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Bryophyta) Dos Arquipélagos Da Madeira E Das Selvagens

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Bryophyta) Dos Arquipélagos Da Madeira E Das Selvagens CAPÍTULO 5 | CHAPTER 5 OS BRIÓFITOS (BRYOPHYTA) DOS ARQUIPÉLAGOS DA MADEIRA E DAS SELVAGENS THE BRYOPHYTES (BRYOPHYTA) OF THE MADEIRA AND SELVAGENS ARCHIPELAGOS Cecília Sérgio1, Manuela Sim-Sim 2, Susana Fontinha3 & Rui Figueira4 1 Jardim Botânico, Museu Nacional de História Natural, Universidade de Lisboa, CBA – Centro de Biologia Ambiental, R. da Escola Poli- técnica, 58, 1250 -102 Lisboa, Portugal; e -mail: [email protected] 2 Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências (DBV – Dep. de Biologia Vegetal), CBA – Centro de Biologia Ambiental, R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos, Ed. C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; e -mail: msim [email protected] 3 Parque Natural da Madeira/CEM, Quinta do Bom Sucesso, Caminho do Meio, 9050–251 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; e -mail: susanafon- tinha.sra@gov -madeira.pt 4 Instituto de Investigação Científica e Tropical, Jardim Botânico Tropical. Trav. Conde da Ribeira, 9 1300-142 Lisboa, Portugal; e-mail: [email protected] Resumo Abstract 1. Pelas reduzidas dimensões e insignificante aspecto, os bri- 1. Bryophytes are inherently small and inconspicuous ófitos não despertam a atenção do público em geral. Eles plants that do not get much attention from the general constituem, no entanto, uma componente importante da public. However, bryophytes are an important compo- vegetação dos arquipélagos da Madeira e das Selvagens. nent of the vegetation in the Madeira and Selvagens ar- 2. O recente trabalho publicado por Sérgio et al. (2006) con- chipelagos. siste num catálogo actualizado de todos os taxa de briófi- 2. The latest paper published by Sérgio et al. (2006) consists tos conhecidos no arquipélago da Madeira. Este catálogo of an updated catalogue that can be used as a checklist pode ser utilizado como uma lista de espécies da região, for all known bryophyte taxa in the Madeira archipelago, e serviu de base para o trabalho que é aqui apresentado. upon which this work is based. 3. Na presente lista foram registados para os arquipélagos 3. In this list, 512 taxa (333 mosses and 179 liverworts- da Madeira e Selvagens 512 taxa (333 musgos e 179 -hornworts) are presented for the archipelagos of Madei- hepáticas -antocerotas). ra and Selvagens. 4. Dos 512 taxa de briófitos conhecidos da Madeira e Sel- 4. The endemic taxa of Madeira and Selvagens compri- vagens, sete musgos e quatro hepáticas -antocerotas são se seven mosses and four liverworts -hornworts, about endémicos dos arquipélagos da Madeira e Selvagens, 2.1% of the total Bryoflora. The endemic taxa of Maca- representando 2,1% da brioflora existente nestes arqui- ronesia are 25 mosses (7 endemic from Madeira) and 11 pélagos. No total, ocorrem na Macaronésia 25 musgos liverworts -hornworts (4 endemic from Madeira), corres- e 11 hepáticas -antocerotas endémicos (5% da brioflora ponding to about 5% of the total Bryoflora. presente na Macaronésia). 5. In terms of biogeographical origin, the best-represented 5. Sob o aspecto biogeográfico os briófitos mais bem repre- elements are the oceanic ones (including euoceanic, sentados na Madeira e Selvagens são os de tendência oceâ- oceanic -subtemperate and suboceanic) with about 35.9 nica (incluindo os elementos euoceânicos, subtemperados e % of the overall taxa. suboceânicos,) correspondendo a 35,9% de todos os taxa. 6. The cumulative total of bryophyte taxa for Macaronesia 6. Na região da Macaronésia ocorrem no total 792 taxa de is 792, although only 65 are common to all of the archi- briófitos. Destes, apenas cerca de 65 taxa são comuns a pelagos. This also indicates a difference in the state of todos os arquipélagos. Isto sugere alguma heterogenei- knowledge of the bryophyte flora for the Macaronesian dade no conhecimento da diversidade de briófitos entre archipelagos, showing that the number of species in os arquipélagos da Macaronésia. Na realidade o número Cape Verde is particularly undervalued. de espécies no arquipélago de Cabo Verde está particu- larmente subavaliado. 123 1. Introdução 1. Introduction Os briófitos, pelas suas dimensões e insignificante as- Bryophytes are inherently small and inconspicuous pecto, não despertam a atenção do público em geral. Os plants that do not get much attention from the general pu- briófitos constituem, no entanto, um componente impor- blic. However, bryophytes are an important component of tante da vegetação de muitas regiões do mundo. De facto, the vegetation in many regions of the world. They play a estes organismos formam a maior parte da biodiversidade vital role in, and constitute a major part of, the biodiversity em habitats de tundra, zonas húmidas, florestas húmidas e in humid forest, wetland, mountain, and tundra ecosyste- zonas de montanha, desempenhando um papel vital nesses ms. In temperate forests, for example, bryophytes form ex- ecossistemas. Nas florestas temperadas, por exemplo, os tensive mixed communities and contribute significantly to briófitos formam comunidades mistas em grandes exten- the community structure and ecosystem functioning. These sões e contribuem significativamente para a estrutura das organisms are sensitive to natural fluctuations in humidity comunidades e funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Os briófi- and water regime. Unlike flowering plants, bryophytes lack tos são sensíveis a flutuações naturais de humidade e do re- a leaf cuticle and are therefore capable of quickly gaining gime hídrico, e ao contrário das plantas com flor, os briófitos and loosing water. This means that bryophytes dry out very não têm cutícula foliar, o que provoca um instantâneo ganho quickly, but they can also absorb minute quantities of avai- ou perda de água, isto é, podem absorver pequenas quanti- lable moisture from fog, mist and dew -sources of water dades de água de nevoeiros, neblinas e orvalho que outras that other plants cannot use. They slowly release water into plantas (com cutícula) não conseguem aproveitar, mas em the surrounding environment, and can therefore contribute geral perdem a água facilmente. Com a captação e a dispo- to the retention of humid forest microclimates and to the nibilização de água no meio, os briófitos contribuem para a regulation of water flow. Perhaps most importantly, these manutenção de microambientes húmidos e para a regulação properties allow forests to gradually release water into wa- do fluxo hídrico nos ecossistemas. Estas propriedades dos tercourses, preventing flash floods, erosion, and downstre- briófitos são de extrema relevância, pois permitem a entrada am landslides. Environmental changes are predicted for this gradual de água nos cursos de água, evitando a ocorrên- century, including climate changes and the conversion of cia de cheias súbitas, a erosão do solo e o deslizamento de ancient natural and semi -natural forests with a high biodi- terras. Neste último século, além de previsíveis alterações versity into commercial forestry, which is commonly low on ambientais, incluindo as mudanças climáticas, assiste-se a biodiversity. In this context, bryophytes can be used as indi- uma rápida substituição de florestas naturais e seminaturais cators of ecological continuity and research considering the (com grande biodiversidade) por florestas com elevado va- bryophyte distribution and environmental factors that may lor económico (pobres em biodiversidade). Os briófitos são affect it, will constitute an important database for future extremamente sensíveis a alterações climáticas e de uso evaluation of the main changes in this sensitive vegetation do solo, podendo ser utilizados como indicadores de con- as well as for the assessment of environmental quality. tinuidade ecológica e da qualidade ambiental. Deste modo, The Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos are located in o conhecimento da distribuição dos briófitos e os factores the Atlantic Ocean, at a point of intersection between the ambientais que os afectam constituem uma importante base tropics, North America and Europe. Its geographical isola- de conhecimento que pode vir a ser utilizada para prever as tion, as well as the occurrence of a large altitudinal range alterações ambientais nos ecossistemas. and diversity of habitats, implies a diverse Bryoflora with Os arquipélagos da Madeira e das Selvagens estão locali- very peculiar forms including all life -form strategies, giving zados no Oceano Atlântico, na intersecção dos trópicos, da rise to some endemics. Many bryophytes of Madeira pre- América do Norte e da Europa. O seu isolamento geográfico, sent a wide distribution, while others, including palaeo-en- assim como a ocorrência de uma grande diversidade de ha- demics and relict taxa, have a more restricted distribution bitats associada a uma grande variação altitudinal, favorece- usually associated with specific habitats (Sérgio 1984). ram o desenvolvimento de uma biodiversidade muito parti- Madeira Island in particular, harbours a high diversity of cular, incluindo uma brioflora rica, com formas e estratégias habitats where bryophytes occur, from sea level to the hi- de vida peculiares, que origaram alguns endemismos e ou ghest mountains, playing an important role in the colonisa- taxa importantes sob o aspecto fitogeográfico. tion, stability and dynamics of ecosystems (Fontinha et al. A ilha da Madeira apresenta uma grande diversidade de 2006). The most precious ecosystem is the Laurisilva, the habitats e os briófitos existentes ou apresentam uma grande best preserved evergreen laurel forest of Macaronesia, also distribuição geral ou correspondem a taxa relíquia ou paleo- known for a high diversity of bryophytes that densely festo- -endemismos
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