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Semantic Web Semantic Web Web of Data © Copyright 2010 Dieter Fensel and Tobias Buerger www.sti-innsbruck.at 1 Where are we? # Title 1 Introduction 2 Semantic Web Architecture 3 Resource Description Framework (RDF) 4 Web of data 5 Generating Semantic Annotations 6 Storage and Querying 7 Web Ontology Language (OWL) 8 Rule Interchange Format (RIF) 9 Reasoning on the Web 10 Ontologies 11 Social Semantic Web 12 Semantic Web Services 13 Tools 14 Applications www.sti-innsbruck.at 2 Agenda 1. Motivation 2. “Building” the Web of Data by publishing structured data on the Web 2.1 Embedding structured information in Web pages • Technical solution – Microformats – RDFa – GRDDL • Example: Yahoo SearchMonkey • Extensions and current developments: Microdata in HTML5 2.2 Linked Data • Technical solution – Principles – Publishing and consuming Linked Data – Adding legacy data to the Web of Data • Examples: Linked Data applications • Extensions and current developments: Multimedia Interlinking 3. Summary 4. References www.sti-innsbruck.at 3 3 MOTIVATION www.sti-innsbruck.at 4 4 Evolution of the Web: The Origins Web of Data Semantic Web Picture from [4] ? Web Semantic Annotations Hypermedia Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 5 5 Evolution of the Web: The Origins Web of Data As We May Think (1945): •Introduc@on of the Memex. •Memex was envisioned to provide access to Semantic Web huge collec@ons of text in which people could Picture from [4] follow trails of links and notes. ? •Memex is widely known as the pre-cursor of Web SocialSemantic Web the Hypertext movement. (WebAnnotations 2.0) Hypermedia Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 6 6 Evolution of the Web WebHypertext: of Data •Term coined 1965 by Ted Nelson •Defini@on: A hypertext is an organisa@on of objects in a highly connected fashion Semantic Web •Characteris@c elements: Nodes (e.g., text Picture from [4] parts) and hyperlinks (logical connec@ons ? between nodes) Web Semantic •Further people: John Lickleder, Douglas Annotations HypermediaEnglbart Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 7 7 Evolution of Hypertext: Hypermedia Web of Data Semantic Web Picture from [4] ? Web Semantic Annotations Hypermedia Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 8 Evolution of the Web Hypermedia: Web of Data •Evolu@on of the hypertext idea •Novelty: Mul@media aspects; i.e., mul@media resources might be part of interlinked structure Semantic Web Picture from [4] ? Web Semantic Annotations Hypermedia Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 9 9 Evolution of Hypermedia: the Web Web of Data Semantic Web Picture from [4] ? Web Semantic Annotations Hypermedia Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 10 10 Evolution of the Web Web of Data Web: •Exemplary hypermedia system Semantic Web •Proposed by Tim-Berners-Lee in 1990 Picture from [4] ? Web Semantic Annotations Hypermedia Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 11 11 Evolution of the Web: The Semantic Web Web of Data Semantic Web Picture from [4] ? Web Semantic Annotations Hypermedia Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 12 12 Evolution of the Web Web of Data Seman>c Web: •Vision advocated by Tim Berners Lee. Semantic Web •Contents have well-defined meaning. Picture from [4] •Backbone: formal ontologies allowing agents ? to draw automa@c conclusions. Web Semantic Annotations Hypermedia Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 13 13 Evolution of the Web: Web 2.0 Web of Data Semantic Web Picture from [4] ? Web Semantic Annotations Hypermedia Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 14 Evolution of the Web: Semantic Annotations Web of Data Seman>c Annota>ons: •Annota@ons are generated for the exis@ng Web Semantic Web Picture from [4]• Genera@on automa@c, semi-automa@c, or ? manually based on human input •See following lecture. Web Semantic Annotations Hypermedia Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 15 15 Evolution of the Web: Web of Data Web of Data Semantic Web Picture from [4] ? Web Semantic Annotations Hypermedia Hypertext “As We May Think”, 1945 Picture from [3] www.sti-innsbruck.at 16 16 Motivation: From a Web of Documents to a Web of Data • Web of Documents • Fundamental elements: 1. Names (URIs) 2. Documents (Resources) described by HTML, XML, etc. 3. Interactions via HTTP Hyperlinks 4. (Hyper)Links between documents or anchors in these documents • Shortcomings: – Untyped links “Documents” – Web search engines fail on complex queries www.sti-innsbruck.at 17 17 Motivation: From a Web of Documents to a Web of Data • Web of Documents • Web of Data Typed Links Hyperlinks “Documents” “Things” www.sti-innsbruck.at 18 18 Motivation: From a Web of Documents to a Web of Data • Characteristics: • Web of Data – Links between arbitrary things (e.g., persons, locations, Typed Links events, buildings) – Structure of data on Web pages is made explicit – Things described on Web pages are named and get URIs – Links between things are made explicit and are typed “Things” www.sti-innsbruck.at 19 19 Vision of the Web of Data • The Web today • The Web of Data is envisioned as – Consists of data silos which can be a global database accessed via specialized search egines in an isoltated fashion. – consisting of objects and their – One site (data silo) has movies, the descriptions other reviews, again another actors. – in which objects are linked with – Many common things are represented each other in multiple data sets – Linking identifiers link these data sets – with a high degree of object structure – with explicit semantics for links and content – which is designed for humans and machines Content on this slide by Chris Bizer, Tom Heath and Tim Berners-Lee www.sti-innsbruck.at 20 20 BUILDING THE WEB OF DATA BY PUBLISHING STRUCTURED DATA ON THE WEB www.sti-innsbruck.at 21 21 How to “Build” the Web of Data? • Publish structured data by 1. using Web (2.0) APIs [5] (will be discussed in the Lecture on “Service Web”) 2. embedding structured information (Microformats, RDFa, GRDDL) 3. linking data [6] [2] [7] [4] www.sti-innsbruck.at 22 22 2.1 EMBEDDING STRUCTURED INFORMATION IN WEB PAGES www.sti-innsbruck.at 23 23 Microformats Recommended literature: [6], [8] www.sti-innsbruck.at 24 24 What are Microformats? • An approach to add meaning to HTML elements and to make data structures in HTML pages explicit. • “Designed for humans first and machines second, microformats are a set of simple, open data formats built upon existing and widely adopted standards. Instead of throwing away what works today, microformats intend to solve simpler problems first by adapting to current behaviours and usage patterns (e.g. XHTML, blogging).” [6] www.sti-innsbruck.at 25 25 What are Microformats? /2 • Are highly correlated with semantic (X)HTML / “Real world semantics” / “Lowercase Semantic Web” [9]. • Real world semantics (or the Lowercase Semantic Web) is based on three notions: – Adding of simple semantics with microformats (small pieces) – Adding semantics to the today’s Web instead of creating a new one (evolutionary not revolutionary) – Design for humans first and machines second (user centric design) • A way to combine human with machine-readable information. • Provide means to embed structured data in HTML pages. • Build upon existing standards. • Solve a single, specific problem (e.g. representation of geographical information, calendaring information, etc.). • Provide an “API” for your website. • Build on existing (X)HTML and reuse existing elements. • Work in current browsers. • Follow the DRY principle (“Don’t Repeat Yourself”). • Compatible with the idea of the Web as a single information space. www.sti-innsbruck.at 26 26 Microformats Illustrated Example adapted from Chris Griego www.sti-innsbruck.at 27 27 Design Patterns • Microformats can be seen as design patterns that make structure and semantics of data explicit. • Elemental microformats (consist of just one tag) – Rel-home links to homepage <link href="http://technorati.com" rel="home" /> – Rel-License links to content license <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/" rel="license">cc by2.0</a> – Others: rel-tag, rel-encluse, xfn-tags • Compound microformats (more complex structures) – Often based on existing standard – E.g. hCard, hCalendar, hEvent, hReview Picture from [6] www.sti-innsbruck.at 28 28 Syntax • Microformats use existing HTML attributes to embed structured data types in an HTML document and to indicate the presence of metadata • Rel/rev-attribute is used for elemental microformts, e.g., <a href=“http://technorati.com/tag/semantics” rel=“tag”>semantics</a> expresses that the current page is “tagged” with “semantics” • Class-attribute is used for compound microformats, e.g. <span class=“geo”><span class=“latitude”>23.44</span><span class=“longitude”>44.33</span><span> expresses that a given data block contains geo-coordinates (longitude/ latitude) www.sti-innsbruck.at 29 29 Expressive Power • Microformats extends the expressive power of HTML. • Expressive power is limited as microformats are only designed to use pre-defined vocabularies to mark up content in Web pages using different HTML attributes. www.sti-innsbruck.at 30 30 Usage: Compound Microformat hCard • hCard is a simple format for representing people, companies, organizations, and places, using a 1:1 representation of the properties and values of the vCard standard (RFC2426). BEGIN: VCARD VERSION: 3 FN: Dieter Fensel ORG: STI Innsbruck … URL: http://www.sti-innsbruck.at TEL: +43 512 507 9872 END: VCARD Example on this slide by Alexander Graf www.sti-innsbruck.at 31 31 Usage: Compound Microformat hCard: hCard /2 • hCard is a simple format for representing people, companies, organizations, and places, using a 1:1 representation of the properties and values of the vCard standard (RFC2426).
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