Monograph of the British Aphides
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Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies
INSECTICIDES - DEVELOPMENT OF SAFER AND MORE EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Stanislav Trdan Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3356 Edited by Stanislav Trdan Contributors Mahdi Banaee, Philip Koehler, Alexa Alexander, Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Juliana Cristina Dos Santos, Ronald Zanetti Bonetti Filho, Denilson Ferrreira De Oliveira, Giovanna Gajo, Dejane Santos Alves, Stuart Reitz, Yulin Gao, Zhongren Lei, Christopher Fettig, Donald Grosman, A. Steven Munson, Nabil El-Wakeil, Nawal Gaafar, Ahmed Ahmed Sallam, Christa Volkmar, Elias Papadopoulos, Mauro Prato, Giuliana Giribaldi, Manuela Polimeni, Žiga Laznik, Stanislav Trdan, Shehata E. M. Shalaby, Gehan Abdou, Andreia Almeida, Francisco Amaral Villela, João Carlos Nunes, Geri Eduardo Meneghello, Adilson Jauer, Moacir Rossi Forim, Bruno Perlatti, Patrícia Luísa Bergo, Maria Fátima Da Silva, João Fernandes, Christian Nansen, Solange Maria De França, Mariana Breda, César Badji, José Vargas Oliveira, Gleberson Guillen Piccinin, Alan Augusto Donel, Alessandro Braccini, Gabriel Loli Bazo, Keila Regina Hossa Regina Hossa, Fernanda Brunetta Godinho Brunetta Godinho, Lilian Gomes De Moraes Dan, Maria Lourdes Aldana Madrid, Maria Isabel Silveira, Fabiola-Gabriela Zuno-Floriano, Guillermo Rodríguez-Olibarría, Patrick Kareru, Zachaeus Kipkorir Rotich, Esther Wamaitha Maina, Taema Imo Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. -
The Mechanism by Which Aphids Adhere to Smooth Surfaces
J. exp. Biol. 152, 243-253 (1990) 243 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1990 THE MECHANISM BY WHICH APHIDS ADHERE TO SMOOTH SURFACES BY A. F. G. DIXON, P. C. CROGHAN AND R. P. GOWING School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ Accepted 30 April 1990 Summary 1. The adhesive force acting between the adhesive organs and substratum for a number of aphid species has been studied. In the case of Aphis fabae, the force per foot is about 10/iN. This is much the same on both glass (amphiphilic) and silanized glass (hydrophobic) surfaces. The adhesive force is about 20 times greater than the gravitational force tending to detach each foot of an inverted aphid. 2. The mechanism of adhesion was considered. Direct van der Waals forces and viscous force were shown to be trivial and electrostatic force and muscular force were shown to be improbable. An adhesive force resulting from surface tension at an air-fluid interface was shown to be adequate and likely. 3. Evidence was collected that the working fluid of the adhesive organ has the properties of a dilute aqueous solution of a surfactant. There is a considerable reserve of fluid, presumably in the cuticle of the adhesive organ. Introduction The mechanism by which certain insects can walk on smooth vertical and even inverted surfaces has long interested entomologists and recently there have been several studies on this subject (Stork, 1980; Wigglesworth, 1987; Lees and Hardie, 1988). The elegant study of Lees and Hardie (1988) on the feet of the vetch aphid Megoura viciae Buckt. -
POPULATION DYNAMICS of the SYCAMORE APHID (Drepanosiphum Platanoidis Schrank)
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE SYCAMORE APHID (Drepanosiphum platanoidis Schrank) by Frances Antoinette Wade, B.Sc. (Hons.), M.Sc. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London, and the Diploma of Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K. August 1999 1 THESIS ABSTRACT Populations of the sycamore aphid Drepanosiphum platanoidis Schrank (Homoptera: Aphididae) have been shown to undergo regular two-year cycles. It is thought this phenomenon is caused by an inverse seasonal relationship in abundance operating between spring and autumn of each year. It has been hypothesised that the underlying mechanism of this process is due to a plant factor, intra-specific competition between aphids, or a combination of the two. This thesis examines the population dynamics and the life-history characteristics of D. platanoidis, with an emphasis on elucidating the factors involved in driving the dynamics of the aphid population, especially the role of bottom-up forces. Manipulating host plant quality with different levels of aphids in the early part of the year, showed that there was a contrast in aphid performance (e.g. duration of nymphal development, reproductive duration and output) between the first (spring) and the third (autumn) aphid generations. This indicated that aphid infestation history had the capacity to modify host plant nutritional quality through the year. However, generalist predators were not key regulators of aphid abundance during the year, while the specialist parasitoids showed a tightly bound relationship to its prey. The effect of a fungal endophyte infecting the host plant generally showed a neutral effect on post-aestivation aphid dynamics and the degree of parasitism in autumn. -
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ 1 Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log ........................................................................................ 3 Introduction to Reference ................................................................................................ 5 Introduction to Stone Fruit ............................................................................................. 10 Arthropods ................................................................................................................... 16 Primary Pests of Stone Fruit (Full Pest Datasheet) ....................................................... 16 Adoxophyes orana ................................................................................................. 16 Bactrocera zonata .................................................................................................. 27 Enarmonia formosana ............................................................................................ 39 Epiphyas postvittana .............................................................................................. 47 Grapholita funebrana ............................................................................................. 62 Leucoptera malifoliella ........................................................................................... 72 Lobesia botrana .................................................................................................... -
The Fern-Feeder Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from China: a Generic Account, Descriptions of One New Genus, One New Species, One New Subspecies, and Keys
The Fern-Feeder Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from China: A Generic Account, Descriptions of One New Genus, One New Species, One New Subspecies, and Keys Authors: Xiao-Mei Su, Li-Yun Jiang, and Ge-Xia Qiao Source: Journal of Insect Science, 14(23) : 1-36 Published By: Entomological Society of America URL: https://doi.org/10.1673/031.014.23 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Insect-Science on 25 Sep 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 23 Su et al. The fern-feeder aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from China: a generic account, descriptions of one new genus, one new species, one new subspecies, and keys Xiao-Mei Su1,2a, Li-Yun Jiang1b, and Ge-Xia Qiao1c* 1Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2Fangshan District’s Center for Animal Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 102400, China Abstract Fern-feeder aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in China are represented by 13 species in 10 genera, including a new genus, Vietaphis gen. -
Aspects of the Biology and Taxonomy of British Myrmecophilous Root Aphids
Aspects of the biology and taxonomy of British myrmecophilous root aphids. by Richard George PAUL, BoSc.(Lond.),17.90.(Glcsgow). Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosopk,. of the University of London and for the Diploma of Imperial Colleao Decemi)or 1977. Dopartaent o:vv. .;:iotory)c Cromwell Road. 1.0;AMOH )t=d41/: -1- ABSTRACT. This thesis concerns the biology and taxonomy of root feeding aphids associated with British ants. A root aphid for the purposes of this thesis is defined as an aphid which, during at least part of its life cycle feeds either (a) beneath the normal soil surface or (b) beneath a tent of soil that has been placed over it by ants. The taxonomy of the genera Paranoecia and Anoecia has been revised and some synonomies proposed. Chromosome numbers have been discovered for Anoecia spp. and are used to clarify the taxonomy. The biology of Anoecia species has been studied and new facts about their life cycles have been discovered. A key is given to the British r European, African and North American species of Anoeciinae and this is included in a key to British myrmecophilous root aphids. Suction trap catches (1968-1976) from about twenty British traps have been used as a record of seasonal flight patterns for root aphids. All the Anoecia species caught in 1975 and 1976 were identified on the basis of new taxonomic work. Catches which had formerly all been identified as Anoecia corni were found to be A. corni, A. varans and A. furcata. The information derived from the catches was used to plot relative abundance and distribution maps for the three species. -
Species Identification of Aphids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) Through DNA Barcodes
Molecular Ecology Resources (2008) 8, 1189–1201 doi: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02297.x DNABlackwell Publishing Ltd BARCODING Species identification of aphids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) through DNA barcodes R. G. FOOTTIT,* H. E. L. MAW,* C. D. VON DOHLEN† and P. D. N. HEBERT‡ *National Environmental Health Program, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6, †Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA, ‡Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1 Abstract A 658-bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA from the 5′ region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene has been adopted as the standard DNA barcode region for animal life. In this study, we test its effectiveness in the discrimination of over 300 species of aphids from more than 130 genera. Most (96%) species were well differentiated, and sequence variation within species was low, averaging just 0.2%. Despite the complex life cycles and parthenogenetic reproduction of aphids, DNA barcodes are an effective tool for identification. Keywords: Aphididae, COI, DNA barcoding, mitochondrial DNA, parthenogenesis, species identification Received 28 December 2007; revision accepted 3 June 2008 of numerous plant diseases (Eastop 1977; Harrewijn & Introduction Minks 1987; Blackman & Eastop 2000; Harrington & van The aphids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) and related Emden 2007). Aphids are also an important invasive risk families Adelgidae and Phylloxeridae are a group of because their winged forms are easily dispersed by wind approximately 5000 species of small, soft-bodied insects that and because feeding aphids are readily transported with feed on plant phloem using piercing/sucking mouthparts. -
Aphid–Plant–Phytovirus Pathosystems: Influencing Factors from Vector Behaviour to Virus Spread
agriculture Review Aphid–Plant–Phytovirus Pathosystems: Influencing Factors from Vector Behaviour to Virus Spread Junior Corneille Fingu-Mabola * and Frédéric Francis Entomologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Terra, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège-Université, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; [email protected] * Correspondence: jcfi[email protected] Abstract: Aphids are responsible for the spread of more than half of the known phytovirus species. Virus transmission within the plant–aphid–phytovirus pathosystem depends on vector mobility which allows the aphid to reach its host plant and on vector efficiency in terms of ability to transmit phytoviruses. However, several other factors can influence the phytoviruses transmission process and have significant epidemiological consequences. In this review, we aimed to analyse the aphid behaviours and influencing factors affecting phytovirus spread. We discussed the impact of vector host-seeking and dispersal behaviours mostly involved in aphid-born phytovirus spread but also the effect of feeding behaviours and life history traits involved in plant–aphid–phytovirus relationships on vector performances. We also noted that these behaviours are influenced by factors inherent to the interactions between pathosystem components (mode of transmission of phytoviruses, vector efficiency, plant resistance, ... ) and several biological, biochemical, chemical or physical factors related to the environment of these pathosystem components, most of them being manipulated as means to control vector-borne diseases in the crop fields. Citation: Fingu-Mabola, J.C.; Francis, Keywords: host selection; plant–aphid–virus pathosystem; vector activity; vector-born virus; F. Aphid–Plant–Phytovirus vectorial transmission efficiency Pathosystems: Influencing Factors from Vector Behaviour to Virus Spread. Agriculture 2021, 11, 502. -
Global Change and Predator–Prey Interactions on a Woody Perennial
Global change and predator–prey interactions on a woody perennial by William Thomas Hentley B.Sc. M.Sc. Cardiff University School of Biosciences Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2014 Doctor of Philosophy – Cardiff University 2014 Contents Table of Figures ....................................................................................................... vi Table of Tables ...................................................................................................... viii Declaration ................................................................................................................ x Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. xi General introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Global change ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Factors driving herbivore abundance ............................................................ 2 1.2.1 Bottom-up processes .............................................................................. 2 1.2.1.1 Host plant acceptance ...................................................................... 3 1.2.1.2 Digesting plant material .................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Top -down processes ............................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Synergy of bottom-up and top-down -
Variations in Community Assemblages and Trophic Networks of Aphids And
Variations in community assemblages and trophic networks of aphids and parasitoids in protected crops Estelle Postic, Anne Le Ralec, Christelle Buchard, Caroline Granado, Yannick Outreman To cite this version: Estelle Postic, Anne Le Ralec, Christelle Buchard, Caroline Granado, Yannick Outreman. Varia- tions in community assemblages and trophic networks of aphids and parasitoids in protected crops. Ecosphere, Ecological Society of America, 2020, 1 (5), pp.e03126. 10.1002/ecs2.3126. hal-02571710 HAL Id: hal-02571710 https://hal-agrocampus-ouest.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02571710 Submitted on 13 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License AGROECOSYSTEMS Variations in community assemblages and trophic networks of aphids and parasitoids in protected crops 1,2 1, 3 ESTELLE POSTIC , ANNE LE RALEC , CHRISTELLE BUCHARD, 2 1 CAROLINE GRANADO, AND YANNICK OUTREMAN 1UMR IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Universite de Rennes 1, Rennes 35000 France 2AOPn Fraises de France, Estillac 47310 France 3UMR IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Universite de Rennes 1, Le Rheu 35650 France Citation: Postic, E., A. Le Ralec, C. Buchard, C. Granado, and Y. Outreman. -
First Detection of Megoura Crassicauda Mordvilko, (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Australia and a Review of Its Biology
FIRST DETECTION OF MEGOURA CRASSICAUDA MORDVILKO, (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA AND A REVIEW OF ITS BIOLOGY Dinah F Hales1, Peter S Gillespie2, Stephen Wade3 and Bernard C Dominiak3 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia 2 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Orange Agricultural Institute, Forest Road, Orange, New South Wales 2800, Australia 3 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, 161 Kite Street, Orange, New South Wales 2800, Australia Summary Aphids are important pests of crop production. Australia has been subject to many aphid incursions. In this paper, we describe the first detection in Australia of the bean or vetch aphid Megoura crassicauda Mordvilko, a pest of broad beans (Vicia faba L.) and related legumes, and provide background information on the insect. The potential to establish and spread is discussed. Keywords: incursion, establishment, broad beans, aphids, vetch INTRODUCTION primrose aphid Aphis oenotherae Oestlund, which has Aphids are important phloem-feeding plant pests displaced the native aphids feeding on the family distributed worldwide and cause serious crop Onagraceae (Hales et al. 2015). production losses in temperate regions. Their mode of feeding and reproduction has led to a close and often Previous responses to aphid incursions often have specific association with their host plants (Dixon included an initial but unsuccessful attempt at 1998). Aphids also transmit viruses and other eradication. In 1977 two lucerne aphids, spotted disorders, further contributing to lowered production alfalfa aphid Therioaphis trifolii Monell f. maculata (Plumb 1976; Sylvester 1980). Australia’s geographic and blue-green lucerne aphid Acyrthosiphon kondoi isolation and stringent biosecurity systems decrease Shinji, were detected in Queensland and spread the risks of exotic aphid incursions. -
The Hemiptera-Sternorrhyncha (Insecta) of Hong Kong, China—An Annotated Inventory Citing Voucher Specimens and Published Records
Zootaxa 2847: 1–122 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) ZOOTAXA 2847 The Hemiptera-Sternorrhyncha (Insecta) of Hong Kong, China—an annotated inventory citing voucher specimens and published records JON H. MARTIN1 & CLIVE S.K. LAU2 1Corresponding author, Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K., e-mail [email protected] 2 Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Cheung Sha Wan Road Government Offices, 303 Cheung Sha Wan Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, e-mail [email protected] Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by C. Hodgson: 17 Jan 2011; published: 29 Apr. 2011 JON H. MARTIN & CLIVE S.K. LAU The Hemiptera-Sternorrhyncha (Insecta) of Hong Kong, China—an annotated inventory citing voucher specimens and published records (Zootaxa 2847) 122 pp.; 30 cm. 29 Apr. 2011 ISBN 978-1-86977-705-0 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-706-7 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2011 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2011 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use.