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Tampa Bay History 13/02 University of South Florida University of South Florida Scholar Commons Digital Collection - Florida Studies Center Digital Collection - Florida Studies Center Publications 1-1-1991 Tampa Bay History 13/02 University of South Florida. College of Social and Behavioral Sciences. Department of History Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/flstud_pub Part of the American Studies Commons, and the Community-based Research Commons Scholar Commons Citation University of South Florida. College of Social and Behavioral Sciences. Department of History, "Tampa Bay History 13/02" (1991). Digital Collection - Florida Studies Center Publications. Paper 2535. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/flstud_pub/2535 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Digital Collection - Florida Studies Center at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Digital Collection - Florida Studies Center Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FALL/WINTER 1991 VOLUME 13, NUMBER 2 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 3 From the Editors 4 ARTICLES George Meade, John Pemberton, and A. P. Hill: Army Relationships during the Florida Crisis of 1849-1850 ........................................... by Canter Brown, Jr. 5 The Smugglers' Blues: Drug and Alien Traffic in Tampa during the 1920s .........................................................................by Frank Alduino 27 Farm Labor in Florida: A Photographic Essay ................................... by Phyllis A. Hunter 40 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS "The Missions of Tampa": Excerpts from the Diary of Father Clavreul, 1866-1873 ....................................................... Edited and Annotated by Julius J. Gordon 57 BOOK REVIEWS West and Kling (trans), Libro de las profecias of Christopher Columbus ....................................................................... by Robert H. Fuson 69 Brown, Florida's Peace River Frontier ................................................. by Frank L. Snyder 70 Griffin, Mullet on the Beach: The Minorcans of Florida, 1768-1788 ........................................................................... by Nancy Marie White 72 Book Notes 74 Notes on Contributors 75 Tampa Bay History Essay Contest 76 Copyright 1991 by the University of South Florida Typography and composition by RAM Printing by RALARD PRINTING, Dade City, Florida. (904) 588-2800 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We extend our appreciation to the following people who have made special contributions to TAMPA BAY HISTORY. PATRONS SUSTAINERS Mrs. B. W. Council Mary Wyatt Allen Mark Orr James Apthorp Bill Wagner George Howell Marvin L. Ivey Bruce M. Klay Robin Lewis Dr. Joseph H. McNinch Sheldon J. Shalett R. J. Taylor Thomas Touchton Yarbrough & Tench, CPA's FRIENDS Joseph Aprile John Arthur Jones Lucille Arlington Robert Kerstein Norma Lopez Bean Dr. and Mrs. Robert E. King James W. Belcher Robin Krivanek Joan Berry Dr. Robert F. Landstra Donald Buchanan W. S. McKeithen Guy E. Burnette Richard Ira Matthews S. J. Carter Dr. Mahon Myers William Casey Mr. and Mrs. Sam Militello Warren Cason Owen and Elvira Niles U.S. Cleveland Mrs. Lester Olson Selma Cohen Lois Paradise Dr. Richard Cole Harley E. Riedel, II H. L. Crowder R. James Robbins John C. Egan Fred T. Rodgers Charles W. Emerson Roland Rodriguez Represenative Mary Figg William E. Rumph John M. Fitzgibbons Jane Ryan Nancy T. Ford Arsenio Sanchez Howard L. Garrett Sandra Serrrano Joseph Garrison R. E. Shoemaker Congressman Sam Gibbons Maynard F. Swanson Dr. John M. Hamilton Charlton W. Tebeau William N. Hayes Dr. Jamie Torner James V. Hodnett, Jr. Mary J. Van der Ancker George Howell Curtis L. Vanlandingham, Jr. Jose V. Suarez Hoyos Mr. & Mrs. Ted E. Wade Edward Hughes, Jr. Mr. & Mrs. David E. Ward Eric Jarvis Wilbert Wichers George N. Johnson, Jr. G. Pierce Wood FROM THE EDITORS The year 1992 marks the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's first landing in the Americas. The resulting encounter between the peoples of the so-called old world and the new world produced a series of mutual discoveries that historians are still trying to comprehend fully. The Quincentenary has sparked a lively debate over the meaning of the contacts that began in 1492. For Florida the encounter between peoples of the old world and the new has special meaning. Not only did numerous Spanish explorers land on the peninsula after 1492, but the "discovery" of Florida by outsiders has continued down to this day. Indeed, given the eventual disappearance of the native tribes that inhabited Florida in 1492, Florida's population is today composed of a mixture of peoples who are descendants of displaced Indians, African slaves, Anglo homesteaders, European immigrants, Asian refugees, Latin American exiles, and countless others who discovered and re-discovered the peninsula over the past 500 years. Each new arrival encountered Florida for the first time, and their stories tell much of the history of the state. The voyages and explorations of Pánfilo de Narváez and Hernando de Soto demonstrated that Tampa Bay was a pathway to North America. The articles in this issue of Tampa Bay History show that the region continued as a point of entry for Indian refugees, the U.S. army, illicit drugs, and illegal aliens. In "George Meade, John Pemberton, and A.P. Hill: Army Relationships during the Florida Crisis of 1849-1850," Canter Brown, Jr., uses diaries and letters from the period to describe the lives of army officers who served in central Florida. In the process they also developed personal relationships that Brown argues increased in significance when they later fought on opposite sides in the Civil War. Frank Alduino's article, "The Smugglers' Blues: Drug and Alien Traffic in Tampa during the 1920s," utilizes newspapers to document the smuggling of illegal aliens into the state. The scattered evidence only hints at the conflicting emotions of hope, fear, and terror that must have gripped these desperate aliens when they first encountered Florida. Similarly, one can only guess at the meaning of Florida for agricultural laborers whose work is permanently recorded in the photographs that appear in the photo essay, "Farm Labor in Florida," by Phyllis A. Hunter. Finally, the document edited and annotated by Julius J. Gordon provides insight into the activities of one old-world institution that dates its presence in the new world from 1492 - the Catholic Church. Near Tampa Bay as early as 1549, Fray Luis Cancer de Barbastro celebrated the first mass on what would become the United States mainland. The diary of Father Clavreul, a French-born priest who visited the Tampa Bay area during the years 1866-73, reveals a wealth of information about local residents after the Civil War. At a minimum, the festivities surrounding the Quincentenary should encourage each of us to reflect on our own first encounter with this area. In addition, the editors hope Tampa Bay History will continue to serve as a means of enriching your understanding of other encounters in the past. Toward this end, the editors extend their continued gratitude to subscribers, especially those listed on page 3 who have made additional contributions to sustain Tampa Bay History. GEORGE MEADE, JOHN PEMBERTON, AND A. P. HILL: ARMY RELATIONSHIPS DURING THE FLORIDA CRISIS OF 1849-1850 by Canter Brown, Jr. During the closing months of 1849 and the early months of 1850, the United States was deeply enmeshed in a sectional crisis that threatened the breakup of the Union. Stemming primarily from the issue of slavery in territories recently gained from Mexico, the crisis produced calls for secession of slave states and resulted in a bitter struggle within the Congress. Although the issue temporarily was resolved by the adoption of the Compromise of 1850, the preceding national debate served as a prelude to the secession crisis of 1860-1861 and the resulting Civil War.1 As the nation dealt with its secession crisis in 1849 and 1850, Florida grappled with a crisis of a different nature. An Indian attack upon two isolated civilian outposts deep in the state’s peninsula provoked fears of an all-out Indian war and brought calls for the expulsion of the several hundred Seminoles, Mikasukies, and Tallahassees remaining in and near the Everglades. During the year following the July 1849 attack, almost 2,000 regular soldiers of the United States Army served in the state, together with a score or more of officers who would, within fifteen years, become general officers in the Civil War.2 An examination of the service of several of those officers in Florida during the Indian scare illustrates the importance of pre-Civil War army relationships and may help to explain the later actions of Union and Confederate officers. For instance, a question such as George Meade’s reluctance to pursue Robert E. Lee’s forces in the aftermath of the battle at Gettysburg may take on a different coloration when viewed within the context of Meade’s personal assessment, gained over decades of Army service, of such fellow officers as John Gibbon, Abner Doubleday, George Washington Getty, Darius Nash Couch, William Thomas Harbaugh Brooks, and William W. Morris, or his knowledge of such opponents as Ambrose Powell Hill and Cadmus Marcellus Wilcox. Likewise, a more complete understanding of the action of Meade’s friend and fellow Philadelphian, John Clifford Pemberton, in surrendering Confederate forces at Vicksburg may be gained through a clarification of his previous relationships with Joseph Eggleston Johnston, Theophilus Hunter Holmes, Braxton Bragg, and William Whann Mackall. All of these individuals - and numerous others who undertook vital roles in the Civil War – served in Florida in the Second Seminole War (1835-1842), the Indian scare of 1849-1850, or both.3 The role of Florida service in the development of the army and of the talents of its officers is a subject upon which much work remains to be done. Yet, clearly Florida experiences served as important catalysts in molding the army and its officers in the pre-Civil War era. As one historian has pointed out, 10,169 individuals served in the regular services in Florida during the Second Seminole War.
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