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Patrícia Alexandra Freire Pinto a Flora Do Distrito De Aveiro E Suas Aplicações Medicinais the Flora of Aveiro District and I

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Patrícia Alexandra Freire Pinto a Flora Do Distrito De Aveiro E Suas Aplicações Medicinais the Flora of Aveiro District and I Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2011 PATRÍCIA ALEXANDRA A FLORA DO DISTRITO DE AVEIRO E SUAS FREIRE PINTO APLICAÇÕES MEDICINAIS THE FLORA OF AVEIRO DISTRICT AND ITS MEDICAL APPLICATIONS Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2011 PATRÍCIA ALEXANDRA A FLORA DO DISTRITO DE AVEIRO E SUAS FREIRE PINTO APLICAÇÕES MEDICINAIS Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biologia Aplicada Ramo de Microbiologia Clínica e Ambiental, realizada sob a orientação científica do Professor Doutor Paulo Cardoso da Silveira, Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia e da Mestre Rosa Maria Ferreira Pinho, Assessora do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro o júri Presidente Professor Doutor António José Arsénia Nogueira Professor Associado com Agregação, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro Arguente Professor Doutor António Xavier de Barros e Cunha Pereira Coutinho Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra Orientador Professor Doutor Paulo Cardoso da Silveira Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro Co-Orientadora Mestre Rosa Maria Ferreira Pinho Acessora do Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer aos meus orientadores, professor Paulo Silveira e professora Rosa Pinho, pela atenção e apoio, pelos conselhos preciosos, pelo incentivo e disponibilidade em todas as fases que levaram à concretização deste trabalho. Gostaria ainda de agradecer à Lísia pela simpatia e disponibilidade na cedência de algumas fotografias de plantas. À D. Conceição da biblioteca do Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Universidade de Coimbra pela sua imensa simpatia, mostrando-se sempre disponível para ajudar. À Anabela pela sua amizade e atenção que disponibilizou ao longo destes anos, mostrando-se sempre disposta a ajudar. Um muito obrigada a todas as minhas colegas pelo apoio, incentivo incondicional e pela amizade. Aos meus pais que sempre me apoiaram e incentivaram ao longo de todo o percurso académico, sem eles nada disto seria possível. Aos meus avós que demonstraram um grande interesse por este trabalho, o que me deu a motivação necessária nos momentos menos bons. Obrigada pela riqueza dos vossos jardins. Ao Jorge, pelo enorme apoio, atenção e ajuda que me dispensou, pela sua bondade e por tudo o que representa para mim. palavras-chave Distrito de Aveiro, catálogo florístico, diversidade florística, fitogeografia, fitoterapia resumo O Distrito de Aveiro tem uma posição privilegiada em Portugal Continental. Este facto deve-se às suas características geomorfológicas, porque dele fazem parte desde áreas de litoral com relevos planos até áreas de interior com maiores altitudes; hidrográficas, pois dele faz parte a bacia hidrográfica do Vouga e a Ria de Aveiro, e climatéricas, pois beneficia de um clima ameno e propício ao desenvolvimento da biodiversidade florística. Os herbários são vastas colecções botânicas que possuem bastante informação e como tal difícil de gerir. No caso específico do herbário da Universidade de Aveiro (AVE), este é constituído por cerca de 13000 espécimes originais. Com o propósito de contribuir para um conhecimento da flora do distrito de Aveiro, foram informatizados espécimes existentes no AVE pertencentes às famílias Euphorbiaceae até à Asclepiadaceae, segundo a Nova Flora de Portugal (Franco, 1971), com o auxílio do programa BRAHMS. Posteriormente, realizou-se a análise dos dados obtidos tendo sido estudado o espectro taxonómico, biológico e corológico apenas dos taxa colhidos no distrito de Aveiro. Nesta análise foram considerados os 678 espécimes informatizados correspondentes a 153 taxa. A família Umbelliferae, com 22,6% dos espécimes informatizados, foi a mais abundante. As formas biológicas mais representadas foram os Hemicriptófitos (37,8%) seguidos dos Fanerófitos (28,4%) e dos Terófitos (16,2%). Estes resultados, embora evidenciem influências ambientais intermédias entre os climas Mediterrânico e Temperado podem não reflectir, de forma integral, as características ambientais do Distrito, uma vez que a flora não foi estudada na sua totalidade. Da análise do espectro corológico obteve-se a unidade corológica Mediterrânea, como sendo a mais representada com 41,4%. Actualmente, os efeitos negativos causados pelos medicamentos sintéticos têm cada vez mais relevância e originam uma preocupação crescente. Deste modo, estudou-se ainda a quais das plantas existentes no Distrito são atribuídas propriedades medicinais e, quais os seus benefícios e efeitos adversos na saúde humana. Das 34 famílias estudadas 64,7% apresentam pelo menos uma planta medicinal, sendo a família Umbelliferae a que maior percentagem (30,61%) de espécies medicinais apresenta. Quanto às propriedades medicinais, as que mais se evidenciam, de entre as plantas estudadas são a actividade antioxidante e diurética. As espécies que apresentam mais propriedades medicinais são Ruta chalepensis, Pistacia lentiscus, Hedera maderensis subsp. iberica e Hypericum perforatum. Algumas das plantas incluídas neste estudo são muito tóxicas, como é o caso da urtiga-morta e do trovisco, e algumas em caso de ingestão excessiva podem causar a morte, como a hera e o morrião. keywords Aveiro District, floristic catalogue, floristic diversity, phytogeography, medical plants abstract The District of Aveiro has a privileged position in Portugal. This is due to its geomorphologic characteristics, because it includes both littoral areas with plain relieves and interior areas with higher altitudes, hydrographic, because the Vouga river basin and Ria de Aveiro are part of it, and climacteric, since it benefits of a mild climate and suitable to the development of floristic biodiversity. The herbaria are vast botanical collections that hold uge amounts of information and as such difficult to manage. In the specific case of the University of Aveiro’s Herbarium (AVE), it consists of about 13000 original specimens. Aiming to contribute to the knowledge of the Aveiro District’s flora, specimens held in the AVE herbarium, belonging to the families Euphorbiaceae to Asclepiadaceae, according to the Nova Flora de Portugal (Franco, 1971), were databased with the help of the BRAHMS software. Later on, the analysis of the obtained data was performed and the taxonomic, biological and chorological spectra of the specimens collected in the Aveiro District was studied. In this analysis the 678 databased specimens, corresponding to 153 taxa, where taken in consideration. The family Umbelliferae, with 22.6% of specimens, was the most abundant. The most represented life forms where the Hemicryptophytes (37.8%) folllowed by the Phanerophytes (28,4%) and by the Terophytes (16,2%). These results, althoug pointing towards an Mediterranean to Temperate intermediate climate, might not reflect integrally the environmental characteristics of the District, once the Flora wasn't totally studied. From the analysis of the corologic spectra the Mediterranean corologic unit has resulted the most represented, with 50.0%. Currently the negative effects caused by synthetic drugs, is a subject with increasing relevance, that leads to a growing concern. Thus, a further research was conducted to know to which of the plants of the District of Aveiro are atributed medicinal properties and what are their benefits and adverse effects in human health. Among the 34 studied families 64,7% had at least one medicinal species, being the Umbelliferae the family that contains a greater percentage (30.61%) of such plants. As for the medicinal properties, those that are predominant, among the plants studied, are the antioxidant and diuretic activities. Species that have more medicinal properties are Ruta chalepensis, Pistacia lentiscus, Hedera maderensis subsp. iberica and Hypericum perforatum. Some of the plants included in this study are toxic such as dead-nettle and trovisco and some, in case of excessive ingestion, can cause death, like ivy and morion. Índice 1. Introdução …………………………………………………………………………......…… 1 1.1. Objectivos …………………………………………………………………………..….. 2 1.2. Dicotyledoneae …………………………………………………………………...……. 2 2. Caracterização da área de estudo …………………………………………………………... 5 2.1. Localização e limites …………………………………………………………………... 5 2.2. Geomorfologia e Geologia …………………………………………………………….. 6 2.3. Hidrografia ………..……………………………………………………………..…..... 10 2.4. Biogeografia e Fitogeografia ………………………………………………………..... 13 2.5. Climatologia e Bioclimatologia ………………………………………………………. 17 2.6. Ocupação e utilização humana do território ………………………………………….. 20 3. Material e Métodos ……………………………………………………………………….. 23 3.1. Herbário da Universidade de Aveiro (AVE) …………………………………………. 23 3.2. BRAHMS …………………………………………………………………………….. 24 3.3. Elaboração do catálogo florístico e análise Fitogeográfica ………………………....... 24 4. Resultados e Discussão …………………………………………………………………… 27 4.1. Análise Estatística e Fitogeográfica ………………………………………………….. 27 4.2. Catálogo Florístico …………………………………………………………………… 27 4.2.1. Espectro taxonómico …………………………………………………………… 27 4.2.2. Espectro biológico ……………………………………………………………… 29 4.2.3. Espectro corológico …………………………………………………………….. 33 5. Plantas Medicinais ………………………………………………………………………... 37 5.1. Fitoterapia através dos tempos ……………………………………………………...... 37 5.2. Fitoquímica …………………………………………………………………………… 39 5.2.1. Principais classes de compostos das plantas medicinais ………………………...40
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