DOCSLIB.ORG

Poisonous Hemlocks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Poisonous Hemlocks POISONOUS HEMLOCKS THEIR IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL J . M. Tucker • M. E. Fowle r • W. A. Harvey • L. J. Berry .. POISONOUS HEMLOCKS THEIR IDENTIFI CA TION AND CONTROL THE poisonous plants referred to in this publica­ tion as "hemlocks" are members of the carrot or parsley family, Umbelliferae, and should not be confused with true hemlocks, which are coniferous trees of the pine family, Pinaceae. Poisonous hem­ locks are of two genera: Conium (Poison Hemlock), and Cicuta {Water Hemlock). They have a general family resemblance to one another but are not closely related; their toxic properties and effects are different, they present different problems to the live­ stock industry, and they have different diagnostic features. THE AUTHORS: J.M. Tucker is Professor of Botany and Botanist in the Experiment Station, Davis; M. E. Fowler is Assistant Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Assistant Veterinarian in the Experiment Station, Davis; W. A. Harvey is Extension Weed Control Specialist, Agri­ cultural Extension Service, Davis; L. J. Berry is Range Manage­ ment Specialist, Agricultural Extension Service, University ol California, Davis. OCTOBER, 1964 --------WARNING-------- 2,4-D is classified as an injurious material, by the State Department of Agriculture, and before it can be purchased or used a permit must be obtained from the County Agricultural, Commissioner. It should be used with care and at a time and in such a manner that it will not drift to other plants or properties and cause injury to susceptible plants or result in an illegal residue on other food or feed crops. THE GROWER IS RESPONSIBLE for residues on his own crops as well as for problems caused by drift of a chemical from his property to other properties or crops. Fig. I. Mature plants of water hemlock (Cicuta). General Characteristics of Umbelliferae The family Umbelliferae, which includes serve as characters for identification. In poison hemlock, also includes carrot, cel­ order for a botanist to make a positive ery, and parsnip, and herbs such as pars­ identification on an unknown species of ley, anise, dill, caraway, and coriander. Umbelliferae it is usually necessary to The leaves are usually much divided and have the mature fruit for examination. fern-like, and are alternately arranged Although illustrations of the fruits of all @ \ along the stem ; in some members of the groups discussed herein are included to family ( carrot and poison hemlock, for aid the reader, more emphasis is placed example) the first year's leaves are in a on other identification features for two basal tuft. The base of the Ieai-stalk is reasons: most livestock losses from hem­ usually somewhat enlarged and partly locks occur long before mature fruits de­ surrounds and clasps the stem. The nu­ velop and the rancher cannot wait 2 or merous, small flowers are borne in um­ 3 months for an identification, and be­ brella-shaped clusters (umbels) . A circle cause mature fruits are generally small, © of bracts (small, leaf-like structures) a strong magnifying glass or a good hand­ called an involucre is usually present lens is required in order to study tl1em. around the base of the umbel (fig. llc). Fortunately, Conium and Cicuta show The small, dry fruit of these hemlocks good diagnostic features in other organs often shows distinctive features which can much easier to observe. WATER HEMLOCK (Cicu,fa) How to Recognize Water Hemlock There are two similar water hemlock nately compound. The individual leaflets species in California: western water hem­ ( the ultimate divisions of the leaf) are lock ( Cicuta douglasii) and salt-marsh lance-shaped, and have regularly serrale water hemlock ( Cicuta bolanderi) . They margins (fig. 2b). Also, the leaflets show are smooth, erect perennials, 3 to 8 feet a distinctive venation pattern: the sec­ tall, with hollow stems, and short, thick­ ondary veins usually extend from the mid­ ened, basal rootstocks (fig. I ). In large rib out to the notches between the mar­ mature plants, the rootstock is divided in­ ginal teeth (fig. 2c), whereas in most ternally into a series of hollow chambers other genera in the family the secondary by cross-partitions which are readily ap­ veins run out to the tips of the teeth. parent when the rootstock is cut open Water hemlock does not have a circle of ® ® lengthwise (fig. 2a). When this is done, bracts surrounding the base of the umbel drops of a yellowish, oily liquid ooze out as in most members of the family ; only upon the cut surface, and in a matter of one or nvo small bracts may sometimes minutes the liquid turns reddish, and then be found. The numerous, small, white reddish-brown. This liquid, which has a flowers are grouped in compound umbels. distinctive, aromatic odor, contains the The fruits, which are about ¼" to 3/16" poison of the plant-a resinous substance long, are dry when fully ripe and each called cicutoxin which is soluble in splits readily into two halves (a charac­ organic solvents but not in water. teristic of the whole family). Fruits are \ The leaves are large and much divided, broadly oval, or roundish and slightly and are once, twice, or three times pin- flattened (fig. 2d). jRR Fig. 2. Water hemlock (Cicuta). A- rootstock cue lengthwise, 80 per cent actual size; [4] B-leaf, 25 per cent actual size; C-Jeaflets, showing distinctive venation pattern, 80 per cent actual size; D- fruit, 7 times actual size. Inset is actual size, ~ Where Water Hemlocks Grow on finding that the plant has been eaten the soil. This may be done by levelling, stocks should be collected, dried, and Water hemlocks are restricted to wet and perhaps finding parts of the root­ improving drainage, and realigning · burned -as described above. habitats-marshy areas, the borders of stocks in the rumen or paunch. ditches; rootstocks brought to the surface 2,4-D sprays have given good control, The first signs of poisoning may be using 2 pounds of 2,4-D per acre in suf­ streams, lakes, etc. Salt-marsh water hem­ should be removed before they can be lock is found in salt marshes along the seen from 10 to 60 minutes after the plant eaten by livestock. ficient water to give complete wetting of coast in central and southern California, is eaten. The animal walks stiffly and acts Hand-grubbing of scattered plants, the water hemlock's foliage; a low-volatile uneasy. The eyelids may begin to twitch. or in brackish marshes around the var­ mechanical cultivation, and chemical ester of 2,4-D, or an amine formulation In a few minutes the muscles of the neck ious arms of San Francisco Bay. Western sprays, can control the pest. Hand-grub­ with an added wetting agent, can be used. begin to twitch and may cause the head water hemlock occurs throughout most bing or digging is usually done in small Spraying should be done in late spring to jerk ; soon many muscles are twitching, of the state from sea level to elevations of areas in the spring when soil is moist; or early summer when the plant is grow­ and the animal may appear to be jumping 7,500 feet or more. plants can often be pulled from moist soil ing vigorously but before its seeds ma­ up and down. As the muscles continue to with a minimum of digging. Care should ture. Grasses are not damaged by 2,4-D­ Poisonous Properties contract the animal falls down, goes into be taken to remove all the rootstocks in they will usually fill in spaces occupied by violent convulsions, and fights for its The rootstocks of these plants are ex­ the soil, as remaining pieces can sprout the hemlock and so help prevent regrowth breath. The legs are flung about wildly, tremely poisonous: two to six roolstocks and form new plants; rootstocks should and reinfestation. A follow-up treatment the neck may be arched down between on regrowth in the fall or the following (½ to 1 pound) can kill a mature cow be placed in bags or boxes and carried in as little as an hour. Dried rootstocks the legs or pulled backwards, and the from the field to be dried and burned. spring should be planned; spot spraying third eyelid is frequently pulled over the Larger infestations may be plowed and of any water hemlock appearing in sub­ are as poisonous as fresh ones. All animals (including man) are poisoned if they eat eyeball. The mouth and face become con­ thoroughly harrowed several times with sequent years should keep the area free torted and violent chewing motions occur enough Cicuta, but cattle are most often a spring-tooth harrow to drag the root­ of this pest. with frothing at the mouth. Periodically, grazed in areas where Cicuta grows and stocks to the surface. The exposed root- the animal will relax and lie quietly for are more likely to pull up the rootstocks from wet ground. The young leaves of a moment, but a slight noise or touch will start the convulsions again. Other Umbelliferae Which May Be Confused With Water Hemlocks CicuJa also contain cicutoxin, and early in the growing season may cause livestock If the animal falls down and goes The following plants, which commonly Cicuta) but become lost in a network of into convulsions it will die within 15 to losses. As the leaves expand, however, the occur in wet habitats, may be confused small veinlets ( fig. 3b) . Unlike Cicuta, a 30 minutes after it has shown marked poison becomes less concentrated, and with water hemlock. However, none of definite circle of small bracts occurs at consequently mature leaves rarely cause signs of poisoning.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States
    Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States Common Name Genus and Species Page atamasco lily Zephyranthes atamasco 21 bitter sneezeweed Helenium amarum 20 black cherry Prunus serotina 6 black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 14 black nightshade Solanum nigrum 16 bladderpod Glottidium vesicarium 11 bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum 5 buttercup Ranunculus abortivus 9 castor bean Ricinus communis 17 cherry laurel Prunus caroliniana 6 chinaberry Melia azederach 14 choke cherry Prunus virginiana 6 coffee senna Cassia occidentalis 12 common buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis 25 common cocklebur Xanthium pensylvanicum 15 common sneezeweed Helenium autumnale 19 common yarrow Achillea millefolium 23 eastern baccharis Baccharis halimifolia 18 fetterbush Leucothoe axillaris 24 fetterbush Leucothoe racemosa 24 fetterbush Leucothoe recurva 24 great laurel Rhododendron maxima 9 hairy vetch Vicia villosa 27 hemp dogbane Apocynum cannabinum 23 horsenettle Solanum carolinense 15 jimsonweed Datura stramonium 8 johnsongrass Sorghum halepense 7 lantana Lantana camara 10 maleberry Lyonia ligustrina 24 Mexican pricklepoppy Argemone mexicana 27 milkweed Asclepias tuberosa 22 mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia 6 mustard Brassica sp . 25 oleander Nerium oleander 10 perilla mint Perilla frutescens 28 poison hemlock Conium maculatum 17 poison ivy Rhus radicans 20 poison oak Rhus toxicodendron 20 poison sumac Rhus vernix 21 pokeberry Phytolacca americana 8 rattlebox Daubentonia punicea 11 red buckeye Aesculus pavia 16 redroot pigweed Amaranthus retroflexus 18 rosebay Rhododendron calawbiense 9 sesbania Sesbania exaltata 12 scotch broom Cytisus scoparius 13 sheep laurel Kalmia angustifolia 6 showy crotalaria Crotalaria spectabilis 5 sicklepod Cassia obtusifolia 12 spotted water hemlock Cicuta maculata 17 St. John's wort Hypericum perforatum 26 stagger grass Amianthum muscaetoxicum 22 sweet clover Melilotus sp .
    [Show full text]
  • La Cicuta: Poison Hemlock
    ALERTA DE MALA HIERBA NOCIVA EN EL CONDADO DE KING Cicuta Mala hierba nociva no regulada de Clase B: Poison Hemlock Control recomendado Conium maculatum Familia Apiaceae Cómo identificarla • Bienal que alcanza de 8 (2.4 m) a 10 pies (3 m) de altura el segundo año. • Hojas color verde encendido tipo helecho con un fuerte olor a moho • El primer año, las plantas forman rosetas basales de hojas muy divididas y tallos rojizos con motas • El segundo año, los tallos son fuertes, huecos, sin pelos, con nervaduras y con motas/rayas rojizas o púrpuras • Plantas con flores cubiertas con numerosos racimos pequeños con forma de paraguas de diminutas flores blancas de cinco pétalos • Las semillas se forman en cápsulas verdes y acanaladas que con el tiempo La cicuta tiene hojas de color verde se vuelven marrones brillante, tipo helecho con olor a moho. Biología Se reproduce por semilla. El primer año crece en forma de roseta; el segundo, desarrolla tallos altos y flores. Crece rápidamente entre marzo y mayo; florece a finales de la primavera. Cada planta produce hasta 40,000 semillas. Las semillas caen cerca de la planta y se desplazan por la erosión, los animales, la lluvia y la actividad humana. Las semillas son viables hasta por 6 años y germinan durante la temporada de crecimiento; no requieren un periodo de letargo. Impacto Altamente tóxica para el ser humano, el ganado y la vida silvestre; causa Los tallos gruesos y sin pelos tienen la muerte por parálisis respiratoria tras su ingestión. El crecimiento manchas o vetas de color púrpura o rojizo.
    [Show full text]
  • POISON HEMLOCK (Conium Maculatum)
    POISON HEMLOCK (Conium maculatum) · Poison hemlock grows four to ten feet tall. · The stem is branched and smooth, mottled with purple spots. · The leaves are shiny green, fern-like and finely divided, with a musty smell. · The white flowers are in umbrella-shaped heads. · Member of the carrot family. Look-a-likes: Wild carrot (Daucus carota) is common on roadsides throughout Clallam County. It is smaller than poison hemlock, growing two to four feet tall, The stem is hairy, and does not have purple spots. The leaves smell like carrots when crushed. Wild carrot is mildly toxic to some livestock and is a Class B weed because it is very invasive in pastures. Bur chervil (Anthriscus caucalis) grows in WHY BE CONCERNED? damp environments, Ø All parts of the plant are poisonous. similar to those Ø The toxins are present in dried plants and occupied by poison decompose slowly. hemlock. The plants Ø Affects livestock such as cows, horses, are very similar, but and pigs; pregnant animals may abort or bur chervil has a produce offspring with birth defects. fringe of hairs where Photo by courtesy of “Weeds of the West.” Ø Poisoning in humans often occurs when the leaf meets the the plant is confused with other, edible main stem. members of the carrot family. Ø Invades pastures and riparian areas Western water-hemlock (Cicuta douglasii) is displacing native plants or valuable forage reported to be the most poisonous plant in the species. temperate zone. It is a native plant, found in moist areas along streams and ditches. For Poison hemlock is a Class C weed, pictures and information on identifying western which has been selected for control water hemlock, see the web page of the Noxious throughout Clallam County.
    [Show full text]
  • Poison-Hemlock (Conium Maculatum L.)1
    Weed Technology. 1998. Volume 12:194-197 Intriguing World of Weeds iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iii Poison-Hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) 1 LARRY W. MIT1CH2 "He that bites on every weed must needs light on poison." Comp/eat Collection of English Proverbs. John Ray, 1742 INTRODUCTION AND ETYMOLOGY has been used to designate this plant since the Anglo­ Saxon period (Le Strange 1977). The genus Conium is comprised of two or three tem­ The Old English hymlice was a medicinal plant, prob­ perate species of biennial herbs with highly divided ably Conium, but in Modern English the plant is chiefly leaves and compound umbels of small white flowers. All referred to as a weed. The definite reference to it as parts of C. maculatum have long been recognized as poisonous appears to begin with the 16th century herb­ being highly poisonous; it was the alists. The term hemlock for Conium maculatum first plant used to kill Socrates in BC appeared in about AD 700 as hymblicae. Through the 399 (Gledhill 1985; Holm et al. centuries, spelling and pronunciation took on many 1997; Hyam and Pankhurst 1995). forms, ranging from hymlice to hymlic, hemeluc, hem­ Conium is a member of the Um­ lake, hemlocke, hemloc, and finally hemlock. William belliferae or Apiaceae, the carrot Shakespeare, in Life of Henry the Fifth, first used the family, which accommodates 300 modern spelling. Wrote the bard, "Her fallow Leas, The genera and between 2,500 and Darnell, Hemlock, and ranke Femetary, Doth root upon" 3,000 species. Umbelliferae is one (Simpson and Weiner 1989). of the best known families of flowering plants because Poison-hemlock is native to Europe, northern Africa, of its characteristic inflorescences and fruits and the dis­ and western Asia and was often introduced to new areas tinctive chemistry reflected in the odor, flavors, and even as an ornamental garden plant (Holm et al.
    [Show full text]
  • BWSR Featured Plant Name: Purple-Stemmed Angelica
    BOARD OF WATER rn, AND SOIL RESOURCES 2018 December Plant of the Month BWSR Featured Plant Name: Purple-stemmed Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) Plant family: Carrot (Apiaceae) Purple-stemmed A striking 6 to 9 feet tall, purple- Angelica grows in stemmed Angelica is one of moist conditions in full sun to part Minnesota’s tallest wildflowers. This shade, reaching as robust herbaceous perennial grows tall as 9 feet. along streambanks, shores, marshes, Photo Credit: calcareous fens, springs and sedge Karin Jokela, Xerces Society meadows — often in calcium-rich alkaline soils. The species epithet “atropurpurea” comes from the Latin words āter (“dark”) Plant Stats and purpūreus (“purple”), in reference to the deep purple color of the stem. WETLANDSTATEWIDE Flowers bloom from May to July. Like INDICATOR other plants in the carrot family, the STATUS: OBL flowers provide easy-to-access floral PLANTING resources for a wide diversity of flies, METHODS: bees and other pollinators. Although Bare-root, not confirmed for this species, the containers, nectar of other members of the Angelica seed genus can have an intoxicating effect on insects. Both butterflies and bumble bees are reported to lose flight ability, or fly clumsily, for a short period after consuming the nectar. Purple-stemmed Angelica is a host plant for the Eastern black swallowtail butterflyPapilio ( polyxenes asterius) and the umbellifera borer moth (Papaipema birdi). Uses Native American cultures. The consumption must be done projects. Restorationists plant also has many culinary with EXTREME CAUTION. appreciate its ability to Purple-stemmed Angelica uses: the flavorful stems are The similar water hemlock tolerate wet soils, part shade has a long history of human similar in texture to celery and poison hemlock are both and high weed pressure use.
    [Show full text]
  • Poison Hemlock a 60 Year Old Female Ate “Wild Carrots” Pulled from the Ground Behind Her Home
    August 2016 Poison Center Hotline: 1-800-222-1222 The Maryland Poison Center’s Monthly Update: News, Advances, Information Poison Hemlock A 60 year old female ate “wild carrots” pulled from the ground behind her home. One hour later, she began vomiting. She called 911 and the poison cen- ter complaining also of lightheadedness, dizziness and shortness of breath. EMS transported her and a sample of the plant to the emergency department (ED). In the ED, she was awake and alert, HR 120, BP 176/110, RR 22, O2 satu- Conium maculatum ration 98% on room air. All symptoms resolved within 24 hours of the inges- tion and she was discharged on day 2. The ED staff identified the plant as “poison hemlock” by means of an internet search. Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) is an invasive herb in the carrot (Apiaceae) family. It can be found along roads, ditches, fences, streams, or anywhere with adequate moisture, throughout the U.S. Other common names for the plant are deadly hemlock, poison parsley, and winter fern. The poison hemlock plant grows to 4-10 feet tall and has a smooth, non-hairy, hollow stem with red-purple streaks. These blotches are called the “blood of Socrates” as poison hemlock was reportedly used to kill Socrates. The small white flowers grow in -4 6 inch wide “umbels” or clusters that resemble um- brellas. The leaves have a lacy, fern-like appearance. The roots are creamy- Did you know? white and look like carrots or parsnips. When crushed, poison hemlock has an Water hemlock is also known as unpleasant, musty odor.
    [Show full text]
  • Poison Hemlock (Conium Maculatum)
    Weed Identification and Control Sheet: www.goodoak.com/weeds WI NR-40: Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) Prohibited DESCRIPTION: Poison hemlock was introduced to North America in the 1800s from Europe, western Asia, and North Africa as a garden plant for its attractive ferny foliage. This member of the carrot family is toxic to most animals and eating even a small fragment can kill a human. All parts of the plant are poisonous, but the root is especially toxic. This biennial or short-lived perennial prefers moist soils and full to partial sun. In such habitats it forms dense stands that out-compete natives for space and light. It spreads extensively by seed, producing more than 30,000 seeds per plant and remains viable in the soil for several years. These seeds are released from late summer into winter and are dispersed by water, wind, and attaching itself to fabric and fur. Since it is a new invader you should report any sightings of this plant to the DNR (see: http://dnr. wi.gov/topic/Invasives/report.html). IDENTIFICATION: In the first year poison hemlock produces large rosette leaves; the second year a tall stem emerges and the plant flowers. Poison hemlock grows 3 to 10 ft. tall with a ribbed hol- low stem with purple spots. This species has a umbel shape flower cluster with small white flowers that have petals and blooms June to July. Leaves are opposite and triangular in outline and have a fern like shape. Leaves when crushed release a foul odor. Poison hemlock can be confused with water hemlock, a rare native found only in good-quality wetlands, but the leaves can help distinguish these two species.
    [Show full text]
  • Poison Hemlock G
    Pasture Weed Fact Sheet W 325 Poison Hemlock G. Neil Rhodes, Jr., Professor and Extension Weed Management Specialist Trevor D. Israel, Extension Assistant Department of Plant Sciences Poison Hemlock Conium maculatum L. Classification and Description Poison hemlock, also called deadly hemlock, poison parsley, spotted hemlock, and California fern, is a highly poisonous bien- nial weed that is a member of the family Apiaceae, which is also referred to as the carrot family. It was originally introduced as a garden plant because of its attractive flowers. Other members of this family include wild carrot (Daucus carota L.), wild chervil (Anthriscus syvlestris (L.) Hoffm.), and a close relative to poison hemlock, water hemlock (Cicuta maculata L.). This native of Eurasia is found throughout Tennessee where it usually occurs in patches in cool-season grass pastures, roadsides, drainage ditches and stream banks. The cotyledons or seed leaves of seedlings are Fig. 1. Poison hemlock flowers in compound umbels. oblong-lanceolate, and the first true leaf is pinnately compound and glabrous. Flowers are small and white in large, compound umbels 1.5 to 2.4 inches wide (Fig. 1). The hollow stems of this plant are ridged, glabrous, and purple-spotted (Fig. 2). Leaves form a basal rosette; they are alternate upward, petioled, approxi- mately 8 to 16 inches long, broadly triangular-ovate, and com- pound. Leaflets are lanceolate to ovate-oblong, finely cut, less than 0.5 inch long. Crushed leaves have a mouse-like odor. Ma- ture plants can be 3 to 4 feet tall (Fig. 3) with fibrous roots branching from a turnip-like taproot (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Micromorphology and Anatomy of Fruits of Angelica Archangelica L. (Apiaceae) and Their Intraspecific Differentiation
    International journal edited by the Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants Vol. 66 No. 4 2020 Received: 2020-11-15 DOI: 10.2478/hepo-2020-0018 Accepted: 2020-12-17 Available online: 2020-12-31 EXPERIMENTAL PAPER Micromorphology and anatomy of fruits of Angelica archangelica L. (Apiaceae) and their intraspecific differentiation ANNA FORYCKA1* , MARIA MOROZOWSKA2 1Department of Botany, Breeding and Agricultural Technology of Medicinal Plants Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants Kolejowa 2 62-064 Plewiska, Poland 2Department of Botany Poznań University of Life Sciences Wojska Polskiego 71 C 60-625 Poznań, Poland *corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] Summary Introduction: Angelica archangelica L. (Apiaceae) has a long history of use as a vegetable and medicinal plant. According to the European Pharmacopoeia, the angelica root (Angelica radix) of only one of the sub- species – Angelica archangelica subsp. archangelica (formerly known as Archangelica officinalis) – is used as a source of plant material with documented medicinal properties. Within this species, there are two subspe- cies that are difficult to classify unambiguously: subsp. archangelica and subsp. litoralis. Objective: The aim of this study was to provide a micromorphological and anatomical description of fruits of A archangelica and identify new diagnostic characters useful in subspecies identification. Methods: A comparative analysis of the sculpture and internal structure of fruits of the distinguished A archangelica taxa was conducted, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Based on the taxonomic characters in the Apiaceae family, micromorphological and anatomical characteristics of A archangelica fruits were prepared. Some of the investigated characters, e.g. verrucose sculpture of the oil duct surface and the presence of hooked hairs, exhibited intraspecific differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Homeopathy and Kidney Disease
    Treatment Topic of the Month September 2007 KNOW YOUR KIDNEYS WELL! A Holistic Treatment Guide Disclaimer The Treatment Resources Program at the Toronto People With AIDS Foundation provides information and resources to empower people living with HIV/AIDS to be proactive around their health by working in partnership with their health providers. We do not recommend or promote any treatment in particular. We strongly urge those interested in any specific treatment to consult a wide range of resources including a qualified medical and/or complementary therapy practitioner who has experience working with HIV+ patients. For treatment information and resources, Contact Rebecca at 416-506-1400 x627 or by e-mail at [email protected] Know Your Kidneys Well! Why Are Kidneys Important? The kidneys are made up of two small bean shaped organs located below the ribs around the middle of the back. Along with the liver, the kidneys play an important role in detoxifying the body by filtering the blood and removing waste products through the breakdown of body tissue and food. They also regulate the body’s balance of minerals and water, especially sodium and potassium, as well as convert Vitamin D into its active form which plays an important role in healthy bones. Kidney Problems & HIV Kidney disease can affect almost anyone. Some common causes include inflammation in the filter within the kidney, high blood pressure and diabetes. Kidney problems may result from side effects of HAART, and HIV itself can cause glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys). The most common types of kidney problems experienced by PHAs are kidney stones and HIV Associated Nephropathy (HIVAN).
    [Show full text]
  • Genetics and Ecology of Natural Populations
    Genetics and ecology of natural populations Elisabeth Lundqvist Umeå 2002 Division of Genetics / Department of Molecular Biology Umeå University SE-901 87 Umeå Sweden AKADEMISK AVHANDLING Som med vederbörligt tillstånd av rektorsämbetet vid Umeå Universitet för erhållande av filosofie doktorsexamen i genetik kommer att offentligen försvaras fredagen den 27 september, kl 13.00 i sal KB3 Bl, KBC-huset Examinator: Docent Åsa Rasmuson-Lestander Opponent: Docent Ulf Lagercrantz, Inst. för växtbiologi, SLU, Uppsala Organisation Document name Umeå University DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Department of Molecular Biology / Division of Genetics SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Author Date of issue Elisabeth Lundqvist September 2002 Title Genetics and ecology of natural populations Abstract I have studied the genetic variation of single species using morphological variation and enzyme electrophoresis. I have striven to understand the interaction between the breeding structure and the ecology of the species in relation to the community, in which it lives. The work was done in the county of Västerbotten, northern Sweden. In the Skeppsvik archipelago I have studied the population structure of Silene dioica: ecotypic variation in other populations. I have also studied the genetic diversity of Angelica archangelica, Bistorta vivipara, Viscaria alpina and the earthworm Eiseniella tetraedra along the free-flowing Vindel and Sävar Rivers and the regulated Urne River. The island populations of S. dioica are subdivided into several breeding units and levels of differentiation among subpopulations within islands were about twice as high as among islands. Restricted seed and pollen dispersal creates patches made up of related individuals that may diverge as a result of drift. Frequent seed and pollen dispersal occurs among islands and they will receive the same alleles.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy, Origin and Importance of the Apiaceae Family
    1 TAXONOMY, ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE OF THE APIACEAE FAMILY JEAN-PIERRE REDURON* Mulhouse, France The Apiaceae (or Umbelliferae) is a plant family comprising at the present time 466 genera and about 3800 species (Plunkett et al., 2018). It is distributed nearly worldwide, but is most diverse in temperate climatic areas, such as Eurasia and North America. It is quite rare in tropical humid regions where it is limited to high mountains. Mediterranean and arid climatic conditions favour high species diversification. The Apiaceae are present in nearly all types of habi- tats, from sea-level to alpine zones: aquatic biotopes, grasslands, grazed pas- tures, forests including their clearings and margins, cliffs, screes, rocky hills, open sandy and gravelly soils, steppes, cultivated fields, fallows, road sides and waste grounds. The largest number of genera, 289, and the largest generic endemism, 177, is found in Asia. There are 126 genera in Europe, but only 17 are en- demic. Africa has about the same total with 121 genera, where North Africa encompasses the largest occurrence of 82 genera, 13 of which are endemic. North and Central America have a fairly high level of diversity with 80 genera and 44 endemics, where South America accommodates less generic diversity with 35 genera, 15 of which are endemic. Oceania is home to 27 genera and 18 endemics (Plunkett et al., 2018). The Apiaceae family appears to have originated in Australasia (region including Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia and several island groups), with this origin dated to the Late Cretaceous/ early Eocene, c.87 Ma (Nicolas and Plunkett, 2014).
    [Show full text]