The Protection of Journalistic Sources, a Cornerstone of the Freedom of the Press
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The Perceived Credibility of Professional Photojournalism Compared to User-Generated Content Among American News Media Audiences
Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE August 2020 THE PERCEIVED CREDIBILITY OF PROFESSIONAL PHOTOJOURNALISM COMPARED TO USER-GENERATED CONTENT AMONG AMERICAN NEWS MEDIA AUDIENCES Gina Gayle Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Gayle, Gina, "THE PERCEIVED CREDIBILITY OF PROFESSIONAL PHOTOJOURNALISM COMPARED TO USER-GENERATED CONTENT AMONG AMERICAN NEWS MEDIA AUDIENCES" (2020). Dissertations - ALL. 1212. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/1212 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT This study examines the perceived credibility of professional photojournalism in context to the usage of User-Generated Content (UGC) when compared across digital news and social media platforms, by individual news consumers in the United States employing a Q methodology experiment. The literature review studies source credibility as the theoretical framework through which to begin; however, using an inductive design, the data may indicate additional patterns and themes. Credibility as a news concept has been studied in terms of print media, broadcast and cable television, social media, and inline news, both individually and between genres. Very few studies involve audience perceptions of credibility, and even fewer are concerned with visual images. Using online Q methodology software, this experiment was given to 100 random participants who sorted a total of 40 images labeled with photographer and platform information. The data revealed that audiences do discern the source of the image, in both the platform and the photographer, but also take into consideration the category of news image in their perception of the credibility of an image. -
Beyond Objectivity and Relativism: a View Of
BEYOND OBJECTIVITY AND RELATIVISM: A VIEW OF JOURNALISM FROM A RHETORICAL PERSPECTIVE A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Catherine Meienberg Gynn, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee Approved by Josina M. Makau Susan L. Kline Adviser Paul V. Peterson Department of Communication Joseph M. Foley UMI Number: 9533982 UMI Microform 9533982 Copyright 1995, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 DEDICATION To my husband, Jack D. Gynn, and my son, Matthew M. Gynn. With thanks to my parents, Alyce W. Meienberg and the late John T. Meienberg. This dissertation is in respectful memory of Lauren Rudolph Michael James Nole Celina Shribbs Riley Detwiler young victims of the events described herein. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express sincere appreciation to Professor Josina M. Makau, Academic Planner, California State University at Monterey Bay, whose faith in this project was unwavering and who continually inspired me throughout my graduate studies, and to Professor Susan Kline, Department of Communication, The Ohio State University, whose guidance, friendship and encouragement made the final steps of this particular journey enjoyable. I wish to thank Professor Emeritus Paul V. Peterson, School of Journalism, The Ohio State University, for guidance that I have relied on since my undergraduate and master's programs, and whose distinguished participation in this project is meaningful to me beyond its significant academic merit. -
Subsidizing the News? Organizational Press Releases' Influence on News Media's Agenda and Content Boumans, J
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Subsidizing the news? Organizational press releases' influence on news media's agenda and content Boumans, J. DOI 10.1080/1461670X.2017.1338154 Publication date 2018 Document Version Final published version Published in Journalism Studies License CC BY-NC-ND Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Boumans, J. (2018). Subsidizing the news? Organizational press releases' influence on news media's agenda and content. Journalism Studies, 19(15), 2264-2282. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1338154 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 SUBSIDIZING THE NEWS? Organizational press releases’ influence on news media’s agenda and content Jelle Boumans The relation between organizational press releases and newspaper content has generated consider- able attention. -
Chilling Effects on Free Expression: Surveillance, Threats and Harassment
chapter 16 Chilling Effects on Free Expression: Surveillance, Threats and Harassment Elisabeth Eide Professor of Journalism Studies, Oslo Metropolitan University Abstract: This chapter addresses global surveillance as revealed by Edward Snowden in 2013 and discusses the effects such surveillance – and indeed its revelation – may have on freedom of the press and investigative journalism. The chilling effect – an act of discouragement – has proven to be an effective way of deterring public intel- lectuals and other citizens from voicing their opinions in the public sphere. This chapter presents some examples of how it works on practicing freedom of expres- sion for both groups and individuals, as well as how it may affect relationships between various actors in the public sphere, particularly the state and the media, and journalists/writers and politicians. Finally, it discusses consequences for the future of investigative journalism. Keywords: chilling effect, investigative journalism, surveillance, freedom of expression Rarely it is mentioned, in this regard, that surveillance fundamentally questions journalistic work as such – at least in its form of investigative journalism that requires confidential communication with sources. —Arne Hintz (2013) Introduction This chapter addresses the chilling effect on freedom of expression and free- dom of the press. As a case study, it discusses how investigative journalism, Citation: Eide, E. (2019). Chilling Effects on Free Expression: Surveillance, Threats and Harassment. In R. Krøvel & M. Thowsen (Eds.),Making Transparency Possible. An Interdisciplinary Dialogue (pp. 227–242). Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk. https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.64.ch16 License: CC BY-NC 4.0 227 chapter 16 revealing modern global surveillance helped by whistleblower Edward Snowden (in June 2013), may be hampered by this effect, oftentimes in the form of a tight relationship between state power and the media. -
Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protections
Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protections Updated June 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45345 SUMMARY R45345 Intelligence Community Whistleblower June 22, 2021 Protections Michael E. DeVine Intelligence community (IC) whistleblowers are those employees or contractors working in any Analyst in Intelligence and of the 18 elements of the IC who disclose their reasonable belief of a violation of law, rule, or National Security regulation; gross mismanagement; waste of resources; abuse of authority; or a substantial danger to public health and safety. The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) whistleblowing policy and guidance are publicly available and specifically address the process for making protected disclosures and identify whistleblower protections for IC contractors, members of the Armed Forces, and federal IC employees. IC whistleblower protections have evolved in response to perceptions of gaps that many observers believed left whistleblowers vulnerable to reprisal. The first whistleblower legislation specific to the IC, enacted in 1998, was limited to specifying a process for IC whistleblowers to make a complaint but offered no specific protections. Subsequent legislation, enacted in 2010, included only general provisions for protecting IC whistleblowers with no additional guidance on standards for implementation. Presidential Policy Directive (PPD)-19, signed in 2012, provided the first specific protections against reprisal actions for making a complaint. The Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 codified these provisions, which were further supported by IC implementation policy. In early 2018, Congress passed legislation to address perceived gaps in protections for IC contractors. Other provisions in Title 10 of the U.S. Code, along with DOD implementing guidance, provide protections for members of the Armed Forces, including those assigned to elements of the IC. -
The Legal Consequences for Journalists Who Break Promises of Confidentiality to Sources Kathryn M
Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal Volume 12 | Number 4 Article 3 1-1-1990 When a Promise Is Not a Promise: The Legal Consequences for Journalists Who Break Promises of Confidentiality to Sources Kathryn M. Kase Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_comm_ent_law_journal Part of the Communications Law Commons, Entertainment, Arts, and Sports Law Commons, and the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Kathryn M. Kase, When a Promise Is Not a Promise: The Legal Consequences for Journalists Who Break Promises of Confidentiality to Sources, 12 Hastings Comm. & Ent. L.J. 565 (1990). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_comm_ent_law_journal/vol12/iss4/3 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. When a Promise Is Not a Promise: The Legal Consequences for Journalists Who Break Promises of Confidentiality to Sources by KATHRYN M. KASE* Introduction It was an offer Minneapolis Star Tribune reporter Lori Sturdevant could not refuse. Days before Minnesota's statewide elections in 1982, a prominent Minneapolis Republican told Sturdevant he would give her damaging information about a statewide candidate if Sturdevant would promise not to reveal her source.' Sturdevant pledged confidentiality and, in return, received a manila envelope containing a reporter's bo- nanza: copies of secret court records showing that the democratic candi- date for lieutenant governor had been convicted of shoplifting twelve years earlier.2 When Sturdevant submitted the story to the newspaper, 3 however, her editors refused to honor her promise of confidentiality. -
Source Control and Evaluation of Newspaper Inaccuracies
San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Faculty Publications Journalism and Mass Communications January 1982 Source Control and Evaluation of Newspaper Inaccuracies William A. Tillinghast San Jose State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/journ_masscomm_pub Part of the Journalism Studies Commons, and the Mass Communication Commons Recommended Citation William A. Tillinghast. "Source Control and Evaluation of Newspaper Inaccuracies" Newspaper Research Journal (1982): 13-23. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journalism and Mass Communications at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. by William A. Tillinghast Source Control and Evaluatio n of Newspaper Inaccuracies Even on factual matters, some determine the amount of error or its sources judge published informa relation to constraints on the news. tion in light of their version of what Tabulating errors hasevolved into ought to be. a 14-category news source classi fication of error—omissions, under Newspaper accuracy research emphasis, overemphasis, misquotes, typically focuses on sources, news faulty headlines, spellings, names, constraints or on the reporter's ages, other numbers, titles, address mental state, generally providing es, other locations, time and dates. only a cursory examination of the The six studies found that between errors that prompted the research. 40% and 60% of all straight news The purpose of this article is to articles are said by sources to contain extend the limited research on error one or more of these errors. -
Protecting Our Sources of Information
Protecting our sources of information Why journalists need to resist legal attacks European Federation of Journalists Protecting our sources of information Why journalists need to resist legal attacks Written for the EFJ by Ronan Brady Acknowledgments Material in this booklet is based on contributions at the Protection of Sources seminar in Prague in May 2003, including papers by Tim Gopsill from the NUJ, Professor Dirk Vorhoof from Gent University, and Inger Hoedt Rasmussen from the Danish Bar and Law Society. Valuable contributions were also made by EFJ representatives Jean Claude Wolff, Androula Georgiadou, Michael Klehm, Martine Simonis and Ljuba Babic Kosir, as well as by Thomas Verfuss, President of the Association of Journalists at the International Criminal Court, Dejan Anastasijevic and Jovan Dulovic from Vreme, Serbia, and Ronan Brady. The EFJ would like to thank the Council of Europe and the European Commission for supporting the Protection of Sources seminar. European Federation of Journalists Conference reports can be found on the EFJ website at http://www.ifj-europe.org/ Protecting our sources Contents Preface Preface 1 n May 2003 the European Federation of Journalists (EFJ) convened a sem- Introduction 2 inar in Prague under the title Protection of Sources under Fire. The Confidence in the truth I seminar was a response to increasing attempts throughout Europe to undermine the principle of confidentiality of sources. Attacks included 1 Source protection 4 Danish journalists having their phones illegally tapped, British journalists across Europe threatened with prosecution by a beer company and Belgium journalists Confidential sources 12 having their homes and offices searched. -
Truth and Untruth in in the Battle for Media Coverage Publicity Stunts in Terms of News Factor Theory
Truth and Untruth in in the Battle for Media Coverage Publicity Stunts in Terms of News Factor Theory Zoë Visser 10151931 Master’s thesis Graduate School of Communication Master’s programme Communication Science Thesis supervisor: dr. J.W. Boumans Friday June 24th 2016 Abstract The professions of PR and journalism have been changing and widely discussed by scholars and professionals in both fields. Increasing workload in journalism demands journalists to accept an increasing number of ready-made source texts. PR professionals provide such materials, organizing both truthful and untruthful publicity stunts with the aim of becoming the subject of news. Despite all studies on the news selection process, publicity stunts are rarely covered in research. This study aims to take a first step in theorizing both types of stunts in the news process. For this purpose, a quantitative content analysis of the most validated news factors in journalistic selection processes is carried out on a range of stunts and media publications on these stunts in the Netherlands. Results show that publications on untruthful stunts score significantly higher on news factor intensity than truthful stunts, and that non-commercial organizations (governmental and NGOs) score significantly higher on news factor intensity than commercial organizations. No organizational contexts explaining for a higher number untruths in publicity stunts were discovered. It was however found that he truth of a third of untruthful stunts was doubted by the journalist covering the news event, while none of the truthful stunts were questioned. This implies that journalists are capable of distinguishing truthful and untruthful stunts to some extent. -
University of Oklahoma Graduate College
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE SELF-PERCEPTION OF VIDEO GAME JOURNALISM: INTERVIEWS WITH GAMES WRITERS REGARDING THE STATE OF THE PROFESSION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Severin Justin Poirot Norman, Oklahoma 2019 THE SELF-PERCEPTION OF VIDEO GAME JOURNALISM: INTERVIEWS WITH GAMES WRITERS REGARDING THE STATE OF THE PROFESSION A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE GAYLORD COLLEGE OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION BY Dr. David Craig, Chair Dr. Eric Kramer Dr. Jill Edy Dr. Ralph Beliveau Dr. Julie Jones © Copyright by SEVERIN JUSTIN POIROT 2019 All Rights Reserved. iv Acknowledgments I’ve spent a lot of time and hand wringing wondering what I was going to say here and whom I was going to thank. First of all I’d like to thank my committee chair Dr. David Craig. Without his guidance, patience and prayers for my well-being I don’t know where I would be today. I’d like to also thank my other committee members: Dr. Eric Kramer, Dr. Julie Jones, Dr. Jill Edy, and Dr. Ralph Beliveau. I would also like to thank former member Dr. Namkee Park for making me feel normal for researching video games. Second I’d like to thank my colleagues at the University of Oklahoma who were there in the trenches with me for years: Phil Todd, David Ferman, Kenna Griffin, Anna Klueva, Christal Johnson, Jared Schroeder, Chad Nye, Katie Eaves, Erich Sommerfeldt, Aimei Yang, Josh Bentley, Tara Buehner, Yousuf Mohammad and Nur Uysal. I also want to extend a special thanks to Bryan Carr, who possibly is a bigger nerd than me and a great help to me in finishing this study. -
The Prospect of Extraditing Julian Assange
NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 37 Number 3 Article 7 Spring 2012 The Prospect of Extraditing Julian Assange Molly Thebes Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Molly Thebes, The Prospect of Extraditing Julian Assange, 37 N.C. J. INT'L L. 889 (2011). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol37/iss3/7 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Prospect of Extraditing Julian Assange Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This note is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol37/iss3/ 7 The Prospect of Extraditing Julian Assange Molly Thebes t I. Introduction .......................... ...... 889 II. Is Julian Assange a Journalist .......... ...... ......... 894 III. The Feasibility of Extraditing Journalists ....... ...... 898 A. Sweden ........................... ..... 899 B. Iceland.............903 1. Libel Tourism .................... ..... 904 2. Source Protection.. ................. ..... 906 3. Whistleblower Protections.....................907 4. International Effect of the Initiative ...... .... 908 5. Limitations of the Initiative .......... ...... 909 C. European Media Laws ................ ..... 911 IV. Conclusion............... ................. 913 I. Introduction The legal battle over the custody of Julian Assange has been well publicized in the media, with both Sweden and the United States vying for authority over the WikiLeaks founder and ex- computer hacker.' While the United States is seeking jurisdiction over Assange for his well-documented involvement in the unauthorized acquisition and dissemination of a quarter of a million diplomatic cables2 and tens of thousands of wartime tB.A. -
A Federal Shield Law That Works: Protecting Sources, Fighting Fake News, and Confronting Modern Challenges to Effective Journalism
A FEDERAL SHIELD LAW THAT WORKS: PROTECTING SOURCES, FIGHTING FAKE NEWS, AND CONFRONTING MODERN CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVE JOURNALISM Anthony L. Fargo* I. INTRODUCTION Covering government and politics is rarely easy for journalists even in the best of times. Officials want to hide information that would make them look bad. Candidates and party leaders try to “spin” coverage to favor their side. Sources with potentially important news to share often have hidden or not-so-hidden agendas that could cast doubt on their veracity. Recent months certainly have not been the best of times for journalists. The President of the United States has labeled mainstream news outlets as “enemies of the people.”1 President Trump and his most ardent supporters frequently call any news that portrays the administration unfavorably “fake news.”2 Public trust in the news media is low, especially among those aligned with the President’s party.3 President Trump and his attorney general have announced that they are going to get tough on people who leak classified or sensitive information to the press, which could chill potential news sources and, if leakers are prosecuted, possibly lead to journalists being subpoenaed to identify their sources or face contempt citations.4 * Anthony Fargo is an Associate Professor and Director for the Center for International Media Law and Policy Studies, The Media School, Indiana University. The author thanks Patrick Ober for his valuable research assistance. Funding for this study was provided by the Barbara Restle Press Law Project. 1. Michael M. Grynbaum, Trump Calls Media the “Enemy of the American People,” N.Y.