of knowledge about or materials during certain seasons; lessons. When, where, and what lessons and insight into the natural world. Such a • locating the hunting camp; occur are dependent upon the time, the cycle of life was, and is, dependent upon a • what equipment to bring for certain place, and the season. The lessons are tied people’s careful observations of the envi- areas and for different kinds of hunting, to the traditional cycle of life. ronment and their dynamic response to fishing, or trapping; Preservation of the communities and changes and circumstances. Developing • terrain, travel routes, and hazards; societies depends on the cooperation of its this cycle of life was critical to the con- • local weather and basic weather predic- members, and the apprenticeship is best tinuance of traditional Iñupiat society. tion; and understood in traditional Iñupiat educa- Also critical was a system to share this • maintaining hunting equipment. tion as occurring within the context of a knowledge and insight with the next A boy would also begin to observe the community of hunters. While the appren- generation. techniques and skills used by hunters in tice might focus on a particular task, the While some elements of traditional locating and stalking an animal. The task is a part of the larger context—the ways of learning have survived decades of apprentice hears the male hunters discuss realities of the hunting community. societal change, they tend to be frag- the nature of the hunt and anything An educational goal of traditional mented and difficult to recognize as por- learned, anything unusual or notable. Iñupiat society is a careful preparation of tions of an entire way of learning. One of Often the discussion revolves around how the young for the roles of adults. The val- the most credible sources is the personal and why things turned out the way they ues of traditional Iñupiat education story. The examples that follow are per- did. The apprentice is taught to think include cooperation and intense effort. sonal and illustrate how the role of the about what he is going to do and to ask These values are rewarded in many ways, male hunter was learned by boys in a con- himself: What can go wrong? What are the including the satisfaction that the hunter temporary Iñupiat community. dangers? He learns not to take unnecessary feels when people are fed and he knows risks, because the necessary ones are that he has contributed to the effort that Observation and Apprenticeship dangerous enough. has provided some of the food. Observation, beginning at a very early This description is only a fraction of age and continuing for years, is a critical Stories and Customs the traditional educational system. Knowl- element of the traditional educational sys- Before his first hunt, the child has lis- edge about the traditional educational sys- tem. The first knowledge about hunting tened to hunting stories for years, learning tem of Alaska Natives might, even today, comes as boys watch how hunters prepare about the traditions, values, and beliefs result in schools that are more completely their equipment, their clothing, and them- associated with hunting in an Iñupiat integrated into our communities. selves. At first the boy observes how rela- community. As a result of the entertaining This essay is an attempt to break some tively easy it seems to load a boat, for and informative stories told by Elders and of the stereotypes about the Iñupiat that example. Later, he notices the balance of veteran hunters, the young child con- persist in American society and by doing the load, what will be readily needed, what structs a mental image of all that is so to promote better opportunities for must not be allowed to sit under the load, required and some sense of the important Native students. 3 Special Science Education Supplement Witness the Arctic, Autumn 2001

The Scientist’s Guide to Making Classroom Visits

The following are some suggestions on how incorporate technology into your 3535 College Road, Suite 101 to make the transition from your research presentation. Fairbanks, Alaska 99709 USA site to the classroom, adapted from The • Grades 7–12: Presentations 50 minutes Phone: 907/474-1600 Fax: 907/474-1604 Scientist’s Guide to Making Classroom or longer. The length usually depends [email protected] Visits, with permission from the Alaska on class schedules. As with younger www.arcus.org Mineral and Energy Resource Education students, the more engaging your activi- Fund. For a copy of the complete booklet, ties and items, the more interactive the Executive Director: Wendy K. Warnick contact them at 907/276-0700. students will be. This supplement is published by “Wiggles” by any grade level indicate a ARCUS with funding from the ne of the best tools any classroom need for a change in pace or activity. Bring National Science Foundation (NSF). Oteacher can have is a person who along cool gadgets, items that you work Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or knows and understands science. Scien- with, and pictures. Pictures should be recommendations expressed in this tists in the classroom can help students: large enough to be seen, and objects for publication do not necessarily reflect • understand how science is used in the handling by students should be safe. the views of NSF. real world, Managing Editor: Alison York • see scientists as real people and role During Your Presentation Education Editor: Janet Warburton Editor/Designer: Marty Peale models, Introduce yourself. Tell the class why Copy Editors: Diane Wallace, Sue Mitchell • develop a sense of how science and you are visiting. Ask questions to deter- Contributors: J. Brune, M. McClaren, other subjects work together, and mine what they already know about the P. Ongtooguk. • understand the role of science in day- topic. Tie your topic into what they have Selected Science Education Web Sites to-day living. been studying. Tell them what to expect www.ankn.uaf.edu out of your visit. The Alaska Native Knowledge Network Before Your Visit Have the students answer some basic (ANKN) compiles and exchanges information related to Alaska Native knowledge systems and Discuss with the teacher: questions before beginning. Examples: ways of knowing. The site includes a searchable • how your topics can fit in with what “What are the three basic types of rocks?” database of culturally based curriculum re- the class is currently learning, “What do you think geologists do?” sources. • how it will be covered both before and Be sure to discuss why you became a www.enc.org after your visit, scientist. What makes you excited about The Eisenhower National Clearinghouse for Mathematics and Science Education (ENC) was • background information already the work you do? How does your work collects all types of teaching materials for K–12 covered, and affect their lives? Give an example if you math and science educators and disseminates • exactly what you will present to the class. can and have them come up with some. information about federally funded programs. You may want to suggest resources, Discuss how technology is a part of your www.globe.gov Global Learning and Observations to Benefit provide the teacher with background work. the Environment (GLOBE) is a worldwide, material to introduce before your visit, or Review as you go. Make connections hands-on, primary and secondary school-based develop a worksheet or an activity to fol- about what you said and did by asking science and education program. Their web site offers on-line student activities and resources for low up on your presentation. Have the questions. Have them make connections. both scientists and educators. teacher get the students to develop two Provide a way for the student to use www.ericse.org or three questions each about your topic the information you have presented them. The Educational Resources Information Center, to stimulate discussion. Have them do an experiment, play a game, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Educa- tion, provides access to the best information Tailor the length and style of your or do a worksheet that you and/or the available for teaching and learning about sci- presentation to the age group of the class: teacher developed for that purpose. Actu- ence, mathematics, and the environment. • Kindergarten students: up to 20 min- ally work directly with the students if they www.epa.gov/enviro/html/em utes. This group especially likes hands- are engaged in an activity. The EnviroMapper application provides users on items and activities and will ask lots At the end of the presentation, ask the with interactive Geographic Information System (GIS) functionality using Environmental Pro- of questions. students three or four review questions tection Agency (EPA) spatial data, including air • Grades 1–3: 20 to 30 minutes. Visuals and have them tie in personal experiences releases, drinking water, hazardous wastes, water discharge permits, and Superfund sites. and hands-on objects or activities or share stories. Remember to leave con- always engage students. Expect ques- tact information so they can send you www.epa.gov/globalwarming/ tions and stories. their worksheets, or contact you for more visitorcenter/educators The Educators' section of this EPA site offers • Grades 4–6: 45 to 60 minutes. Visuals information. materials on climate change science, potential and activities are more effective for the Most of all—remember the enthusiasm impacts, and mitigation options. Tools include a Greenhouse Gas Calculator, a Global Warm- longer presentation. Consider includ- and curiosity that drove you to become ing Wheel Card, case studies, and interactive ing a short assignment (worksheet) or the scientist you are today. Remember to software to measure energy consumption, question/answer session. If possible, have fun! impact, and reduction opportunities. 4 NSF Office of Polar Programs Arctic Section PublicationsAddresses Autumn 2001

Arctic Sciences Section • www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/start.htm Office of Polar Programs (OPP) Arctic System Science Program Arctic Natural Sciences Program National Science Foundation (NSF) (ARCSS) www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/natural.htm www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/system.htm 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 755 S Jane V. Dionne, Program Manager Arlington, VA 22230 Michael T. Ledbetter, Program Manager [email protected] Phone: 703/292-8029 • Fax: 703/292-9082 [email protected] Neil Swanberg, Program Manager Thomas E. Pyle, Section Head [email protected] [email protected] Arctic Social Sciences Program www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/social.htm Charles E. Myers, Head of Interagency Research Support & Logistics Fae L. Korsmo, Program Manager www.nsf.gov/od/opp/arctic/suplog.htm Arctic Staff [email protected] [email protected] Simon N. Stephenson, Program Manager [email protected] Robin Muench, Program Officer [email protected]

Arctic System Science Program (ARCSS) Program Addresses

ARCSS Program Coordination ARCSS Committee (AC) Amanda Lynch ARCSS Committee Coordination www.arcus.org/ARCSS/ARCSS.html CIRES/Program in Atmospheric & www.arcus.org Oceanic Sciences Jack Kruse, Chair University of Colorado Wendy K. Warnick, Executive Director Department of Geosciences Campus Box 216 Arctic Research Consortium of the United States University of Massachusetts Boulder, CO 80309-0216 (ARCUS) 117 N. Leverett Road Phone: 303/492-5847 • Fax: 303/492-1149 3535 College Road, Suite 101 Leverett, MA 01054 [email protected] Fairbanks, AK 99709-3710 Phone: 413/367-2240 • Fax: 413/367-0092 Phone: 907/474-1600 • Fax: 907/474-1604 [email protected] Jonathan T. Overpeck [email protected] • [email protected] Institute for the Study of Planet Earth F. Stuart (Terry) Chapin, III University of Arizona Institute of Arctic Biology 715 North Park Avenue, 2nd Floor ARCSS Data Coordination Center University of Alaska Fairbanks Tucson, AZ 85721 http://arcss.colorado.edu PO Box 757000 Phone: 520/622-9065 • Fax: 520/792-8795 Rudy J. Dichtl, Data Manager Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 [email protected] Cooperative Institute for Research Phone: 907/474-7922 • Fax: 907/474-6967 in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) [email protected] Bruce J. Peterson The Ecosystems Center National Snow & Ice Data Center Rudy J. Dichtl Marine Biological Laboratory University of Colorado CIRES/National Snow & Ice Data Center Woods Hole, MA 02543 Campus Box 449 University of Colorado Phone: 508/289-7484 • Fax: 508/457-1548 Boulder, CO 80309-0449 Campus Box 449 [email protected] Phone: 303/492-5532 • Fax: 303/492-2468 Boulder, CO 80309-0449 [email protected] Michael J. Retelle Phone: 303/492-5532 • Fax: 303/492-2468 Chris McNeave, Data Coordinator [email protected] Department of Geology Bates College address and fax same as Rudy J. Dichtl Lawrence C. Hamilton 44 Campus Avenue Phone: 303/492-1390 Department of Sociology HSSC Lewiston, ME 04240 [email protected] University of New Hampshire Phone: 207/786-6155 • Fax: 207/786-8334 20 College Road [email protected] Durham, NH 03824-3509 Phone: 603/862-1859 • Fax: 603/862-3558 John Weatherly [email protected] Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory 72 Lyme Road O. W. (Bill) Heal Hanover, NH 03755 The Granary - Allerwash - Newbrough - Hexham Phone: 603/646-4741 • Fax: 603/646-4644 NE47 5AB Northumberland, UK [email protected] Phone/Fax: +44/1434-674-715 [email protected] Lloyd D. Keigwin Department of Geology and Geophysics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/289-2784 • Fax: 508/457-2183 [email protected]

Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 ARCSS Program Addresses Autumn 2001

Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) • www.laii.uaf.edu LAII Science Steering Committee Marilyn Walker LAII Science Management Office School of Agriculture & Land Resources F. Stuart (Terry) Chapin, III, Chair Management F. Stuart (Terry) Chapin, III, Director Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks address, phone & fax same as above University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 756780 [email protected] PO Box 757000 Fairbanks, AK 99775-6780 Patricia A. Anderson, Deputy Director Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 Phone: 907/474-2424 • Fax: 907/474-6251 Center for Global Change & Arctic System Phone: 907/474-7922 • Fax: 907/474-6967 [email protected] Research [email protected] Robert G. White University of Alaska Fairbanks Jonathan Foley Institute of Arctic Biology PO Box 757740 Center for Climatic Research University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-7740 University of Wisconsin - Madison PO Box 757000 Phone: 907/474-5698 • Fax: 907/474-6722 1225 West Dayton Street Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 [email protected] Madison, WI 53706-1695 Phone: 907/474-7028 • Fax: 907/474-6967 Phone: 608/265-5144 • Fax: 608/262-5964 [email protected] [email protected] Gail A. Fondahl NRES/Geography University of Northern British Columbia LAII and OAII to Meet November 2001 3333 University Avenue Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada Phone: 250/960-5856 • Fax: 250/960-5539 cean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) and Land-Atmosphere-Ice [email protected] OInteractions (LAII) investigators will hold their annual all-investigator meetings Bernard Hallet in mid-November 2001 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Quaternary Research Center University of Washington OAII All-Hands Meeting P.O. Box 351360 Seattle, WA 98195-1360 The OAII All-Hands Meeting will convene 14–16 November 2001. In addition to Phone: 206/685-2409 • Fax: 206/543-3836 poster sessions on general arctic science activities and OAII research and outreach, [email protected] researchers will present proposals for initiatives dealing with atmospheric and near- Henry P. Huntington shore processes. For more information, registration, and the agenda, see the OAII web Huntington Consulting 23834 The Clearing Drive site (http://arcss-oaii.hpl.umces.edu/AllHands/Mtg2001.html), or contact Jane Eagle River, AK 99577 Hawkey in Cambridge, MD (410/221-8416; fax 410/221-8490; Phone: 907/696-3564 • Fax: 907/696-3565 [email protected]). [email protected] Amanda Lynch LAII All-Hands Meeting CIRES/Program in Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences The LAII All-Hands Meeting will convene 14–17 November 2001. Investigators University of Colorado in the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX), Arctic Transitions in the Land- Campus Box 216 Boulder, CO 80309-0216 Atmosphere System (ATLAS), and Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Envi- Phone: 303/492-5847 • Fax: 303/492-1149 ronments in the Arctic (RAISE) projects will meet separately for part of the meeting [email protected] to supplement the plenary and poster sessions. For more information and the agenda, Roger A. Pielke, Sr. see the LAII web site (www.laii.uaf.edu/mtg.htm), or contact Patricia A. Anderson in Department of Atmospheric Science Fairbanks, AK (907/474-5415; fax 907/474-6722; [email protected]). Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Phone: 970/491-8293 • Fax: 970/491-8449 Joint Meetings for OAII or LAII Registrants [email protected] A morning plenary session on 15 November 2001, open to registrants from either Joshua Schimel meeting, will bring together OAII, LAII, RAISE, and PARCS investigators to Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara • update one another on the various components’ activities and initiatives, 507 Mesa Road • foster interdisciplinary discussions, and Santa Barbara, CA 93106 • identify the contributions needed to facilitate an effective ARCSS All-Hands Phone: 805/893-7688 • Fax: 805/893-4724 [email protected] Meeting in February 2002. The OAII, LAII, and RAISE Science Steering Committees will meet jointly on the Matthew Sturm Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory afternoon of 16 November 2001 to follow up on the plenary discussions. PO Box 35170 In addition, the Barrow Arctic Science Consortium (BASC) Science Advisory Ft. Wainwright, AK 99703-0170 Group will convene an open meeting on the evening of 15 November 2001, followed Phone: 907/353-5183 • Fax: 907/353-5142 [email protected] by an informational session. For more information, see the BASC web site (www.sfos. uaf.edu/basc), or contact Glenn Sheehan in Barrow, AK (907/852-4881; fax 907/ 852-4882; [email protected]).

ARCUS • 907/474-1600 • Fax 907/474-1604 • [email protected] • www.arcus.org ARCSS Program Addresses Autumn 2001

Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) • http://arcss-oaii.hpl.umces.edu OAII Science Steering Committee Jacqueline M. Grebmeier Paul B. Shepson Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Departments of Chemistry, Earth & Atmospheric Louis A. Codispoti, Chair University of Tennessee Sciences Center for Environmental Science 10515 Research Drive, Suite 100, Building A Purdue University Horn Point Laboratory Knoxville, TN 37932 1393 Brown Building University of Maryland Phone: 865/974-2592 • Fax: 865/974-7896 West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393 PO Box 775 [email protected] Phone: 765/494-7441 • Fax: 765/494-0239 Cambridge, MD 21613-0775 [email protected] Phone: 410/221-8479 • Fax: 410/221-8490 Dan Lubin [email protected] California Space Institute John Weatherly University of California at San Diego Cold Regions Research & Engineering Richard A. Caulfield 9500 Gilman Drive Laboratory Dept. of Alaska Native & Rural Development La Jolla, CA 92093-0221 72 Lyme Road University of Alaska Fairbanks Phone: 858/534-6369 • Fax: 858/534-7452 Hanover, NH 03755 PO Box 756500 [email protected] Phone: 603/646-4741 • Fax: 603/646-4644 Fairbanks, AK 99775-6500 [email protected] Phone: 907/474-5573 • Fax: 907/474-6325 Robie W. Macdonald [email protected] Institute of Ocean Sciences Andrew Weaver Department of Fisheries & Oceans School of Earth & Ocean Sciences Dennis A. Darby PO Box 6000 University of Victoria Dept. of Ocean, Earth, & Atmospheric Sciences Sidney, BC V8L 4B2 Canada PO Box 3055 Old Dominion University Phone: 250/363-6409 • Fax: 250/363-6807 Victoria, BC V8W 3P6 Canada 4600 Elkhorn Avenue [email protected] Phone: 250/472-4001 • Fax: 250/472-4004 Norfolk, VA 23529-0276 [email protected] Phone: 757/683-4701 • Fax: 757/683-5303 Patricia A. Matrai [email protected] Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences Thomas Weingartner 180 McKown Point Road Institute of Marine Science Thomas L. Delworth West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575-0475 University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Phone: 207/633-9614 • Fax: 207/633-9641 PO Box 757220 National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration [email protected] Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220 PO Box 308 Don K. Perovich Phone: 907/474-7993 • Fax: 907/474-7204 Princeton, NJ 08542-0308 [email protected] Phone: 609/452-6565 • Fax: 609/987-5063 Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory [email protected] 72 Lyme Road OAII Science Management Office Hanover, NH 03755-1290 Hajo Eicken Phone: 603/646-4255 • Fax: 603/646-4644 Louis A. Codispoti, Director Geophysical Institute [email protected] Address, phone & fax same as above University of Alaska Fairbanks [email protected] PO Box 757320 Albert J. Semtner Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320 Department of Oceanography Jane Hawkey, SMO Manager Phone: 907/474-7280 • Fax: 907/474-7290 Naval Postgraduate School address and fax same as Louis A. Codispoti [email protected] 833 Dyer Road, Room 328 Phone: 410/221-8416 Monterey, CA 93943-5122 [email protected] Kelly K. Falkner Phone: 831/656-3267 • Fax: 831/656-2712 College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences [email protected] Oregon State University 104 Ocean Administration Building Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 Phone: 541/737-3625 • Fax: 541/737-2064 [email protected]

Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 ARCSS Program Addresses

Paleoenvironmental Arctic Sciences (PARCS) • www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/parcs PARCS Steering Committee Mathieu Duvall Anatoly V. Lozhkin Quaternary Research Center AK-60 Northeast Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Mary E. Edwards, Co-Chair University of Washington Institute—Far East Branch Geografisk Institutt Box 351360 Russian Academy of Sciences Norwegian University of Science & Technology Seattle, WA 98195 16 Portovaya Street N-7034 Trondheim, Norway Phone: 206/543-0569 • Fax: 206/543-3836 685000 Magadan, Russia Phone: +47/7359-1915 • Fax: +47/7359-1878 [email protected] Phone: +7/413-223-0944 [email protected] Fax: +7/413-223-0051 Bruce P. Finney [email protected] Glen M. MacDonald, Co-Chair Institute of Marine Science Departments of Geography and Organismic University of Alaska Fairbanks Gifford H. Miller Biology, Ecology, & Evolution PO Box 757220 Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research University of California Los Angeles Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220 University of Colorado 405 Hilgard Avenue Phone: 907/474-7724 • Fax: 907/474-7204 Campus Box 450 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1524 [email protected] Boulder, CO 80309-0450 Phone: 310/825-2568 • Fax: 310/206-5976 Phone: 303/492-6962 • Fax: 303/492-6388 Aslaug Geirsdottir [email protected] [email protected] Department of Geosciences Patrick J. Bartlein University of Iceland Bette L. Otto-Bliesner Department of Geography Jardfraedahus Haskolans Climate Change Research University of Oregon IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland National Center for Atmospheric Research Eugene, OR 97403-1251 Phone: +354/5254477 • Fax: +354/5254499 PO Box 3000 Phone: 541/346-4967 • Fax: 541/346-2067 [email protected] Boulder, CO 80307 [email protected] Phone: 303/497-1723 • Fax: 303/497-1348 Malcolm K. Hughes [email protected] Julie Brigham-Grette Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research Department of Geosciences University of Arizona Michael J. Retelle University of Massachusetts 105 W. Stadium, Building 58 Department of Geology Morrill Science Center Tuscon, AZ 85721 Bates College Campus Box 35820 Phone: 520/621-6470 • Fax: 520/621-8229 44 Campus Avenue Amherst, MA 01003-5820 [email protected] Lewiston, ME 04240 Phone: 413/545-4840 • Fax: 413/545-1200 Phone: 207/786-6155 • Fax: 207/786-8334 [email protected] Anne Jennings Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research [email protected] Marianne Douglas University of Colorado Gregory A. Zielinski Department of Geology Campus Box 450 Institute for Quaternary & Climate Studies University of Toronto Boulder, CO 80309-0450 University of Maine 22 Russell Street Phone: 303/492-7621 • Fax: 303/492-6388 Orono, ME 04469-5790 Toronto, ON M5S 3B1 Canada [email protected] Phone: 207/581-3441 • Fax: 207/581-1203 Phone: 416/978-3709 • Fax: 416/978-3938 [email protected] [email protected]

Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) • www.arcus.org/harc HARC Science Management Office Web-based Workshops for HARC Investigators Henry P. Huntington, Director Huntington Consulting o facilitate interdisciplinary discussion and development of HARC research 23834 The Clearing Drive Tthemes, the HARC Science Management Office (see page 8) is planning three Eagle River, AK 99577 web-based workshops as an innovative and convenient way for researchers from differ- Phone: 907/696-3564 • Fax: 907/696-3565 [email protected] ent disciplines to discuss aspects of human dimensions research. Each workshop will be Renée Crain, Project Manager active around the clock for one week and is open to anyone who wishes to participate: Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • Arctic Weather: Implications of changing weather patterns in the Arctic (ARCUS) 5-9 November 2001 Moderators: John Walsh and Henry Huntington 3535 College Road, Suite 101 Fairbanks, AK 99709-3710 • Northern Treeline: Location of the arctic treeline and its implications for humans Phone: 907/474-1600 • Fax: 907/474-1604 26-30 November 2001 Moderators: Sakari Kankaanpaa and Frans Wielgolaski [email protected] • [email protected] • Sea Ice: Effects of sea ice changes on coastal communities 3-7 December 2001 Moderators: Jim Maslanik and Igor Krupnik Detailed announcements will be disseminated through Arctic Info (to subscribe, see www.arcus.org/arcticinfo/fr_subscription.html) and on the HARC web site (http:// www.arcus.org/harc). Through these and subsequent workshops, the SMO hopes to help the research community identify important questions about human dimensions in the Arctic and build collaborative and creative approaches to answering them.

ARCUS • 907/474-1600 • Fax 907/474-1604 • [email protected] • www.arcus.org ARCUS AddressesPublications Autumn 2001

ARCUS Board of Directors Henry P. Huntington, President Mark C. Serreze Patricia A. Wheeler, Executive Committee Huntington Consulting CIRES/National Snow & Ice Data Center College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences 23834 The Clearing Drive University of Colorado Boulder Oregon State University Eagle River, AK 99577 Campus Box 216 104 Ocean Admin Building Phone: 907/696-3564 • Fax: 907/696-3565 Boulder, CO 80309-0449 Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 [email protected] Phone: 303/492-2963 • Fax: 303/492-1149 Phone: 541/737-0558 • Fax: 541/737-2064 [email protected] • [email protected] • www.orst.edu Lilian Alessa www.colorado.edu Department of Biology Bernard D. Zak University of Alaska Anchorage John E. Walsh Environmental Characterization & Monitoring 3211 Providence Drive Department of Atmospheric Sciences Systems Department Anchorage, AK 99508 University of Illinois-Urbana Sandia National Laboratories Phone: 907/786-1507 • Fax: 907/786-4607 105 S. Gregory Avenue PO Box 5800 [email protected] • www.uaa.alaska.edu Urbana, IL 61801 Albuquerque, NM 87185-0755 Phone: 217/333-7521 • Fax: 217/244-4393 Phone: 505/845-8631 • Fax: 505/844-0116 Raymond S. Bradley [email protected] • www.uiuc.edu [email protected] • www.sandia.gov Department of Geosciences University of Massachusetts Morrill Science Center Campus Box 35820 Amherst, MA 01003-5820 ARCUS Member Institutions, Representatives, and Alternates Phone: 413/545-2120 • Fax: 413/545-1200 [email protected] • www.umass.edu Alaska North Slope Borough The Center for Northern Studies Harald Gaski Department of Wildlife Management Steven Young Faculty of Humanities–Department of Sámi www.co.north-slope.ak.us The Center for Northern Studies University of Tromsø Thomas A. Albert 479 Cross Road N-9037 Tromsø, Norway Department of Wildlife Management Wolcott, VT 05680-4088 Phone: +47/7764-4259 • Fax: +47/7764-4239 North Slope Borough Phone: 802/888-4331 • Fax: 802/888-3969 [email protected] • www.uit.no PO Box 69 [email protected] Taqulik Hepa Barrow, AK 99723 Steven Cox Department of Wildlife Management Phone: 907/852-0350 • Fax: 907/852-0351 address same as Steven Young North Slope Borough [email protected] Phone: 802/888-4331 • Fax: 802/888-3969 [email protected] PO Box 69 Arizona State University Barrow, AK 99723 Phone: 907/852-0350 • Fax: 907/852-0351 www.asu.edu Cold Regions Research & [email protected] Anthony J. Brazel Engineering Laboratory Department of Geography www.crrel.usace.army.mil David R. Klein Arizona State University Institute of Arctic Biology Debra Meese PO Box 870104 University of Alaska Fairbanks Snow & Ice Division Tempe, AZ 85287-0104 PO Box 757020 Cold Regions Research & Phone: 480/965-6436 • Fax: 480/965-8313 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7020 Engineering Laboratory [email protected] Phone: 907/474-6674 • Fax: 907/474-6967 72 Lyme Road [email protected] • www.uaf.edu Hanover, NH 03755-1290 Bates College Phone: 603/646-4594 • Fax: 603/646-4644 Daniel H. Mann, Treasurer www.bates.edu [email protected] Institute of Arctic Biology William G. Ambrose University of Alaska Fairbanks Walter (Terry) Tucker, III Biology Department address same as Debra Meese PO Box 757000 Bates College Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 Phone: 603/646-4268 • Fax: 603/646-4644 44 Campus Avenue [email protected] Phone: 907/474-2419 • Fax: 907/474-6967 Lewiston, ME 04240 [email protected] • www.uaf.edu Phone: 207/786-6114 • Fax: 207/786-6123 Dartmouth College Wieslaw Maslowski, Executive Committee [email protected] www.dartmouth.edu Department of Oceanography-Code OC/Ma Naval Postgraduate School Brown University Oran R. Young 833 Dyer Road, Room 331 www.brown.edu Institute of Arctic Studies Monterey, CA 93943-5122 Dartmouth College Douglas D. Anderson 6214 Fairchild Phone: 831/656-3162 • Fax: 831/656-2712 Department of Anthropology [email protected] • www.nps.navy.mil Hanover, NH 03755-3517 Brown University Phone: 603/646-1278 • Fax: 603/646-1279 Michael J. Retelle, Secretary PO Box 1921 [email protected] Department of Geology Providence, RI 02912 Bates College Phone: 401/863-7060 • Fax: 401/863-7588 Ross A. Virginia 44 Campus Avenue [email protected] Environmental Studies Program Lewiston, ME 04240 Dartmouth College Phone: 207/786-6155 • Fax: 207/786-8334 6182 Steele Hall [email protected] • www.bates.edu Hanover, NH 03755-3577 Phone: 603/646-1456 • Fax: 603/646-1682 [email protected] (continued next page)

Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 ARCUS Addresses Autumn 2001

ARCUS Member Institutions, Representatives, and Alternates (continued) Desert Research Institute George M. Strain San Diego State University www.dri.edu Research & Graduate Studies www.sdsu.edu Louisiana State University Randy Borys Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4105 W. Timothy Hushen Storm Peak Laboratory Phone: 225/388-5833 • Fax: 225/388-5983 San Diego State University Foundation— Desert Research Institute [email protected] Research Management PO Box 770799 San Diego State University Steamboat Springs, CO 80477-0799 Marine Biological Laboratory 5250 Campanile Drive Phone: 970/879-8796 • Fax: 970/879-7819 www.mbl.edu San Diego, CA 92182 [email protected] Phone: 619/594-4102 • Fax: 619/582-9164 Bruce J. Peterson [email protected] Joseph R. McConnell The Ecosystems Center Water Resources Division Marine Biological Laboratory Douglas A. Stow Desert Research Institute Woods Hole, MA 02543 Department of Geography 2215 Raggio Parkway Phone: 508/289-7484 • Fax: 508/457-1548 San Diego State University Reno, NV 89512 [email protected] 5500 Campanile Drive Phone: 775/673-7348 • Fax: 775/673-7363 San Diego, CA 92182-4493 [email protected] Knute Nadelhoffer Phone: 619/594-5498 • Fax: 619/594-4938 address same as Bruce J. Peterson [email protected] Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Phone: 508/289-7493 • Fax: 508/457-1548 www.erau.edu [email protected] Sandia National Laboratories www.sandia.gov Gulamabas G. Sivjee Michigan State University Physical Sciences Department www.msu.edu Wayne Einfeld Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Environmental Characterization & Monitoring 600 S. Clyde Morris Boulevard Patrick J. Webber Systems Department Daytona Beach, FL 32114-3900 Department of Botany & Plant Pathology Sandia National Laboratories Phone: 904/226-6711 • Fax: 904/226-6713 Michigan State University PO Box 5800 [email protected] 100 N. Kedzie Hall Albuquerque, NM 87185-0755 East Lansing, MI 48824-1031 John J. Olivero Phone: 505/845-8314 • Fax: 505/844-0116 Phone: 517/355-1284 • Fax: 517/432-2150 [email protected] address same as Gulamabas G. Sivjee [email protected] Phone: 904/226-6709 • Fax: 904/226-6713 [email protected] Robert D. Hollister Smithsonian Institution address same as Patrick J. Webber www.si.edu Iøisaåvik College Phone: 517/432-2399 • Fax: 517/432-2150 Aron L. Crowell http://ilisagvik.co.north-slope.ak.us [email protected] Anchorage Museum of History & Art Frank Willingham Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center Northern Illinois University Smithsonian Institution Iøisaåvik College www.niu.edu PO Box 749 121 W. 7th Avenue Barrow, AK 99723-0749 Ross D. Powell Anchorage, AK 99501 Phone: 907/852-1818 • Fax: 907/852-1805 Department of Geology Phone: 907/343-6162 • Fax: 907/343-6130 [email protected] Northern Illinois University [email protected] 312 Davis Hall Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory DeKalb, IL 60115-2854 SRI International of Columbia University Phone: 815/753-7952 • Fax: 815/753-1945 www.sri.com www.ldeo.columbia.edu [email protected] John D. Kelly Ionospheric & Space Physics Group William M. Smethie The Ohio State University SRI International Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory www.acs.ohio-state.edu 333 Ravenswood Avenue of Columbia University Menlo Park, CA 94025 PO Box 1000 W. Berry Lyons Byrd Polar Research Center Phone: 650/859-3749 • Fax: 650/322-2318 Palisades, NY 10964-8000 [email protected] Phone: 845/365-8566 • Fax: 845/365-8155 The Ohio State University [email protected] 1090 Carmack Road Jeff Thayer Columbus, OH 43210-1002 Engineering & Systems Division James R. Cochran Phone: 614/688-3241 • Fax: 614/292-4697 SRI International address same as William M. Smethie [email protected] 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Mailstop G-275 Phone: 845/365-8396 • Fax: 845/365-8179 Menlo Park, CA 94025 [email protected] Oregon State University Phone: 650/859-3557 • Fax: 650/322-2318 www.orst.edu Louisiana State University [email protected] (continued next page) www.lsu.edu Timothy Boyd College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences H. Jesse Walker Oregon State University Department of Geography & Anthropology 104 Ocean Admin Building Louisiana State University Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4105 Phone: 541/737-4035 • Fax: 541/737-2064 Phone: 225/388-6130 • Fax: 225/388-4420 [email protected] [email protected] (continued next column) Evelyn B. Sherr address same as Timothy Boyd Phone: 541/737-4369 • Fax: 541/737-2064 [email protected]

ARCUS • 907/474-1600 • Fax 907/474-1604 • [email protected] • www.arcus.org ARCUS Addresses Autumn 2001

ARCUS Member Institutions, Representatives, and Alternates (continued) Texas A&M University University of Miami University of Wisconsin-Madison www.tamu.edu www.miami.edu www.wisc.edu David A. Brooks Peter J. Minnett James G. Bockheim College of Geosciences Rosenstiel School of Marine & Department of Soil Science Texas A&M University Atmospheric Science University of Wisconsin-Madison 3148 CAMPUS University of Miami 1525 Observatory Drive College Station, TX 77845-3148 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Madison, WI 53706-1299 Phone: 979/845-3651 • Fax: 979/845-0056 Miami, FL 33149 Phone: 608/263-5903 • Fax 608/265-2595 [email protected] Phone: 305/361-4104 • Fax: 305/361-4622 [email protected] Mahlon C. Kennicutt [email protected] Geochemical & Environmental Research Group Zafer Top Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Texas A&M University address same as Peter J. Minnett www.whoi.edu 833 Graham Road Phone: 305/361-4110 • Fax: 305/361-4911 Andrey Proshutinsky College Station, TX 77845 [email protected] Physical Oceanography Department Phone: 979/862-2323 • Fax: 979/862-2361 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [email protected] University of Nebraska-Lincoln Mail Stop 29 www.unl.edu Woods Hole, MA 02543 University of Alaska Anchorage Karl C. Kuivinen Phone: 508/289-2796 • Fax: 508/457-2181 www.uaa.alaska.edu Snow & Ice Research Group [email protected] Kim M. Peterson University of Nebraska-Lincoln Susumu Honjo Department of Biological Sciences 2255 W. Street, Suite 101 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of Alaska Anchorage Lincoln, NE 68583-0850 Woods Hole, MA 02543 3211 Providence Drive Phone: 402/472-9833 • Fax: 402/472-9832 Phone: 508/540-1162 • Fax: 508/540-9439 Anchorage, AK 99508 [email protected] [email protected] Phone: 907/786-4772 • Fax: 907/786-4607 Clinton M. Rowe [email protected] Department of Geosciences University of Nebraska-Lincoln ARCUS International Affiliates University of Alaska Fairbanks Bessey Hall, Room 305C www.uaf.edu Lincoln, NE 68588-0340 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar & Roger W. Ruess Phone: 402/472-1946 • Fax: 402/472-4917 Marine Research Institute of Arctic Biology [email protected] www.awi-bremerhaven.de University of Alaska Fairbanks Jörn Thiede PO Box 757000 University of New Hampshire Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar & Marine Re- Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 www.unh.edu search Phone: 907/474-7153 • Fax: 907/474-6967 David Bartlett Columbusstrasse [email protected] Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, & Space D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany Ted DeLaca University of New Hampshire Phone: +49/471-4831-1100 Office of Arctic Research Morse Hall Fax: +49/471-4831-1102 University of Alaska Fairbanks 39 College Road [email protected] PO Box 757560 Durham, NH 03824-3525 Rainer Paulenz Fairbanks, AK 99775-7560 Phone: 603/862-0322 • Fax: 603/862-1915 address, phone & fax same as Jörn Thiede Phone: 907/474-7314 • Fax: 907/474-1836 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Berrien Moore, III address same as David Bartlett Association of Canadian Universities University of Colorado Phone: 603/862-1766 • Fax: 603/862-0188 www.colorado.edu for Northern Studies (ACUNS) [email protected] http://aix1.uottawa.ca/associations/aucen-acuns Rudy J. Dichtl CIRES/NSIDC University of Washington Peter G. Johnson University of Colorado www.washington.edu Geography Department University of Ottawa Campus Box 449 Ronald S. Sletten Boulder, CO 80309-0449 PO Box 450, Station A Quaternary Research Center Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada Phone: 303/492-5532 • Fax: 303/492-2468 University of Washington [email protected] Phone: 613/562-5800 ext. 1061 Box 351360 Fax: 613/562-5145 Seattle, WA 98195-1360 [email protected] • [email protected] University of Massachusetts Phone: 206/543-0571 • Fax: 206/543-3836 www.umass.edu [email protected] Margaret E. Johnston School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks, & Tourism Julie Brigham-Grette Jody W. Deming Department of Geosciences Lakehead University School of Oceanography 955 Oliver Road University of Massachusetts University of Washington Morrill Science Center Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 Canada Box 357940 Phone: 807/343-8377 • Fax: 807/346-7836 Campus Box 35820 Seattle, WA 98195 Amherst, MA 01003-5820 [email protected] Phone: 206/543-0845 • Fax: 206/543-0275 (continued next page) Phone: 413/545-4840 • Fax: 413/545-1200 [email protected] [email protected]

Published by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States • 3535 College Road • Suite 101 • Fairbanks, AK 99709 ARCUS Addresses

ARCUS International Affiliates (continued) GEOMAR Research Center for Marine Pål Prestrud Trond Dokken Geosciences Research Department Department of Geology www.geomar.de Norwegian Polar Institute address same as Lasse Lønnum Polarmiljøsenteret Phone: +47/7902-3331 • Fax: +47/7902-3301 Heidemarie Kassens N-9296 Tromsø, Norway [email protected] Department of Paleoceanography Phone: +47/7775-0530 • Fax: +47/7775-0501 GEOMAR Research Center for Marine [email protected] University of Northern British Columbia Geosciences www.unbc.ca Wischhofstrasse 1-3, Geb 4 Scott Polar Research Institute Kevin Hall D-24148 Kiel, Germany www.spri.cam.ac.uk Phone: +49/431-6002-850 Geography Program Fax: +49/431-6002-941 Keith S. Richards University of Northern British Columbia [email protected] Scott Polar Research Institute 3333 University Way University of Cambridge Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada McGill University Lensfield Road Phone: 250/960-5864 • Fax: 250/960-5538 www.mcgill.ca CB2 1ER Cambridge UK [email protected] Phone: +44/1223-336-579 Marianne Stenbaek Katherine Parker Fax: +44/1223-336-549 Forestry Program Cultural Studies Department [email protected] McGill University address same as Kevin Hall 853 Sherbrooke Street William J. Mills Phone: 250/960-5812 • Fax: 250/960-5539 Montreal, QC H3A 2T6 Canada address same as Keith S. Richards [email protected] Phone: 514/398-6579 • Fax: 514/398-8146 Phone: +44/1223-336-557 [email protected] Fax: +44/1223-336-549 University of Tromsø [email protected] www.uit.no Norwegian Polar Institute Ingvild Broch www.npolar.no The University Courses on Svalbard Research Department www.unis.no Olav Orheim University of Tromsø Polar Environmental Center Lasse Lønnum N-9037 Tromsø, Norway Norwegian Polar Institute The University Courses on Svalbard Phone: +47/7764-4262 • Fax: +47/7764-4900 Polarmiljøsenteret PO Box 156 [email protected] N-9296 Tromsø, Norway N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway Frits N. Jensen Phone: +47/7775-0620 • Fax: +47/7775-0501 Phone: +47/7902-3305 • Fax: +47/7902-3301 Roald Amundsen Centre for Arctic Research [email protected] [email protected] address same as Ingvild Broch (continued next column) (continued next column) Phone: +47/7764-5240 • Fax: +47/7767-6672 [email protected]

ARCUS Arctic Research Support and Logistics Working Group

Peter Schlosser, Co-chair Jack Dibb Roger W. Smith Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Glacier Research Group Geophysical Institute Columbia University University of New Hampshire University of Alaska Fairbanks PO Box 1000 Morse Hall PO Box 757320 61 Route 9 W. 39 College Road Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320 Palisades, NY 10964-8000 Durham, NH 03824-3525 Phone: 907/474-7416 • Fax: 907/474-5882 Phone: 914/365-8707 • Fax: 914/365-8155 Phone: 603/862-3063 • Fax: 603/862-2124 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Matthew Sturm Terry Tucker, Co-chair Jack Kruse Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory Snow & Ice Division Department of Geosciences PO Box 35170 Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory University of Massachusetts Ft. Wainwright, AK 99703-0170 72 Lyme Road 117 N. Leverett Road Phone: 907/353-5183 • Fax: 907/353-5142 Hanover, NH 03755-1290 Leverett, MA 01054 [email protected] Phone: 603/646-4268 • Fax: 603/646-4644 Phone: 413/367-2240 • Fax: 413/367-0092 Taneil Uttal [email protected] [email protected] Department of Radar Meteorology & Julie Brigham-Grette Miles McPhee Oceanography Department of Geosciences 450 Clover Springs Road Environmental Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts Naches, WA 98937 National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Morrill Science Center Phone: 509/658-2575 • Fax: 509/658-2575 (NOAA)—R/E/ET6 Campus Box 35820 [email protected] 325 South Broadway Amherst, MA 01003-5820 Craig Nicolson Boulder, CO 80303 Phone: 413/545-4840 • Fax: 413/545-1200 Department of Natural Resources Conservation Phone: 303/497-6181 • Fax: 303/497-6978 [email protected] University of Massachusetts [email protected] PO Box 34210 Amherst, MA 01003-4210 Phone: 413/545-3154 • Fax: 413/545-4358 [email protected]

ARCUS • 907/474-1600 • Fax 907/474-1604 • [email protected] • www.arcus.org