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The Question of 'Race' in the Pre-Colonial Southern Sahara
The Question of ‘Race’ in the Pre-colonial Southern Sahara BRUCE S. HALL One of the principle issues that divide people in the southern margins of the Sahara Desert is the issue of ‘race.’ Each of the countries that share this region, from Mauritania to Sudan, has experienced civil violence with racial overtones since achieving independence from colonial rule in the 1950s and 1960s. Today’s crisis in Western Sudan is only the latest example. However, very little academic attention has been paid to the issue of ‘race’ in the region, in large part because southern Saharan racial discourses do not correspond directly to the idea of ‘race’ in the West. For the outsider, local racial distinctions are often difficult to discern because somatic difference is not the only, and certainly not the most important, basis for racial identities. In this article, I focus on the development of pre-colonial ideas about ‘race’ in the Hodh, Azawad, and Niger Bend, which today are in Northern Mali and Western Mauritania. The article examines the evolving relationship between North and West Africans along this Sahelian borderland using the writings of Arab travellers, local chroniclers, as well as several specific documents that address the issue of the legitimacy of enslavement of different West African groups. Using primarily the Arabic writings of the Kunta, a politically ascendant Arab group in the area, the paper explores the extent to which discourses of ‘race’ served growing nomadic power. My argument is that during the nineteenth century, honorable lineages and genealogies came to play an increasingly important role as ideological buttresses to struggles for power amongst nomadic groups and in legitimising domination over sedentary communities. -
Saladin and the Ayyubid Campaigns in the Maghrib Saladino Y Las Campañas Ayyubíes En El Magreb
Alcantara 2 Vol XXXIV (3)_Maquetación 1 09/12/13 17:42 Página 267 AL-QANTARA XXXIV 2, julio-diciembre 2013 pp. 267-295 ISSN 0211-3589 doi: 10.3989/alqantara.2013.010 Saladin and the Ayyubid Campaigns in the Maghrib Saladino y las campañas ayyubíes en el Magreb Amar Baadj University of Toronto, Canada Este artículo trata sobre la conquista de Libia This article concerns the conquest of Libya y Túnez por Saladino (Salah al-Din) y los Ay- and Tunisia by Saladin (Salah al-Din) and the yubíes en las décadas de 1170 y 1180. En pri- Ayyubids in the 1170s and 1180s. First it pres- mer lugar se presenta una reconstrucción de ents a reconstruction of the campaigns con- las campañas dirigidas por los mamelucos ay- ducted by the Ayyubid mamluks Sharaf al-Din yubíes Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush e Ibn Qaratikin Qaraqush and Ibn Qaratikin in Libya and the en Libia y de la guerra entre los almohades y conflict in Ifriqiya (Tunisia) between the Al- los Ayyubíes en Ifriqiya (Túnez) basada en mohads and the Ayyubids based on the rele- fuentes primarias relevantes. A continuación vant primary sources. Then the extent to se estudia en qué medida Saladino fue el res- which Saladin was responsible for these mili- ponsable de estas expediciones militares y, fi- tary expeditions is considered and finally the nalmente, se discute el motivo de dichas issue of the motive behind them is discussed. expediciones. Se llega a la conclusión de que It is concluded that Salah al-Din and his amirs Saladino y sus emires invadieron el Magreb invaded the Maghrib in order to control the con el fin de controlar los puntos septentrio- northern termini of the eastern and central nales de los ejes oriental y central de las rutas axes of the trans-Saharan trade routes, thereby comerciales que cruzaban el Sahara y con esto gaining access to the West African gold which lograr tener acceso al oro de África Occidental passed along these routes. -
In Their Own Words: Voices of Jihad
THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as CHILD POLICY a public service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION Jump down to document ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and PUBLIC SAFETY effective solutions that address the challenges facing SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY the public and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY Support RAND TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Purchase this document WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Learn more about the RAND Corporation View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. in their own words Voices of Jihad compilation and commentary David Aaron Approved for public release; distribution unlimited C O R P O R A T I O N This book results from the RAND Corporation's continuing program of self-initiated research. -
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Nisan / The Levantine Review Volume 4 Number 2 (Winter 2015) Identity and Peoples in History Speculating on Ancient Mediterranean Mysteries Mordechai Nisan* We are familiar with a philo-Semitic disposition characterizing a number of communities, including Phoenicians/Lebanese, Kabyles/Berbers, and Ismailis/Druze, raising the question of a historical foundation binding them all together. The ethnic threads began in the Galilee and Mount Lebanon and later conceivably wound themselves back there in the persona of Al-Muwahiddun [Unitarian] Druze. While DNA testing is a fascinating methodology to verify the similarity or identity of a shared gene pool among ostensibly disparate peoples, we will primarily pursue our inquiry using conventional historical materials, without however—at the end—avoiding the clues offered by modern science. Our thesis seeks to substantiate an intuition, a reading of the contours of tales emanating from the eastern Mediterranean basin, the Levantine area, to Africa and Egypt, and returning to Israel and Lebanon. The story unfolds with ancient biblical tribes of Israel in the north of their country mixing with, or becoming Lebanese Phoenicians, travelling to North Africa—Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya in particular— assimilating among Kabyle Berbers, later fusing with Shi’a Ismailis in the Maghreb, who would then migrate to Egypt, and during the Fatimid period evolve as the Druze. The latter would later flee Egypt and return to Lebanon—the place where their (biological) ancestors had once dwelt. The original core group was composed of Hebrews/Jews, toward whom various communities evince affinity and identity today with the Jewish people and the state of Israel. -
Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'zab Valley 2022
Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M’Zab Valley 2022 13 MAR – 2 APR 2022 Code: 22203 Tour Leaders Tony O’Connor Physical Ratings Explore Ottoman kasbahs, Roman Constantine, Timgad & Djemila, mud-brick trading towns of the Sahara, Moorish Tlemcen, & the secret world of the Berber M'Zab valley. Overview Join archaeologist Tony O'Connor on this fascinating tour which explores Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'Zab Valley. Explore the twisting streets, stairs, and alleys of the Ottoman Kasbah of Algiers and enjoy magnificent views across the city from the French colonial Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique. Wander perfectly preserved streets at the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Roman Djémila and Timgad, empty of visitors and complete with stunning mosaics, full-size temples, triumphal arches, market places, and theatres. At Sétif gaze upon one of the most exquisite mosaics in all of the Roman world – The Triumph of Dionysus. Engage with Numidian Kings at the extraordinary tombs of Medracen and the 'Tomb of the Christian' along with the ambitions of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at their daughter’s former capital of Caesarea/Cherchell. Explore the Roman 'City of Bridges', Constantine, encircled by the dramatic gorge of Wadi Rummel. Wander the atmospheric ruins of the Roman towns of Tipaza and Tiddis: Tipaza overlooks the Mediteranean, while Tiddis perches on a hillside, overlooking the fertile lands of Constantine. Walk the Algerian 'Grand Canyon' at El Ghoufi: a centre of Aures Berber culture, Algerian resistance to French colonial rule, inscriptions left behind by the engineers of Emperor Hadrian himself, and photogenic mud-brick villages clustering along vertiginous rocky ledges. -
The Fatimid Caliphate General Editor: Farhad Daftary Diversity of Traditions
'lltc Jnslitutc of lsmaili Studies Ismaili Heritage Series, 14 The Fatimid Caliphate General Editor: Farhad Daftary Diversity of Traditions Previously published titles: I. Paul E. Walker, Abu Ya'qub al-SijistiinI: Intellectual Missionary (1996) 2. Heinz Halm, The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning ( 1997) 3. Paul E. Walker, Jjamfd al-Din al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age ofal-l:iiikim (1999) 4. Alice C. Hunsberger, Nasir Khusraw, The Ruby of Badakhshan: A Portrait of the Persian Poet, Traveller and Philosopher (2000) 5. Farouk Mitha, Al-Ghazalf and the Ismailis: A Debate in Medieval Islam (2001) Edited by 6. Ali S. Asani, Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia (2002) Farhad Daftary and Shainool Jiwa 7. Paul E. Walker, Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources (2002) 8. Nadia Eboo Jamal, Surviving the Mongols: Nizari Quhistani and the Continuity ofIsmaili Tradition in Persia (2002) 9. Verena Klemm, Memoirs of a Mission: The Ismaili Scholar; States man and Poet al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shfriizi (2003) 10. Peter Willey, Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria (2005) 11. Sumaiya A. Hamdani, Between Revolution and State: The Path to Fatimid Statehood (2006) 12. Farhad Daftary, Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies (2005) 13. Farhad Daftary, ed., A Modern History of the Ismailis (2011) I.B.Tauris Publishers LONDON • NEW YORK in association with The Institute oflsmaili Studies LONDON 1111 '1111' 1'itti111icl <: 11lifih111t· soun;cs and fanciful accounts of medieval times. 'lhus legends and misconceptions have continued to surround the Ismailis through the 20th century. -
Eghathat Al Umma Fi Kashf Al Ghumma” (The Rescue of the Nation Through Plight Eradication) Al- Mustansiriyah Plight As an Example*
The Economic Crises and Famine in Egypt as Chronicled by Al-Maqrizi in Hhis Book “Eghathat Al Umma Fi Kashf Al Ghumma” (The Rescue of the Nation Through Plight Eradication) Al- Mustansiriyah Plight as an Example* Dr. Ekhlas Mohammad al-Eidi** *Received: 8/8/2018, Accepted: 28/10/2018 **Assistant Professor/Al-Balqa' Applied University/ Jordan. 63 Journal of Al-Quds Open University for Humanities & Social Studies No.47 اﻷزمات اﻻقتصادية واملجاعات في مصر كما أرخ لها املقريزي Abstract في كتابه" إغاثة اﻷمة في كشف الغمة": الشدة املستنصرية أنموذجا This study addresses the economic crises and famine that Egypt went through throughout the Islamic history, with special focus on the great famine that afflicted Egypt during the reign of Caliph al- تبحث هذه الدراسة في اﻷزمات اﻻقتصادية واملجاعات التي Mustansir Billah - the fifth Caliph of the Fatimid State عاشتها مصر عبر التاريخ اﻹسﻻمي، مع التركيز على تلك املجاعة in Egypt. Historians named this famine as "al-Shidah الكبرى التي حلت بها إبان حكم الخليفة املستنصر باهلل_ خامس al-Mustansiriyah" (al-Mustansiriyah plight) as it was خلفاء الدولة الفاطمية في مصر-والتي أطلق عليها املؤرخون .one of the most severe famine that impacted Egypt لشدتها اسم" الشدة املستنصرية". The study started by reviewing the economic crises and famines that afflicted Egypt since the بدأت الدراسة باستعراض اﻷزمات اﻻقتصادية واملجاعات advent of Islamic rule in 21 AH/642 AD till the end of التي حلت بمصر منذ بداية الحكم اﻹسﻻمي سنة12ه/241م وحتى the Fatimid caliph reign, al-Mustansir Billah, in 487 نهاية حكم الخليفة املستنصر باهلل الفاطمي سنة 484هـ/2904م، AH/1094 AD. -
Fatimid Material Culture in Al-Andalus: Presences and Influences of Egypt in Al-Andalus Between the Xth and the Xiith Centuries A.D
Fatimid Material Culture in Al-Andalus: Presences and Influences of Egypt in Al-Andalus Between the Xth and the XIIth Centuries A.D. Zabya Abo Aljadayel Dissertation of Master of Archaeology September, 2019 Dissertation submitted to fulfil the necessary requirements to obtain a Master's Degree of Archaeology, held under the scientific orientation of Prof. André Teixeira and Prof.ª Susana Gómez Martínez. 2 | P a g e Zabya Abo aljadayel | 2019 To my family, friends and every interested reader لعائلتي, ﻷصدقائي و لكل قارئ مهتم 3 | P a g e Zabya Abo aljadayel | 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I give my gratitude and love To my dear professors Susana and André for being more than advisors with their patience, kindness and support. To the Global Platform for Syrian Students for giving me the opportunity to come to Portugal to continue my higher education. In particular, I would like to commend the efforts of Dr Helena Barroco for being by my side in the formal and the nonformal situations. To FCSH-UNL for giving me a seat in the faculty. Moreover, to Dr Francisco José Gomes Caramelo and Dr João Soeiro de Carvalho for their kindness and academic support. To my beloved friends in CAM and in all Mértola for well receiving me there as a part of their lovely family. To Dr Susana Calvo Capilla and Dr María Antonia Martínez Núñez for their support. To my mother, I would say that Charles Virolleaud wasn’t entirely right when he said: “Tout homme civilisé a deux patries: la sienne et la Syrie.”. But, should have said: “Tout homme civilisé a trois patries: Sa mère, la sienne et la Syrie.”. -
BASRA : ITS HISTORY, CULTURE and HERITAGE Basra Its History, Culture and Heritage
BASRA : ITS HISTORY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE CULTURE : ITS HISTORY, BASRA ITS HISTORY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE CELEBRATING THE OPENING OF THE BASRAH MUSEUM, SEPTEMBER 28–29, 2016 Edited by Paul Collins Edited by Paul Collins BASRA ITS HISTORY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE CELEBRATING THE OPENING OF THE BASRAH MUSEUM, SEPTEMBER 28–29, 2016 Edited by Paul Collins © BRITISH INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF IRAQ 2019 ISBN 978-0-903472-36-4 Typeset and printed in the United Kingdom by Henry Ling Limited, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, DT1 1HD CONTENTS Figures...................................................................................................................................v Contributors ........................................................................................................................vii Introduction ELEANOR ROBSON .......................................................................................................1 The Mesopotamian Marshlands (Al-Ahwār) in the Past and Today FRANCO D’AGOSTINO AND LICIA ROMANO ...................................................................7 From Basra to Cambridge and Back NAWRAST SABAH AND KELCY DAVENPORT ..................................................................13 A Reserve of Freedom: Remarks on the Time Visualisation for the Historical Maps ALEXEI JANKOWSKI ...................................................................................................19 The Pallakottas Canal, the Sealand, and Alexander STEPHANIE -
Conference About Succession
A CONFERENCE ABOUT THE NEXT SUCCESSION 1 ________________________________________________________________________ SUMMARY: The document below is a modern-spelling edition of A Conference about the Next Succession to the Crown of England. The frame story of A Conference is a fictitious conference in Amsterdam in the spring of 1593, fully described in the Preface to Part I. In that fictitious frame story, the principal speakers are two lawyers, the one an expert in the civil law of England, the other an expert in the common law. This frame story in itself makes it clear that the author himself had a legal background. The civil lawyer puts forward his arguments in Part I (or rather, the author of A Conference puts forward his arguments through the mouth of the fictitious civil lawyer). In Part II, it is the turn of the fictitious expert in the common law. The title page promises that ‘a new & perfect arbour or genealogy of the descents of all the Kings and Princes of England from the Conquest unto this day’ can be found at the end of the tract whereby the claims of all the current pretenders to the English crown will be made plain. This ‘arbour’ or genealogy may have been based on the work of Francis Peto (see below, and TNA SP 70/137, ff. 319-21). Unfortunately this promise is not fulfilled. The ‘arbour or genealogy’ does not appear, suggesting that the author of A Conference did not play a role in the book’s publication. A Conference is a well organized and well thought out presentation. -
Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: the Composition of Shihāb Al-Dīn Al-Nuwayrī’S (D
Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: The Composition of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī’s (D. 1333) Nihāyat al-Arab fī Funūn al-Adab The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Muhanna, Elias Ibrahim. 2012. Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: The Composition of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī’s (D. 1333) Nihāyat al-Arab fī Funūn al-Adab. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9366551 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 Elias Muhanna All rights reserved. Advisor: Professor Wolfhart P. Heinrichs Elias Muhanna Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: The Composition of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī’s (d. 1333) Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab Abstract This dissertation explores the emergence of a golden age of Arabic encyclopaedic literature in the scholarly centers of Egypt and Syria during the Mamluk Empire (1250-1517). At the heart of the project is a study of Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Nuwayrī’s (d. 1333) Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab (‘The Ultimate Ambition in the Branches of Erudition’), a 31-volume encyclopaedic work composed at the beginning of the 14th century and divided into five parts: (i) heaven and earth; (ii) the human being; (iii) animals; (iv) plants; and (v) the history of the world. -
Annales Islamologiques
MINISTÈRE DE L'ÉDUCATION NATIONALE, DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPÉRIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE ANNALES ISLAMOLOGIQUES en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne AnIsl 41 (2007), p. 97-118 Anne F. Broadbridge Diplomatic Conventions in the Mamluk Sultanate Conditions d’utilisation L’utilisation du contenu de ce site est limitée à un usage personnel et non commercial. Toute autre utilisation du site et de son contenu est soumise à une autorisation préalable de l’éditeur (contact AT ifao.egnet.net). Le copyright est conservé par l’éditeur (Ifao). Conditions of Use You may use content in this website only for your personal, noncommercial use. Any further use of this website and its content is forbidden, unless you have obtained prior permission from the publisher (contact AT ifao.egnet.net). The copyright is retained by the publisher (Ifao). Dernières publications 9782724708288 BIFAO 121 9782724708424 Bulletin archéologique des Écoles françaises à l'étranger (BAEFE) 9782724707878 Questionner le sphinx Philippe Collombert (éd.), Laurent Coulon (éd.), Ivan Guermeur (éd.), Christophe Thiers (éd.) 9782724708295 Bulletin de liaison de la céramique égyptienne 30 Sylvie Marchand (éd.) 9782724708356 Dendara. La Porte d'Horus Sylvie Cauville 9782724707953 Dendara. La Porte d’Horus Sylvie Cauville 9782724708394 Dendara. La Porte d'Hathor Sylvie Cauville 9782724708011 MIDEO 36 Emmanuel Pisani (éd.), Dennis Halft (éd.) © Institut français d’archéologie orientale - Le Caire Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 1 / 1 Anne F. BroAdBridge Diplomatic Conventions in the Mamluk Sultanate iplomatic conventions are generally understood to mean the protocol and etiquette that govern encounters between the representatives of different states, such as when Dambassadors go to a foreign court to meet with its ruler on behalf of their own.