Seminar One: EM Forster – Howards End (1910)
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Bridging Unit One – Late nineteenth century & early twentieth century prose Seminar One: E M Forster – Howards End (1910) E M Forster is one of England’s great novelists of the twentieth century yet he only had five novels published during his lifetime. Since his death in 1970, a further two novels have been published including Maurice the theme of which made it unsuitable to publish, certainly before 1967. Forster acts as the link between Jane Austen at the beginning of the nineteenth century and Zadie Smith at the beginning of this century. Indeed, Zadie Smith has written her own version of Howards End called On Beauty. The first seminar will be focused on the first two chapters of Howards End. [Clearly, if you wish, please read the whole novel.] For this seminar, please complete the following reading. You will find everything you need to read in this document or in the references supplied. Feel free to read more widely if you wish! • The summary of Howards End • Chapters 1 & 2 of Howards End In your reading of the first two chapters, please focus on the following: 1. Attitudes to Howards End, especially the description of the garden 2. Attitudes to gender 3. Attitudes to recent inventions, eg the motor car 4. The character of Tibby • The book has been made into an excellent Merchant-Ivory production film from the 1990s and was also an equally excellent BBC series from a year or so back. 1. Trailer (BBC) - https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05mq0t0 2. Trailer (Merchant-Ivory) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nycvzzWxP0 • To help develop your discussion of the novel, there are also the following texts: 1. Women’s Suffrage 2. Late C19/early C20 inventions 3. The clash of urban and rural 4. Hay fever! Howards End Summary Margaret Schlegel reads a series of letters from her sister, Helen, who is visiting the Wilcox family at their home, an old farmhouse called Howards End. Helen writes that she has fallen in love with Paul Wilcox, despite the great differences between their families—the Schlegels are liberal intellectuals, while the Wilcoxes are materialistic and conservative. When Margaret’s aunt Juley hears about Helen’s attachment to Paul, she goes down to the Wilcox house. After she leaves, Margaret receives a telegram from Helen saying that the infatuation is over. Juley bungles her first encounter with the Wilcoxes and Helen is badly embarrassed, but Ruth Wilcox steps in and skilfully settles the crisis. The Schlegels attend a concert. Helen leaves early and accidentally takes an umbrella that belongs to Leonard Bast, a working class man. Margaret invites Leonard to retrieve his umbrella from their house. He envies her superior grasp of art and culture. Margaret and Helen pity his hardship. Leonard refuses tea with the Schlegels and returns home to his cramped basement apartment, where he lives with Jacky, a ‘fallen woman’ whom he has promised to support and marry. The Schlegels discover that the Wilcoxes have moved to London after the wedding of Charles and Dolly Wilcox. Margaret gradually befriends Ruth, despite their different ages and ideas about life. Ruth suddenly passes away and leaves a handwritten note bequeathing Howards End to Margaret. Ruth’s husband, Henry, and their children disregard her note and say nothing to Margaret about her inheritance. Two years later, the Schlegels are forced to look for a new house in London. Leonard reenters their lives when he impulsively stays out all night walking and Jacky calls on the Schlegels to look for him. Margaret and Helen are impressed by Leonard’s journey into nature and wish they could do more for him. The next time they run into Henry Wilcox, he tells them that the insurance company where Leonard works may go out of business. The Schlegels invite Leonard over and tell him the news, encouraging him to move companies before he loses his job. Leonard is embarrassed but takes their advice. Henry offers to help Margaret find a new house. Spending more time together, they develop romantic feelings and become engaged. When Henry takes Margaret to see Howards End for the first time, she admires its simplicity and proximity to nature, but Henry considers the house too small and doesn’t intend to move back. He buys a country house in Oniton where his daughter, Evie, will soon have her wedding. If you want to find out what happens, read the rest of the novel! Chapters 1 & 2 of Howards End Chapter 1 One may as well begin with Helen's letters to her sister. Howards End, Tuesday. Dearest Meg, It isn't going to be what we expected. It is old and little, and altogether delightful--red brick. We can scarcely pack in as it is, and the dear knows what will happen when Paul (younger son) arrives tomorrow. From hall you go right or left into dining-room or drawing-room. Hall itself is practically a room. You open another door in it, and there are the stairs going up in a sort of tunnel to the first-floor. Three bedrooms in a row there, and three attics in a row above. That isn't all the house really, but it's all that one notices--nine windows as you look up from the front garden. Then there's a very big wych-elm--to the left as you look up--leaning a little over the house, and standing on the boundary between the garden and meadow. I quite love that tree already. Also ordinary elms, oaks--no nastier than ordinary oaks--pear-trees, apple- trees, and a vine. No silver birches, though. However, I must get on to my host and hostess. I only wanted to show that it isn't the least what we expected. Why did we settle that their house would be all gables and wiggles, and their garden all gamboge-coloured paths? I believe simply because we associate them with expensive hotels--Mrs. Wilcox trailing in beautiful dresses down long corridors, Mr. Wilcox bullying porters, etc. We females are that unjust. I shall be back Saturday; will let you know train later. They are as angry as I am that you did not come too; really Tibby is too tiresome, he starts a new mortal disease every month. How could he have got hay fever in London? and even if he could, it seems hard that you should give up a visit to hear a schoolboy sneeze. Tell him that Charles Wilcox (the son who is here) has hay fever too, but he's brave, and gets quite cross when we inquire after it. Men like the Wilcoxes would do Tibby a power of good. But you won't agree, and I'd better change the subject. This long letter is because I'm writing before breakfast. Oh, the beautiful vine leaves! The house is covered with a vine. I looked out earlier, and Mrs. Wilcox was already in the garden. She evidently loves it. No wonder she sometimes looks tired. She was watching the large red poppies come out. Then she walked off the lawn to the meadow, whose corner to the right I can just see. Trail, trail, went her long dress over the sopping grass, and she came back with her hands full of the hay that was cut yesterday--I suppose for rabbits or something, as she kept on smelling it. The air here is delicious. Later on I heard the noise of croquet balls, and looked out again, and it was Charles Wilcox practising; they are keen on all games. Presently he started sneezing and had to stop. Then I hear more clicketing, and it is Mr. Wilcox practising, and then, 'a- tissue, a-tissue': he has to stop too. Then Evie comes out, and does some calisthenic exercises on a machine that is tacked on to a greengage-tree--they put everything to use-- and then she says 'a-tissue,' and in she goes. And finally Mrs. Wilcox reappears, trail, trail, still smelling hay and looking at the flowers. I inflict all this on you because once you said that life is sometimes life and sometimes only a drama, and one must learn to distinguish t'other from which, and up to now I have always put that down as 'Meg's clever nonsense.' But this morning, it really does seem not life but a play, and it did amuse me enormously to watch the W's. Now Mrs. Wilcox has come in. I am going to wear [omission]. Last night Mrs. Wilcox wore an [omission], and Evie [omission]. So it isn't exactly a go-as-you-please place, and if you shut your eyes it still seems the wiggly hotel that we expected. Not if you open them. The dog-roses are too sweet. There is a great hedge of them over the lawn--magnificently tall, so that they fall down in garlands, and nice and thin at the bottom, so that you can see ducks through it and a cow. These belong to the farm, which is the only house near us. There goes the breakfast gong. Much love. Modified love to Tibby. Love to Aunt Juley; how good of her to come and keep you company, but what a bore. Burn this. Will write again Thursday. Helen Howards End, Friday. Dearest Meg, I am having a glorious time. I like them all. Mrs. Wilcox, if quieter than in Germany, is sweeter than ever, and I never saw anything like her steady unselfishness, and the best of it is that the others do not take advantage of her.