I. 'IHIlllir o^.cf "mi, m df ^ THE RAY SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV. This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the Ray Society for the Year 1882. LONDON MDfiCCLXXXIII. MONOGRAPH OF THE BEITISH APHIDES VOL. IV. GEORGE BOWDLER BUCKTON, FELLOW OF THE ROYAL, LINNEAN, AND CHEMICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA. ~ifvK\ai ixev /xixpal p.dKa juvpiai, avrap eKao-njv S&KVei \fiv\\iSCuiv ixiKftOTtpoiv aye'Aij' >pv\\iS(iov yei'edi' eVep' av woKv /xeiova Sanvei ^uAAi'St"' oil Aijyei trpayp.' e's aneipov iov.— MeAeaypov, wj Sd rives, 2Tp«i/uo6ou' LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY. MDCCCLXXXIII. war with falsehood to the knife, m And not to lose the good of life. * # * * As far as might be to carve out Free space for every human doubt, That the whole mind might orb about. To search thro' all I felt or saw, The springs of Life, the depths of awe, And reach the law within the law. Tennyson— The Two Voices. PRINTFD BY J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. 7U62UG9901 ; PEEFACE. On introducing this concluding volume to the reader, I tender my sincere thanks to the Members of the Council of the Ray Society for undertaking the publication of my Monograph, and for the courtesy which they have shown me in fulfilling my wishes as to the form it should assume. Prof. Helmholtz well remarks that " The materials of a monograph must be united by a logical process and the first step is to connect like with like, and to elaborate a general conception embracing them all." Again, elsewhere, "A digest or catalogue may be likened to a good lexicon ; with which almost a tyro of the present day can achieve results in the interpretation of the classics, which an Erasmus, with the erudition of a lifetime, could hardly attain." Some may perchance think that this Monograph has attained proportions unnecessarily large. The general reader, on the one hand, may take exception to its detail. The competent biologist, with more truth perhaps, may complain of omissions as well as com- missions. The first may call to remembrance and apply the causticity of Montaigne when he says, " The trade of the rhetorician is to make things appear and : VI PKEFACE. seem great, just as a shoemaker can make great shoes for little feet." An attempt has been made so to blend the life-history of Aphides with their morphology, as to render the subject not wholly uninteresting to the general reader, and yet to furnish details necessary for the systematist but the latter may reasonably ask that the facts shall not be put before him in a form unnecessarily dry. The depths of Biology are as unfathomable as those of any other science. The long list of authors I furnish at the end of this volume, though far from exhaustive, will show how much attention has been already paid to this group of insects ; and yet I am sensible of many omissions, and that much has yet to be discovered with reference to my subject. It would almost seem that more may be written on this one single insect family than on the life-history of a family of the carnivorous Vertebrata ; —we may instance the Felida3. Indeed, several years' study is required to pro- duce a complete life-history of some insects, and they may require special treatises to exhaust the subject. Through the kindness of M. J. Lichtenstein, I am enabled to give a short but compendious history of the grape-vine pest, Phylloxera vastatrix. His researches and familiarity with the whole tribe will make his observations acceptable to all. Although not strictly within the province of a treatise on British Aphides, a chapter has been devoted to the question of the general existence of Aphides in early geological times. The author has freely consulted several important memoirs of Prof. Oswald Heer, and also his valuable treatise on the ' Primeval World of Switzerland.' .Much help lias likewise been obtained PREFACE. Vll from Mr. Samuel Scudder's numerous published papers on Fossil Insects; particularly from those sections bearing on the fossil Aphides found in the beds of the Florissant basin of Colorado. This gentleman has most liberally allowed me to draw from some of his plates which have not yet been published. Although these forms are American, they have characters almost identical with our recent European genera. To these sections I have also added a short account of some of the Aphides which have been included in masses of amber. The author trusts that the preliminary remarks of this and the preceding volumes will be a sufficient acknowledgment of the sources from which much of his information has been drawn. Towards the close of this volume I have thrown together some of the principal known facts relating to the reproduction and embryology of Aphis ; and by way of introducing this subject, I have attempted a sketch bearing on the general growth of the ovum of insects. I wish here to acknowledge my indebtedness to the works of Dr. Allen Thomson, Professors Huxley, Forster, and Balfour, Ray Lankester, Ernst Haeckel, Dr. A. Brandt, E. Balbiani, and others. The late Prof. Balfour's recent treatise on ' Comparative Embryology ' is a mine of wealth to all biologists. In my former volumes I expressed, as strongly as I was able, my obligations to many friends ; and I will not here repeat my thanks. One gratification in the study and illustration of natural phenomena is a con- tinual growth of genial correspondence with those of kindred thoughts and tastes. I must here, specially offer my thanks to Prof. Vlll PREFACE. Huxley, who kindly made some valuable criticisms on reading my proofs on the ' Morphology and ; Reproduction of Aphis ' and also to Prof. Thomas Wiltshire and Prof. Rupert Jones, both of whom have suggestively helped me to get all my four volumes through the press. The subscripture to the Greek verse on my title page is very obscure : and it will invite and test the ingenuity of many, as to whether the author be ancient or modern. Recently I have received from an anonymous writer, who shrouds himself in euphonious but somewhat " stiff " Greek, a witty suggestion as to the vexed derivation of Linneus' word Aphis. It may be fairly inferred that both these effusions are the product of the same, or of kindred spirits. 'O boKifiuiraros rfjs (3a<TiXiKi)s eratpelas auvebpos Bu/crwi' ttoWci kcii /jivij/j^s a£(cz irepl twv acpiSwv eipr)K€v, a fxivroi irepl rov vvv/jaros oro^a^erat ov navTawafft niBavit, t))v 8k aXrjdi] ervfxoXoyiav iraph twv itaXaiwv riv\ earn' evpelv, os kv ro'ts drjpiaKols ovrw ypa(j)€i' Y]prt£iv6r)$ OfiuXeKrpos avt)p rptsKaiBeiccnrrj^vs rrjTTirt'^ov irapeovTOS €(j)r)f.dadt] KaXos an(pvi' aXX'efik rov8e aej3ecr0e (pLXot woXv KaXXiov uirfvi', ?) yap iyoj \pvX\wv avrou-wopos eifAi rfpuiramros, irpdorap-^os 8e iretyvKa irpoavOpwiros TrporreXrjfos, ' TtapQevos t'jideos r', ov8ev ^aTewf Afpobirtjs, \pvXXi8i' <?k \pvXXu>v €k \pvXXi8iu)v re (ftVTevojp fivpia fivpiaKis tiktw, tu 8e r€Kv' eiririKTei [XvptaKis TroXXanXaaiov yevos, ibvirep eKncrrov dptTTTpa TOKevai <f>iXois Xa/uvpovs eviTt-qtfiv oburras v\piyoi'oy Trpoybtoiai, ra fieiora 8' 07rAdrep' aXlcijv fieiloai wpeo-fivrepois t<xa£era(, wot' es iineipov buKvov daKVopevov baKeiDV 8ukos ovirore Xt'/yet. PEE PACE. IX <pi>\ov b* w/i0j3i'|0ov Kai 7rafi<payov, ws 'F,pv<rl-%d(jjv, vv fiovov a.Xk))\<tiv <x\\' ai'dpo/ueov \poa bairrei alfiofiacbfi, tcnl Kapwbv airelpova y»7 s epifiwXov* Toaoijt §' ctKafiarov Trporrarwp afia^oto yeredXrji yuciAa nayKaXoi cnrtyvs ap'ov nacrt o-f/Saoros eyw ; e£ kfiedev S' cupides Tropdi'iropes ovvo/i e^uvai vvv ert, 7T>7/i' aXiaorov oi^vpoiai f5poTO~i(riv. The identity and unity of phenomena connecting the higher with the lower forms of living animals, is now too well acknowledged to want urging ; yet the words of Leon Dufour may be quoted in conclusion as apposite. " Ce n'est pas seulement a rechercher et a con- naitre les productions naturelles qui par leur grandeur sont a la portee facile de ces sens, que l'homme avide d'instruction doit consacrer ses soins et ses loisirs ; il trouvera des sujets tout aussi dignes de son culte, dans les etres qui par leur petitesse occupent les derniers degres de Fechelle organique et semblent d^fier son attention L'elephant massif, l'orgueilleux Vir sapiens, n'ont pas plus couter au Createur, que l'impalpable byssus .... et la punaise." Weycombe, Haslemere ; March 7th, 1883. VOL. IV. BRITISH APHIDES. YOL. IV. GENERAL SYNOPSIS. Vol. I. GENERA. T Aphidin^;. Upper wing with p^q a twice-forked Ml-M Jj cubitus ; under wing with two oblique veins. Antennse with 7 _ joints. a BRITISH APHIDES. GENERA. Aphidin^e (continued). GENERAL SYNOPSIS. GENERA. PAGE, "Lychnidis . 73 Mali . 44 MalvsB . 42 Myosotidis . 102 Opima . 101 Padi . 61 Papaveris . 91 Pedicularis . 41 Penicillata . 51 Petasitidis . 69 Pruni . X. 64 Aphis Pyraria . 53 Pyri . 97 (continued). Rumicis . 81 Saliceti . 52 Sanibucaria . 95 Sambuci . 99 Scabiosse . 55 Sedi . 90 Sorbi . 58 Subterranea . 38 Tanacetina . 63 Urticaria . 50 ^Viburni . 77 fAruudinis . Ill Dilineatus . 113 J XL J Eriophori . 117 Hyalopterus. Melanocephalus . 116 | Pruni . 110 Aphidin^; LTrirhoda . 114 (continued). CAceris . 121 Betulse . 139 Capreaa . 136 XII. Chaitophorus. •{ Leucomelas . 135 I Populeus . 137 Populi . | 140 |J3alicivorus . 134 XIII. Pterocomma. < Pilosa . 143 XIV. Cryptosiphum. j Artemisia . 145 XY. Brachycoltts. 5 Stellaria? . 147 Vol. III. Betularius 14 Betulicola 15 XYI. Cai'pini 19 Castanet Calliptertjs. 26 Ooryli . j 17 Querceua I 24 l^Quercus 21' BRITISH APHIDES.