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You Already Know a Little Russian 05_780014 ch01.qxp 3/23/06 3:29 PM Page 9 Chapter 1 You Already Know a Little Russian In This Chapter ᮣ Getting a grip on Russian words you know ᮣ Understanding the Russian alphabet ᮣ Pronouncing words properly ᮣ Discovering popular expressions ᮣ Reading Russian with confidence elcome to Russian! Whether you want to read a Russian menu, enjoy WRussian music, or just chat it up with your Russian friends, this is the beginning of your journey. In this chapter, trust your eyes, ears, and intuition, and you quickly discover that Russian isn’t that hard after all. When you’re done with this chapter, you’ll be able to recognize all the letters of the Russian alphabet, discover the basic rules of Russian pronunciation, and be able to say some popular Russian expressions and idioms. Scoping Out Similarities between English and Russian You may be surprised to find out that English and Russian are very distant relatives. They both come from the same ancestor — Sanskrit — and both belong toCOPYRIGHTED the same family of Indo-European MATERIAL languages. The similarities don’t stop there. If you know English, you already know many Russian words. In this section, you discover Russian words that are already part of English, and you find out about Russian words that have the same meaning and pro- nunciation as their English counterparts. We also warn you about a few words that sound similar in both languages but have very different meanings. 05_780014 ch01.qxp 3/23/06 3:29 PM Page 10 10 Part I: Getting Started Identifying Russian words in English As the world becomes more and more international, languages and cultures are constantly borrowing from and lending to one another, and Russian is no exception. Many Russian words that now appear in English either describe food and drinks or came into use during important historical periods. Eating and drinking up If you drink vodka, then you can already speak some Russian, because the word, like the drink, came from Russia. Maybe you can even rattle off the dif- ferences between Smirnoff (smeer-nohf) and Stoly. If so, you’re already on your way to sounding like a real Russian, because Smirnoff is a Russian person’s last name, and Stoly is an abbreviation for the word Stolichnaya (stah-leech-nuh-ye), which means “metropolis” in Russian. When you go out to eat, do you like to order a great big bowl of borsh’ (bohrsh’; beet soup) with sour cream? Well, then you’re eating one of the most famous Russian dishes, and when you order it, you’re using a com- pletely Russian word. Hearing historical terms If you’re interested in world history, then you probably know that the head of the Russian state in previous centuries was not the president or the king, but the tsar, which is just what they called him in Russia, too: tsar’ (tsahr’). Some of the best-known Russian words actually came into English during the Cold War period, when the Soviet Union was competing with the United States in the areas of science, technology, military, and education. Who would’ve thought that a short and simple Russian word, sputnik (spoot-neek; traveling companion), which refers to the first Soviet artificial Earth satellite, would become a household word in English and even lead to a revolution in American space education? And if you’ve ever used the word sputnik, then you were speaking Russian. Sputnik means “companion” in Russian. Maybe you followed world news in the 1980s. If so, you may remember a guy by the name of Mikhail Gorbachev, who reformed Russian Soviet society. He also added two new words to the English language: glasnost and perestroika, or in Russian: glasnost’ (glahs-nuhst’; openness) and pyeryestroika (pee-ree- strohy-kuh; restructuring). These words have become part of American speech. Even Ronald Reagan, who was president during Gorbachev’s era, liked to repeat the famous Russian phrase, Dovyeryai, no provyeryai! (duh- vee-ryahy, noh pruh-vee-ryahy; Trust but verify!), when talking about the new nuclear weapons treaties he was negotiating with the Soviet Union. 05_780014 ch01.qxp 3/23/06 3:29 PM Page 11 Chapter 1: You Already Know a Little Russian 11 Recognizing English words in Russian Russian today is filled with words that came from English. Words that have a common ancestry are called cognates. Cognates are like foreign political refugees or immigrants. They settle down in their new country and start to adapt to their new life, and even begin to look and behave like native words of their new country. Your ability to recognize English cognates when you read or hear Russian will be very helpful to you. Cognates are your allies, and they greatly increase your Russian vocabulary. Here are some examples of common cognates you should recognize: ߜ aeroport (ah-eh-rah-pohrt; airport) ߜ akadyemiya (uh-kuh-dye-mee-ye; academy) ߜ algyebra (ahl-geeb-ruh; algebra) ߜ amyerikanyets (ah-mee-ree-kah-neets; American man) ߜ astronomiya (uhs-trah-noh-mee-ye; astronomy) ߜ bank (bahnk; bank) ߜ biologiya (bee-ah-loh-gee-ye; biology) ߜ biznyes (beez-nehs; business) ߜ biznyesmyen (beez-nehs-mehn; businessman) ߜ boks (bohks; boxing) ߜ dyemokrat (dee-mah-kraht; democrat) ߜ diryektor (dee-ryek-tuhr; director) ߜ doktor (dohk-tuhr; doctor) ߜ dokumyent (duh-koo-myent; document) ߜ effyektivnyi (eh-feek-teev-nihy; effective) ߜ fyermyer (fyer-meer; farmer) ߜ filarmoniya (fee-luhr-moh-nee-ye; philharmonic) ߜ futbol (foot-bohl; football) ߜ gamburgyer (gahm-boor-geer; hamburger) ߜ gyenyetika (gee-neh-tee-kuh; genetics) ߜ gyeografiya (gee-uhg-rah-fee-ye; geography) 05_780014 ch01.qxp 3/23/06 3:29 PM Page 12 12 Part I: Getting Started ߜ gimnastika (geem-nahs-tee-kuh; gymnastics) ߜ gol’f (gohl’f; golf) ߜ intyeryesnyj (een-tee-ryes-nihy; interesting) ߜ istoriya (ees-toh-ree-ye; history) ߜ kommunizm (kuh-moo-neezm; communism) ߜ kosmonavt (kuhs-mah-nahft; astronaut) ߜ kosmos (kohs-muhs; cosmos) ߜ kryedit (kree-deet; credit) ߜ lityeratura (lee-tee-ruh-too-ruh; literature) ߜ muzyka (moo-zih-kuh; music) ߜ nos (nohs; nose) ߜ profyessor (prah-fye-suhr; professor) ߜ sotsiologiya (suh-tsih-ah-loh-gee-ye; sociology) ߜ sport (spohrt; sports) ߜ sportsmyen (spahrts-myen; sportsman or athlete) ߜ stadion (stuh-dee-ohn; stadium) ߜ studyent (stoo-dyent; student) ߜ styuardyessa (styu-uhr-deh-suh; stewardess) ߜ tyeatr (tee-ahtr; theater) ߜ tyelyevizor (tee-lee-vee-zuhr; TV) ߜ tyennis (teh-nees; tennis) ߜ tyeoriya (tee-oh-ree-ye; theory) ߜ univyersityet (oo-nee-veer-see-tyet; university) ߜ viski (vees-kee; whiskey) ߜ viza (vee-zuh; visa) ߜ vollyejbol (vuh-leey-bohl; volleyball) ߜ zhiraf (zhee-rahf; giraffe) ߜ zhurnal (zhoor-nahl; journal) ߜ zoologiya (zuh-ah-loh-gee-ye; zoology) 05_780014 ch01.qxp 3/23/06 3:29 PM Page 13 Chapter 1: You Already Know a Little Russian 13 Watching out for words that may seem similar but aren’t Beware of false cognates! These are words that look and sound like allies (cog- nates) but aren’t. You won’t find too many of them, but they can be tricky. And when used incorrectly, they can lead to some funny and even embarrass- ing situations. Here’s a list of the false friends that trip English speakers up the most: ߜ simpatichniy (seem-puh-teech-nihy; good-looking) — This word doesn’t mean “sympathetic,” so be careful who you say it to! ߜ normal’no (nahr-mahl’-nuh; okay, fine) — This word doesn’t mean “normally”! ߜ klass (klahs; classroom) — This word is the room where a class takes place but doesn’t refer to the academic course itself. It also indicates a group of kids in the same grade. ߜ banda (bahn-duh; band of gangsters) — This word has nothing to do with a musical band, so be careful when you use it! ߜ magazin (muh-guh-zeen; store) — This word doesn’t mean “magazine,” but you can buy one there! ߜ familiya (fuh-mee-lee-ye; last name) — This word isn’t your family, but your family name. Talkin’ the Talk Vladimir and Irina are talking about their new university. How many English cognates can you recognize? Vladimir: Irina, ya schitayu, chto biologiya, astronomiya, i gyeografiya ochyen’ intyeryesnyye pryedmyety. ee-ree-nuh, ya sh’ee-tah-yu shtoh bee-ah-loh-gee-ye, uhs-truh-noh-mee-ye, ee gee-uhg-rah-fee-ye oh- cheen’ een-tee-ryes-nih-ee preed-mye-tih. Irina, I think that biology, astronomy, and geography are very interesting subjects. 05_780014 ch01.qxp 3/23/06 3:29 PM Page 14 14 Part I: Getting Started Irina: Nye soglasna. Samyye intyeryesnyye pryedmyety v etom universityetye sotsiologiya, istoriya, algyebra, muzyka i tyeatr. nee-sahg-lahs-nuh. sah-mih-ee een-tee-ryes-nih-ee preed-mye-tih v eh-tuhm oo-nee-veer-see-tye-tee suh- tsih-ah-loh-gee-ye, ees-toh-ree-ye, ahl-geeb-ruh, moo-zih-kuh ee tee-ahtr. I disagree. The most interesting subjects at this univer- sity are sociology, history, algebra, music, and theater. Vladmir: A tvoj profyessor po lityeraturye intyeryesnyj? ah tvohy prah-fye-suhr puh lee-tee-ruh-too-ree een- tee-ryes-nihy? Is your literature professor interesting? Irina: Da, intyeryesnyj, no u nyego bol’shoj nos i on vysokij kak zhiraf. dah, een-tee-ryes-nihy, noh oo nee-voh bahl’-shohy nohs i ohn vih-soh-keey kahk zhih-rahf. Yes, he’s interesting, but he has a big nose, and he’s as tall as a giraffe.
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