TECHNICAl ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE ANNUAl REPORT Of THE TECHNICAl ASSISTANCE BOARD fOR 1964 finol report on the implementotion of the 1963-1964 prouromme
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
OFFICIAL RECORDS: THIRTY-NINTH SESSION
SUPPLEMENT No. 5
UNITED NATIONS
New York, 1965 NOTE
Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.
E/4021/Rev.l E/TAC/REP/276 PREFATORY NOTE
In this report to the Technical Assistance Committee of the Council, the Technical Assistance Board reviews the activities of the United Nations Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance during 1963 and 1964. The organizations participating in the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance are the United Nations, the International Labour Organisation, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Educational. Scientific and Cultural Organization, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the World Health Organization, the International Telecommunication Union, the World Meteorological Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Universal Postal Union and the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organ ization. The Executive Heads of these organizations form the Technical Assistance Board. Meetings of the Board are attended by observers from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations Special Fund. Although the Inter-governmental Maritime Consul tative Organization became an organization participating in the programme in 1964, it did not undertake any field activities under the Expanded Programme and is therefore not referred to in this report in connexion with activities under the programme.
iii ABBREVIATIONS
ACC Administrative Committee on Co-ordination CREFAL Regional Fundamental Education Centre for Latin America (Centro Regional de Educaci6n Fundamental para America Latina) EACSO East African Common Services Organization ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America ESAPAC Advanced School of Public Administration for Central America (Escuela Superior de Administraci6n Publica para Ia America Central) Expanded Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance Programme, EPTA FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unite:d Nations GATT General Agreement on Tarriffs and Trade IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBRD, the Bank International Bank for Reconstruction and Devdopment ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDA International Development Association IDB Inter-American Development Bank ILO International Labour Organisation IMCO Inter-gouvernmental Maritime Consultative Organization IMF International Monetary Fund ITU International Telecommunication Union OAS Organization of American States OPEX Programme for the provision of operational and executive personnel Participating Organizations participating in the Expanded Programme of Technical Organizations Assistance Regular The programme of a Participating Organizati•:>n financed from its regular Programme budget TAB Technical Assistance Board TAC Technical Assistance Committee UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNTA United Nations Technical Assistance UPU Universal Postal Union WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization
NOTE
All sums of money are expressed in United States dollars unless otherwise indicated. The term "fellowship" also covers scholarships, study grants, and awards to worker-trainees.
iv CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION • . . . .
Chapter Paragraphs
l. OPERATIONS UNDER THE BIENNIAL PROGRAMME, 1963-1964 . 1-30 9
1. The approved programme . . . . 1-4 9 2. The delivered programme . . . . 5-7 9 3. Implementation of the programme 8-13 10 4. Contingency authorizations 14-19 13 5. Analysis of assistance provided . 20-26 16 (a) Experts ...... 23-24 16 (b) Fellowships ...... 25-26 17 6. Technical assistance on a payment basis 27-29 17 7. Associate experts ...... 30 18
Il. ACTIVITIES OF THE PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS AND CO-OPERATING ORGANIZATIONS EXPANDED AND REGULAR PROGRAMMES 31-583 19
A. Participating Organizations 32-565 19 1. United Nations Technical Assistance 32-95 19 2. International Labour Organisation . 96-142 25 3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 143-271 30 4. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization . 272-401 40 5. International Civil Aviation Organization 402-428 51 6. World Health Organization ...... 429-473 54 7. Universal Postal Union ...... 474-481 59 8. International Telecommunication Union . 482-500 60 9. World Meteorological Organization . 501-526 61 10. International Atomic Energy Agency 527-565 65
B. Co-operating Organizations ...... 566-583 66 1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 567-576 66 2. International Monetary Fund ...... 577-583 68
Ill. FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION 584-642 70
Introduction 584-586 70 1. Finance . 587-617 70 (a) Review of the financial operations during the second biennial programme : 1963-1964 . 587-589 70 (b) 1964 financial operations 590-602 70 (c) Local costs ...... 603-618 74
v CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Paragraphs Page 2. Administration ...... 619-641 75 (a) Administrative and operational service costs . . 619-621 75 (b) The TAB/Speci:J.l Fund field joint establishment 622-639 75 (c) Volunteers ...... 640-642 78
IV. EVALUATION OF THE EXPANDED PROGRAMME IN 1963-1964. 643-756 79 Introduction ...... 643-649 79 1. Co-ordination of the Expanded Programme by the Governments 650-660 80 2. Co-ordination of the Expanded Programme by the Partic1ipating Organizations ...... 661-667 82 3. Programming of technical assistance . . . . 668-674 83 4. The present EPTA programming procedures . 675-677 84 5. Implementation of the programme 678-743 85 (a) General . . 678-693 85 (b) Experts ...... 694-708 86 (c) Fellowships . . . . . 709-730 88 (d) Equipment and supplies 731-736 92 (e) Regional and interregional projects 737-743 93 6. Government support and follow-up 744-756 94 (a) Machinery for evaluation 745-749 94 (b) Administrative support 750-753 95 (c) Counterparts ...... 754-756 95
ANNEXES Page I. Contributions pledged by Governments to the Expanded Programme, 1950-1965. 97 II. Contributions outstanding as at 30 April 1965...... 99 III. Expanded Programme project costs by country and territory, 1961-1964 100 IV. Expanded Programme project costs by field of activity, 1963-1964 . . . 101 V. Total costs of the Expanded Programme by purpose and by organization, 1950-1964 104 VI. Expanded Prograrnme project costs by organization in 1964 and 1963-1964 . . . . 105 VII. Cost of technical assistance provided by Participating Organizations under regular and other programmes in 1964 ...... 112 VIII. Experts serving under the Expanded and Regular Programmes during 1963 and 1964, classified by nationality ...... 115 IX. Experts serving under the Expanded and Regular Programmes during 1963 and 1964, classified by country or territory of assignment ...... 120 X. Fellowships awarded under the Expanded and Regular Programmes during 1963 and 1964, classified by nationality ...... 127 XI. Fellowships awarded under the Expanded and Regular Programmes during 1963 and 1964, classified by country or territory of study ...... 135 XII. Fellowships awarded under the Expanded and Regular Programmes during 1963 and 1964, classified by field of study ...... 142 XIII. Governments acceding to the Standard Technical Assistance Agreements . 144 XIV. Technical assistance on a payment basis, 1964 . . . . . 145 XV. Experts' nationalities and countries of assignment, 1964 147 XVI. Fellows' nationalities and countries of study, 1964. 149 vi CONTENTS (continued)
Tables Chapter I Page 1. 1963-1964 programme as approved by TAC...... 9 2. Financial authorizations by T AC for the 1963-1964 programme 9 3. Expenditures on field programmes by Participating Organizations, 1961-1964 I l 4. Shares of country programmes and regional projects in the field programme, 1961- I 964 11 5. Regional distribution of field programme costs, 1961-1964 ...... 11 6. Share of regional projects in the implemented programme of each region, 1961-1964 12 7. Field programme costs by major fields of activity, 1961-1964 ...... 12 8. Summary of Expanded Progra,nmc assist2.ncc related to industrial development in 1963-1964 13 9. Contingency authorizations by purpose, 1961-1964 ...... 13 10. Regional distribution of contingency authorizations, 1961-1964 16 11. Types of assistance given under the Expanded Programme, 1961-1964 16 12. Assistance rendered on a payment basis, 1961-1964 17
Chapter Ill 13. Financial resources and requirements for 1963- I 964 72 14. Total financial authorizations for 1964 . 73 15. Analysis of obligations incurred in 1964 73 16. Status oflocalcostspayments from Governments for the years 1955-1963 at 31 December 1964 74 17. Division of costs of field offices between TAB and th~ Special Fund 77
Chapter IV 18. Fellowships in the 1963-1964 Expanded Programme 89 19. Fulfilment of Governments' obligations 95 20. Extent to which the availability of counterparts Wits taken into account in the formulation of the EPTA programme requests for the biennium 1963-1964 96 21. Counterparts to Expanded Programme experts 96
Figures
Page Introduction I. Procedure for planning and developing the programme . . . . 6 II. Technical assistance under the Expanded Programme, 1963-1964 7
Chapter I III. Total field programme costs, 1963-1964 ..... 10 IV. Expanded Programme, 1950-1964 A. Distribution of field programme costs 14 B. Number of experts and fellowships 14 V. Project costs shown by region and major field of activit 1963-1964 15
Chapter Ill VI. Over-all financial position of the Expanded Programme, 1950-1965 71 VII. Analysis of obligation incurred, 1950-1964 ...... 71
VII INTRODUCTION
The first fifteen years of the life of the Expanded tfons over the two years was $91.3 million, as compared Programme of Technical Assistance - an era whose end with $75.9 million in1961-1962. The Executive Chairman's is signalled by a special anniversary review 1 issued contingency authorization, as described in the body of the simultaneously with the present report - appropriately report (all paras. 14-19), provided $6.9 million in alloca comes to a close with the programme at the highest level tions and again proved its usefulness as an element of of organization and operation in its history. flexibility in the disposition of the resources of the In the biennium 1963-1964, the third under the Expanded Programme. experimental procedure by which the programme is As in the previous biennium, expenditures were divided formulated and approved for a two-year period, a larger unevenly between the two years ($39.5 million in 1963 and amount of money was contributed and expended than in $51.8 million in 1964), demonstrating again the tendency any previous biennium. These resources allowed a greater for the weight of actual expenditure to fall in the second number of experts to be sent into the field, and a greater year. The 1963 portion of the programme, which as number of fellowships to be awarded in the developing planned was larger than that for 1964, was markedly countries for study and training purposes, than ever under-implemented, falling 29 per cent short of the before. planning figure. This was due to some extent to delays incurred by the Participating Organizations and the The present report covers the whole of the biennium. Governments, in order to give more time and thought the first chapter describes in general and statistical terms to the implementation of projects, and partly to changes the implementation of the Expanded Programme after its requested in the country programmes. Unplanned delays ·approvlil by the Technical Assistance Committee (T A C) in recruitment and other administrative difficulties were h1 i962. The second chapter is an account, based on important factors, and they themselves imposed the need material prepared by the Participating Organizations, of for some of the programme changes. their activities under both the Expanded Programme and The programme as implemented, provided 121 countries their own regular programmes during the period. While and terri+ories in 1963 with altogether 3,037 expert describing briefly a number of the indidivudal projects assignments and 2,545 fellowships and 120 countries and continued or undertaken during the biennium, the second tenitories in 1964 with 3,546 expert assignments and chapter also shows the manner in which the two kinds 4,939 fellowships. The totals year by year and over the of programme are often used to complement each other biennium as a whole, showed a measurable increase by in the interests of the larger effectiveness of technical comparison with 1961-1962; expert assignments. had assistance. The third chapter reviews the financial opera numbered 2,443 and 2,894 in 1961 and 1962 respectively. tions of the biennium and the administrative organization Th.:: striking increase in the number offellowships awarded of the Expanded Programme, including the field establish in the second as against the first year of each biennium, ment. Finally, the fourth chapter contains an evaluation reflected both the delays in the nomination and placing made by the Resident Representatives of the processes of of candidates and a tendency on the part of the Participat formulation and implementation of the 1963-1964 ing Organizations to offer additional fellowships towards programme. the end of the programme period under "savings" The following paragraphs constitute a brief comment accumulated from unused expert man months. ary on the principal matters covered by the report, and Mention is made in the report of the substantial extent also on the 1965-1966 programme formulated and to which the whole programme, as delivered, tends to approved during the same period and on the programming vary in content from the programme as approved. ~hese procedures as a whole. variations differ in scale as between country and reg10nal programmes, and as between expert, fellows~p and equipment components, but their over-all effect 1s that, RESOURCES AND OPERATIONS in 1963-1964, probably one quarter or more of ~be pro gramme carried out, differed from that whiCh was The category I programme for the 1963-1964 biennium originally approved. There appear to be ~ev~ral factors envisaged an expenditure of $94.3 million. The resources at work to produce such a result, and 1t 1s not clear, available in fact exceeded expectations; for 1963, Govern without further study, which of these factors may be the ments pledged a total of $50 million, and for 1964 they most important. Changes in project spec~fications: delays undertook to contribute $51.5 million. The total expendi in implementation and the use of substitute proJects to ture on field programmes by the Participating Organiza- take up operational "savings" all appear to play a part and, especially to the extent that 1t may mvolve the programming procedures, the tendency may usefully be; 1 E/TAC/153 and Add.l. examined more closely in the future. DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVITIES in connexion with technical assistance projects in the shipping field, and it is ready to take its own place in the The distribution of the programme operations among common endeavours under the Expanded Programme, regions of the world and among fields of activity showed initially through the award and administration of some important changes. Among these, Africa's share, fellowships. although diminishing slightly in 1964, rose to 35.2 per cent in the 1963-1964 biennium as a whole from 27.4 per The continually increasing use to which Governments cent in the previous one, while the share of Asia and the have put the facilities of the Participating Organizations Far East fell from 34.3 per cent to 27.4 per cent; thus the as a means of obtaining additional expert assistance on relative positions of the two regions in the programme a funds-in-trust basis is described in the first chapter of were almost exactly reversed, even though the actual the report. This activity remains of special interest to the expenditure in Asia was only slightly less. Expanded Programme, not only because it is often aimed at extending projects supported directly by the Pro A notable event which took place in the biennium was gramme, but also because it indicates the appreciation that, which brought the Democratic Republic of the of the Governments concerned of the range of services Congo formally into the fold of Expanded Programme assistance. It was by no means the beginning of the and sources of skills available. association of the Participating Organizations and, indeed, of the Technical Assistance Board (TAB), itself, with THE FIELD ESTABLISHMENT the unusually difficult burdens which were assumed by Further expansion of the TAB/Special Fund field the international community from the earliest days of the establishment during the biennium brought it to a level independence of the Congo in 1960. They had joined in which may be regarded as close to the optimum. Ten the exceptional measures taken to organize and implement new offices and sub-offices were established, most of the civilian operations which helped to keep the machinery them in new African countries. At the end of the biennium of the Republic running under extreme difficulties over the two programmes were represented in the field by seven the following years and which also, through training regional offices, 60 country offices, nine sub-offices and operations on an unprecedented scale, helped to prepare correspondents and two liaison offices. many hundreds of citizens of the Congo to assume more The field representatives constituted a more extensive effectively the responsibilities of independence. The with drawal of the United Nations Force in the Congo on and effective liaison than ever before between the recipient 30 June 1964, however, was accompanied by a process Governments and the programme over the whole geogra of normalizing relationships between the Government phical field of operations. They continued also to serve and the United Nations organizations. The civilian the World Food Programme, of which the Resident operations programme became a programme of technical Representatives are the agents, and to act as requested assistance, both advisory and operational, financed in a and where feasible for other technical co-operation co-ordinated way from the funds of the Expanded Pro activities of the United Nations family of organizations. gramme, the regular budgets, the Special Fund and very substantially, from supplemental funds-in-trust. The THE PROGRAMME FOR 1965-1966 principal responsibility for assuring programme co An important task of the Board, the Participating ordination at the country level was assumed by the Organizations and the recipient Governments, especially Resident Representative of TAB. during the second half of the biennium, was the establish The distribution of the resources among the Parti ment of country targets for 1965-1966 and the formulation cipating Organizations under the global programme of the country and regional programmes for that period. remained very largely unchanged in 1963-1964. A subs The global category I programme, again considerably tantial shift in the spread of the resources among the larger than any in previous history of the Expanded main fields of activity, as distinct from the Participating Programme, was estimated at $100.9 million, and allowed Organizations, however, gave assistance in the formulation for an increase in the absolute size of the operation in of development plans, including basic resource surveys all regions except Europe. The Participating Organiza and public administration, second place only to assistance tions and Resident Representatives reported, and the in agricultural production, which has always been the programme as formulated generally reflected, an improve most important field. ment in the quality of the planning exercise which It is to be recorded also that the biennium saw the start determined its content at the country level. This was due of Expanded Programme operations by the Universal partly to greater experience and better organization on Postal Union (UPU) which was the tenth agency to the international side of the operation, and also to some become a Participating Organization. The prospective further improvement by the recipient Governments of range of assistance was broadened still further in 1964 their processes of planning and co-ordination and their when the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative greater familiarity with, and ability to make more effective Organization (IMCO) was welcomed to the membership use of, the facilities for assistance which the programme of TAB. The newest of the United Nations Specialized has to offer. Agen~ies, IMCO was established in January 1959 as the It was significant that the proportion of programme first international agency to offer facilities in the sphere funds requested and approved for assistance to Govern of ocean shipping, and to ePcourag·~ the adoption of the ments in the formulation and implementation of develop highest standards of safety and navigation. Since that ment plans and the execution of basic surveys of resources, time it has been in consultation with the United Nations as well as the building up of administrative services,
2 continued to increase and, in fact, showed a further rise It was felt that this new system would logically extend to nearly 20 :1cr cent of the estimated resources. This trend the purposes of two-year programming by helping further appeared to r;::flect a twofold phenomenon; firstly, the to meet the needs of Governments wishing to plan and continually increasing interest of the Governments of the embark on schemes which would require international developing countries in systematically exploring and assistance over a period of years, and that it would at the assessing their natural resources and basing precise same time give the Participating Organizations, as the development plans on that assessment and, secondly, the executors of the programme, the advantage of greater preference which many of them show for international continuity of operations. Although some fears were assistance in this area of activity in which matters of high expressed that a proliferation of long-term projects would national policy are involved. freeze in advance an unduly high proportion of the Another feature of the new programme was the available resources, and that it might become necessary continuing relatively low level of requests for assistance to impose a limit on the ratio of long-term to short-term in activities directly concerned with industrial develop operations, they constituted only 39.1 per cent of the ment. The concern ofTAC that the Expanded Programme country projects actually requested by Governments and should play a full part in assisting Governments in this included in the category I programme. It is interesting field has been brought to the attention of the Resident to note, moreover, that the proportion fell rather than Representatives, and, through them, of the Governments. increased (to 33.8 per cent) in the programming exercise The Executive Chairman has indicated his wish to give for 1965-1966. It was apparent also on both occasions special attention to requests for contingency financing that a considerable number of projects submitted under to industrial projects which meet the other criteria for the formal designation "long-term" were not in fact new contingency authorizations. This had some result in the projects prepared under the stimulus of the new procedure, first four months of 1965, when some 16 per cent of all but constituted simply the extension of existing projects. contingency finance authorized was for projects directly In this connexion, it is to be noted also that, apart from related to industrial development in eight countries. A the formal distinction between long-term and short-term further feature of the new programme was the small projects, both programmes were characterized by a very over-all demand for operational and executive personnel substantial carry-over of projects from one period to under the experimental arrangement by which Expanded the next. Continuing projects accounted for some 70 per Programme funds may be used for such posts. They cent of the programme in each case. accounted for only 2.5 per cent of the total cost of the The tentative conclusion to be drawn from these results programmes but it is to be observed that a number of is that the recipient Governments, on the whole, continue the very new countries, where a special need for assistance to view the Expanded Programme rather as a relatively of this kind had been anticipated, have in fact requested, flexible source of diverse assistance to be drawn upon as and are being provided with the services of operational required, and continued as long as needed, than as a and advisory experts, in a much higher proportion than basic resource available for long-term development that figure represents. planning. Governments of the newer countries especially appear to find this a virtue and not a defect of the pro gramme. It may indeed be regarded as one of the unique PROGRAMMING PROCEDURES characteristics of the Expanded Programme. On the other hand, there is much to be said, in the interests of the more The 1963-1964 programme was, at one hand the same efficient use of the programme's resources, for disciplines time, the second to be formulated and implemented on in programming which require a precise understanding a biennial basis and the first to give effect to those prin between the Participating Organizations and the Govern ciples of project programming which were endorsed by ment in each case as to the objective, duration, timing the Economic and Social Council und(;r resolution 854 and counterpart and administrative support of every (XXII) of 4 August 1961. Now that the dual experiment project. These requirements are, for the time being, has, as described above, been extended into a further cyde systematically applied only to the long-term projects. through the formulation and approval of the 1965-1966 programme, the T AC will be interested to know some of As regards two-year programming, clear evidence in the conclusions which, still tentatively but rather more favour of a particular duration for the programme cycle firmly than before, may be drawn from the results of both is not available in view of the number of factors involved. innovations. An original main purpose of two-year programming - To deal first with the experience in project-program to permit Governments to formulate better-articulated projects by giving them an improved perspective - may ming, it is to be recalled that the purpose is to allow have become somewhat superfluous with the introduction Governments to submit projects planned for the entire of long-term project programming. duration and to authorize T AC to approve then for a period not exceeding four years. The Governments are There is no doubt that the preparation of a programme asked in these cases to provide greater detail than usual once every two years instead of on an annual basis reduces on the nature of the projects - including their main the burden of programme preparation on both Govern objectives and their relationship to any wider develop ments and Participating Organizations. It also allows ment plans - and on their duration, components, esti more time for the recruitment and placement processes mated annual costs, counterpart support and intended and should permit a fuller implementation of the approved continuation after the completion of international as programme. Whether this has actually been the case sistance. remains doubtful in view of the f:::ct that, as shown earlier, 3 a substantial part of the original programme approved utilization of their newly acquired knowledge were for 1963-1964 was not delivered but was replaced by generally satisfactory. Not surprisingly, a number of substitute assistance financed from savings which had exceptions to th(:se general impressions and a number of accrued as a result of delays in implementation, or by short-comings were also observed. There appear to be other modifications in the programme. continuing weaknesses in the effectiveness of internal The view has been expressed by some organizations co-ordination of technical assistance by Governments, that two-year programming actually results in a greater and some faults also in the practice of co-operation on number of modifications in the approved programme the international side. Cases are reported of the inadequate than would occur under annual programming. This is preparation of projects, and continuing difficulties in the because of the time-lag between the formulation of the provision of local counterparts and some forms of programme, in the earlier part of the year prior to the administrative support. beginning of the biennium, and its delivery. The serious The summarized views of the Resident Representatives imbalance between the assistance requested in each of are presented in the report with the clear qualification the two years of the biennium presents difficulties which that they constitute a synthesis of what are essentially are compounedd by the fact that allocations are made personal judgements. They may be regarded, as such, as on an annual basis, with the result that a substantial a useful contribution to the continuing endeavour to amount of the assistance requested by Governments in appraise, and thereby improve, the effectiveness of tech the first year of the biennium has to be deferred to the nical assistance under the Expanded Programme. By no second year for lack of funds. means, however, do they lessen the recognized need for a more intensive, more systematic, and perhaps more EVALUATION independent examination of performance and results.
The measurement of the effectiveness of technical RELATIONS WITH THE SPECIAL FUND assistance and of its impact on the economic and social conditions which it is meant to help improve has continued While the present report is not the appropriate place to be a preoccupation of the administrators of the Ex in which to review the series of discussions which took panded Programme. In accordance with the undertaking place during the biennium on the possible merger of the given at the mid-1964 session of TAC, the Executive Expanded Programme with the Special Fund, is should Chairman is arranging to carry out in 1965 an evaluation be noted that the close relationships which had always of Expanded Programme activities in a small number existed between the two programmes continued to give of selected countries. As the present report indicates, this useful results in many developing countries. The comple exercise has been deferred briefly to permit the start of mentary nature of their operations was demonstrated the broader field studies of the impact of the United by many examples of projects, initiated with Expanded Nations organizations' programmes as a whole, which are Programme assistance, growing in scope or scale with being carried out by the Secretary-General under resolu help from the Special Fund. tion 1042 (XXXVII) subsequently adopted by the In some cases,, Special Fund-assisted projects developed Economic and Social Council. out of activities which had been assisted for some time In the meantime, the Resident Representatives were previously by the Expanded Programme and whose asked towards the end of the 1963-1964 biennium to give expansion or other further development became recog their own views - after consultations with senior officials nized as requiring and qualifying for thel arger support of the Governments, representatives of the Participating available from the Special Fund. In other cases, Expanded Organizations and experts - on a large number of aspects Programme as~.istance was provided to the projects of the formulation and implementation of the programme concerned with the possibility of eventual Special Fund which were defined by means of an extensive question assistance specifically in mind. Yet another form of naire. The consensus of their views on the principal interaction between the two programmes also began to facets of the operation - governmental co-ordination emerge ; in some projects reaching the end of the period machinery, the programming exercise, the implementation of Special Fund support, the Governments concerned of the programme, and the selection and performance of looked to the Expanded Programme for continued tech experts and fellows - is set out in the fourth chapter of nical assistance in following up the results. the present report. An inquiry made towards the end of the biennium These views, by and large, tend to confirm the impres among the Resident Representatives, who are also the sions obtained in previous programme periods of a Directors of Special Fund programmes in their countries generally satisfactory record of performance by all of accreditation, indicated that in 33 countries and terri concerned. It is encouraging to note, through the observa tories some 78 projects already approved for Special tions and judgement of representatives on the spot, that Fund assistance were directly related to activities in which virtually all Governments by the time of the survey, had experts under the Expanded Programme had been developed both planning and technical assistance co engaged. Many more such projects, in several of the same ordinating machinery, that the projects in the 1963-1964 countries and in 13 others, were either under preparation programme were on the whole reasonably well selected by the Governments or under consideration by the Special and were achieving their objectives adequately under the Fund. The majority of those which had been approved circumstances prevailing in each case, and that the per were concerned with the establishment or development formances of the experts, the selection of fellows and the of institutes and centres devoted to training or research 4 in such fields as productivity, teacher training, vocational new countries helped to improve the quality as well as training, various branches of industry, fisheries and the quantity of the assistance provided to them and to forestry. A substantial number were concerned with bring them into the sphere of normal operations. surveys of specific material resources including in several The need for technical help remains great. If anything, cases pilot schemes and experimentation. it is on the increase, rising both with the growth of popu lations and with the heightening of aspirations for a better CONCLUSION life and the awareness that it is attainable. The time for The 1963-1964 biennium may be looked back upon the planning of yet another Expanded Programme is with satisfaction but without complacency. The welcome approaching; and it is not too soon to express again the further increase in resources found the Participating hope that, whether its future lies in its existing partnership Organizations well equipped to apply them to the with the Special Fund or in the closer relationship increasing and evolving needs of the recipient countries, envisaged in the merger recommended by the Economic whose Governments in turn showed, in general, a larger and Social Council, the Expanded Programme itself will capacity to define their technical assistance priorities. find, in the generosity of the Governments which support Greater familiarity with the conditions and needs of the it, the means to enlarge its usefulness.
5 Figure I Procedure for planning and developing the programme
TAC Government 0 i T.A. Co-ordinating Committee TAB Resident Representative +- 11!\ or Different Field Officer I Ministries
0~ .... ~ t Technical Representatives of the ~, Participating Organizations
EXPLANATORY NOTES
(a) TAB establishes global planning target for the field programme on the basis of probable contributions by Governments.
(b) TAB formulates target figures for country and regional programmes.
Tor get figures communicated, via TAB Resident Representatives, to Governments.
Representatives of the Participating Organizations negotiate projects with the appro priate government ministries in each country. TAB Resident Representative assists in and co-ordinates programming discussions with the Government's Technical Assistance Co-ordinating Committee, which assigns project priorities and consolidates country pro gramme request within target figure.
Governments transmit programme requests to TAB, via Resident Representatives, with copies to Participating Organizations.
TAB secretariat examines and consolidates governmcmt requests in the light of Partici· pating Organizations' cost estimates. 0 TAB recommends over-all programme to Technical Assistance Committee. TAC reviews and approves the over-all programme cmd authorizes allocation of funds 0 for its implementation to the Participating Organizations in proportion to the cost of the assistance requested of them in the approved pr•:Jgramme.
6 L
tCJ61 •£96{ '3DIWtl.lllo.tcJ p3pU1JdXl[ 3lp .13pUD 3ali1QSJSSV (113JU1133.L II , ..nll1t1 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE UNDER THE EXPANDED PROGRAMME IN 1963-1964
Countries receiving
® TAB Headquarters
e TAB Field Offices
MILES 0 1000 2000 3000 ... TAB Liaison Offices 1\.ILUMETRES
The boundaries shown on this map are not, in some instances, • A small number of countries receiving assistance only through finally determined and their reproduction does not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. regional projects are not included.
MAP NO. 1053 REV.4 UNITED NATIONS APRIL 1965 Chapter I
OPERATIONS UNDER THE BIENNIAL PROGRAMME, 1963-1964
1. The approved programme TABLE 1. 1963-1964 PROGRAMME AS APPROVED BY TAC (Estimated costs expressed in millions of US dollars) 1. The Expanded Programme for 1963-1964 was prepared in accordance with the procedures established Item Category I Category II for biennial programming, and it marked the second time that a two-year programme was developed. Funds were, I. Field program;ne costs: however, still allocated to the Participating Organizations (a) Country programmes . 70.2 28.8 on an annual basis, although the organizations were (b) Regional projects 15.0 2.7 entitled to retain unexpended balances from 1963 for the TOTAL 85.2 31.5 implementation of projects in the second year of the biennium. rr. Administrative and operational costs 9.1
2. Project programming was the new feature of the GRAND TOTAL 94.3 1963-1964 biennium. Economic and Social Council resolution 854 (XXXII) enunciated a procedure whereby projects, developed as entities, may be planned for their 4. The following table summarizes the . financial entire duration before their inception and be approved, authorizations made by TAC in November 1962 for the in principle, for a period up to four years. In adopting biennium 1963-1964; this conception of long-term projects, the Council requested that "the Technical Assistance Board should TABLE 2. FINANCIAL AUTHORIZATIONS BY TAC FOR THE 1963-1964 exercise especial vigilance against the possibility of the PROGRAMME Expanded Programme losing flexibility, particularly as a (Expressed in millions of US dollars) result of long-term projects taking up too large a pro 1963 1964 portion of the programme's total resources" and requested Total TAB to report to the Technical Assistance Committee Ailocations for: (TA C) on tbis subject in respect of each programming Field programme 43.5 41.7 85.2 period. Long-term projects account~d for 32.7 per cent Administrative and operational of the programme requested by Governments and services costs...... 4.5 4.6 9.1 amounted to $29,673,064 in 1963-1964 and $27,196,395 TAB Secretariat and field offices . 4.2 4.4 8.6 for their continuation in 1965 and 1966. It may be said, Maximum withdrawal from Working therefore, in regard to the biennium under review that Capital and Reserve Fund for con the proportion of long-term projects did not impose any tingency projects ...... 9.ssn undue rigidity upon the programming exercise for the following biennium. The relatively low proportion of a TAC authorized withdrawals to meet contingencies up to 10 per long-term projects was considered to be due, in part, to cent of the total resources for the biennium. the difficulties inherent in the introduction of new pro cedures, as well as the burden of additional analysis which long-term programming imposes on Governments, 2. The delivered programme some of which may not have been sufficiently equipped 5. An analysis of the delivered programme as compared to meet these demands or which could not predict their with that approved by TAC in 1962 shows some substan long-range needs. Other Governments appeared simply tial differences between the two. This is a phenomenon not to find greater value in the Expanded Programme's confined to the 1963-1964 operations, and it is one which capacity to meet their immediate short-term needs. Most may deserve some further study. In the case, for instance, of the Participating Organizations found value in project of the most important component of the programme programming and anticipated future improvements in -namely expert assistance to individual countries - the the technique. number of experts actually appointed was 8 per cent 3. On the basis of requests from, and consultations above the number originally approved. On the other hand, with Governments, the country programmes and regional only 83 per cent of the posts originally approved were and interregional projects were compiled into a draft filled, the remaining 25 per cent being subsequent addi programme by Resident Representatives and the TAB, tions to the programme. It is also worth noting that, and approved by the Technical Assistance Committee in despite the increase in the number of experts, the level November 1962, in the amounts shown below. of expert assistance measured in terms of man-months 9 Figure Ill Total field programme costs, 1963-1964
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION BY TYPE OF ASSISTANCE
was 15 per cent below the original estimates. Savings thus ensure that they will be carried out. In the second case, accrued were used for the most part in awarding additional the considerable !>cale of the modifications introduced into fellowships, the actual expenditure on these approaching country programmes appears to be related to the proce one half more than the original amounts, and for purchas dures under whic:h these programmes are formulated and ing additional equipment, the total cost of this item being operated. twice that estimated in the programme approved by the Committee. 6. In the case of regional projects, expenditures repre 3. Implementation of the programme senting 18.6 per cent of the total programme were some what higher than the level of 16 per cent approved by the 8. Taken as a whole, the countries which applied for Committee. In content, too, there were substantial technical assistance during the biennium chose schemes variations between the approved and the delivered pro falling within the provinces of the ten Participating gramme. While the total number of experts, advisers, Organizations in a pattern of percentages very similar consultants, group leaders and others was close to the to the programmes of previous years, as will be seen from figure shown in the approved programme, only about table 3 which sho-ws the expenditures on field programmes one half of the posts which they filled had been included by the organizations and their percentage shares of the in that programme. The other half represented modifica total programme~. No figures are shown in 1961-1962 for tions introduced in the course of the biennium. Similarly, UPU, since it joined the Expanded Programme only in while the total number of fellowships awarded and the 1963. It will be seen that the only significant increase in cost of equipment purchased remained close to the the percentage share of projects in the 1963-1964 biennium original figures, a more detailed study indicates substantial was in that of the World Meteorological Organization variations when the projects are looked at from the point (WMO), although there was also some increase in the of view of a single region or a single organization. It must percentage share of the International Telecommunication be noted, at the same time, that in the case of regional Union (ITU). A smaller percentage of projects within the projects, the information provided to TAC for review competence of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and approval was, as is customary, more in the nature and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was requested for of an estimate than in the case of country programmes. the biennium than for 1961-1962. Effects of the abolition Some of the projects originally approved failed to of automatic agency shares of the resources in bringing materialize, while others were subsequently added. Thus about changes of emphasis as between one field and a different meaning should be attached to discrepancies another were again more apparent within a number of between the approved and implemented regional projects individual country programmes than in the over-all and to discrepancies between the approved and imple operations. mented country projects. 9. During the 1963-1964 biennium, 81.4 per cent of 7. In the first case, the results may seem to call for a the total resoun:es of the field programme were devoted more accurate planning of regional projects or for the to country programmes, while the remaining 18.6 per introduction of methods of financing which would not cent was expended for regional and interregional projects. require the Organizations to present for approval projects This division represents a marked increase for regional which they have not been able to develop sufficiently to and interregional projects during the second biennium, 10 TABLE l EXPENDITUREs ON FIELD PROGRAMME BY PARTICIPATING ORGANIZAtiONS, f~6f-1964' (Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
1961-1962 1963 1964 1963-1964
Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent
UNTA 14,984 19.7 8,168 20.7 10,463 20.2 18,631 20.4 ILO. 7,524 9.9 3,770 9.5 5,366 10.4 9,136 10.0 FAO 18,504 24.4 10,442 26.4 11,458 22.2 21,900 24.0 UNESCO 14,607 19.3 5,953 15.1 9,912 19.1 15,865 17.4 ICAO 3,067 4.0 1,623 4.1 2,240 4.3 3,863 4.2 WHO 12,931 17.0 7,063 17.9 8,430 16.3 15,493 17.0 UPU 104 0.3 194 0.4 298 0.3 ITU. 1,409 1.9 791 2.0 1,110 2.1 1,901 2.1 WMO 1,299 1.7 917 2.3 1,403 2.7 2,320 2.5 IAEA 1,596 2.1 667 1.7 1,208 2.3 1,875 2.1
TOTAL 75,921 100.0 39,498 100.0 51,784 100.0 91,282 100.0
TABLE 4. SHARES OF COUNTRY PROGRAMMES AND REGIONAL PROJECTS IN THE FIELD PROGRAMME, 1961-1964 (Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
1961-1962 1963 1964 1963-1964
Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent
Country programmes . . . . 66,373 87.6 32,861 83.2 41,458 80.1 74,318 81.4 Regional and interregional projects. . . 9,379 12.4 6,637 16.8 10,326 19.9 16,964 18.6
TOTAL 75,752 100.0 39,498 100.0 51,784 100.0 91,282 100.0 as will be seen from table 4. Their percentage share was table 5, which shows the dollar distribution of field pro somewhat higher than the 16 per cent (15 per cent plus gramme costs among the regions of the world, and the one per cent for the small organizations) deemed desirable percentage of total programme in the biennium 1961-1962, by TAC. in the individual years 1963 and 1964, and in the last biennium as a whole. Even when these regroupings are 10. In analysing the regional distribution of field taken into account, however, the substantial growth of programme costs over the past four years, it must be the African programmes is again the most striking feature noted that, as of 1962, several countries were moved from of the regional distribution. The increase in the percentage one regional designation to another to conform to the of funds devoted to interregional projects may be ascribed grouping of countries under the Economic Commission primarily to a more consistent listing under this category for Asia and the Far East. Thus, for example, Afghanistan of projects affecting more than one of the standard and Iran are now included in the Asia and the Far East geographical areas into which the programme has been region. The transfers are indicated in the foot-note to divided.
TABLE 5. REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF FIELD PROGRAMME COSTS,n 1961-1964 (Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
1961-1962 1963 1964 1963-1964
Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per centb Amount Per cent
Africa . 20,741 27.4 14,580 36.9 17,584 33.9 32,164 35.2 Americas 16,652 22.0 7,865 19.9 10,454 20.2 18,319 20.1 Asia and the Far East 25,989 34.3 10,722 27.1 14,229 27.5 24,951 27.4 Europe 4,015 5.3 1,771 4.5 2,659 5.1 4,430 4.8 Middle East 5,713 7.5 2,520 6.4 3,040 5.9 5,560 6.1 Interregional 2,642 3.5 2,040 5.2 3,818 7.4 5,858 6.4
75,752 a 100.0 39,498 100.0 51,784 100.0 91.282 100.0
a Beginning in 1962, the assignment of countries to regions was b These percentages differ from those in figure V because they modified to accord with that of the regional economic commissions of include undistributed project costs whereas figure V does not. the United Nations. Thus, Iran and Afghanistan are included in Asia and the Far East instead of in the Middle East, while the United Arab Republic is included in Africa instead of in the Middle East. 11 TABLE 6. SHARE OF REGIONAL PROJECTS IN THE IMPLEMENTED PROGRAMME OF EACH REGION, 1961-1964 (Costs expressed in thousands ol US dollars)
1961-1962 1963 1964 1963-1964 Total Regional projects Total Regional projects Total Regional projects Total Regional projects project project project project costs Costs Per cent costs Costs Per cent costs Costs Per cent costs Costs Per cent
Africa . 20,741 1,455 7.0 14,580 1,426 9.8 17,584 1,933 11.0 32,164 3,359 10.4 Americas 16,652 2,429 14.6 7,865 1,504 19.1 10,454 2,102 20.1 18,319 3,606 19.7 Asia and the Far East. 25,989 1,815 7.0 10,722 1,064 9.9 14,229 1,723 12.1 24,951 2,783 11.2 Europe. 4,015 118 2.9 1,771 62 3.5 2,659 53 2.0 4,430 115 2.6 Middle East 5,713 920 16.1 2,520 543 21.5 3,040 701 23.1 5,560 1,244 22.4 Interregional 2,642 2,642 2,040 2,040 3,818 3,818 5,858 5,858
75,752 a 9,379 12.4 39,498 6,639 16.8 51,784 10,326 19.9 91,282 16,965 18.6
a See foot-note (a) in table 2.
11. The share of regional projects in the implemented regional basis, the increase has been general for all programme of each region, as well as interre-gional regions, except Europe, the largest increases being for projects, are shown in table 6 below, which demonstrates Asia and the Far East and Africa. the rise, both in absolute and percentage terms, of regional projects within all areas of the world except Europe. The 12. Field programme costs of the approved pro increase affects both regional and interregional projects grammes for the 1961-1962 biennium, for each year of but is more important for the interregional projects. For the past biennium, and for the total of 1963-1964 have example, the share of the regional projects, which was been divided by 1ields of activity, as will be seen in table 7. 8.9 per cent of the total implemented programme in A more detailed analysis of fifty sub-fields of activity will 1961-1962, is 12.2 per cent for the 1963-1964 biennium, be found in annex IV. The most notable difference in or an increase of 37 per cent, whereas the share of the emphasis in fields of activity between the two biennia is interregional projects, which was 3.5 per cent of the total with regard to basic surveys. Assisting governments in implemented programme in 1961-1962, is 6.4 per cent in the formulation of development plans, in carrying out 1963-1964, or an increase of 83 per cent. Taking another basic surveys of resources and in the building-up of reference, interregional projects which represented 28.2 per administrative services, which accounted for 14.5 per cent cent of the total of the regional projects (i.e., regional plus of the field programme costs in the 1961-1962 biennium, interregional) in the 1961-1962 biennium, represent absorbed 17.0 per cent of the costs in the 1963-1964 period. 34.5 per cent, or more than one-third of the total. On a The next largest percentage variation occurred in the case
TABLE 7. FIELD PROGRAMME COSTS BY MAJOR FIELDS OF ACTIVITY, 1961-1964 (Expressed in thousands of US dollars)
1961-1962 1963 1963 1963-1964 Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent
I. Assisting governments in the for- mulation of development plans - basic surveys of resources of building up of administrative ser- vices 11,006 14.5 7,224 18.3 8,229 16.0 15,453 17.0 II. Development of public utilities - power, transport and communica- tions 5,983 7.9 3,169 8.0 4,472 8.7 7,641 8.4 III. Industrial production . 4,615 6.1 2,183 5.5 2,924 5.7 5,107 5.6 IV. Agricultural production . 16,446 21.7 8,336 21.2 9,643 18.8 17,979 19.9 V. Auxiliary services to industry and agriculture 5,344 7.1 2,693 6.9 3,781 7.3 6,474 7.1 VI. Health services 12,516 16.5 6,900 17.5 8,161 15.9 15,061 16.6 VII. Education . 11,067 14.6 4,183 10.6 7,638 14.8 11,821 13.0 VIII. Community development 4,449 5.9 2,001 5.1 2,130 4.1 4,131 4.5 IX. Other social services 2,730 3.6 2,025 5.2 3,217 6.3 5,242 5.8 X. Atomic energy . 1,596 2.1 667 1.7 1,208 2.4 1,875 2.1
75,921 100.0 39,391 a 100.0 51,403 I> 100.0 90,784 100.0
a Excluding $118,651 in undistributed projects costs. b Excluding $382,118 in undistributed project costs. 12 of allocations in the field of agricultural production which years. The amount available, at the limit of 10 per cent fell from 21.7 per cent in 1961-1962 to 19.9 per cent in of the total resources of the programme, was $9,575,000. 1963-1964, although still ranking as the largest field of Considerable caution was exercised in reviewing applica activity in both biennia. The amount of assistance given tions for allocations under the contingency authority to health remained almost the same, and education during 1963, with the result that at the end of the showed a slight drop form 14.6 in the 1961-1962 biennium first year of the biennium, only $3.6 million had been to 13.0 per cent in the 1963-1964 biennium. Variations of authorized and, of this, only $1.9 had actually been obli a fraction of one per cent occurred in the fields of public gated by the Participating Organizations. On 1 January utilities, and auxiliary services to industry and agriculture; 1964, however, allocations amounting to $3,381,199 were community development showed a drop from 5.9 to made to cover the continuing costs of 123 projects which 4.5 per cent, atomic energy remained exactly the same, had been financed on a contingency basis in 1963. During and other social services rose from 3.6 per cent in the the remainder of the year 1964, the Executive Chairman 1961-1962 biennium to 5.8 per cent in the 1963-1964 made 250 allocations amounting to a total of $4,615,052, biennium. Field programme costs for projects related to thus bringing the total allocations made in 1964 to industrial production came to 6.1 per cent in 1961-1962, $7,996,251 of which the Participating Organizations spent and fell to 5.6 per cent in 1963-1964. $4,956,969. 13. An examination of Expanded Programme assistance 15. Over the 1963-1964 biennium as a whole, 492 allo related to industrial development in 1963-1964, however, cations were made for a total amount of $11,574,754. shows that some $23,155,000 was expended for direct and Net authorizations after deduction of the amounts indirect aid in this field. The full breakdown of this surrendered by the Participating Organizations amounted, assistance, including the percentage of assistance related however, to only $6,865,832 or 71 per cent of the ceiling. to industrial development, is shown in table 8 below. The corresponding figure for the 1961-1962 biennium was 73 per cent, which indicates the existence of a fairly TABLE 8. SUMMARY OF EXPANDED PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE RELATED constant relationship between the ceiling established by TO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN 1963-1964 the Technical Assistance Committee and the amounts which, with prudent management, are actually allocated. Per cent of On the one hand, allocations are usually made up to a assistance Expenditure related to point beyond which requests, except of a most urgent (in thousands to industrial Field of US dollars I dne/opment nature, must be declined in order to ensure that the eventual total of allocations and commitments is at or below the ceiling. On the other hand, the surrender of Direct: Economic surveys 629 0.7 savings by the Participating Organizations appears to Economic planning and policy 3,125 3.5 maintain a fairly constant rate. Power production and distribution . 654 0.7 16. The authorizations made during the last two Manufacturing and mining 3,085 3.4 Productivity 1,083 1.2 biennia may be grouped in broad categories according Cottage industries and handicrafts 939 1.0 to the nature of the contingencies. Their percentage Vocational training 3,088 3.4 distribution is as follows :
TOTAL (direct) 12,603 13.9 TABLE 9. CoNTINGENCY AUTHORIZATIONS BY PURPOSE, 1961-1964 Indirect: 1961-1962 1963-1964 1964 Transport and communication 1,221 1.3 Per cent Per cent Per cent Civil aviation 3,865 4.3 2,036 2.2 Technical education and training I. Additional assistance for newly- Building and housing 1,049 1.2 independent countries . . . . . 29.2 13.4 8.6 Industrial relations, labour legislation, 2. Support for new national develop- 2,381 2.6 etc ment plans 19.8 13.9 8.4 3. Requests arising out of new go- 10,552 11.6 TOTAL (indirect) vernmental action 31.0 38.3 22.7 4. Assistance to programmes for 23,155 25.5 TOTAL (direct and indirect) regional development 11.6 15.0 7.4 5. Supplementary assistance to exist- ing projects . 2.8 8.1 5.6 4. Contingency authorizations 6. Emergencies arising from epide- mics, pests, floods, etc. 4.9 9.7 4.9 14. It was noted in the annual report of TAB to TAC 7. Continuing commitments of exist- for 1963 2 that for the 1963-1964 biennium the TAC, for ing projects . 0.7 1.6 42.4 the first time, authorized the Executive Chairman's TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 contingency authority to apply to the biennium as a whole and not separately to each of the two individual It is to be noted from this table that the amounts 2 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Thirty authorized in 1964 to cover the continuing costs of projects seventh Session, Supplement No. 5, paras. 23-26. authorized on a contingency basis in 1963 amounted to 13 Figure IV Expanded Programme, 1950-1%4
EXPERTS FELLOWS EQUIPMENT A. DISTRIBUTION OF FIELD PROGRAMME COSTS
1950·51 1952 1953
B. NUMBER OF EXPERTS AND FELLOWSHIPS
5000 ~------·------,
4500 ---- EXPERT ASSIGNMENTS
...... FELLOWSHIP AWARDS
4000
..• 3500 ./'····· .. .: ... 3000 I \
2500 .. 2000 ··························· ...... ·········· ···················. ····· .....···
1500
1000
500
0 ~-----L------L------L------L------L------L---___L ______L______L ______L______L ______L______LJ 1950·51 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 196L 1962 196.) 1964 Figuf'e V Project costs shown by region and major fields of activity, 1963-1964 (In percentage)
I Basic surveysof Auxiliary resourcesand Power, Industrial servicesto Distribution building up of transport production industry Other of project REGION I administrative and and Agricultural and Health Community social Atomic costs by services communications mining production agriculture services I Education development services energy region
AFRICA 34.2 1.9 1.8 2.0 1 "' I I ~ - 0.3 AMERICAS T: 0.4
-Vl ASIA AND THE I 27.7 FAR EAST 0.7
EUROPE I I 1: 0.8 0.8 0.6 I 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.3
MIDDLE EAST I 6.0 1.2 0.9 I 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.9 J 0.4 I 0.3 I 0.1
INTERREGIONAL 1.7 -r: 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 I 0.4 I Distribution I I I I I ~ I of project costs by major I 16.0 I 8.7 I 5.7 I 18.8 I 7.3 I 15.9 I 14.8 I 4.1 I 6.3 I 2.4 I 100.0% fields of activity 42.4 per cent of total allocations. In the figures for the 5. Analysis of assistance provided biennium as a whole, however, the 1964 costs of these 20. The assistance provided during the 1963-1964 projects are distributed among the other headings biennium under the country programmes was given on according to the purposes of the authorizations. a widely varying scale, to 124 countries and territories, 17. It will also be noted that the amount of additional while some 20 others took part in regional and inter assistance provided through contingency authorizations regional projects. Assistance took the standard forms of to newly-independent countries decreased from 29.2 per experts, fellowships and equipment in support of expert cent in 1961-1962 to 13.4 per cent in 1963-1964. The services, in that order of monetary importance. Table 11 figure for 1961-1962 was exceptionally large due to the below shows the numbers and costs of experts and fellow accession to independence of a substantial number of ships, and the cost of equipment, in the biennium 1961- countries in and after 1960. With the development of 1962, the separate years 1963 and 1964, and the biennium normal programming procedures in these countries, the 1963-1964. amount of funds specifically devoted to the provision of additional support following independence was substan 21. As measu«~d by expenditure in current prices, the tially reduced. total assistance rendered under the Expanded Programme in 1963-1964 increased by one-fifth over the previous 18. The increase in the amount of supplementary biennium. As will be seen from the table, the most dynamic assistance required for projects already in operation must component of the programme was expert assistance. The also be noted; it may be regarded as evidence of the need number of "expert missions", that is, missions by one for improved planning in the preparation of programme expert carried out within the calendar year, increased by requests under the country programming procedure so as one third and the number of fellowships awarded increased to minimize, if not obviate-, the need for emergency only slightly less. The component which showed a tangible assistance in the course of the biennium. The larger decline, in both absolute and relative terms, is that of percentage of funds spent on emergencies arising from equipment and supplies, in spite of the fact, mentioned epidemics and similar causes is, in large part, due to the elsewhere in the report (see paras. 731-735), that actual number of requests for such assistance received in 1963, expenditure on these items was considerably higher than when 14 per cent of the total contingency authorizations provided for in the approved programme. were made for these purposes. Variations in the levels of the other types of allocations are within the range which 22. It is interesting to note also that the number of may normally be expected in a programme designed to expert missions in 1963-1964 showed a larger rate of meet unforeseen eventualities. increase than the total costs of those missions in relation 19. The following table indicates the distribution by to the previous biennium, indicating a decline in the region of contingency authorizations made during the average cost of a mission of about seven per cent. The period 1961-1964. decreased average cost of expert missions may be explained by a variety of factors; the number of continuing expert posts, which cost less than new appointments, the TABLE 10. REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CONTINGENCY number of short·term assignments, and the number of AUTHORIZATIONS, 1961-1964 missions to regional projects involving several countries. 1961-1962 1963-1964 1964 The average cost of a fellowship showed a slight increase Per cent Per cent Per cent of less than two :per cent.
Africa ... 38.8 43.3 44.3 (a) ExPERTS Americas ...... 21.1 22.6 22.8 Asia and the Far East 27.5 18.1 17.2 23. In 1963, 80.4 per cent of the total field expenditure Europe . .. 4.9 9.5 9.3 was devoted to financing expert assignments as against Middle East . 4.9 2.8 3.6 69.6 per cent in 1964. The percentage of 74.3 for the Interregional 2.8 3.7 2.8 biennium 1963-1964 as a whole may be compared with TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 that 71.8 for the 1961-1962 biennium. The total number of man-months served by the experts during the biennium
TABLE 11. TYPES OF ASSISTANCE GIVEN UNDER THE EXPANDED PROGRAMME, 1961-1964 (Costs expressed in thousands of US dollars)
1961-1962 1963 1964 1963-1964
~------~- Number Cost Per cent Number Cost Per cent Number Cost Per cent Number Cost Per cent
------~----~-----~-
Experts assignments . 4,933 54,539 71.8 3,037 31,773 80.4 3,546 36,041 69.6 6,583 67,814 74.3 Fellowships awarded 5,860 13,521 17.8 2,545 5,565 14.1 4,939 11,966 23.1 7,484 17,531 19.2 Equipment and supplies 7,861 10.4 2,160 5.5 3,777 7.3 5,937 6.5
TOTAL 75,921 100.0 39,498 100.0 51,784 100.0 91,282 100.0
16 was just over 44,000, the equivalent of some 1,800 experts biennium, 83 countries, including many receiving assist in full-time service for the whole period of 24 months. ance, offered host facilities to the Participating Organiza The man-months totals year by year since 1959 are shown tions. The latter arranged 5,109 placements for 4,939 fel below, together with the average cost per man-month. lows, the difference in figures indicating that over 100 fellows studied in more than one country. Year Man-months Cost per man-month $ 26. The fellows' nationalities and countries of study 1959 . 17,833 1,248 in 1964 are listed in annexes X and XI respectively. 1960 16,934 1,283 Thirty per cent of the fellows in 1964 came from Africa, 1961 16,711 1,400 almost as many from Asia and the Far East, 18.4 per cent 1962 19,992 1,558 from Latin America, 16.7 per cent from Europe, and the 1963 21,040 1,510 1964 . 23,194 1,555 remainder from the Middle East. As in past years, European countries offered host facilities for over half of all placements, while 13.8 per cent of the fellows 'Yere When the man-months are divided by the number of placed in Africa, 12.5 per cent in Asia and the Far East, experts who were assigned to approved posts in any one 9.1 per cent in Latin America, 6.9 per cent in North year, they show that the average duration of expert America, and 3.1 per cent in the Middle East. Some assignments was 6.9 months in 1963 and 6.5 months 18 fellows were placed at the headquarters of the Inter in 1964. It should be noted that in cases where an expert national Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and ITU, where served in the same post during both years of the biennium, special programmes of study and consultation were his service counted as two assignments. The sharp arranged for them. The average duration of a fellows' increase in the cost of an expert per man-month which study was 6.1 months in 1964. occurred in the 1961-1962 biennium was connected with the increase in salary scales approved by General Assembly resolution 1658 (XVI) of 28 November 1961. 6. Technical assistance on a payment basis 24. The 3,292 experts who served in the Expanded 27. In the report on the previous biennium, it was Programme in 1964 came from 86 countries. As in pre observed that there was a distinct trend on the part of vious years, Europe was the principal supplier of experts, Governments to avail themselves of the arrangements 61.2 per cent coming from that region. Asia and the Far whereby they could receive assistance, through the East provided 12 per cent of the experts, North America medium of the international organizations, over and above 11.7 per cent, Latin America 9.1 per cent, Africa 3.1 per the regular programme and the Expanded Programme, cent and the Middle East 2.8 per cent, as will be seen by paying for it themselves or as recipients of aid from from annex VIII. Annex IX gives the number of experts the Freedom from Hunger Campaign. This activity assigned to each recipient country, and it will be seen became even more pronounced in the 1963-1964 biennium. that the greatest number of experts served in Africa, the Table 12 shows the rate of increase in expenditure over next largest number were assigned to Asia and the Far the past four years. East, and slightly over one-fifth of the total number of experts worked in Latin America. A comparison of the TABLE 12. ASSISTANCE RENDERED ON A PAYMENT BASIS, 1961-1964 two annexes shows that the 3,292 experts serving in 1964 (Expenditure in US dollars) fulfilled a total of 3,546 assignments, thus indicating that over 200 experts were given more than one assignment 1961-1962 1963 1964 1963-1964 during that year. An appreciation of the degree to which Funds in trust . 4,049,510 2,917,323 8,908,717 11,826,040 the countries receiving assistance also provided experts, Freedom from may be gained by consulting annex XV which lists side Hunger Campaign 591,014 735,380 1,404,604 2,139,984 by side, the countries in which experts served and those from which they were recruited. In 1964, 29 per cent of the experts came from countries which themselves The number of countries which obtained assistance from received assistance under the programme; this is a two funds-in-trust arrangements and the Freedom from per cent increase over the figure reported at the close Hunger Campaign rose steadily from 29 in 1961 to 42 of the 1961-1962 biennium. Argentina, which in 1962 the following year, 57 in 1963 and 64 in 1964. The increase provided 35 experts, supplied 53 in 1964, and other in the amounts of funds-in-trust involved in 1964 is owed countries such as Ecuador, Jordan and Yugoslavia substantially to the inclusion in the figures of the Demo increased their contributions of skilled manpower. cratic Republic of the Congo which allocated the sum Among other examples, Brazil which received 34 experts of $3.3 million for the employment of international and provided 29, Chile received 58 and provided 57, experts; however, no aid from the Freedom from Hunger Haiti received 9 and provided 29, India received 150 and Campaign was channelled to that country. provided 166, Lebanon received 25 and provided 15, and 28. Assistance on a payment basis in 1964, was obtained the United Arab Republic received 65 and provided 68. especially by countries in the African and Asian conti (b) FELLOWSHIPS nents. The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Libya accounted for $3.7 million worth of trust-fund projects, 25. The active participation of the developing countries while in Asia and the Far East $2.5 million was spent in the Expanded Programme was again demonstrated in in India, Indonesia (West Irian), Iran and Korea. The the matter of fellowships placement. During the 1963-1964 next largest participating area was the Middle East 17 where Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, pioneers in the trust concerning participation in technical assistance on a fund scheme, accounted for projects totalling $1,076,093. payment basis will be found in annex XIV. Somewhat over half a million dollars was spent on trust fund projects in the Americas- in Chile and Venezuela 7. Associate experts as well as for the region as a whole. 30. During 1964, a total of 146 associate experts from 29. Eight organizations administered the assistance six nations served in 53 countries and territories. The provided on a payment basis and through funds of the Netherlands, which introduced the associate expert Freedom from Hunger Campaign. The largest amount scheme and d<~veloped it originally with the F AO, of trust funds were handled by United Nations Technical continued to be the principal supplier of such personnel Assistance (UNTA) which expended $3,571,277 in 1964, to the United Nations family, and F AO the organization followed by the International Civil Aviation Organization which assigned the greatest number. Seventy Dutch (ICAO) with $2,647,033, the Food and Agriculture associates served in the work of four organizations during Organization of the United Nations (FAO) with 1964. Other nations providing associate experts, at no $1,038,235 and the International Labour Organization cost to the Organization or to the benefitting country, (ILO) with $707,929. Funds from the Freedom from were Belgium (11), the Federal Republic of Germany (36), Hunger Campaign, administered through F AO, accounted France (2), Norway (5) and Sweden (22). The largest for another $1,404,604 during the last calendar year. number of associate experts was assigned to projects in Trust funds in lesser magnitude were employed to obtain Africa (55), while others were sent to the Americas (47), assistance through the World Health Organization to Asia and the Far East (31), to the Middle East (9) (WHO), UNESCO, ITU and IAEA. Detailed information and to Europe (6).
18 Chapter II
ACTIVITIES OF THE PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS AND CO-OPERATING ORGANIZATIONS UNDER THE EXPANDED AND REGULAR PROGRAMMES
31. In previous years, the organizations participating exports. The reduction of unemployment and rapid in the Expanded Programme reported separately on their expansion of higher education facilities, including short activities under the Expanded Programme and those term training centres, were considered basic by the financed from regular programme funds. In many cases, mission. The Government has taken these recommenda however, an institute, was established with Expanded tions into account in the formulation of its 1965-1969 Programme assistance as the result of recommendations development plan. made by an adviser provided under the regular pro gramme, or a survey conducted by an agency's own 33. Another high-level mission was undertaken at the staff-member led to a project made possible by the com request of the Governments of Senegal and Gambia to plementary activities of several agencies, and financed examine the legal, financial, economic and social aspects from both Expanded Programme and regular programme which would have to be considered, together with recom sources, and possibly also from such auxiliary sources as mendations to deal with them, should the proposed the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), trust economic union of the two countries take place. The funds, and the World Food Programme. To divide the mission recommended that the negotiations between the description of the individual projects would be to detract two Governments be assisted by a common secretariat, from one of the essential qualities - the co-ordination of which could be transformed into a more permanent office resources and skills - which is a feature of the technical for contact and consultation, if an agreement were reached assistance work of the United Nations family. Selected on some form of association. It was also proposed that, descriptions of what the organizations participating in the in case of such an agreement, the development of the Expanded Programme did during the 1963-1964 biennium Gambia River Valley in its widest sense should be under are, therefore, designed to give full value to the activity taken. Since the Gambia River has its origin in Guinea, itself. In the case of some organizations, the narratives the mission further recommended that appropriate consul were best divided between those activities financed under tations be held with that country. the Expanded Programme and those carried out with 34. Assistance related to planning and programming regular programme funds; in other cases, the entire continued to be the most important field for technical project is described and the financial source of each assistance in Latin America in 1964. Considerable component is identified. progress was made in 1964 in the work of the advisory groups organized by the tripartite committee ECLA/OAS/ A. PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS IDB in co-operation with UNTA. These groups were active in Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and in the 1. United Nations Technical Assistance Central American countries. In Central America, the EXPANDED PROGRAMME advisory group collaborated with the respective Govern ments in the formulation of the national programmes, 32. The trend evidenced in the field of economic some of which are co-ordinated at the regional level. planning over the past years was maintained in 1964 The experience during the year has proved that since and the demand for United Nations assistance continued the basic plans have been completed or are nearing to increase both in terms of requesting countries and completion, the present need has been more acute for the number of projects. There was a considerable diversity short-term technical assistance on specific subjects, either in the range of assistance provided. Besides provision of for the evaluation of the sectoral programmes or for high-level economic advisers to assist governments as in on-the-spot advice regarding certain projects. Dahomey, Mauritania and Togo, economic missions were also organized to formulate the strategy of development. 35. The organization of training programmes forms an The joint United Nations/ECA/FAO economic survey integral part of the activities of the Latin American mission to Malawi concluded a three-month survey on Institute for Economic and Social Planning. As in the the economic development potential including manpower past, UNTA continued to co-operate with the Govern implications in that country. The mission discussed the ments in providing fellowships for the basic courses. problems created by an economy in which one product Intensive courses in the area of economic development accounted for two thirds of the gross domestic product were conducted in 1964 in Brazil and Peru as a part of (excluding subsistance output) and nine tenths of the the activities of the Institute. 19 36. In addition to the advisory groups, the United 43. An Interregional Workshop on Problems of Budget Nations is extending assistance in the field of planning Classification and Management in Developing Countries and programming to Brazil, British Honduras and was held in Copenhagen in September, 1964, to discuss Ecuador. the improvement of the budgetary techniques for making the budget more responsive to the needs of development 37. In Europe, assistance in economic planning and planning. The workshop reviewed developments in the programming was provided to the Governments of budgetary field which had taken place during the last Cyprus, Malta, Spain and Turkey. The United Nations decade largely in response to recommendations of the organized an Interregional Seminar on Planning Tech eight regional budget workshops which had been held niques in Moscow in July 1964, for participants drawn earlier in collaboration with the regional commissions from all regions of the world. This seminar examined the techniques necessary to ensure the consistency of output concerned. of goods and services with the direct and derived demand 44. Industrial development - a field of activity which implicit in a government development plan. the governing bodies of the United Nations have singled out for attention and for which increased resources have 38. In Asia and the Far East, economic planning been made available - has been the focus of much continues to occupy an important part in the Govern United Nations effort during the past biennium. Special ments' lists of priorities for technical assistance requests. emphasis has been placed on providing industrial develop Expert advice in the field was extended to seven countries ment advisers and industrial economists who assist the of the area, including countries which are not yet inde ministries of industries and planning organizations on pendent, such as Fiji, and countries which have recently industrial policy and organization, the preparation, attained independence, such as Western Samoa. Assist assessment and formulation of industrial projects and ance is being provided to the latter country in the prepa their implementation. Most importantly, they aid in the ration of its first economic development plan. training of local staff to carry out such functions. Assist 39. With the progress of international action towards ance of this nature was provided to Cameroon, Ethiopia, the economic integration of Latin America at the regional Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda and the United Arab Republic. level, a group of three advisers in trade policy was 45. The main activities related to industrial develop established to assist the Governments of the region at ment in Latin America during 1963-1964 were in the their request in matters related to foreign trade, economic field of industria1 planning. Experts in these subjects have integration and the Latin American Free-Trade Associa been attached to the advisory groups in various Latin tion, including the examination of means to promote and American countries. A number of short-term missions intensify the trade of the Latin American region with were organized during the course of 1964 to assist the other regions of the world. countries concerned in the evaluation of over-all industrial 40. The Government of Chile requested assistance of programmes and, in some cases, on specific industrial a team of five experts to advise the Chilean secretariat projects. Argentina and Ecuador were particularly of the Latin American Free Trade Association. This team concerned with the development of an industrial estates of experts will study and advise the secretariat in the programme within their national industrialization plans. determination of specific products or lines of production Promotion of small-scale industries was the subject of in which Chile has comparative advantages in the area. assistance in Ecuador. Similarly, assistance is being provided to the Government 46. A regional seminar on the development of the of Paraguay to develop foreign markets for Paraguayan chemical industry in Latin America was organized to products. study the possibilities for expansion of the industrial facilities availabk in the context of the possible economic 41. United Nations advice in fiscal and financial integration of the region. On the basis of preliminary matters has been sought by a number of countries during surveys of the chemical industries in different countries, the 1963-1964 biennium. In Africa there has been a this seminar was held in Caracas, Venezuela in December growing demand for assistance in taxation as well as in 1964. The integrated programme will be designed to be the field of financial policy and institutions, and training brought to the attention of the international financing and advisory services have been increased. Assistance has institutions. also been given in the preparation of parts of the economic 4 7. There has been a shift in technical assistance in plans related to the balance of payments, and the promo countries in Asia and the Far East from request for tion of savings and investment activities. The Govern ments of Algeria, Burundi, Libya and the United Arab general industrial development advisers to requests for assistance in certain specific industries. In Burma, for Republic were among the countries which received example, an industrial development survey mission assistance in this field. examined such industries as textiles, chemicals, food 42. Technical assistance on fiscal and financial matters processing and fertilizers. An industrial development was provided also to a number of countries in the mission also visited Iran whose government planning Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East organization had asked for assistance in formulating (ECAFE) region. Thailand received advice on the im feasible and bankable industrial projects within the frame provement of the banking operations of the govenrment work of the country's third five year plan. The team savings bank. Other countries assisted in this field in which worked in Iran consisted of experts in various Asia and the Far East are Cambodia, Laos, Nepal and industries including food processing, metals, chemicals Viet-Nam. and small industries. 20 48. Greater use has recently been made of preparatory a number of experts helped the Democratic Republic of missions to assess the potentialities for industrial develop the Congo to revise its mining legislation. ment in the Philippines. The industrial estate programmes 55. A photogeologist assisting the Government of have also been on the increase in Asia and the Far East. Bolivia contributed to the discovery of three new oil The range of assistance provided to India included advice fields, following which an era of intensive exploration is in die and tool designing, abrasives and engineering. to commence extending from the lower abutment of the Experts in steel foundries practices, metallurgy, engineer Andes, north-west from Santa Cruz to the frontier of ing, ceramic insulator manufacturing, and boiler ~anufac Peru. A United Nations team advised the Government turing were also provided. A number of fellowships were of Trinidad and Tobago on evaluation of its oil and given in subjects including machine tools and the manu natural gas resources and on the organization of the facturing of insulators and transformers. government departments concerned with these questions. 49. A number of fellowships were provided to nationals 56. Assistance was given in organizing the national of Israel to gain additional training in such fields as geological laboratory in Bolivia and in training the leather plastics research and pre-fabricated wall cons national technicians, while in Ecuador and Guatemala tructio~ techniques. In Europe, technical assistance the UNTA aid consisted of providing specialists to review consisted primarily of the provision of fellowships. As. an the existing mining legislation of the two countries. example, mention may be made of the more than thirty fellowships provided to Poland covering training _in 57. In the field of cartography, advisory services were microwave measurements, silicone control diodes, air provided to several countries including Cameroon, Congo craft manufacture, chemical industries, etc., A large (Brazzaville), Ivory Coast, Mali, Somalia, Sudan and number of Yugoslav nationals received fellowships in Tunisia. chemical, metal, motor, electronic, textile and other 58. Reinforcement of transport facilities in the Demo industries. cratic Republic of the Congo has been but one example of UNTA's activity in the field of transport during 1963 50. In the field of natural resources and power develop ment United Nations aid during the past two years was and 1964. Several experts have been advising the Govern both 'of a regional nature and one directed to the needs ment of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in order to promote the organization and structure of the marine of individual countries. In Central America, a team of and transport departments, in the preparation of bills experts continued a study of the joint development of power resources and inter-connexion of electricity net and other legal texts, and on the managerial problems related to transport. Another major responsibility under works among the Central American countries. Specialists in geothermal resources were detailed on a short-term taken by UNTA has been the provision of advisory and basis to four Central American countries, and also to training services to the largest transport organization in Chile and Mexico. Assistance was provided to Colombia the Democratic Republic of the Congo, "OTRACO" in planning and implementing projects designed to ?evelop which operates the important railroad networks, river the electric power resources of the north-east regiOn and transport services and major ports. to establish their national interconnected grid to serve 59. Experts advise the Government of the United Arab the main power-using areas of the country. Republic in railways, river transportation, shipyards and harbours, in highway transport and co-ordination of road 51. A comprehensive survey of energy covering and rail transportation. Advice was provided to several technical economic, legal and financial aspects was countries in Africa in subjects ranging from transport conducted in Rwanda. In Mali a team of experts investi policy formulation, road construction and urban traffic, gated the possible existence of geothermal energy in the to coastal structures and inland navigation. Lake Faguibine area. 60. Advice in the field of transport was provided to 52. A team of experts visited the Netherlands Antilles Bolivia, British Guiana, British Honduras, Chile, Jamaica, to survey the problems of desalinization of sea water in Mexico and Peru relating to transport programming, conjunction with the development of electric power economics and administration as well as on technological facilities. The work of the regional ECLA/WMO water questions. In Mexico, a team of experts reviewed t~e resources survey group in 1964 included missions to national project of modernization of the transoceamc Argentina, Peru and Uruguay. Thailand received extensive communications of Mexico in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec assistance in dam construction and in the development of designed to promote the modernization of the trans hydro-power. The seven-member team which visited the isthmic railway and to facilitate transoceanic trade Sittang River Valley in Burma prepared a report out through improved facilities. lining recommendations for project priorities. 61. In Asia and the Far East, the Asian highway 53. In the field of water resources development, scheme sponsored by ECAFE has reached the stage of assistance was provided to Dahomey, Nigeria, Sierra pre-investment investigation. Leone and the United Arab Republic. 62. Training of local statisticians has been an integral 54. Great emphasis continued to be placed on country feature of technical assistance activities in 1964 in the projects calling for surveys of mineral resource~ and ~he field of statistics. This has been achieved both at the training of local personnel. Some of the countnes which national and the regional levels through the assistance benefited in this sphere are Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, of regional advisers and experts and also by the setting Madagascar and the United Republic of Tanzania. Also, up of institutions and training courses. 21 63. Statistical programmes for planning purposes were facilities. The emphasis in Sierra Leone has been on public developed in a large number of countries in Africa. works and the construction of physical facilities, such as Experts were advising in areas such as statistical organiza roads and schools. The assistance given to Nigeria in the tion, external trade statistics, demographic statistics, data preparation of a comprehensive community development processing and training. A study tour was organized for plan has been on trainillg. Many of the countries which participants from African countries to visit some of the have given priority to public works have stressed the countries in Africa and Europe in order to examine ways need for experts to train local personnel. of improving national statistical services. The North 70. Training has also been the emphasis of UNTA's African Demographic Centre in Cairo and the middle assistance in the social services. level statistical training centres at Abidjan, Accra, Addis Ababa and Yaounde continue to be successful in their 71. The North African Demographic Centre in Cairo activities. (United Arab Republic) which is a training centre of demographers serving six countries in the region, conducts 64. During the period under review, technical assistance research on population trends and their relation to social in statistics was given to a number of countries in Latin and economic fa1;tors and also organizes courses in demo America, including Bolivia, British Guiana, British Hon graphy and related fields for the countries in North duras, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Africa and the Middle East. In regard to social develop Trinidad and Tobago. At the regional level, a group of ment, an Interregional Seminar on Social Aspects of statistical advisers has been co-operating actively with the Industrialization was held in Minsk in August 1964. The governments of Latin American countries in the field subjects covered by the seminar included industrial of sampling, economic statistics and vital statistics in development policy in relation to social development, organizing or improving statistical services and in drafting social services in industry, co-ordination of social and appropriate legislation. The second Inter-American Semi industrial development planning, and the role of non nar on Civil Registration was help in Lima, in November governmental organizations in social planning related to December 1964, with the co-operation of the Government industrial development. of Peru. 72. During the period under review, seminars and 65. A Seminar on National Accounts was held in courses were held at the regional and country levels in Bangkok, for Asia and the Far East in June 1964 to the field of public administration for economic develop consider the structure, concepts and definition of national ment, customs administration, fiscal administration, and accounts. Emphasis was placed upon assigning priorities highway building and maintenance programmes. The in the development of a system of national accounting Institute of Public Administration for Turkey and the suited to the economic plans of the various countries. A Middle East continued to offer courses including those Working Group on Censuses of Population and Housing in personnel administration. was also held at Bangkok in December 1964 for the 73. The advanced School of Public Administration for countries of Asia and the Far East. Central America (ESAPAC), continued its programme of 66. Problems of urbanization were dealt with on an work which combines basic research, discussion meetings, interregional basis in a Symposium on the Planning and training courses, technical assistance and extension Development of New Towns held in Moscow, in August services to a number of Governments. A seminar on September 1964. The Symposium provided guide-lines official purchasi,ng and supplies in Central America for the developing countries for dealing with problems of convened under the aegis of ESAPAC and UNTA was establishing new towns as part of general urban develop held in July 1964 for officials from the countries of the ment programmes and of formulating national policies region. The seminar reviewed modernization of systems concerning urbanization and regional planning. and procedures related to purchasing, inventories, con tracts, norms and specifications and administrative 67. A pilot project in low-cost housing was developed organization. In the field of budget administration a in the United Arab Republic. The pilot project involves working group on fiscal accounting met in Santiago a village near Cairo and is expected to expand to cover (Chile) to consider the role of fiscal accounting in planning four thousand villages in a period of thirty years. classification, application of cost accounting to state Assistance was also given to the same country to relate enterprises, and procedures for the formulation of the housing and planning by self-help methods and the use accounting systems applicable to programmes and of prefabricated material. projects. 68. In the field of physical planning, one of the more 74. Somalia was assisted by a team of United Nations significant developments during the past year has been experts in its efforts to create a more efficient civil service the increasing attention given to the training of local and in its plans to establish a civil service institute. In personnel. Because of the urgency with which local Uganda, training courses for local government finance trainees are required, an interim programme was launched officers were organized with the co-operation of the to provide training institutes for students after completion Government. of their high school education. 69. Requests for assistance in the field of community REGULAR PROGRAMME development have increasingly been in select aspects 75. The decision of the Technical Assistance Committee rather than for general advisory service. West Pakistan in 1964 to combine the separate appropriations made continues to receive assistance to strengthen the existing under General Assembly resolutions 200 (III), 418 (V), 22 723 (VIII), and 1256 (XIII) to finance technical assistance A number of short-term advisory missions were under activities in economic development, advisory social taken at the request of various Governments in Asia and welfare services and public administration into one the Far East by the regional advisers in public administra section of the regular budget as from 1965, has imparted tion. Advice was provided to the Eastern Regional further flexibility to the United Nations regular pro Organization for Public Administration the training and gramme. Except for the retention of the sections for research centre in local government established by the advisory services in human rights and narcotics drugs Government of Japan. control with limited funds, the rest of the regular pro 81. The effectiveness of United Nations technical gramme appears in one section under part V of the regular assistance in public finance and financial institutions was budget entitled economic development, social activities enhanced by the appointment of interregional advisers in and public administration as from 1965. This change will programme and performance budgeting, financial policy enhance UNTA's capacity to respond to priority needs and institutions, and fiscal policy. Interregional advisers of the requesting countries and to the requests of legis were also initiating activities in the fields of industrial lative bodies. development and natural resources. 76. The ability of the regular programme to accommo 82. During 1964 there were several interregional date urgent projects, which are requested in the interim seminars and working groups which were financed under between programming periods under the Expanded Pro the regular prograni.me in a number of fields. The Inter gramme, continues to be an important one. In a very real regional Seminar on Industrial Research and Develop sense programming, either annually or biennially, is not ment Institutes in Developing Countries held in Beirut, a once-and-for-all process. This is true especially in the Lebanon, in December 1964, discussed topics such as the newer countries in Africa and elsewhere where develop concept and objectives of industrial research and develop ment plans have not completely crystallized and where ment institutes, industrial extension services, organiza studies of problems of economic and social development tional considerations, and problems in the establishment are very likely to turn up new needs which may take of industrial research institutes. Of special interest was priority over projects conceived a year or two earlier. the organization of interregional workshops on training 77. The fact that the regular programme funds need in social welfare administration. not be divided according to predetermined country targets 83. Among the regional projects, reference might be enables the regular programme to play a more flexible made to the Seminar on Central Services to Local role than would otherwise be possible. Authorities held in Zaria, Nigeria, in June-July 1964, to 78. The regular programme has increased its role in provide an opportunity for senior officials of ministries supporting the interregional, regional and subregional for local government affairs from a number of African technical assistance projects recommended by the regional countries to exchange their experiences and learn other and other legislative bodies in the United Nations frame methods of organizing centrally for the purpose of work. These have emerged as more and more countries improving local governments. A Conference of Directors have recognized the essential priorities in their develop of Central Personnel Agencies or Civil Service Commis ment plans and have called upon the United Nations to sions and Directors of Public Administration Institutes, assist in giving effect to them. held in Addis Ababa in May 1964, was attended by parti 79. The technical assistance activities under the regular cipants from thirty African countries. A high-level programme during 1964 may be reviewed under regional conference on the determination of priorities for admi and interregional activities and country projects. nistrative action for development was held by the ESAPAC in October 1964, with the participation of 80. Among the select developments in the regional and representatives of the legislative judicial and executive interregional activities, mention may be made of the branches of governments, the universities and central growing use of regional and interregional advisers. For banks of the Central American countries. A seminar on example, eight regional advisers were attached to the the role of community development in the acceleration of Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) secretariat to economic and social development was held in Santiago, assist member governments within the region in conduc Chile, in June-July 1964 for participants from ten ting survey and evaluation missions on short notice as countries. well as in planning long-term programmes in public administration. Personnel organizational methods local 84. The number of fellows attending group training government and fiscal administration were some of the courses significantly increased; curricula dealt with co fields in which they were active. Three regional transport ordination of technical assistance activities, development advisers were also attached to the ECA to conduct a financing and other subjects. The semi-annual in-service series of subregional transport surveys which are being training course on tariffs and trade policy, organized by carried out in co-operation with the bilateral aid pro GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), was grammes. Attempts are being made to obtain the greatest continued. These group training activities supplemented amount of information on the existing transport networks a large number of individual fellowships under both the throughout Africa with a view to drawing up an opera regular and the Expanded Programme in the fields within tional programme for the development of transport on the United Nations jurisdiction. the continent. Regional demographic advisers attached to 85. Some of the significant projects carried out at the ECAFE provided advisory services in demography and country level deserve mention. Urgent requests from some population research activities to countries in the region. of the African countries for help in economic planning 23 have been met under the regular programme. A joint scheme in co-operation with five experts in statistics economic survey mission prepared a report to assist the appointed under the Expanded Programme. Government of Zambia when that new nation assumed responsibilities which had previously been within the 91. The community development programme in Ceylon has been reviewed in order to recommend methods by purview of the federal government. The report id~ntified the major economic issues and helped to determine broad which training can be combined with field research. The guide-lines for over-all economic and social policy. effort has been to remedy the shortage in technical and Assistance was also extended to the Caribbean countries, supervisory workers at the lower level. An evaluation especially Barbados, in the field of economic planning machinery for periodic assessment of the rural develop and programming. Somalia received assistance in central ment programme is also covered by the terms of reference government budgeting, accounting and treasury control. of the mission. An evaluation mission to Venezuela has Advisory help to develop a tax structure and administra resulted in a proposal to set up a training centre for tion was furnished to Gambia, Rwanda, and Uganda. community development workers with Special Fund Short-term assistance in fiscal policy and related questions assistance. Recommendations have been made for was given to Argentina and the Dominican Republic and expanding institutionalizing and consolidating commu to Trinidad and Tobago. nity developme:rrt operations into a national programme. Help has been given to Ecuador in drafting and revising 86. In Malaysia, assistance continued to be provided its rural development programmes. Integration of com in the field of industrial development to the Economic munity development programmes with the economic Development Board of Singapore, which was established development plan was attempted in Colombia. Commu in 1961 based on the recommendations of the UNTA nity development and urbanism has been the subject of Industrial Survey Mission, to direct and stimulate assistance in Mexico. Singapore's industrial development programme. The expert personnel provided under the Programme for the 92. Pilot projects in low-cost housing in Dahomey and provision of operational and executive personnel (OPEX) Guinea have resulted in better use of local building scheme included a senior industrial designer, a chemical materials and improved techniques for prefabrication and engineer, an industrial engineer and an industrial cost self-help housing. A mission was organized to Togo to accountant. recommend better methods of producing bricks and advising on the possibilities of making bricks on a mass 87. At the request of the Government of the United scale. Assistance was provided to Turkey in socio Republic of Tanzania, a mission composed of a senior economic resea:rch and in the formulation of a national industrial adviser and a civil engineer completed a pre plan for a phased development of the various regions in liminary survey of the country's technical assistance the country. requirements in industry. Included among the mission's recommendations was the establishment of an industrial 93. Policy questions concerning urbanization, regional studies and development centre which would advise on development and industrialization in some selected areas industrial policy and organization, undertake or assist in of Japan were considered in consultation with the local feasibility studies and project formulation, and provide and regional authorities and with the central government industrial extension services to existing and new industries. ministries conct!rned in that country. Advice was given The mission, in fact, assisted in formulating a Special to Venezuela in the field of urbanization and to Argentina Fund project along these lines. in regional planning. A town planning expert advised the Government of Barbados. 88. In the field of water resources development, a five man mission visited India towards the end of 1964 for 94. Expert assistance in the field of social services in the purpose of investigating the water problems in the family a:nd child welfare, and in the development of Madras area and to make recommendations for a solution training programmes at different educational levels for of present and future water needs of the area, as well as various types of social welfare personnel was provided the availability of natural water and desalination to a number of countries in Mrica. During 1964, several possibilities. projects in th~~ social services field were successfully completed in Latin America. Among these, mention may 89. The facilities and enterprises in Central America be made of the advisory services to the schools of social were studied in the field of transport, and recommenda work in Bolivia and Mexico which were completed when tions for their improvement were made to the Central both schools assumed full responsibility for further American Economic Integration Programme. Transport development of their training programmes. The family legislation in various countries has been studied and and child welfare programmes in Colombia and Honduras forecasts on the growth and the needs for transport were extended and strengthened, and in Guatemala facilities consequent to expansion of economic activities UNTA assistance stimulated an increased attention to in the countries of the area have been made. community services for family and child welfare. 90. A variety of national and regional projects in 95. Assistance in the field of public administration support of statistical development programm~s recom continued to play an important part at the country and mended by the regional conferences of statisticians was sub-regional level. A basic analysis of the administrative largely financed under the regular programme. An inte situation in the countries in Central America was prepared grated system of statistics is being developed for Nigeria by ESAPAC. At the request of the Government of Iran, by the chief statistician provided under the OPEX the United Nations assisted the High Council on Govern- 24 ment Administration in its efforts to re-organize and ILO assistance to the Central American Economic Co strengthen the machinery of government in that country. operation Committee; regional advisory projects in such fields as labour administration, manpower planning, 2. International Labour Organisation promotion of small-scale industries, co-operation, social 96. During the 1963-1964 biennium, $9.2 million was security, occupational safety and health, and labour spent under the Expanded Programme of Technical statistics. The regional programme for the biennium also Assistance. $3.8 million of this amount was spent in 1963 includes seminars, study tours and training courses dealing and the remaining $5.4 million was spent in 1964. This with manpower planning, vocational training, co-opera confirms the experience under the 1961-1962 programme tion, small-scale industry, social security, labour-manage that under a two-year programme there is usually a slow ment relations and labour administration. start in the first year. 101. In 1964, there were 375 expert assignments under 97. Until the 1961-1962 period activities under this the Expanded Programme and 310 fellowships, 320 study programme accounted for the bulk of all ILO technical grants and 110 worker traineeships were awarded. An cooperation activities. However, with the development of interesting feature of the programme was the increasing the Special Fund the Expanded Programme accounted use of experts from developing countries in ILO technical in 1963-1964 for approximately 40 per cent of such co-operation activities in general; and, in particular, with activities. ILO projects under this programme have been Expanded Programme projects implemented by the JLO. requested by 106 countries. The number of long-term Out of 603 experts assignments under the Expanded Pro projects included in individual country programmes gramme during the biennium 1961-1962, there were remains comparatively small. 80 experts from developing countries. During the bien 98. In 1964~ 38 per cent of the expenditure under the nium 1963-1964, the number of such experts recruited Expanded Programme was spent in Africa, 25.8 per cent from developing countries increased to a total of 126 as in Latin America, 3.3 per cent in Europe and 7.0 per cent against a total of 698 expert assignments altogether, in the Middle East. Interregional projects accounted for representing a proportion of 18 per cent as against 13 per 2.9 per cent. Asia. which had only 23.0 per cent under cent in the previous biennium. this programme, had the largest share under the Special 102. During the biennium 1963-1964, the ILO awarded Fund. During the biennium, however, Africa had 31.9 per 404 fellowships, 184 worker traineeships and 517 study cent followed by Latin America, Asia, the Middle East grants under the Expanded Programme of Technical and Europe with 29.4 per cent, 19.3 per cent, 15.1 per Assistance. Compared with the biennium 1961-1962, cent, and 5 per cent respectively. there was a slight increase. The majority of fellowships 99. A total of 41.6 per cent of expenditure under the was awarded in the Latin American region, followed by Expanded Programme was in manpower and vocational Africa and Asia. An influencing factor in the increase of training, followed by labour conditions and administra fellowships in Africa has been the fact that there are more tion- 24 per cent, co-operation and small-scale industry independent countries from which awards were requested. - 19.4 per cent; productivity and management develop Nevertheless, as far as the individual countries are ment- 9.1 per cent; social security 5.9 per cent; thus concerned, the tendency has been to ask for expert covering more fields than Special Fund activities which assistance rather than fellowships. The majority of have centred on vocational training and management awards under the Expanded Programme as a whole, still development. Under the Expanded Programme the continues to be in the field of vocational training. Under gradual decline in the proportion spent on manpower manpower and vocational training there were 524 awards and vocational training has continued, even though during the biennium, followed by 290 in labour admi projects in this field of activity still account for the nistration, 155 in co-operation and small-scale industries, highest share of the expenditure. In 1959, for instance, 60 in productivity and management development, and manpower and vocational training accounted for 50.1 per 50 in social security. A sizeable number of placements of cent. This slight decline appears to have been influenced fellows has continued to be made in less developed by the predominance of Special Fund projects in the field countries which were selected for the reason that they of vocational training. There has been a slight increase were relatively more advanced in a particular field of in the share of co-operation and small-scale industry study although they had had to face very similar problems and social security from 12.6 per cent and 5 per cent and difficulties in their development. respectively in 1959 to 19.4 and 5.9 per cent in 1964. 103. Although activities under the ILO regular pro 100. In accordance with the rule established by the gramme are still comparatively modest, they have Economic and Social Council, 15 per cent of the credits increased substantially, rising from $640,500 in 1962 to available for each two-year period is earmarked for $1.2 million in 1963 and $1.4 in 1964. Nevertheless, it has regional projects. The majority of these relate to long not been possible to implement all the requests for term activities which began in previous years in each assistance received and a substantial number of projects region. Examples of this are ; the Andean Indian Pro had to be carried forward to the following year. In 1964, gramme; the ILO participation in the three regional $460,000 was spent on projects falling under the pro institutes for economic development and planning a set gramme of labour and social assistance, $114,000 on up in Santiago (Chile) for Latin America, in Dakar management development, $490,000 on rural develop (Senegal) for Africa, and in Bangkok (Thailand) for Asia ment and $273,000 on workers' education. Under the and the Far East; the Inter-American Vocational Training, over-all programme, there were 92 expert assignments Research and Documentation Centre (CINTERFOR); and 176 fellowship and study grants. 25 104. The ILO regular programme of technical co It is essential to ensure that ILO field assistance, while operation is divided under four main headings; labour responding specifically to identified needs, is thoroughly and social assistance, workers' education, management consistent with the international labour code of Conven development and rural development. The criteria govern tions and Recommendations and is given within the ing approval of projects in these categories are not only framework and in the spirit of those standards. To ensure so formulated but so applied as to eliminate duplication this consistency, initial and continuing technical policy with other programmes, including the Expanded Pro briefing is provided by the ILO; furthermore, full respon gramme. Thus, while projects are approved and funded sibility for final reports to governments on completed annually, the programme is developed, whenever possible, projects is assumed not by the experts but by the at the same time as for the Expanded Programme and Director-General. with due consideration to the requests submitted under 108. During the years 1963-1964, the ILO reinforced the other programmes of technical assistance after pro its efforts to co-ordinate its activities in collaboration gramming consultations have been carried out by the with other bodies providing technical assistance to deve regional field office on the basis of policy guidance from loping countries. In addition to the liaison provided by the head office. In this way the needs, priorities and the JLO offices set up with Economic Commission for financial possibilities are reviewed comprehensively with Latin America (ECLA), ECAFE, and Economic Com Governments and other interested sectors and determina mission for Africa (ECA), fuller consultations have taken tions and made taking into account the special objectives, place in the field with the Resident Representatives of the criteria and procedures of the different programmes. For United Nations and representatives of multilateral, labour and social assistance the rules governing sub bilateral and non-governmental programmes. mission of requests, obligations of governments etc., are aligned with those of the Expanded Programme; for 109. The ILO participated with the ECA and its rural development and workers' education some flexibility Expert Committee on Social Development. It also exists in virtue of special considerations which apply, but participated in various conferences, seminars and the trend is towards fuller standardization. Internally, standing committees of the various United Nations co-ordination is ensured by a close screening of all Economic Commissions. The Economic Commission for projects at several levels in ILO head office, including the Latin America and ILO continue to sponsor the inter programme committee, which has the responsibility of agency working party of skilled manpower in Latin maintaining a proper balance between different types and America. There was effective collaboration with regional fields of work in the ILO operational programme as a bodies such as the Organization of American States whole and between that and the non-operational pro (OAS), the Consultative Committee for Co-operative gramme. Technical assistance and related questions are Economic Development in South and South-East Asia, also scrutinized by the operational programmes committee the Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa in of the ILO Governing Body. matters of common interest. 105. In many cases, co-ordination between the Ex 110. At the headquarters level, the ILO participated panded Programme and the regular programme reaches actively in the machinery set up amongst the international down to the level of individual projects. In many cases, organizations to co-ordinate the activities and to facilitate too, regular programme survey and preparatory action the reciprocal study of plans and programmes. The scope has led into longer-term Expanded Programme action for cooperatiw action between the various multilateral (and EPTA, in turn, into that of the Special Fund). bodies continued to be under constant review by each Inversely, Expanded Programme action has been followed of these working groups. The International Labour up and rounded off under the regular programme. In Organisation also participated in the World Food Pro some projects urgent needs have been met by adding gramme and the UNICEF programme. regular programme experts to those already on assign 111. Besides the frequent contacts and consultations ment under the Expanded Programme. held with representatives of bilateral programmes in the 106. While harmonizing with, and indeed acting as a field, the ILO was directly associated with bilateral stimulus to the activities of the Expanded Programme and programmes in specific projects. For example, the ILO Special Fund, the regular programme has intrinsic collaborated with the Swedish programme for the pro advantages in the context of the constitutional mandate motion of vocational and technical training for women and the over-all standards, policies and priorities of the in developing countries. Two projects in Africa were ILO. It can cover both more completely and more initiated in 1964 under this scheme. The first was for the precisely the technical co-operation needs of its Member development of a vocational institute in Sierra Leone set States in fields of ILO competence and can do so with up under the Expanded Programme to provide vocational closer regard to the unique tripartite structure of the ILO. training for girls who fail to be admitted to the existing In certain cases, for example, this structure demands an grammar schools. The second was concerned with the association of workers' and employers' organizations with development of secretarial training for women in Kenya. governments in a manner not always easily adopted under On the whole, the Swedish Government provided over Expanded Programme procedures. $400,000 for these projects in 1964. 107. In one important area, co-ordination is vital not 112. Turning now to the projects which characterized only between the Expanded Programme and the ILO ILO activities during the past biennium, a selection may regular programme of operational activities but, between be made of se:veral projects illustrative of the range of EPTA and the regular programme of ILO as a whole. assistance provided by experts under the Expanded Pro- 26 gramme and the regular programme. One of the main the training of artisans. For this purpose workshops have problems facing most African countries is that of the been established and equipped in the so-called "artisans development of their physical infrastructure, including village" in Sovm beudioune, Dakar, and the training of the most effective possible utilization of labour in public the first group of artisans has begun. The experts have works. To cope with this problem, the ILO organized, also been devoting their time to the training of counter under its regular programme, a technical meeting of parts and giving advice on the commercialization of experts on productivity and employment in public works. products and the supply of raw materials. The meeting which was held in Lagos, Nigeria, in 117. A social security training course for English December 1963, included government servants from speaking African countries was organized in Khartoum, public works departments, economic planning authorities in late 1963 by the ILO with the collaboration of the and ministries of labour from 17 African countries. The Government of the Sudan. Due to the wide variety in the advantages which may be expected to accrue from degree and nature of social security measures existing in improved productivity of manual labour were discussed African countries, the subjects discussed and the working and the participants defined the types of action needed. methods used, were adapted to current developments and 113. A seminar on industrial relations was held at tendencies of social security in the countries concerned. Abidjan (Ivory Coast), in October 1963, under the regular Among the subjects discussed were; social security, its programme, in co-operation with the Government of the objectives, and recent developments the United Kingdom Ivory Coast, and was attended by 45 perticipants from social security scheme, and social security within the government, employers and workers circles, as well as framework of national economic and social development. specialists from universities or research institutes in High-level participants from 29 countries attended the 27 African countries. Participants contributed papers on course. such topics as the role of government in the field of 118. In response to a request from a group of Latin industrial relations, protection of the right to organize American countries which expressed a desire for help in and recognition of trade unions, methods of collective the organization, administration and development of bargaining, contents of collective agreements, the settle cooperatives, the ILO appointed a regional advise1, based ment of labour disputes, workers' representation at the in Mexico City, who visited and advised nine Latin level of the undertaking, participation by employers' and American countries. His main work was focused on workers' organizations in the framing and application of advising Governments which requested his help in the economic and social policy, and certain aspects of per preparation of preliminary draft legislation on co sonnel management. operatives. In Peru, the expert helped to organize the 114. In the field of pre-vocational training, the ILO new National Office for Cooperative Development. In added two experts in 1964 to the National Vocational Venezuela, he advised the Ministry of Labour on the Training and Productivity Institute, in Tunisia, where, reorganization of the Department of Co-operatives and since 1962, the ILO together with UNICEF, has been preparation of new programmes for the development of operating a project designed to teach certain crafts linked the co-operative system. In the Dominican Republic be with the main economic activities in their respective drew up a co-operative training and education programme. districts, to boys and girls from 14-18 who, for economic In other countries, such as Honduras, Panama and Uru and social reasons have not had an adequate schooling. guay, be delivered a series of lectures on co-operation. After completing the courses some students may wish to In Paraguay, be has been studying requirements for the become apprentices in enterprises while others, older and preparation of a national technical assistance project in more receptive, may wish to enter regular centres of the co-operative field, which has already been requested vocational training for adults, and a third group could by the Government of that country. The expert has also participate directly in the economic activities of rural maintained contact between the main Latin American areas after receiving some additional theoretical and co-operative organizations and the ILO headquarters. technical instruction. 119. In the field of social security, the ILO's assistance to Bolivia continued, during the 1963-1964 biennium, to 115. Since the inception of the project, 25 centres were carry forward a comprehensive programme begun by that established with a capacity of 40 students for a pre Agency as early as 1954, to help the Government incor vocational course of nine months' duration. The plan porate diverse social security schemes into one autono calls for 125 such centres to be in operation by the end of mous body- the National Social Security Fund (NSSF). 1976, one for every commune or unit of 5,000 inhabitants. To implement the recommendations of earlier ILO One of the ILO experts who began his work in Tunisia experts, the Government again requested advice from the in 1964 is a specialist in prevocational training; the ILO which assigned two experts to the NSSF to recom second expert will ensure the liaison among the centres mend specific measures for the administrative reorganiza and supervise the personnel directing and controlling the tion of the Fund as well as reorganize the medical-care centres as well as the placement of the candidates upon services of insured persons and revise some parts of the completion of their prevocational training. legislation itself, including the provisions relating to the 116. As in past years, the ILO has operated a number protection of miners. Both experts worked in Bolivia of projects in vocational training, one of them in the throughout the 1963-1964 biennium. The expert in handicrafts project in Senegal where, since 1963, two medical-care services will continue through 1965; the experts, one in ceramics and woodcarving, the second administrative expert post has been programmed through in textile weaving, have been organizing and developing 1966.
27 120. In Asia, the ILO's regional project on occupational The Government therefore requested the ILO to send an safety and health, seeks to assist participating countries expert to assist in drafting and implementing legislation in establishing or improving occupational safety and intended to provide for the regularization of employment health services at the official and industrial levels. Several of dockworkers. The expert who took up his assignment types of expert or specialist assistance are placed at the at the end of 1963, has collected statistical data which service of the countries according to the most urgent were lacking, and has now prepared and submitted to needs. During the first phase of the project these needs the Government a draft enabling legislation and a scheme have, in a number of cases, been clearly identified. As a for the establishment of a dock labour board. second phase, it is intended, within the limited funds 124. Since attaining independence, the Government of available, to advise countries in greater detail on the steps the Philippines has been making serious and determined that could usefully be taken to improve conditions in the efforts to utilize the co-operative movement as an instru list of their own arrangements and existing facilities. The ment of self-help and mutual aid for promoting economic project has already aroused the interest of a number of and social development. As part of this programme, the countries in the Asia and the Far East region, and in Philippines has sought and obtained technical assistance some, specific steps are being taken on the basis of from the ILO, particularly in fields associated with co recommendations resulting from country visits. operative administration, legislation and the distribution 121. During the past biennium, the ILO continued to of consumers' requirements. One serious difficulty, how provide technical assistance to the Government of Indo ever, has been the shortage of trained officials for nesia under the Expanded Programme to assist the promoting co-operative development and a lack of Government Institute of Productivity which was formed interested and informed members as well as of qualified soon after the first ILO productivity demonstration team managers and employees for co-operative projects. To completed its short survey in early 1959. Since then, remedy this shortcoming, the Government decided to ILO experts have been assisting the institute by conducting make a concentrated effort to raise the level and effective courses of training, mostly in industrial engineering ness of co-operative education. techniques, and several industrial concerns reported 125. Using the existing agricultural co-operative and substantial increases in productivity. During 1964, the credit institute as a base, the Government wished to set new programme of instruction included a six-month up an integrated co-operative institute as a permanent teachers' training course on management subjects, centre for training, research, and extension services for including in-plant training for selected participants. all types of co-operatives and asked the ILO for a team During the same year, the director of the Institute of three experts to help achieve this end. Led by a senior completed a fellowship programme arranged under the adviser, who has been in the Philippines since 1963 and auspices of the ILO. who acts as 2.n over-all co-ordinator on co-operative 122. A vocational training and trade testing centre at education matters, the team also includes an expert on Orugodawatte, Ceylon, which opened in 1962 with the co-operative organization and administration and another short-term help of the ILO, once again has received on consumer co-operation (training), who arrived in 1964. assistance from that agency. Initial ILO aid was in advising Considerable progress has already been achieved. The and assisting the Government in the organization and institute has be,en recognized as the apex of co-operative operation of the centre as part of its scheme to meet the education and training centres and has representatives shortage of skilled labour in the basic engineering trades. of all co-operative agencies in the Philippines on its The project was subsequently taken over by a bilateral advisory council. Action is now being directed towards programme until March 1963, when a new contingency consolidating and expanding what has been achieved, and authorization was provided under the Expanded Pro using the national institute as a base for lecture courses gramme to enable the ILO to resume responsibility for and practical lessons on specialized aspects of co-operative the project and maintain the services of the bilateral expert organization and development. The need for expert in accordance with the Government's wishes. The courses assistance is fo:reseen for at least another two years. given at the centre cover the sheet metal, radio repair, 126. In India the ILO is carrying out a vocational electric wiring, welding and fitting trades. At the beginning rehabilitation project for the blind which should not be approximately 70 trainees were attending the courses, but viewed as an isolated case of technical assistance but as by the end of 1964, facilities had been provided for up to part of the continuing help given by the ILO and also 130 trainees. Ultimately, it is hoped to organize double the United Nations in raising the standards of services sessions in order to accommodate more trainees. and opportunities available for the blind and other 123. Another example of ILO assistance in the region disabled persons. Government interest in helping the is provided at Penang, one of the two important ports blind has been manifest for many years and the ILO and in the Malay peninsula, through which passes practically United Nations have provided assistance of various kinds all the trade of continental Malaysia. The port of Penang since 1956. The existing project, which followed a Govern is divided into two sectors, one operated by the Penang ment request rnade in 1961, started in May 1962 with the Port Commission and the other privately operated. Port assignment of an expert for an initial period of six months workers in the private sector had complained about to advise the Training Centre for the Adult Blind, Dehra various aspects of their conditions of employment, mainly Dun. His mission has been extended three times and will the irregularity of employment, low rate of pay and lack be concluded in May 1965. His original terms of reference of social security benefits, and their dissatisfaction had were to assess the employment possibilities for the blind an unfavourable influence on productivity and output. in industry, select suitable trades in which training could 28 be given, set up the necessary training courses and advise for a draft project and request to the Special Fund. The on the selection of blind persons and their subsequent proposed scheme envisages, inter alia, the establishment placement. The blind trainees who have successfully of a new specialised training institution including work completed the intensive assessment and training courses shops and laboratories; training and up-grading for have been placed in industrial employment in the Delhi vocational training instructors; in-plant training schemes area. The extensions to his assignment have also enabled and assessment of manpower and training needs. the expert to assist the centre to improve and extend its 130. The services of another short-term expert to make other facilities, for example, the manufacture of Braille a further study of vocational training needs were provided appliances, the extension of sheltered work into more by the ILO in December 1964, under the Expanded productive and remunerative lines and the reorganization Programme. of its women's section. Particularly noteworthy is the development of Braille appliances production for which 131. Since November 1961, the ILO has provided five orders have been received from UNICEF for other experts under the Expanded Programme, who, for centres in India and from the American Foundation for varying periods of time have assisted the Ministry of Overseas Blind and the Royal Commonwealth Society for Education of the Government of Turkey in the establish the Blind for export to other countries of Asia. Latest ment of an accelerated training centre for adults at developments include the beginnings of a pilot scheme Ankara. Training schemes were organized for the for technical education for blind school children, modelled mechanical and electrical trades, the building trades and on the technical courses already set up at the centre for the metal trades. By mid-1964 it was considered that adults, and the starting of a prototype and development specialized assistance in the field of on-the-job training section. The centre has become a model one for India and was urgently needed and the Expanded Programme posts is now beginning to advise other centres throughout the should be used for that purpose. One of the experts country. already in the post was able to change his activities to on-the-job training for machine operators and thus to 127. The ILO assistance to European industry in the continue to serve in Turkey. The other two experts years 1963-1964, consisted of both country and regional projects. In response to the request by the Government completed their contracts and the Government then requested, under the 1965-1966 EPTA programme three of Yugoslavia for assistance in helping to rebuild the city additional experts for on-the-job training, covering the of Skoplje, which had been destroyed by an earthquake fields of tool and die-making, foundry moulding and gas in 1963, and following a preliminary mission by an ILO and electric welding. expert that same year for the purpose of determining the broadlines of a vocational training project in the building 132. A Vocational training adviser, originally assigned trades, the ILO with funds of the Expanded Programme to Turkey for four months, under the Expanded Pro in the first instance, later followed by an advance Special gramme, to assist the Government in reviewing the Fund allocation, was able to provide the services of two vocational training situation, particularly with regard to experts in 1964 in connexion with the building trades the training of skilled and semi-skilled workers and training project. One expert served as project manager operatives, also helped to determine the elements for an initially and was later designated as chief of project. The application to the Special Fund in the field of vocational second expert concentrated his efforts on the development training. At the request of the Government, the expert's of training in the operation, maintenance and repair of contract was extended for a year to enable him to serve building machinery. The two experts have spent consider as general vocational training adviser. One of his principal able time preparing the details necessary for finalizing the tasks is to help prepare a draft Special Fund project for plan of operation for the special project, including detailed the establishment of a national vocational training scheme, lists of training equipment totalling some $160,000. An advisory services to the central government, apprentice advance allocation of this sum was made to permit the ship training, vocational guidance and aptitude testing. equipment to be bought in time for training to get It is expected that the proposed scheme can be drawn underway. up during 1965 and that the project can be implemented 128. During the latter part of 1964, an ILO expert in during the early part of 1966. The scheme will also the field of pattern-making, financed under the Expanded incorporate the training activities which were initiated Programme, served for a period of three mo'lths at the earlier under the Expanded Programme. Tito metal works at Skoplje. His duties were to introduce 133. A European regional project dealing with a modern methods of pattern-making which could be household budget survey and an index of consumer prices adapted to the existing situation and to train workers, which commenced in 1956 and ended in early 1964, foremen and instructors in using the improved methods. continued its activities in Greece during the year 1964. The expert was quite successful in executing his tasks and 134. The ILO has continued to award fellowships under he was also able to prepare programmes and information the worker-trainee programme in order to provide which the local staff could continue to use. opportunity to highly skilled workers, foremen and other 129. In late 1963, two ILO officials visited Spain to supervisors to acquire further knowledge and skill in their survey the local situation with regard to the vocational respective fields through in-plant training in industrially training of adults. Their mission, which was financed from advanced countries. Training includes the study and contingency funds, produced a suggested plan of action practice of new production methods and techniques as for the co-ordination and development of vocational well as of processes for new industries. In 1964, several training for workers which is expected to serve as a basis European countries benefited from this programme : 29 Hungary, Turkey and Yugoslavia, to whose nationals a the control of dust diseases, a research institute working total of 83 traineeships were awarded. They are receiving in the field of atmospheric pollution, and a number of training in nearly all industrial branches, from the basic industrial establishments. industries to light engineering and the optical industry, 142. The course was directed mainly towards engineers in the following European countries; Austria, Belgium, working in the field of dust prevention and suppression, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, the Federal particularly inspectors of factories, safety engineers or Republic of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Nether industrial hygienists. One feature of the course was the lands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United interest evidenced by members of the medical profession; Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. a large number of physicians applied for the course and 135. The special building-worker programme for accounted for nearly fifty per cent of the final group. Yugoslavia also continued during 1964. In order to assist Other participants consisted for the most part of inspectors Yugoslavia in raising the professional skill of workers and of mines and inspectors of factories. supervisors belonging to the building industry and affiliated trades, the ILO arranged industrial attachments 3. Food and Agriculture Organization for a period of six months to one year and supervises the of the United Nations trainees during this period. In executing this programme, the ILO has no financial obligations since the workers 143. A comparison of the activities of F AO in each are paid ordinary wages by their host firms. In 1964, year of the past biennium shows a slight decrease from 33 trainees have benefited from this form of technical 1963 to 1964 in the number of expert assignments, but a co-operation. rise in the number of associate experts appointed, a slight increase in the number of fellowships awarded, and a drop 136. In addition to these types of direct assistance, the of 43 per cent in the value of equipment purchased. Total ILO has enlisted the co-operation of countries of the ECE area for the conduct of regional and interregional expenditures for the EPTA programme in 1963 amounted seminars and courses held in Bulgaria, Denmark and to $10,441,815, and in 1964 to $11,457,922. Htmgary. 144. Regional concentration of the programme in 137. An interregional seminar on co-operation for 1963 was clearly on the African continent which received countries from Africa, Asia and the Near and Middle 40.3 per cent of the FAO programme, but in 1964, this East was held in Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1964, and was attended percentage had dropped to 33.8 per cent, with the cor responding increase going principally to Latin America. by 27 participants from 15 countries. This seminar followed the pattern of three others also orgap_ized in 1964 145. In both years of the biennium 1963-1964, animal in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean, and was designed production and disease control received the largest per primarily to provide an opportunity for systematic, centage share of the programme funds. A very close theoretical and practical studies on the co-operative second was the field of land and water development, under movement (principles, structures, development, potentials whose heading come activities concerning land and water and methods), both generally and with particular reference use, farm machinery and tools. Crop production and to Bulgaria, and to permit conclusions to be drawn with protection ranked third in volume of activity during 1963 respect to the applicability of co-operative methods to and 1964. Agricultural statistics, next highest claimant of conditions in the participants' own countries. the FAO programme budget, gave the only sharp shift in emphasis from 138. In Denmark, the ILO, in collaboration with the ye-ar to year in the last biennium; in Danish national committee on technical assistance, held 1963 some 11.4 per cent of the programme funds were the fourth in a series of ILO workers' education seminars spent on statistics, while in 1964 this figure had dropped under the Expanded Programme. to 6.8 per cent. Agricultural extension accounted for 2. 7 per cent of the expenditures in 1963 and only 0.2 per 139. With the collaboration of the Government of cent in 1964. Hungary and funds from the Expanded Programme, the ILO organized a course in 1964 on dust prevention in 146. On the basis of FAO's work and experience, a industry for participants from selected countries in the sum of $400,000 was allocated for Technical Assistance Mediterranean region and the Near and Middk East. under FAO's regular programme for each of the years in the 1962-1963 and 1964-1965 bienniums. Approximately 140. The object of the course was to give theoretical half of this amount is used to provide advisory assistance and practical instruction concerning the hazards of air to countries in agricultural development planning and the borne dust and its effects upon man, how to recognize balance for fellowships and training courses. and appraise the dust risks that may be encountered in 147. A task force of agricultural planning economists different industries, and methods of protection against which had been established in 1963 continued to give airborne dust in all branches of industry. Practical sessions short-term assistance to countries, particularly in Africa, were held in order to familiarize the participants with the on their agricu:ltural development and planning problems. use of a number of dust sampling instruments and methods In 1964, task force members undertook a number of of assessing the samples. Lectures were also given on missions, mainly in Africa, including some of longer methods of preventing or suppressing dust at its source, duration than had originally been contemplated. For and on methods of air cleansing and dust filtration. example, one member of the task force took part in a 141. In addition to the lectures and discussions, parti seven-month mission of the International Bank for cipants visited a medical research institute concerned with Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) to Morocco
30 and another member in a three-month United Nations preventive campaigns against infectious animal diseases, advisory mission to a number of Caribbean countries. including parasitic infestations, and co-ordinating legisla Its members have also been active in servicing the new tive measures concerning animal health from an export FAO/IBRD co-operative programme. Since April 1964 and import point of view. The expert in South America the task force has been below strength, as one of its co-operates with the Pan-American Zoonoses Centre and members, was seconded to an African country (Malawi) the Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Centre. The as economic adviser to the Prime Minister, at this direct expert in Central America is assisted in his work by an request. The advisory assistance given by the task force associate expert from the Netherlands. will continue and its activities will henceforth be extended 153. A regional veterinary officer for the Far East has to other developing countries. occupied a post since 1963 under the EPTA regional 148. The countries in Latin America are served by an programme for the purpose of advising and assisting the agricultural planning economist at the Latin American Governments of Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, Vietnam, regional office in Santiago, Chile, who provides assistance Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Sarawak, similar to that given by the task force. North Borneo and Singapore on the operation of disease control programmes with particular attention to the need 149. Advisory assistance on development and planning to co-ordinate such activities, especially in relation to the in agriculture continues to be given to countries of the major epizootics of livestock. Near East by an agricultural planning economist stationed at the Near East regional office in Cairo. This officer also 154. Another animal production officer has been serves as secretary to the Near East Commission for assigned, likewise under the Expanded Programme, to Agricultural Planning. The Commission held its first the Near East region to develop the technical phases of meeting in December 1963, and its second meeting was animal production programmes in this region, and to held at Jordan, in December 1964. advise Governments of the Near East on livestock impro vement and on national and inter-country measures for 150. The regular budget allocation for training and raising productivity of livestock. fellowships in agricultural development planning was used largely to organize a group fellowship training course on 155. In Africa, a survey team financed from an Expan agricultural development planning in 1963. After a two ded Programme contingency fund allocation in 1964 visited month orientation course in the problems of over-all Kenya and Uganda in order to survey the trypanosomiasis economic development and planning at the Institute of problem in its human and animal aspects. The team which Social Studies, at The Hague, participants spent three consists of one F AO veterinary expert and two WHO months at F AO headquarters in Rome, studying the experts, has conducted a survey from the Tanganyika problems and techniques of agricultural planning and border to the Uganda border in order to determine the development. Thirty-six participants attended and were feasibility of a large-scale eradication campaign against drawn from the developing countries of Africa, Asia and the tsetse fly. the Near East. The lectures delivered at this training 156. Two FAO experts on trypanosomiasis control also course are being published as another volume in the worked in Uganda and in Rhodesia during the past F AO Agricultural Planning Series and will serve as one of biennium. the basic texts in the next course, organized on similar 157. An African trypanosomiasis information service is lines, to be held in 1965. being established through co-operation between F AO and 151. Assistance was also given under the Expanded WHO, the purpose of which is to collect and disseminate Programme to the United Nations institutes of economic information on the work being done or proposed. development and planning. A post of lecturer on agricul 158. The FAO faculty for veterinary students and tural development was established for one year in Dakar teachers from developing countries was continued in in co-operation with the African Institute for Economic collaboration with the Danish Government at the Royal Development and Planning, and provision has now been Veterinary and Agricultural College in Copenhagen. made for a lecturer to assist both the Institute at Dakar Nineteen students from six African countries are now and the Asian Institute for Economic Development and attending. Planning at Bangkok in their courses on agricultural development. Another lecturer, continues to work at the 159. The fifth FAO/Swedish international post Latin American Institute for Economic and Social graduate training centre on animal reproduction was held Planning at Santiago, Chile. in 1963 with 15 participants from seven countries. In 1964 the second F AOjSwedish Government training centre on 152. Animal production and health have been en post-graduate veterinary pathology took place with couraged by FAO/Expanded Programme activities of a 12 participants from developing countries. regional character and also by the assignment of experts to individual countries. Two regional animal health 160. Likewise, in collaboration with the Danish officers for Latin America were appointed by F AO under Government, the second FAO/WHO training centre on the EPTA regional programme, one of whom is stationed abattoir management and operation was held in 1964 in Chile to advise and assist Governments of South with 27 trainees participating from 19 countries. America on all problems connected with animal health 161. The projects mentioned are all continuous ones. in the region, the other in Mexico to give similar counsel In addition, however, several non-continuing training to Governments of Central America. These assignments centre meetings were also held during the past two years ; are aimed at co-ordinating control programmes and a post-graduate training centre on veterinary micro- 31 biology which brought 14 trainees to Poland in 1964, and of ground-wate:r resources development, in special ground a training centre on poultry diseases for Latin American water investigations and in ground-water developments countries in Mexico in 1963 under the Freedom from projects. Hunger Campaign. 168. Hydro-geological investigations were carried out 162. One of the most extensive and effective of the in most of the regions and, after the disastrous earthquake FAO's campaigns against animal epidemics took place in the Qazvin region in 1962, a team was sent to help during 1963 and 1964 in countries of south-eastern rehabilitate the water resources. The general ground Europe. In 1963 alone, 2,296,700 animals were vaccinated water regime has been investigated, and information or re-vaccinated in Greece, about two million in Turkey, supplied on the development potential of the region. a total of 1,588,500 in Bulgaria and some 38,000 in Destroyed ghanats have been reconstructed, new wells Cyprus. This sweeping action programme was undertaken located, water supply systems and irrigations plans for in order to prevent the spread of SAT I foot-and-mouth new villages prepared. The whole activity will be continued disease which had reached epidemic proportions in 1962 in 1965 under the Expanded Programme of Technical in the Near Eastern countries, and which had been Assistance. brought under control only through concentrated inter national attack. Re-vaccinating in the buffer zone along 169. Farm planning and development in East Pakistan the course of the epizootic in the direction towards has benefited during the past biennium by the advice of Europe, and expanding vaccine production in the Near an F AO expert, under the Expanded Programme, who is East countries was under the technical direction of F AO helping the Government make and carry out improved but was made possible through contributions received farm plans for optimum production and higher income from individual European countries and from the Euro by making effective use of the new irrigation facilities and pean Economic Community. advisory services of the Ganges-Kobadak irrigation project. 163. The interregional FAO and Danish training centres were continued during 1963 and 1964 with joint 170. Individual farmers in the various irrigation blocks, sponsorship by; India for the Asian region, Chile for the who are willing to co-operate, are given help in planning Latin American region, and Lebanon for the Near East. and adopting :new farming systems and practices. The All of these courses aimed at giving basic training in milk performance of these demonstration farms has been most production, milk collection, quality control, milk process encouraging; for example, the income of one of the ing and distribution; each lasted approximately four demonstration farms in a particular area increased more months, after which the most promising trainees were than twice in one year- from Rs. 2,630 (approximately selected for specialized training in Denmark for an addi $US 560) to Rs. 6,206 (approximately $US 1,240). This tional period of six to twelve months. Training was given spectacular result has greatly impressed the government to 63 participants from 15 countries (23 trainees in 1963, authorities and the neighbouring farmers. More support 40 in 1964) and 14 participants have been selected from is now being given by the Government to extend the the first and second courses for further training in demonstration programme and more farmers are parti Denmark. cipating in the adoption of new farm plans and systems. 164. The Near East series of courses is just beginning; 171. In addition, the expert also assists in the training a Director has been appointed and it is expected that the of extension workers, in farm bookkeeping and in the first course will begin early in 1965. collection of input/output data required in making farm 165. Continuing FAO projects designed to improve improvement plans. practices relating to the production and health of animals 172. Farm machinery was also the focus of FAO have included pasture development in Uruguay where the concern in East Pakistan during the past biennium. An Expanded Programme, by furnishing constant expert F AO expert, called in to help modernize tools and advice over the years since 1954, has contributed directly implements which were primitive by modern standards, to the success of a $7,000,000 programme financed by was convinced that the most immediate need was to IBRD for pasture development. Companion research in improve the preparation of the land itself and the seed pasture and animal production is being assisted by the beds. He therefore introduced improved ploughs and Special Fund. implements, trained about a hundred extension workers 166. In connexion with land use planning in Central and, from that number, a further six were chosen to form America, maps of potential land uses are being constructed the nucleus of a farm machinery section of the extension under the direction of an F AO land use expert who is service. A Pakistani counter-part was designated, trained, provided under the Expanded Programme. These maps and put in charge of this section. are intended to provide a basis for integrated and co ordinated planning and readjustments of land use among 173. After initial development work, a prototype the different countries participating in the economic plough was successfully manufactured with imported integration scheme in Central America. shares supplied by the expert. The problem now is to make these ploughs, which are undoubtedly successful, freely 167. In Iran an FAO team, in conjunction with a firm available to the farmers at a price which they can afford, of hydrogeological engineers under the Expanded Pro and this may mean the provision of finance and foreign gramme contract, have assisted the Government since exchange for the importation of shares until such time 1962 in building up national services for the investigation as a satisfactory share can be made locally. 32 174. A national training centre on farm management out the national rural development plan of Bolivia. was held in Korea between 23 September and 4 October, During 1964 planning and design work was conducted 1963, to train senior officers in practical farm management on about 30 small irrigation projects and actual construc research and extension. Forty-one senior officers from the tion commenced on ten of them. It is expected that this Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, National Agricul programme may ultimately be expanded to cover as many tural Cooperative Federation, agricultural colleges and as 60 projects. Work is on a co-operative basis with the other agencies participated. In addition, to the F AO landowners, providing equipment and materials and the regional farm management officer, two farm management farmers supplying the labour. specialists also lectured. Their services were financed by 179. Remodelling of irrigation schemes and design of the Expanded Programme and the Agricultural Develop new projects continued to occupy F AO experts in Afgha ment Co-operation (formerly the Council on Economic nistan where an irrigation team of four specialists first and Cultural Affairs Inc. of New York) made a grant began work in 1958. The project is in the 1965 EPTA of $2,000 to cover the cost of publishing the proceedings, programme. 175. Yet another story of the modernization of agricul 180. While hydrological aid to European ccuntries has tural equipment is to be found in the Niger where, since been minimal, mention should be made of the fact that 1961, an FAO expert assigned to the Union nigerienne de two hydro-geologists assisted the Government of Greece credit et de cooperation has been trying to introduce the in planning the development of ground-water resources use of animal-drawn equipment. After experimenting with and the reorganization of the hydro-geological bureau of a variety of animal-drawn equipment and setting up a the land reclamation services of the Ministry of Agricul centre for the training of oxen, the expert was successful ture. The work being carried out consists of hydro in distributing, through the Union, about one hundred geological investigations, geophysical prospecting, geolo pairs of oxen which he saw used by enthusiastic farmers. gical studies of dam sites, and training of local technicians. One of the expert's problems, however, has been to reach 181. Soil surveys and classification, and soil micro the remote localities of the country and for this work the biology are also fields in which F AO experts served Niger Government has sought young associate experts during the years 1963 and 1964. who can live in the bush for sustained periods of time. Another aspect of the work which they and the senior 182. In Sierra Leone, a soil survey specialist, assisted expert are attacking is the matter of clearance of arable by an associate expert from the Netherlands has been but overgrown bush land; for this, small hand tools are continuing a soil survey of the cocoa and coffee growing being distributed to the farmers who are encouraged to areas of the eastern provinces which he started in 1963. clear land sufficiently to permit the use of animal-drawn Relying heavily upon air photo interpretation to overcome equipment. difficulties of access caused by the nature of the terrain, he has succeeded in establishing soil mapping units related 176. The evolution of FAO's assistance to the United to slope characteristics which can be recognized on the Republic of Tanzania in the fields of hydrology, irrigation air photographs. The maps of the area which he is now methods and planning offer a good example of an aid producing, using these units, will be of great value in programme sustained since 1956, expanded in expertise, assessing the potential, and the most desirable direction, and developed into a scheme with complementary action for agricultural development in the area. As a preliminary under the Expanded Programme and the Special Fund. exercise in mapping the area, a map showing the distribu The former senior irrigation and water development tion of inland swamps has been produced on which it is expert has now been transferred to the Special Fund as believed the local people, under the guidance of an manager of a project for the development of the Pangani Expanded Programme expert in land use will be able to and Wami rivers. Two irrigation experts completed their increase their rice production substantially. work at the end of 1964, while the posts of hydrologist, irrigation methods and practices specialist and irrigation 183. In 1964, in another continent and in another planning expert are continued into the 1965-1966 biennium aspect of soils development, the F AO recorded a success and will be meshed with the work of soil scientists and ful project of high technical calibre. By the end of last agronomists. year, a soils microbiologist concluded a project begun two years earlier in Uruguay where his work was to 177. In the Niger, a water resources and irrigation assist in the establishment of legumes in pastures, this expert has paid special attention to the improvement of being part of a large programme of pasture improvement. water lifting devices to be fitted on wells, excavated by The testing of commercial legume inoculants was involved modern as well as traditional methods. Following his as well as the creation of facilities to locate new efficient recommendations, it is expected that several village wells strains of Rhizobium bacteria. The list of firm accomplish will be equipped with modern animal-powered pumps ments resulting from the technician's work includes the provided under the Freedom From Hunger Campaign establishment and equipping of a laboratory, collection and the UNESCO coupon scheme. He has also advised and maintenance of the desired Rhizobium strains and the Government on several water-shed development use of them in inoculant production, and organization of projects, linking soil conservation and irrigation by flood an inoculant production unit under the auspices of a spreading. private company with equipment capable of producing 178. During 1964, F AO furnished a specialist in the Uruguay's inoculant requirements. planning, design and construction of small irrigation 184. Crop production and protection is the next major projects to the Andean advisory group which is carrying category ofFAO assistance to developing countries during 33 the past biennium. Since 1956 FAO experts, serving under production expert provided by the Freedom From Hunger the Expanded Programme, have worked to develop the Campaign, plus nine local personnel working at different rice production in the Sudan. After eight years, during experimental sta.tions, have brought the work to a stage which they succeeded in selecting varieties for local where a Special Fund project in 1965 expects to produce cultivation with an average yield of over 2,000 kg per and distribute enough certified seed to cover almost all hectare, the Sudan can now produce its own rice for the area under wheat and barley. self-sufficiency and even some surplus for export. The 191. Consideration of FAO's role in the development acreage of rice has increased from a few hundred hectares of agricultural statistics recalls its activities on behalf of in 1956 to about 3,000 hectares in 1964. The work of Indonesia. That country, which participated in the 1960 producing and selecting higher-yielding varieties is still World Census of Agriculture, undertook its first agricul in progress and the use of suitable fertilizers to boost the tural census in 1963. The main task of the census was yield is also on trial. to derive basic information on the structure of agriculture 185. In an effort to diversify its agriculture and to for a periodic re:view of the eight-year development plan, produce high value crops, the Government of Turkey and especially for preparing annual development plans. has put considerable emphasis on the development of its The census will also become the basis for a regular citrus industry. Knowing, however, the danger of virus programme of current agricultural statistics in Indonesia. diseases and the great losses resulting each year from 192. The 1963 census was held on a sample basis. To them, the Government asked F AO help in finding a assist the country in executing the census, F AO provided solution of the virus problem. the services of a statistical expert. 186. Under the Expanded Programme, FAO has 193. The census enumeration was successfully carried provided the services of two experts, one of whom served out according to the planned schedule. However, it in the country for six months in 1962, and the other for appeared that the suitable mechanical equipment for six months in 1964. As a result of their work, it has been processing the census data was not available. To speed possible to make a full survey of the citrus virus diseases up the processing of date, the Government of Indonesia occurring in the country and to establish a virus indexing had negociated with the Japanese Government for imme programme which will pay high dividends in future years. diate processing of part of the census punched cards 187. Lethal yellowing is a serious threat to the coconut in Tokyo through UNIVAC 1950. The same kind of industry of Central America. The same disease is known electronic computer is expected to be delivered to Indo to occur in West Africa where it is also spreading at an nesia by the middle of 1965 for processing the remaining alarming rate causing destruction and distress. At the information. request of the Government of Jamaica, the F AO has 194. On the occasion of transferring the processing of provided the services of two experts to study the etiology the Indonesian census data to Tokyo, FAO granted a of the disease and advise on control measures. Through fourth-month fellowship to two Indonesian officials to the combined efforts of the F AO specialists and those of give them the opportunity of being trained in the use of the Government, considerable progress has been made the electronic computer for processing the census inform towards solving this problem. ation. During their stay in Japan the trainees will also help 188. A serious problem now faced by Egyptian growers in solving any problems that may arise in the tabulation is that of a disease of onions called white rot. From of the agricultural census cards sent from Indonesia. 113 acres of infested land in 1931, the disease has spread 195. FAO's programme in Algeria in the field of to more than 5,000 acres in 1964 with an average rate of agricultural statistics, illustrates a radical approach for yearly increase of 12 per cent. Where the disease is rapid and nationwide development of agricultural statis established, in addition to field losses, it means a rejection tics in a country where such statistics were practically of about I 0 per cent of the onions at the receiving centres non-existent befi)re the arrival ofFAO assistance. Follow and 25 to 40 per cent at the grading site. As is known, ing independence in Algeria, the whole machinery of the onions represent the third largest export crop of the agricultural stat1istics had been completely dissolved. The United Arab Republic and are an important source of need to build it up again was acutely realized since data foreign currency to the country. were badly needed as a basis for the postwar economic development policy. The establishment of state-owned 189. The Government, fully aware of the seriousness of the problem, has requested F AO assistance under the farms further increased the need for data as the farms Expanded Programme and the services of an expert have could not be managed without systematically-organized been secured. A programme for immediate action for the record keeping. A preliminary study was made which control of the disease has already been submitted to the showed that several hundred persons had to be trained Government by the F AO expert and a long-range pro for various functions in the statistical organization. F AO gramme is now being formulated to place control on a was asked to give its technical guidance to this work and firmer basis. the Government participated with enthusiasm and gene rosity in the implementation of the programme proposed 190. Since 1952, the FAO has conducted a wheat and by the Organization. Experts of F AO organized a series barley improvement and production project for the Near of training centres of varying duration and at different East, and in reporting on activities for the 1963-1964 technical levels to provide the personnel needed for biennium it can be noted that an F AO Expanded Pro systematic work in agricultural statistics. In the course gramme expert in wheat breeding in Iran and a seed of 1965, the trai.ning programme will be terminated and 34 the stage of data collection will start. The Expanded developing countries in problems involved in conducting Programme will then transfer its emphasis to the improve and using food consumption surveys, and was attended ment of the machinery established through in-service and by 34 participants from 12 out of 14 FAO Member on-the-spot training. countries in the region. 196. Assistance was also given in organizing a bureau 202. Other agricultural activities of the F AO during of agricultural statistics within the Ministry of Agriculture. the past biennium have ranged from stimulating horti A sample survey of the structure of agriculture, covering cultural development in Gabon to sponsoring a seminar the whole country province by province, was initiated, on goat raising policies in Greece, Turkey and Yugoslavia. and finally a pilot study was started in a small region in 203. In Gabon, as in many other African countries, order to compile current agricultural and economic many people do not eat enough fruits and vegetables; statistics of all socialized farms through complete this is especially so in towns. To meet this deficiency and enumeration. also to increase the economic wealth of the country, a 197. Sample surveys of agricultural produce and project has been started for the establishment of market development of Sampling techniques have also been gardens and horticultural training. Previously, there had undertaken in the United Arab Republic, and considerable been very little vegetable production in the urban areas progress has been made in using objective methods for and what was produced was often of inferior quality the estimation of crop-yields. Nation-wide sample surveys and sometimes even hazardous to health due to unhygienic were conducted for the estimation of production of methods of production. onions, wheat, paddy, potatoes and nili maize. The scope 204. The project consists of (a) a garden near Port of these surveys was enlarged in 1964, to include two new Gentil which provides not only plant propagation crops on a nation-wide scale; namely, seifi maize and material of superior strain but also serves as a centre for ground-nuts. demonstration and trials. This example had led to an 198. Gratifying progress has also been made in the expansion of market gardening by the local people, as development of sampling techniques for the estimation well as increased consumption of these health-giving of production of fruits. Pilot sample surveys for the estima foods, and to (b) a state farm near Medouneau in which tion of production of citrus, and bananas were continued, many vegetables such as onions, potatoes, leeks, carrots and in addition a pilot survey in Aswan Mohafaza to and lettuce are grown on a relatively large scale and trials estimate production of "dates" was undertaken and on nematodes and other pests and diseases are carried completed in 1964. out; other activities in the farm include the rai<>ing of cattle for meat production and manure, and (c) a horti 199. The pilot survey conducted in 1963 in El Minya cultural education and training centre has been started to Mohafaza, established the practicability of adopting teach students techniques of modern vegetable cultivation sampling techniques involving actual weighing by a and fruit production. balance of milk of selected animals, for accurate estima tion of milk production at reasonable cost. The survey 205. The horticultural activities are supervised by an was therefore being continued with a slight modification F AO horticulturist and already there has been a consider in sampling design in 1964. able increase in vegetable production. The future trend will be one of consolidation of the three schemes to 200. The following technical bulletins were prepared provide a solid basis for horticultural development in by the expert in collaboration with his national counter both the economic and nutritional fields in Gabon. parts in the Ministry of Agriculture in 1964, for training in statistical analysis and planning of future surveys: a 206. Foresters have always tended to regard goats as note on the estimation of crop-yields by crop-cutting responsible for the destruction of the forest resources surveys in the United Arab Republic and justification of and for the impoverishment of the soils in Mediterranean the sampling design adopted; a note on the sampling countries. On the other hand, there is a school of thought designs for the estimation of milk production, United which holds that goat grazing is the most economic way Arab Republic, based on the results of the pilot-survey of utilizing the scrub cover and derelict marginal areas. conducted in 1962-1963 in El Minya Mohafaza; a note 207. The subject has been discussed at almost every on the sampling design for the estimation of production forestry meeting. Finally, at the Eighth Session of the of citrus, United Arab Republic, based on the results of Mediterranean Forestry Sub-Commission and at the the pilot-survey conducted in 1962-1963, and 1963-1964 Third Session of the Near East Forestry Commission it in Benha and Kaf ash Shaykh districts; a note on the was recommended that a seminar on this subject should sampling design for the estimation of production of dates, be organized as an Expanded Programme interregional United Arab Republic, based on the result of the pilot project. After much preparation it was held in September survey conducted in 1964 in Aswan Mohafaza; applica and October 1964. The general purpose of the seminar tion of random sampling methods to the objective was (a) to review and analyse all the available data and estimation of crop yields. information on goat raising, with especial reference to 201. A training centre on food consumption surveys proper forest management and the best use of the natural for Asia and the Far East was originated by F AO in resources, and (b) to provide guidelines to the Govern co-operation with the Government of the Republic of the ments concerned, enabling them to define their policies Philippines in Manila for two months in 1964. It was the in the fields of goat raising and forestry on the basis of third in a series arranged by F AO to train people in the conclusions reached at the seminar. 35 208. Twenty-four technicians in the fields of animal 217. About 30 fellowships have been awarded in the husbandry, agriculture and forestry participated in the fields of watershed management, forestry genetics and Seminar on Goat Raising Policies in the Mediterranean tree breeding, m~chanical and chemical wood technology, and Near East Regions which took place at Belgrade, aerial photo-interpretation and mapping and several Antalya and Athens and represented 17 countries: other aspects of forestry. Fellows come mainly from Afghanistan, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, countries of the Near East, such as Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Italy, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, the Sudan, the Sudan and Yemen; others are from India, Poland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Yugoslavia. Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia. Fifty fellowships are 209. The seminar concluded that uncontrolled grazing included in the EPTA programme for the 1965-1966 has been, and still is, the main cause of erosion and the biennium. destruction of natural resources, and -amid various 218. In recent years, the export of forest products from findings -reported that the same amount of animal the Philippines has grown in importance and now, with products as now obtained from goats can be got from an export value of $168 million in 1963, ranks second in much smaller plots through proper management and the nation's export industry. Private forest enterprises, subsidies, thus releasing those large grazing areas which consisting of large and small operators amounting alto are suitable for reforestation. gether to 1,278, have great interest in logging operations and forestry. The annual average production of logs in 210. The final report of the seminar contains guidelines 3 for developing a proper goat-raising policy within the recent years amounts to more than 7 million m , half of framework of the best use of natural resources and with which is exported as log, lumber, veneer and plywood. a view to economic and social development. About half a million people are directly involved in the forestry industry. However, the rate of severe or very 211. In the FAO, forestry activities continuing under severe erosion has been accelerated on the one hand by the Expanded Programme during 1964, about half the the destructive nature of large-scale logging operations posts have been concluded in accordance with the biennial and lack of personnel and equipment for proper manage plan, whereas the other half will run through 1965 or ment and on the other by shifting cultivation (locally 1966, with the addition of several new posts, thus keeping called "kaingin"), mainly due to the rapidly expanding the total number of Expanded Programme projects at a population. Consequently, the frequency and magnitude stable level. of floods, shortage of municipal water and siltations of 212. Sixty Expanded Programme experts in forestry the multi-purpose large dams have reached a critical were employed during 1964, originating from 27 countries stage. Very strong public reaction against these wastes and working in 33 countries, of whom 22 were in Latin and dangers has been created. America, 10 in the Near East, 11 in Asia and the Far 219. As a result of this public pressure, the Government East and 17 in Africa. Included in these statistics are asked for an F A.O watershed management expert and he eight experts assigned to regional and interregional began working in the country since July 1963. His main projects and six provided under trust fund arrangements. tasks have been the general appraisal of the watershed In addition, an increasing number of associate experts situation of the country and the setting up of a national have been provided by Belgium, Denmark, the Federal watershed management practices. The expert has extended Republic of Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. his activities to research, public education and training 213. Divided according to their various specializations, in this particular field as well as to the problem of shifting these 60 experts were working mainly in the following cultivation. He has established good co-ordination among fields: about 30 per cent in forestry education, admi various governmental agencies and contributed to the nistration, land-use planning and wildlife management; preparation of a Special Fund project on demonstration 20 per cent in afforestation and silviculture, logging and and training in forest, range and watershed management, transportation and forest protection, including research which was approved by the Special Fund's Governing in forest genetics, botany, entomology; 20 per cent in Council in January 1965. forest industries, comprising mechanical and chemical 220. Wildlife management in all its various aspects, wood utilization (sawmilling, pulp and paper) and forest such as protection of forests and land-use, production products technology and research and some 30 per cent of protein, recreation and tourism, is continuously gaining in forest inventories and surveys, including aerial photo in importance, which fact is amply demonstrated by the interpretation and mapping, consumption surveys, econo increasing number of requests for wildlife experts, both mic development planning and marketing of forest within recent yea.rs and also for inclusion in the 1965-1966 products. programme. 214. The number of Expanded Programme staff 221. Between 1960 and 1963, FAO co-operated with amounts to about one-third of the total number of Special the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Fund field personnel actually employed or in process of Natural Resources, in the first and third stages of a project recruitment. designed to stimulate the interest of developing African 215. Several short-term missions have been, or are countries in wildlife resources and, at their request, to being, conducted under contingency financing in Colom advise on the early stages of management of these bia, Guinea, Honduras and Surinam. resources and to determine appropriate priorities for 216. An increasing number of assignments has been wildlife developments on a continental basis. requested for the 1965-1966 programme under OPEX 222. Special requests from developing countries con arrangements, mainly in African countries. cerning wildlife are being received because it often 36 becomes a problem which interferes with other forms of costs of smoking fish. This technical aid has already land-use, or because it is developing as a complementary resulted in the introduction of improved smoking ovens or major resource in its own right. in the Ivory Coast and paved the way for successful 223. Since 1960, FAO sent experts to twenty countries extension work in the country. and of this number the following were new posts during 229. In Senegal, the first boatbuilders' training course the past biennium: Burundi, the Central African Republic, ended in June 1964 with the trainees being formed into Cameroon, the Congo (Brazzaville) and Sierra Leone in a co-operative society with government assistance. The 1963, and Tunisia in 1964. objective of this co-operative will be to build mechanized fishing boats for the quickly expanding inshore fishery 224. For the past three years, an FAO expert has been of the country. During their course, which lasted for in Ghana helping to formulate and develop a marine 16 months, the trainees constructed two 13m handline fisheries biology research programme to survey and assess fishing boats for the Ecole des peches in Dakar. All work the marine resources of the country and to train local was done by the trainees, starting with lofting the lines, staff. Considerable progress has been made in developing preparing templates, cutting and finishing backbone and the research programme and training the local staff, and frames, planking, docking, insulation of fishhold, installa in this connexion, two F AO felloswhips were granted to tion of diesel engines and fitting out the boats. a marine fisheries biologist and a planktologist for training abroad. 230. A second course, again under the supervision of an FAO master boatbuilder started in April 1964 and is 225. Extensive studies to determine the distribution, scheduled to run for about 18 months. During the period, abundance and magnitude of pelagic and demersal fish two more 13 m boats will be constructed as well as a stocks were made together with observations on their 16 m sardine purse seiner. environment, and special attention was given to the sar dinella fisheries in view of the potential value of the 231. The handline boats were designed by an F AO sardinella resources of the region. It is expected from the naval architect during his assignment in Dakar; he also preliminary results of the studies carried out by the initiated the design of the purse seiner, which is now expert on the behaviour of sardinella that the fisheries being finished by another FAO naval architect. which now operate only during short periods in the year 232. The trainees recruited for these training courses can be extended by the practice of light fishing. This are unemployed carpenters and cabinet makers, who are extension of the fisheries should greatly increase the selected on the basis of a practical, qualifying examina production of sardinella, a valuable foodstuff in the tion. The training is conducted at three levels, for yard country. workers (carpenters), foremen and for a limited number 226. The Government, recognizing the value of Ex of yard managers. panded Programme assistance has now submitted a 233. The scheme ties in with other future F AO fisheries proposal for a Special Fund project to be developed along technical assistance assignments, by providing the Ecole the same lines as the Expanded Programme project but des peches with boats, and specially by providing a purse with a broader scope. seiner for the use of the F AO master fishermen to be 227. In El Salvador, the FAO has, since 1962, given assigned to this school in the course of 1965. technical aid to the government's shrimp fisheries develop 234. A fish culture training centre was inaugurated at ment scheme. Since 1956, trawlers have plied offshore the Qalaat el Moudiq experimental fish culture station waters to exploit known resources of shrimp but only in the El Rhab Valley of Syria in 1964 with classes for recently, and with FAO help, have studies been made to eight Syrian students and one student each from Jordan determine the location, magnitude and general dynamic and Saudi Arabia; facilities are available to all Arab characteristics of the shrimp resources in order to furnish countries. A fellow who studied abroad under the EPTA a scientific basis for the management of the fishery programme has returned to take responsibility for the exploiting them. During the development of this project, training programme with the continued help of an F AO considerable knowledge has been gained which will be expert. useful in the development of similar studies in the other 235. After five years ofFAO assistance in the develop Central American countries joining together with El ment of fish farming, the Government of Malaysia was Salvador in a regional Central America fishery develop able to carry on by itself the work of the international ment project. expert and has, accordingly, requested a shift to a marine 228. How to improve the smoking of fish and how to project in the 1965-1966 biennium. During the five years modify locally used smoking facilities in order to make the expert was in Malaysia, the area of fish cultivation them economical, were the principal tasks of the F AO was extended, improvements were made in fish paddy expert assigned to the Ivory Coast in the past biennium. and rice operations, and indigenous and also exotic species Additionally, however, he studied the possibilities of were tested for their suitability to local cultivation. A improving traditional fish processing in humid tropical growing number of persons was encouraged to establish countries, a study requested by the FAO Conference fish farms, and they were trained in basic principles and itself. After on-the-spot trials of various types of equip practices of fish culture, such as the use of feed and ment, he perfected a non-mechanized smoking oven and fertilizer and the control of aquatic vegetation and pre prepared the specifications for its mass construction and dators. Of special interest was the development of tech use by individual processors as well as by co-operatives niques for rearing the freshwater prawn. It now swims or private enterprises. The expert also evaluated the in Malaysian paddies and is being exploited commercially. 37 236. During 1964, FAO's agricultural economists 243. Marketing activities in 1964 related particularly to carried out Expanded Programme assignments in the the following countries: in Africa - Algeria, Bechuana following places : in the African Region - Algeria, land, the Congo (Brazzaville), Ethiopia, Libya, Mauritius, Gabon, Morocco, Nigeria, and United Republic of Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal; in the Near East - Somalia Tanzania; Asia - Ceylon and Pakistan; Near East - and the Sudan; in Asia- Fiji Islands and Western Lebanon, Somalia and Syria; Latin America- Bolivia, Samoa; in Latin America - British Guiana, British Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Honduras, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Venezuela, and Peru and Venezuela, and with the Central American through the Central American Economic Integration Economic Integration Programme; and in Europe - Programme; and in Europe- Greece, Malta and Turkey. Turkey. In Africa, attention was given particularly to improved methods of assembly, grading, packing, storage, transport 237. Representative of the activities undertaken are and pricing, as well as the establishment, operation and those of an economist in Gabon, working with the financing of marketing boards. In Asia, attention was also ministries of agriculture and economics, and with bilateral given to transport and marketing structure, and assess technical assistance missions, studying agricultural plan ment of the potential for new crop outlets. In Latin ning of the regions of Woleu-Ntem and Ogooue-Ivindo, America, attention was also given to the establishment gathering and assembling information on the actual and and organization of wholesale markets for agricultural potential agricultural situation of the regions and determi produce, and in Central America agricultural and live ning general lines for agricultural development, including stock products were studied in relation to the common suggestions for projects toward crop diversification. market in those countries. The organization of the banana 238. In the United Republic of Tanzania, the agricul export industry of Ecuador was studied towards the tural economist continued working with the Ministry of establishment of the banana export marketing board. Agriculture, Forests and Wildlife, and the Ministry of The Government of Chile was advised on the establish Lands Settlement and Water Development in the formula ment of new slaughter houses and meat processing tion of a development policy, making feasibility studies facilities. Increased attention in all regions was given to of specific projects and assisting in the implementation of training programmes in agricultural marketing at different a new development plan. levels of skill; national training centres were held in Senegal, Nigeria, Ceylon and Malaysia, and for African 239. In Pakistan, the economist has been advising the countries, a training centre on the marketing of staple Central Government Planning Commission on the pre food crops was held during the month of August in Kenya. paration of long term plans and annual programmes in In Europe, emphasis was on export to other countries in agriculture, including assistance in formulation of the the area, with respect to crop production under glass in third Five-Year Plan (1965/66- 1969j70). Malta, and, in Turkey, improvement of local processing as well as improving transport facilities for early vegetable 240. In Ceylon, the agricultural planning assistance crops. initiated in 1961 continues through general advice to the 244. During 1964, a short term agricultural credit Ministries of Agriculture and Planning, with specific project to Zambia was completed, while another to Algeria reference during 1964 to organizing committees on plant was terminated. Advice to the agricultural bank of the production, animal production, education and extension Sudan began in 1960 under Funds-in-Trust, was in force to prepare proposals for products and programmes, and under the Expanded Programme, and will be continued an agricultural policy committee to co-ordinate those in 1965. For the first half of the year, an expert was proposals into a consolidated development plan. assigned to the land bank project in Zanzibar (begun 241. The agricultural planning economist of F AO in in 1962); mid-year he was transferred to Swaziland to Ecuador has been responsible mainly for the elaboration assist in establishing a bank for financing agriculture and of targets and projections for the agricultural sector to housing. complement the ten-year plan for economic and social 245. Home economics and nutrition projects occupied development of Ecuador which has recently been 5.2 per cent of the 1963 EPTA programme of FAO, and prepared. 4.2 per cent in 1964. A meeting on long-term programme 242. In Bolivia, an agricultural programmer has been planning in borne economics for Europe was held at F AO working closely with national counterparts and with the headquarters in Rome, in November 1964, in response to ECLA/TAB/FAO advisory group in the preparation of the recommendation of the Thirteenth Session of the projects for incorporation in an agricultural sector European Commission on Agriculture. That same operational programme within the framework of the two month, F AO organized the first Regional Seminar year development plan, which is a shorter term elaboration on Food Teclmology for Latin America at Campinas, of the 1962-1971 ten-year development plan. The agricul Sao Paulo, Brazil, to consider the technical, economic, tural group formed by the Central American Economic training and educational aspects of food processing and Integration Programme and F AO has been collaborating preservation, transport and marketing, food packaging, with ECLA in all aspects of the economic integration of food research and other aspects of food technology. agriculture in the Central American countries, and its Participants came from 17 countries. work has gained in importance as the Central American 246. In a number of Latin American and Caribbean Agricultural Development Sub-Committee began its countries the F AO/UNICEF applied nutrition pro operations in 1964. grammes have been operating since 1960 as a dynamic 38 expression of integrated services (health, education, concentrating primarily but not exclusively on trammg agriculture and community development). They have and re-training of extension staff in extension philosophy been teaching and demonstrating how to produce and use and methodology. more and better food, and are thus helping to improve 253. The continuing Ganges-Kobadak basin project in the standard of living of the people. East Pakistan, consisting of a team of experts in agricul 247. Six Expanded Programme experts in the field of tural extension, irrigation extension, farm management rural institutions and services are assisting in the develop and farm machinery, reports some difficulties but over ment of these programmes in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, riding and solid progress. At 18 centres, special training Paraguay, Peru, St. Lucia and St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla was given farmers on double cropping under irrigation and Trinidad in the Caribbean. The experts are supported as part of the master farm programme and during 1964 by UNICEF with the provision of teaching demonstration some 40,000 acres of the project were under double rice materials, transport and fellowships. The majority of crop, and the farmers were keenly demanding improved these projects are still in an initial stage of development farm implements. but those which have been in operation over a longer 254. Three years ago, at the request of the Government period show very promising results. of Colombia, F AO recruited co-operatives specialist with 248. One of the new F AO projects during: the past many years previous experience in Latin America. After biennium was the agricultural extension project on the completing his contacts in Bogota, he began touring island of Mauritius. Since May 1963, an expert has been widely and indefatigably, until today his name is very advising and assisting the Ministry of Agriculture on the well known throughout Colombia. He has now attracted organization of its extension service and the in-service satisfactory support for his work, including the assistance training of the field staff. By 1964, the expert was able to of several members of the United States Peace Corps report good progress and concrete accomplishments; for specially trained in co-operative duties. example, (a) courses designed to train about 360 key 255. "Education before action" is this expert's watch farmers who, in turn, became leaders in their own word and most of his efforts have been aimed at improved villages; the lectures dealt with specific agricultural crops training programmes. In Colombia, law 115 of 1959 and were illustrated by weekly demonstrations a month provides for the teaching of co-operation in all schools. prior to the planting of that crop; (b) in-service courses This requires intensive training of many teachers, a need for extension supervisory and field staff; and (c) produc which the expert has met by providing special short tion of extension teaching materials to support each courses for them. Very considerable attention has also course, and distribution of about 500 copies of each been given to the even greater need for training staff to publication. manage the co-operatives of Colombia. 249. Encouraged by these successes, the Government 256. Education has already been followed by action. has nominated a candidate for a nine-month Expanded More than 20 co-operatives are now operational as a Programme fellowship in extension. It has also requested result of the expert's encouragement, some have been assistance from the UNICEF volunteer agencies and the established amongst fisherfolk, some amongst the shep Freedom From Hunger Campaign to reinforce the work herds in the high mountains, and others amongst the initiated by the Expanded Programme expert. Increased pineapple growers of Medellin who now send their activities in the field of rural youth and extension work produce on a co-operative basis to a large cannery in with rural women will be two of the major areas where Cali. Many more groups are in the educational stage, this assistance will be directed. prior to formal registration as co-operatives. One among 250. In Afghanistan an agricultural extension training these which is attracting a good deal of interest has a expert from F AO combines training for village-level membership exclusively of housewives. workers at the rural development training centre, Guizar 257. The expert has prepared detailed plans for two near Kabul, with practical field work in the villages within pilot projects, each to cost $500,000, for an original type the rural development areas. There the trainees learn how of producer-consumer co-operative, one in the Depart to approach the farmers and how to work with them in ment of Valle to be financed by the Alliance for Progress the introduction of improved agricultural practices. This of the United States, and the other in the Department practical training also includes holding meetings with the of Antioquia still awaiting a financial backer. farmers and conducting practical short courses and 258. Several years ago the Government of Jordan demonstrations for them. requested expert assistance in the establishment of a 251. The expert also plans and conducts in-service co-operative central bank. The expert recruited by FAO training for the agricultural officers in the project. In for this task proved very successful. Mter a first assign 1964 the project areas included about a thousand villages, ment lasting six months, Jordan asked this expert to come 54 primary schools and seven high schools. back in 1960, to advise on the implementation of the recommendations in his first report. Since then, he has 252. An FAO agricultural extension training expert again been back to Jordan to advise on the establishment has been in Burundi since April 1963. In June 1963, he of a co-operative institute with the help of the American was joined by another extension expert, who also serves as FAO country representative. Together these experts Friend's Association. have strengthened Burundi's extension services in agricul 259. This arrangement whereby the same expert is ture, one working on organizational aspects and the other required to go back and see to the practicality of his own 39 ideas seems a good one. It gives him a most useful lesson in October 1963 by F AO under the Expanded Programme, in what advice prones efficacious and what does not. The in co-operation with the Government of Lebanon and expert completed his fourth short assignment to Jordan with the assistance of UNESCO and ILO. A total of in December, 1964. 60 participants and observers, from ten Member countries, 260. The Banco de Mexico (Agricultural Department) attended. is implementing a nation-wide programme of supervised 269. The purpose of the seminar was to appraise the credit in collaboration with private banks which receive needs for agriculturally trained personnel in the countries financial assistance from the Banco de Mexico (Central of the region, to examine the problems and needs of the Bank) for financing agriculture. agricultural education and training institutions, and to 261. A FAO expert, highly qualified and with broad establish broad guidelines for the improvement of agricul international experience, has assisted the bank in pre tural education in the region for governments, universities paring and planning the programme, and is now helping and international bodies. in its implementation and training of personnel. 270. The major recommendations of the seminar were 262. Two special features of this project are worthy the following: that F AO should assist the Governments of mention: firstly, the fact that it was the Central Bank of the individual countries in making comprehensive which took the initiative and which is sponsoring the studies to determine their needs for agricultural education project, and secondly, the participation of private banks and training and draw recommendations for the develop in a supervised agricultural credit programme. ment of sound national plans of agricultural education and training and that F AO should explore ways for 263. The project started in mid-1963 and is developing regional co-operation in these undertakings. with promising results. If successful, as it is expected to be, it will open new roads and possibilities for the parti 271. The Seventh FAO Regional Conference for the cipation, also in other countries, of private credit institu Near East, held in Cairo in October 1964, has fully tions in supervised agricultural programmes. endorsed the recommendations of the seminar and recommended that the Director General of F AO take 264. An agricultural adviser, who also serves as FAO the necessary action to set up a regional commission on country representative, was assigned to the Government the planning of agricultural education. The report is to of Ecuador for the organization of agricultural develop be implemented in 1965. ment. There is no Ministry of Agriculture and agriculture is looked after by the Ministry of Fomento which is also responsible for industry, mines, and tourism. In April 4. United Nations Educational, Scientific 1964, the agricultural adviser presented a plan to the and Cultural Organization National Planning Board for the establishment of a 272. Of the 951 UNESCO experts in the field during Ministry of Agriculture. In spite of many difficulties, a 1964, 631 served under the Expanded Programme, law has been prepared to establish a Ministry of Agricul 234 under the regular programme, 38 under the Mrica ture for the first time in this country, and discussions are emergency programme, and 48 under funds-in-trust or as now taking place on the structure of departments within associate experts. the proposed Ministry of Agriculture. 273. This represented an increase of 25 per cent over 265. A reorganization of the Ministry of Agriculture of 1963, when 760 experts served in the field, 432 under the Brazil has been in the offing for some time and several Expanded Programme, 168 under the regular programme, experts visited Brazil in this connexion. Early in 1964, 149 under the Africa Emergency Programme, and 11 an agricultural services expert commenced his assignment under funds-in-trust or as associate experts. to help the Government in designing a suitable adminis trative structure, both at the Federal as well as the State 274. The total number of experts serving on regional level. Considerable discussions have taken place and the projects increased from 172 to 206, and experts on these reorganizational plan is now in final shape. projects under the Expanded Programme increased from 40 to 72, or from 9 per cent to 11 per cent of all Expanded 266. In Ethiopia, an agricultural adviser, who also Programme experts. serves as F AO country representative, advises the Govern ment on measures for strengthening the organization and 275. As in ll963, the highest percentage of experts administration of the Ministry of Agriculture and services under the Expanded Programme was in Africa (283 experts to rural producers and also technical programmes and or 45 per cent),, followed by Asia (155 experts or 25 per projects for agricultural development. cent), Latin America (127 experts or 20 per cent), the Middle East (55 experts or nine per cent) and Europe 267. Two significant events took place during 1964; (11 experts or under 2 per cent). firstly, the reorganization of the Ministry of Agriculture, with emphasis on the decentralization of organization 276. In the case of Africa, however, the phasing out under the provincial directors of agriculture, which is a of the Mrica emergency programme (149 experts in 1963 step forward in getting close to the field of operations; and 38 in 1964) represented the beginning of a return to secondly, the preparation of an agricultural research normalcy, and under the regular programme the percent project to be financed by the Special Fund. age of experts in Africa dropped from 36 per cent to 34 per cent during 1964. The percentage of Expanded 268. The first Near East meeting on higher and inter Programme experts in the Middle East (9 per cent) mediate agricultural education was conducted at Beirut may be compared with the percentage of Special Fund 40 projects in that regwn being executed by UNESCO in Africa during the past two years. In many cases, (20 per cent). fellowships were provided in connexion with these mis 277. In terms of expenditure in 1964, 35 per cent of sions. The experts worked in the fields of educational the Expanded Programme funds were spent in Africa, administration and planning, adult education including 33 per cent in Asia, 20 per cent in Latin America, 7 per literacy work, reading materials and audio-visual equip ment, science, mathematics and language teaching, cent in the Middle East and 5 per cent in Europe. teacher training at primary and secondary levels, curricu 278. The programme area which continued to receive lum development and physical education. the greatest percentage of Expanded Programme assist 285. Educational planning and administration missions ance (60 per cent) is education, followed by the natural have been provided to Basutoland, Bechuanaland, the sciences (24 per cent), mass communication (7 per cent), Congo (Brazzaville), the Ivory Coast, Mali, Somalia, cultural activities (5 per cent) and the social sciences (4 per cent). Southern Rhodesia, Swaziland and Togo. Members of the teams were specialists in primary, secondary and adult 279. Fellowships awarded in 1964 under the EPTA education, educational administration, economics of and regular programme totalled 956, plus 45 extensions education or educational statistics, and they worked in of 1963 fellowships and 83 travel grants, or a total of co-operation with F AO experts in agricultural education. 1,084 awards. This represented an increase of almost In their reports, the missions defined salient educational 100 per cent over 1963, when 493 fellowships, 28 exten problems, made recommendations for further educational sions and 23 travel grants were awarded. planning and review, and for its integration into the over all national plans of economic and social development. 280. Taken separately, Expanded Programme fellow ships and extensions increased from 263 in 1963 to 286. The African countries' needs for educational per 713 in 1964, whereas regular programme fellowships, sonnel - and especially for trained teachers- continued extensions and travel grants increased from 281 in 1963 to receive international attention. Two regional centres to 371 in 1964. In 1963, fellows came from 101 countries for the training of teaching staff for primary teacher and studied in 48 countries, and in 1964, fellows came training institutions and educational advisers have from 114 countries and studied in 65 countries. In the continued their operations. The Centre at Makerere case of the Expanded Programme taken alone, fellows College, Kampala (Uganda) for English-speaking trainees came from 82 countries and studied in 22 countries in completed its third course since the inception of the 1963, and came from 95 countries and studied in scheme in 1961, while the Centre at Bangui (Central 41 countries in 1964. African Republic) for French-speaking trainees, com pleted its second course. Three members of the teaching 281. In terms of fields of study, education continued staff for each of these courses were supplied by UNESCO to be the most important programme area, utilizing under its regular programme. Between October 1963 and 521 fellowships, extensions and travel grants (336 Ex July 1964, the Centre at Bangui had 28 trainees from panded Programme fellowships and extensions) in 1964, nine countries, and the Centre at Makerere 30 trainees as against 356 fellowships, extensions and travel grants from countries, with fellowships provided under the in 1963 (165 Expanded Programme fellowships and Expanded Programme. extensions). Next in importance came natural sciences, with 281 fellowships, extensions and travel grants 287. The Regional Conference on the Planning and (216 Expanded Programme fellowships and extensions) Organization of Literacy Programmes in the Arab States in 1964, as against 71 fellowships, extensions and travel which was organized by UNESCO under its regular grants in 1963 (36 Expanded Programme fellowships and programme was held in Alexandria (United Arab extensions). The remaining fellowships, extensions and Republic), in October 1964, and was attended by 13 repre travel grants were awarded in the fields of social sciences, sentatives of member States or associate member States cultural activities and mass communications. and one representative of the Federation of South Arabia. Several delegations represented member States outside 282. Finally, there was a marked increase in the number the region, United Nations specialized agencies and non of study tours carried out in the developing countries, governmental organizations. The main subjects discussed and in 1964 10 per cent of all fellows studied in Africa, in considerable detail were: literacy, and cultural, social 14 per cent in Asia, and 14 per cent in the Middle East. and economic development; contents ofliteracy education 283. The following description of UNESCO's activities and the best audio-visual media to be used for combating during 1963-1964 is grouped around the principal subjects illiteracy; planning and financing literacy campaigns at of that Organization's specialization- education, natural national and regional bases. One of the main recommen science and technology, social sciences, cultural activities, dations of the conference was the establishment of an and mass communications - and because of the co Arab regional body for fighting illiteracy in the area and ordinated programming of Expanded Programme projects for co-ordinating the activities of all member States in and those financed from the regular programme, the this field. This would be financed by a regional Arab fund narratives describe the projects themselves, with indication which will be created through the contribution of all of the source of funds. Arab member States. 284. Seventy-five experts in the field of education, with 288. Low-cost school building is a significant feature the necessary equipment for carrying out their work, in national plans for educational development. A national were assigned by UNESCO to assist the member States project was started in the Sudan in 1961. An expert 41 advised the authorities on the development of building needs are being studied by experts in educational planning, plans adapted to the geographical and climatic conditions statistics and e one in school supervision and administration and one agreement between the Organization of African Unity, in rural sociology and community development, and which has a Scientific, Technical and Research Commis awarded 15 fellowships to educators from the region. sion, and UNESCO should be concluded at an early Over 500 Latin American educators have followed the date; centre's courses which have made a significant contribu (b) The Conference also recommended that UNESCO tion to the professional preparation of teaching and undertake studies on the scientific manpower of the administrative personnel for rural education in the region. African countries, on research budgets, and on the rela 307. Educational experts of UNESCO in Latin tion of scientif[c research to economic development; America have collaborated in the development of (c) The Conference invited non-African Member UNESCO/UNICEF joint projects throughout the region. States, ECA, FAO, and other United Nations agencies Two projects are now in operation in Bolivia, Brazil, two including the Special Fund and the Expanded Programme, in Colombia and others in Ecuador, El Salvador, Guate as well as international non-governmental professional mala, Haiti, Honduras and Peru and projects are in the organizatidns, to provide African countries with increased planning stage in British Honduras, Chile, Costa Rica, technical and financial assistance in order to help imple Nicaragua and Paraguay. ment the Lagos Plan for the development of scientific 308. Planning for scientific development has, in recent research and training in Africa. years, followed the same pattern as educational planning; 314. As a result of previous work performed by namely, it has been integrated within the context of UNESCO under its regular programme, a national over-all needs and plans for economic and social develop council of scientific research was created in Lebanon in ment. Just as this trend has been manifest, so too has been September 1962. The next year UNESCO appointed a the action taken by UNESCO. specialist for research organization and national science 309. The International Conference on the Organization policy to inquire into current research and to determine of Research and Training in Africa in Relation to the the immediate requirements. for research workers, tech Study, Conservation and Utilization of Natural Resources nicians, equipment, and laboratory facilities. The results took place in Lagos (Nigeria) from 28 July to 6 August of this inquiry, together with recommendations and 1964. The Conference, the first organized by UNESCO suggestions, were submitted to the national council of on scientific research and training, was held in association scientific research. with the Economic Commission for Africa and at the 315. A second expert was assigned in September 1964, invitation of the Nigerian Government. It brought under the Expanded Programme to assist the council in together governmental and scientific leaders from 28 Afri establishing the first five-year plan for the development can countries and observers from 13 non-African States and improvement of scientific and technological research and 19 international organizations. in Lebanon. This involves planning the development of 310. The Conference adopted a long-term programme the infrastructure for research, and assembling the data for scientific research and training in Africa, extending on which projt)Ct priorities may be determined and funds from 1965 to 1980, to be known as the "Lagos Plan".3 It allocated. involves action at three levels: national, regional and 316. At the request of the Government of the Demo international. cratic Republie of the Congo, UNESCO has appointed, 311. The Lagos Plan is intended to speed the utilization under its UNESCO/PAS (UNESCO operational assist of African resources without overlapping of effort and ance) programme, a scientist to act as Director of the waste of materials. It involves setting up research organ Institut de recherche scientifique en Afrique centrale izations on a national and international scale. Each (IRSAC). country is to have its own national research institute concerned with work on natural resources and their 317. The Institute has four research centres located exploitation, or a share in a regional research institute. respectively at Lwiro and Uvira on Lake Tanganyika, and Each nation will also set up a scientific research committee Elisabethville and Mababi on Lake Tumba. Each has to co-ordinate scientific work within the country and departments of botany, zoology, seismology, geophysics, with other countries having similar interests. biochemistry, nutrition, parasitology, hydrology and cultural anthropology. In addition to the four research 312. The new research institutes will bring together centres, the Iniititute has an astrophysical observatory on scientists concerned with every aspect of natural resources : Mont Tumbwe (near Elisabethville) and an observation hydrologists, mapmakers, mineral prospectors, soil experts station at Irangi in Central Kivu Province. agriculturalists. In this way they can share services, such as aerial photography and chemical analysis, and tackle 318. The staff of the Institute in the four centres problems of exploiting natural resources as a whole. comprises 27 scientists, four technicians, 65 laboratory assistants, 128 clerical employees and 185 workers and 313. The Lagos Plan calls for three main lines of is the largest and best equipped research Institute in international co-operation : Central Africa. Its research work is of great significance (a) The Conference recommended that a formal both for fundamental knowledge and routine observations in terrestrial magnetism, solar radiation, radioastronomy 3 See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural and seismology. Work in botany, zoology, and parasito Organization, Outline of a Plan for Scientific Research and Training logy is devoted mainly to a study of the environment so in Africa, Paris, 1964. as to find practical solutions to local problems. In parti· 44 cular, the department of nutrition is engaged in studies on Assistance activities will continue into 1965-1966 with protein deficiencies (Kwashiorkor). experts' missions in geohydrology, ceo-toxicology, and 319. Several of the Institute's departments have had wind erosion, and fellowships in the field of hydrology to reduce their activity owing to lack of funds. It is to be and hydrogeology. hoped that the appointment of the director will stimulate a 327. Science teaching is yet another field in which greater supply of funds for research. technical assistance has been given to a number of countries during the past biennium and earlier years. 320. The Science Co-operation Office for South-East Israel, for example, has been beneficiary of considerable Asia (Djakarta) organized the third regional meeting of aid. An expert in applied mathematics served at the representatives of national scientific research organiza Technion in Haifa from February to June 1964; a fellow tions of South and South-East Asia, which was held in ship was awarded to a biologist from the Hebrew Uni Canberra, Australia, in February 1964, with funds from versity, Jerusalem to enable him to study in India; the regular programme. Attending the meeting were another staff member of the faculty of sciences, Hebrew 28 participants from 16 Member States and territories of University, Jerusalem was granted a fellowship to study the region as well as consultants and observers. organization of science teaching and scientific research in 321. Scientific research has continued to receive a number of European countries. Two experts, one in UNESCO support during the biennium 1963-1964. In the cell biology and one in plant physiology were recruited United Arab Republic, for example, assistance has been for short-term missions at the Hebrew University, provided over several years to research activities in the Jerusalem in 1964. field of physics, and a UNESCO expert has advised 328. A detailed plan of operation has been drawn up specifically on the initiation of research in the new field by the University Grants Commission of India, in co of hot temperature plasma. After working in the laborato operation with UNESCO for the development of centres ries of the national research centre, he continued his of advanced studies throughout the country. Each centre studies in the atomic energy establishment where the will have a team of professors, readers and research Ministry of Scientific Research concentrates all activities associates of outstanding ability and qualifications, in theoretical physics. The UNESCO expert's recommen actively engaged in research and advanced teaching. To dations that further development of the plasma physics implement this plan, experts were sent to Osmania Uni laboratory be located in the atomic energy establishment versity, the Hyderabad centre for geology and geophysics, have been accepted, and three of the Egyptian trainees the departments of physics and of chemistry of the working with the international expert are completing University of New Delhi, and the departments of botany their Master of Science theses in this field of research. and of physics at the University of Madras. Six consult ants and two assistants spent a total of twenty-seven 322. In Argentina, a project in the scientific research man-months in India. They gave advice on the further of solid state physics has been highly successful. The development of the centres, participated in the organiza expert originally programmed for only five months in tion of seminars and consulted with staff members of the 1963 remained, at the request of the Government, until same institutions who have been nominated for fellow December 1964, and the research projects he has been ships. Lists of urgently needed equipment have been guiding have been helped by the creation of a low temper prepared for a total of $310,000. ature solid state laboratory. 329. A department of physics, where the most modern 323. The expert has lectured regularly in Spanish on aspects of science are being taught, has been established the optics of solids, the edition of a Spanish textbook at the University of Kabul, Afghanistan, by a succession "Introduction to Solid State Physics" has been accepted of technical assistance experts, the last one of whom and is being published by the University Press of Buenos completed his contract in December 1964. Aires. 330. Special one-year post-graduate training pro· 324. It is expected that the expert will follow this work grammes in science have been set up under UNESCO's and will return to Argentina for a couple of months regular programme in a number of high-level scientific in 1965. institutions in Europe for the benefit of teaching and research staff of universities and laboratories in developing 325. In India, arid zone research has gone forward countries. Participants from developing countries attend with the creation of the Central Arid Zone Institute, the following courses: post-graduate training centre for Jodhpur, which has been supported by UNESCO since geology (Geological Survey of Austria, Vienna); inter its creation in 1958, within the framework of the former national training centre for post-graduate soil scientists Arid Zone Major Project. Regular and Expanded Pro (University of Ghent, Institute of Geology); long-term gramme funds were used to advance the establishment of post-graduate course on modern problems in biology) the various research departments and to train local staff. (Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences); international course 326. In December 1964, the new buildings and labo in hydraulic engineering (Netherlands Universities ratories, largely equipped with apparatus procured with Foundation for International Co-operation); interna Expanded Programme funds, was inaugurated, and on tional Course in edaphology, and plant biology (Instituto this occasion a symposium on arid zone ecology was Botanico A.J. Cavanilles of the Higher Council for organized jointly by the institute and UNESCO. Simulta Scientific Research, Madrid); international seminar for neously, the final session of the UNESCO Advisory research and education in physics (Institute of Physics, Committee on Arid Zone Research was held. Technical University of Uppsala). 45 331. The following further programmes are scheduled totals 183. Three are senior professors, eight are profes ior 1965: international seminar for research and education sors or associate professor<;, 61 assistant professors, fn chemical engineering and physical chemistry (Tech 77 lecturers and 34 associate lecturers. Out of 11 staff nische Hochschule, Karlsruhe); international post members who went abroad for higher studies during the graduate course in geology with reference to oil (L'Institut academic year 1963-1964, four were granted UNESCO du petrole, Bucarest). fellowships. 332. In the sphere of oceanography, Australia, India, 340. The Institute is divided into the following depart Indonesia, Japan and Pakistan sent their ships to take ments : chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical part in the International Indian Ocean Expedition engineering, mechanical engineering and metallurgical sponsored by UNESCO. The data obtained from their engineering. It has a number of well-equipped research scientific marine explorations will be published, and its laboratories and workshops in the various fields of application to the fisheries problems of countries in the technology. The undergraduate course covers a period region will be examined. The Indian Ocean Biological of four years. The post-graduate training is spread over Centre, whose curator was appointed under UNESCO's two years and leads to the Master of Science Degree. regular programme, continues the work of collecting and Thanks to the existing facilities for research work, it is classifying biological specimens from ships participating now possible to prepare students for the Doctorate in the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Degree. 333. In Singapore, an expert whose post is financed 341. While assistance is confirmed for the biennium under the EPTA regional programme is working on 1965-1966, it will be reduced and finally terminated in taxonomic problems in countries of the Far East for the 1966. purpose of creating reference collections. 342. The Rural Technical Centre at Gagnoa, organized 334. An expert also worked in the field of taxonomic with UNESCO assistance in 1961, is the first of a network problems in Indonesia from 1961-1963. His initial task of 20 such training schools to be set up in different parts consisted in training scientists. In 1962, Indonesia received of the Ivory Coast in order to check the exodus of rural a new oceanographic research vessel,Jalanidhi of 680 tons, youth which is gradually draining the countryside of its and equipment from Japan and the USSR. The expert active population. Initially, the technical centre was trained scientists and technicians to conduct oceano designed to fill the dual purpose of training mechanics graphic investigations using this newly acquired vessel and metal workers, carpenters and building trade workers, and equipment. Supplementary equipment was supplied and of helping to promote economic development by under the Expanded Programme. In 1963, the Jalanidhi providing new employment opportunities and outlets for made several cruises on which the expert participated as the craftsmen at Gagnoa. It has now gone beyond these adviser. objectives by providing technical aid and advice to the 335. In Brazil, an expert worked at the Oceanographic whole community. Refresher courses are offered for Institute of the University of Sao Paulo from March to unskilled workers employed by firms in or around November 1964, during which time be developed training Gagnoa, communal workshops have been set up for the and research and assisted in reorganizing the curriculum benefit of local craftsmen, and the Centre's research on biological oceanography. bureau offers advice in such problems as maintenance, equipment and sales outlets. 336. In Cuba, two experts started work in 1964 at the Centre of Fisheries Investigation, at the National Institute 345. Of the 30 young men who took the first course at of Agrarian Reform, for the development of basic research Gagnoa, 29 are now practising the trades they learned. for fisheries development. As a result of the activity of one UNESCO expert since 337. A consultant visited the United Arab Republic in September 1961:, five centres of this type are now function 1964, under the Expanded Programme, to advise the ing in the Ivory Coast, and the Development Plan foresees Government on a research project on coastal oceano 15 more centres for the whole country by 1970. graphy. 344. A long-term study of agricultural education, 338. The largest and one of the most significant research and extension in Latin America is being carried illustrations of UNESCO's activity in the field of techno out with UNESCO help by the Inter-American Committee logical education is to be found at the Institute of Tech on Agricultural Development, on which are represent nology, Bombay, India where eight experts and one atives of OAS, IDB, F AO and ECLA. The objectives of technical translator were stationed during the past the study are to determine the qualitative and quantitative biennium. One of the new teaching and research centres contributions required from agricultural education, founded to ensure and accelerate the economic develop research and extension in the preparation and implemen ment of India., it was launched by a tripartite agreement tation of development plans, to ascertain the adequacy between India, UNESCO and the USSR concluded in and effectiveness of existing facilities for the development 1955, and has received since then considerable assistance of human resources in these fields, and to suggest policies through the Expanded Programme. and prepare plans to strengthen them. 339. At the end of June 1964, the student population 345. For the implementation of this study UNESCO of the Institute amounted to 1,495 undergraduates and provided the services of technical assistance experts 298 post-graduates, 1,793 in total. Over 800 persons are assigned to various Latin American countries, particularly .employed at the Institute whose Indian teaching staff Ecuador, Guatemala, and Venezuela. These experts are 46 working in co-operation with other UNESCO experts of research is furthered at the Greek Social Science in educational planning and with national authorities on Centre (Athens), which has been assisted by UNESCO such problems as requirements of teaching staff, pro since its creation in 1962. Two experts are currently gramme of studies, curriculum development and teaching serving there and three fellowships and equipment have materials. The work is being done on the basis of question been provided, all under the Expanded Programme. naires and other methods of enquiry prepared by the Inter-American Committee on Agricultural Development 351. The Centre's main objectives are to undertake in co-operation with UNESCO. research with a view to gathering basic data on the social structure in Greece and to contributing to national and 346. The last year during which the Inter-American regional development. To this end it trains research Rural Education Centre, Rubio, Venezuela functioned as workers, prepares publications and organizes conferences. a regional centre was 1963. Under the EPTA regional programme UNESCO provided the services of two teach 352. Several important projects of the Centre were ing staff members, one in school supervision and admi brought to a close in 1963-1964 such as an economic and nistration and one in rural sociology and community social atlas of Greece which was prepared in collaboration development. Additionally, 15 fellowships were awarded with the Centre of Economic Research and the National in 1963 to enable educators from the region to attend Office of Statistics. Other projects include a survey of the ten-month course. Over the years, more than 500 Latin two villages of Epirus describing their social institutions, American educators have followed specialized training economic organization and the conditions for develop courses at the centre which has truly made a significant ment; a study of the role of a growing small town (Sparta) contribution to the professional preparation of teaching as the centre of a rural area and link between the villages and administrative personnel for the rural education and the metropolis, and an international conference of services in the region. sociologists and ethnographers specializing in rural sociology in the Mediterranean region. A series of publica 347. The Scientific and Technical Documentation tions will record the results of these projects. Centre which opened in Thailand in December 1964 is the eleventh such centre to be created with the help of 353. The Centre has also conducted a number of UNESCO. Three experts, a chief of project, a specialist introductory seminars on sociological research and has in scientific documentation and an expert in documents organized working groups which were attended by the reproduction comprise the mission which began its work Centre's staff as well as foreign sociologists engaged in in 1963. In May 1964, the Centre moved from temporary surveys in rural Greek communities. It thus has become quarters to a new building fully adapted to cover its needs, an essential source of information for all those interested and at the same time the necessary scientific staff was in the problems of field research in Greece. engaged. 354. The Institute of Social Studies and Research of 348. In India, a regional introductory training course the University of Teheran, Iran created in September in scientific documentation was organized by UNESCO 1958, has received UNESCO assistance since November with the co-operation of the IAEA and the Indian 1959. One expert in rural sociology was, from March 1963 National Scientific Documentation Centre in New Delhi, to February 1964, in charge of the Institute's section of from 21 October to 30 November 1963. Thirty-three tribal and rural studies. In this capacity, he directed the participants from eight South and South-East Asian work of the scientific personnel of the section and deve Countries attended the course, of this number fourteen loped a research programme which was initiated under were UNESCO fellows, three IAEA fellows, while the his guidance. More particularly, he concentrated on the rest came at their own or their institution's expense. The preparation of a guide for socio-economic surveys of course was directed by a UNESCO expert and the villages. He also prepared the outline of a survey to be Director of the Indian National Scientific Documentation conducted in the village of Dusajd, which had been des Centre, and assisted by a team of eight local lecturers. troyed by an earthquake and where a team of voluntary The main topics dealt with were: documentation, its workers from Europe was helping in the reconstruction. scope and functions; sources of information; building up 355. In December 1963-January 1964, another spe the service base; service to research and industry; cialist in rural sociology was sent to the Institute for one document procurement; exchange activities; documentary month as a consultant to advise on its long-term research reproduction services; translation service; information programme. He contributed to the preparation of a processing and methods of retrieval. research project aiming at a survey of rural life in Iran. 349. Special sessions were devoted to nuclear sciences Furthermore, the Director of the Institute has been documentation and the participants described scientific granted a fellowship to enable him to study the latest documentation activities in their own countries. An methods and techniques of sociological research. exhibition of UNESCO publications in the fields of 356. The Faculty of Sociology of the National Uni scientific and technical documentation was organized versity of Bogota, Colombia, established in 1960, has during the course by the Science Co-operation Office for developed into an institution of recognized scientific South Asia (New Delhi), and UNESCO documents and standing due to the assistance given by a UNESCO expert publications were distributed to participants. associated with this project since the beginning. Within a 350. The wide range of UNESCO activities in the curriculum of five years duration, two courses are to be social sciences may be divided among research schemes, devoted to basic studies of social science disciplines, and teaching projects, and applied social sciences. A key type three more for specialization in the following fields: 47 theory and research, social administration, public admi fifth acting as scientific director and general rapporteur, nistration, and sociology of labour. The expert, who participated in the seminar and contributed papers on initially organized the faculty, also taught and developed various aspects of investment in education. Thirteen a large research programme. Due to his initiative, a participants contributed papers describing the educational research centre was created. situation in their own countries. 357. During the 1963-1964 biennium, UNESCO con 361. The group discussed the progressive expan tinued to aid the Department of Sociology of the Uni sion of education in terms of the Asian countries' versity of Dacca, Pakistan, which was set up in 1957 with capacity to finance their own programmes and the effect its assistance. The present expert who took up his assign of this upon their over-all development plans. It was ment in February 1964, is assisted by an associate expert emphasized that effective programming required simulta from the Netherlands. Two members of the teaching staff neous determination of the educational programme and of the department went abroad for advanced study made the over-all development programme, and that as both possible by fellowships from UNESCO. financial and physical resources were scarce they should be 358. In spite of initial difficulties, due largely to a lack deployed with the greatest care in order to yield optimum of adequately trained local staff, the project can be returns. There was complete agreement with the view considered a success. The department is now an institution that educational expenditures, which should be considered of recognized standing, admitting between thirty and forty as investment in human capital, must be determined as students every year, while more than 250 students of other one element in the total government budget. In conclusion, departments study sociology as a subsidiary subject. Since the opinion cf the seminar was that the countries of the 1960 the department has been awarding Bachelor of Arts region did have the economic and financial capacity to degrees, and since 1961, Master of Arts degrees in achieve the Tokyo target of spending 4 per cent to 5 per Sociology. A nucleus of local teaching staff has been cent of their Gross National Product on education, by trained, but more are required. a date close to the target year 1980, and that for meeting the social goals and the education and skill requirements 359. Following the recommendations of two Expanded implicit in over-all development programmes, this target Programme experts, the Institute of Sociology at the was likely to prove essential. University of Rabat, Morocco, was created in 1960. Since that time it has received assistance from one 362. The observations and conclusions of the seminar UNESCO expert provided in 1961-1962 under the Pro were set forth in a final report which, together with the gramme of Participation in the Activities of Member working papen:, will be published in book form and made States, and continued during six months in 1963 under available to the conference of ministers of education to be the Expanded Programme. The expert's mission was to held in Bangkok, Thailand, in 1965. advise the Moroccan authorities on teaching methods and 363. A regional seminar on educational statistics for curricula in the field of socio-cultural studies and to teach Arabic-speaking countries was held in Tunis, Tunisia in sociology in continuance of the courses started in 1960 May 1964. The objective of the seminar, the fifth of a -as well as to working out the specialized courses needed regional series, was to bring together officials in charge for the following academic year. At the end of his mission, of educational statistics in the countries of the region the expert submitted recommendations to the Moroccan to study and discuss matters of mutual interest, with a authorities concerning the reorganization of the study view to improving and developing national educational programme leading to a degree in sociology and the statistics. Participants from 13 Arab Member States creation of a research section within the Institute, as well attended the seminar. Special attention was given in the as certain measures designed to promote sociological discussion to the needs for adequate, reliable and suffi teaching in general. ciently detailed statistical data to be utilized for the 360. As part of its programme in the applied social purpose of educational planning, as integrated in general sciences, UNESCO, in collaboration with ECAFE, economic and :;ocial planning. Other items on the agenda sponsored a Regional Technical Assistance seminar on dealt with the organization and operation of national Investment in Education in the countries participating in services for educational statistics, the training of personnel the Karachi Plan which was held in Bangkok, Thailand, specializing in this field, and with problems involved in in April 1964. Called to study the economic and financial the application of the recommendation concerning the problems involved in implementing the recommendations international :>tandardization of educational statistics concerning the Karachi Plan as extended at the Tokyo which had been adopted by the General Conference of Conference in 1962,4 this seminar, which was of a technical UNESCO at its Tenth session in Paris, 1958. 5 nature, brought together 22 participants from 12 countries. 364. A lecturer in public administration and govern Eight came from ministries of finance, seven from national ment was put at the disposal of Kivukoni College, Dar es planning authorities and seven from ministries of educa Salaam, Tanzania, from 1 May to 31 July 1963, following tion. In addition, four international consultants, and a a similar mission of four months made possible by an allocation from the Expanded Programme contingency fund in 1962. Kivukoni College was created in 1960 to 4 See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Report of Meeting of Ministers of Education of Asian Member States Participating in the Karachi Plan (Tokyo, 2-11 April 1962), published by UNESCO Regional Office for Education in 6 Records of tile General Conference, Tenth session, Resolutions, Asia, Bangkok. resolution 3/21. 48 provide training for persons carrying political, social or national assistance will need to be provided beyond that administrative responsibilities in the country and who had period. not been able to benefit from adequate traditional 372. Cultural affairs also accounted for some of instruction. The duration of the courses is eight months. UNESCO's activities during the past biennium. A five 365. The expert gave instruction in the fundamentals year agreement between the Government of Senegal and of public administration and government, including UNESCO, signed in March 1962, led to the establishment practical training in the techniques of administration such in Dakar, Senegal of a centre for training librarians from as the preparation of memoranda, reports, briefs for French-speaking African countries. The need for such a negotiations, statistical abstracts, etc. He also established centre was an urgent one and its establishment with all and supervised the acquisition programme for the college possible speed was recommended by the 1962 regional library in the field of administration. Besides his duties seminar on the development of public libraries in Africa. at Kivukoni College, he gave a series of lectures at the Institute of Public Administration attached to the Uni 373. The 1961-1962 assistance provided by UNESCO's versity College of Dar es Salaam. regular programme included an experts for 15 months and books and equipment to the value of $7,000. The 366. A course for English-speaking African political project came under the EPTA regional programme during scientists and specialists in public administration was 1963-1964 and an expert was provided in April 1963 for organized under the Expanded Programme on the 15 months to plan the organization of the centre, draw political and administrative aspects of the economic up its teaching programme and begin the first eight-month activity of the state, in consultation with the International course in November 1963. The initial course was held Political Science Association. This course was held in as scheduled in quarters provided by the Government of March-April 1964 at Makerere University College, Senegal and was attended by 20 students from 11 African Kampala, Uganda, and was designed to define some of countries, 17 of whom were on UNESCO fellowships. the problems facing African countries on the political, economic, and administrative level, and to indicate means 374. The second training course began on 23 November of solving them. Twenty English-speaking participants 1964 and fellowships were awarded to 17 nominees from from the following African countries took part in the 11 countries. Holders of fellowships under participation meeting: Ethiopia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Special Fund programmes have joined the course, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, United Arab bringing the total enrolment up to 20. Republic. The majority of them were young university 375. The regional Centre at Dakar is the first library lecturers, a few being civil servants from the ministries school in the area. It is becoming increasingly popular concerned. and will undoubtedly play a leading role in the future 367. This course belongs to a series of refresher courses as an institution which will contribute to educational, organized by UNESCO since 1958 in various continents social and economic progress of the region. for the purpose of improving the qualifications of uni 376. At the request of the Government of Uganda, versity staff and specialists in the various branches of acting in co-operation with the Governments of Kenya social sciences. and Tanzania, UNESCO assisted in the establishment of 368. Following the preliminary mission of a UNESCO the East African School of Librarianship at Makerere expert in 1962, the Government of Chad decided upon College, Kampala, Uganda. A UNESCO expert, provided the creation of a national school of administration. The by the Danish special contribution ot the Expanded Pro expert entrusted with the implementation of the project gramme, was Director of the Institute during 1963 and took up his assignment in February 1963. He prepared a 1964 and was assisted by a lecturer provided by the detailed plan on the basis of which the school was Rockefeller Foundation. During the coming biennium, officially established in May 1963 with the objective of his replacement will be provided under the EPTA country developing a corps of middle-grade civil servants, the programme for Uganda. higher cadres being, for the present, trained abroad. 377. During 1964, two six-month courses for junior 369. Admission to the two-year cycle of studies is open librarians were completed. The first course, lasting from to holders of the certificate obtained after four years of January to June 1964, included 15 librarians from Kenya, secondary school, subject to their passing a competitive Tanzania and Uganda, of whom 12 received diplomas. examination. The school started functioning in October At the second course, which began in July, 13 students 1963 with 30 students, of whom all but one were admitted were enrolled, the countries represented being Kenya, in October 1964 to the second year of studies, while a new Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. Plans have been group entered the school. drawn up for a diploma course of two years which is scheduled to begin in July 1965. 370. The UNESCO expert has the functions of scientific director to advise and to assist the Chadian director of 378. The East African School of librarianship is the school in his tasks. He also does considerable teaching, rapidly developing into a popular institution serving the although a number of lectures and seminars are given by needs not only of the countries of East Africa, but also civil servants and judges posted in Fort Lamy as well as of other English-speaking African countries in the region. by secondary school teachers. 379. In continuance of the project started under the 371. The project is being continued under the Expanded Expanded Programme in 1961-1962 for the establishment Programme for 1965-1966, and it is expected that inter- of the Library of the State Planning Organization at 49 Ankara, Turkey, a second expert was sent on a one-year sites located in Nepal was made, together with recommen mission in February 1964. His duties included advising dations on the work of conservation, and their ultimate and assisting in the organization of the biliographical, development as centres for tourism. Specimen work to documentation and reference services of the library of conserve an important medieval monument in Kath the State Planning Organization, and the training of staff mandu is being carried out with the co-operation of the for the library. One fellowship and $8,000 in books and public works and the archaeological departments. The equipment were also made available under the Expanded expert has also given courses on archaeological and Programme. museum methods for curators of state museums and libraries and for members of the archaeological 380. The State Planning Organization Library provides department. services to staff members of the organization as well as to other research workers and specialists who wish to 386. Mass communications, a field of much UNESCO make use of the library's collections. Six members of the activity over the years, has accounted for a number of local staff work with the UNESCO expert in the day projects in Africa. to-day routines of the library. They receive in-service 387. The Government of Cameroon, for example, training in reference services, cataloguing and other asked for an expert to reorganize its press agency, better library activities. At the conclusion of the expert's mission its financial situation, train the staff and improve the in February 1965, it is expected that the State Planning quality of the press bulletin. An international specialist Organization will have at its disposal a well-organized recruited by UNESCO has been concerned with this task library suitable to meet its needs and administered by since April 1963, and has given intensive training to the qualified and experienced local librarians. personnel over the past year and a half. The agency has 381. During 1964, a UNESCO expert serving under begun issuing an information bulletin in English; the UNESCO's regular programme spent nine months in volume and editing of the French bulletin has consider Ecuador where he surveyed the existing library facilities ably improved, and distribution techniques have been and evaluated the country's library needs. Working in developed. co-operation with the educational planning authorities, 388. Attention has also been given to the training of he drew up a library development plan which fitted in journalists in French-speaking Africa. An eight-month with the educational plans of the country. It provides regional training course, financed from Expanded Pro for the creation of a bureau connected with the Depart gramme regional funds, was organized by UNESCO and ment of Over-all Planning of Education, which should the Government of Senegal and took place in the Uni plan libraries, for the enactment of a library law, and for versity of Dakar from November 1963 to June 1964. the establishment or reorganization of libraries and Designed to tra.in young journalists and news corres library schools. pondents for work with news agencies, newspapers, radio, 382. The results of this expert's work will be discussed television and other news services, the course covered not at a gathering of experts scheduled to be held in a Latin only all aspects of the professional techniques of journal American country during 1965. At this meeting the plan ism, but also included general cultural studies. As a result, and the manner of its implementation will be reviewed a centre for the study of the sciences and techniques of by representatives from the countries in Latin America information and journalism is being set up at the Uni from the point of view of its applicability in their respective versity of Dakar and will conduct training courses countries. regularly in the fllture. Training was also given to English speaking journalists from African countries. Senior 383. This is the first time that a UNESCO mission in journalists and information officers from newspapers, librarianship has related the over-all needs of library news agencies, broadcasting organizations and informa services to educational development plans. tion ministries pa.rticipated in a course offered in Kampala. 384. An expert went to Malaysia in November 1962 Uganda from April to mid-June 1964 as part of the for 20 months to advise the Government on the organiza EPTA regional programme. The object of the course was tion of national archives. During this time, a fellowship to train journalists and information officers in the use of was requested for a counterpart expert, so that he might mass communications and their practical application in be trained to take over the expert's work. community programmes organized to contribute to national progress. 385. As part of UNESCO's programme for the development of museums and preservation of monuments, 389. In Asia a two-week seminar on journalism an expert began a 12-month mission in Nepal in January training methods was held in Nagpur, India, from 1964. One of the most important aspects of his work was 23 November to 5 December 1964, under the regional the preservation or restoration of monuments as centres programme of EPTA. Its object was to discuss methods of attraction for the developing tourist industry. This of journalism training and examine training programmes involved an assessment of the current condition of many and curricula for short courses and professional training important monuments some of which have suffered from institutions. It '.Vas attended by journalists or journalism hasty or inexpert restoration, as well as, their accessibility educators from China (Taiwan), India, Indonesia, Iran, and the problem of suitability of accommodation for Israel, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. visitors. As a result, revised draft legislation for the 390. Discussions covered a wide field including social protection of cultural property was prepared; a survey responsibility of the media, various systems of informa of the most important monuments and archaeological tion, the role of mass media in economic and social 50 development, communications theory and research, was called to examine the organizational and financial training systems and methods, the curricula of university problems of television in African countries, to indicate the journalism departments, and the advanced training of potential contribution of the medium to social, educa working journalists. tional and cultural development, to pave the way for the systematic development of television based on the needs 391. The seminar was the second of this kind organized and conditions of the countries of Africa, and to promote by UNESCO to help promote and improve formal regional co-operation. Participants were directors of training for journalists in Asia. The previous one was national television or broadcasting organizations of those held in Manila, the Philippines in 1961. African member States where television already exists, 392. A survey mission on the production and marketing or is planned for the near future. of low-cost radio receivers in Asia was conducted from 399. In the Arab world, a seminar on educational April through August 1964 under the supervision of the television, especially designed for those Arab member Transport and Communications Division of the ECAFE, States in which educational television exists or is planned and the administration of UNESCO with funds from the in the near future, was held in Cairo, United Arab EPTA regional programme. Republic for a fortnight in November 1964 as part of the 393. The group which was based in Bangkok, Thailand, EPT A regional programme. It was attended by parti visited the following countries: Afghanistan, India, Indo cipants -heads either of educational television services, nesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand. or of educational institutions- from the following Its objective was to assist the countries of Asia to obtain countries: Algeria, Federation of South Arabia, Iraq, low-cost radio receivers in quantity in order to expand Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, their radio audiences, and to advise on the possible as well as by a large representation of United Arab establishment or expansion of manufacturing or assembl Republic television specialists and educationalists. The ing industries for this prupose. work of the seminar was devoted mainly to lectures by international consultants specialized in the field of educa 394. A Japanese radio engineer familiar with manufac tional television, followed by the viewing of a wide turing operations in the radio receiver field, and an selection of educational television programmes produced Indian industrial planner specialized in light electrical by 15 television organizations of different countries. industries, comprised the mission. Both experts had been Practical exercises were also undertaken by working recruited by UNESCO in consultation with ECAFE and groups of participants who, at the conclusion of the ITU. Together they made a market study of the potential seminar, formulated suggestions concerning the introduc demand for radio receivers in different price ranges, of tion and development of educational television in the both the domestic and community type; they examined Arab States and, in particular, the use of television for the problems involved in the manufacture of complete adult education, eradication of illiteracy, teacher training, receivers or component parts according to standardized the exchange of programmes and experience among Arab lines; they also investigated government policy in the countries, and co-operation between educators and countries visited, with regard to the manufacture, assembly or importation of radio receivers, particularly such matters broadcasters. as import controls, customs and excise duties, patent 400. Development of the cinema was the purpose of duties and royalties. a ten-day seminar which was held in Teheran, Iran in 395. On the African continent, UNESCO provided September 1964 for executive producers, leading docu assistance to both radio and television services. In Sierra mentary film makers and script writers from countries of Leone, for example, an expert spent 16 months advising South and South-East Asia which have a national service on the establishment of a school broadcasting service. with a regular production of documentary films for cinematographic or television purposes. 396. First of all, he set up regular broadcasts designed for secondary schools with particular emphasis on 401. The aim of the seminar which was devoted mainly language teaching and adult education. to the showing, analysis and discussion of documentary films of an educational nature, was to give an impetus 397. A second step was the broadcasting of pro to documentary film making in Asia, particularly with a grammes dedicated entirely to adult education. Further view to raising its level, and to encouraging the production experiments in teachers' training were carried out by the for general public consumption of documentary films expert -although on a more reduced scale- and he having a social purpose. also played a significant role in the setting up of educa tional television. At the same time, a UNESCO fellowship holder from Sierra Leone was receiving training in Euro 5. International Civil Aviation Organization pean countries and in Ghana which enabled her to act 402. In 1963, ICAO had technical assistance missions as a counterpart to the expert and to take over his duties in 30 countries and, during 1964, the Organization when he completed his mission. provided experts to 38 countries under the Expanded 398. A one-week regional meeting on the development Programme of Technical Assistance. More than half of of television in Africa was held in Lagos, Nigeria, in the missions consisted of only a man or two and several September 1964, under the EPTA regional programme. of them were assigned for only part of the year. By far The meeting which had been recommended by the the largest mission was in Saudi Arabia- a total of regional meeting on information media in Africa in 1962, 18 experts in the course of the last year, of whom 14 were 51 provided at the expense of the Government under a air traffic services and flight safety, have continued to funds-in-trust arrangement. The departure of the last advise and assist the civil aviation authorities in the expert from Iran at the close of 1964, marked the end of day-to-day activities of the department responsible for one of the oldest ICAO technical assistance missions, civil aviation. Experts in air-worthiness and fire and rescue which was established in 1951. services from the interregional projects based in Beirut 403. Requests from the new States of Africa for spent some time in Liberia giving help in their specialties. assistance in the establishment and development of civil 411. The important advisory project in Somalia aviation administrations increased and by the end of the received further impetus when, at the request of the 1963-1964 biennium, ICAO missions financed from the Minister of Public Works, a plan for the development of Expanded Programme has been established in 13 of them. civil aviation in Somalia for the next five to ten years was prepared by the civil aviation adviser and accepted by 404. During the preparation of the programme for the next biennium (1965-1966), it became evident that the Government. It has now been included as part of the Government's official work programme. It calls for the interest in technical assistance in civil aviation was enactment of civil aviation legislation, the setting up of growing in Latin America and that the emphasis was now a department of civil aviation, the training of technical on assistance in highly specialized fields rather than in staff to serve in the department, and the development of developing the basic infrastructure for civil aviation. a domestic airport equipped and staffed to support 405. Regional and interregional projects under the operations by the national airline. The air traffic services Expanded Programme continued to give valuable short instructor trained local personnel for service in the tower term assistance to several countries in the areas for which and in the briefing of crews, processing of flight plans, they were designed. Experience has shown that these preparation of notices to airmen and other technical projects often serve to introduce newly-independent matters. The mission co-operated closely with other countries to technical assistance in the field of civil groups working on civil aviation development under aviation, and that short-term assignments of project bilateral aid programmes. A radio engineer and an air experts are frequently followed by requests for longer worthiness expert from regional and interregional projects term assignments of experts under the country programme. each spent about three months in Somalia giving assist 406. The number of fellowships and scholarships ance in· their specialties. granted under the Expanded Programme was higher 412. A regional project begun by ICAO in 1963 at the during the past biennium than ever before. Sixty-six were request of the governments comprising the East African awarded in 1961 and 93 in 1962; in the just-concluded Common Servic,;,s Organization (EACSO) was continued biennium 1963-1964, 116 awards were made in 1963, throughout 1964. Basic training in air traffic control, and 238 in 1964. Actually, 192 persons received training communications operations and radio maintenance was in 1963 under fellowships and scholarships awarded by given to students from Kenya, Uganda and the United ICAO, more than half of them being carry-overs from Republic of Tanzania by six ICAO experts and one previous years. Of the 238 awards made in 1964, 62 of provided by EACSO itself. In the latter part of 1964, them had not been implemented at the year's end. five students from Malawi sent on government fellowships 407. Special efforts were made to inform countries in joined the courses, and two from Rwanda were expected areas where there are training centres assisted by the early in 1965. Because of the increasing demand for Special Fund, of the facilities these centres offer and to technicians for all kinds of civil aviation services, the encourage them to make greater use of the facilities by Project Manager (a training adviser) prepared proposals requesting more ICAO fellowships. The result has been for a comprehensive aviation training programme, which an increase in the number of fellowships for training at were accepted in principle by EACSO. The Governments such centres in the 1965-1966 programme. A larger pro of Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania portion of the funds allocated to the ICAO for regional are understood to be planning to request assistance from projects will be earmarked for this purpose. the Special Fund in carrying out this programme. 408. No operational personnel was appointed, and no 413. In Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the use was made of volunteers during the 1963-1964 Congo, plans of operations were approved during the biennium. past year for two new civil aviation training centres. At training centres in the United Arab Republic, in Tunisia 409. In view of the growing interest of the African and Morocco the number of students from other countries countries in civil aviation, the activities of ICAO in that of the region increased. Guinea alone accounts for 52 of region continued to expand in 1963 and 1964. To the these students ail the centres in Tunisia and Morocco. In many projects already in operation were added a number the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the ICAO has of new ones. Experts from various regional projects continued to supply personnel to provide essential opera carried out short-term assignments to a large number of tional assistance to maintain the country's air services. countries. In Algeria, two instructors in air traffic services Nationals from Algeria, Burundi, the Democratic began during the second half of 1963 to train local traffic Republic of tht: Congo, Gabon. Guinea, Ivory Coast, controllers and meteorological observers at the National Madagascar, Mali, Mauritan:a, Rwanda, Senegal, Soma Training School at Maison Blanche. They also advised lia, Tunisia, the United Arab Republic and the United on ground services and conducted on-the-job training at Republic of Ta.nzania, were awarded fellowships and various aerodromes throughout the country. scholarships mostly at Special Fund-assisted training 410. In Liberia, experts in civil~aviation administration, centres within the region. 52 414. In the field of civil aviation, the training of radio biennium, took place in 1963 when construction work technicians, radio operators, aerodrome fire fighters and began on a new runway at the Kathmandu airport and aerodrome power plant technicians in Afghanistan the Government approved the establishment of a Nepal continued throughout most of the biennium under the Flight Information Region by January 1965. In prepara guidance of ICAO instructors. During 1964, the ICAO tion for these developments, ICAO helped install commu mission trained 166 students, which was 44 more than nications equipment and navigational aids at Kathmandu in 1963, at the national training centre in Kabul. A number International Airport and at seven aerodromes serving of well-qualified national counterpart staff have now been domestic traffic, assisted in the selection of sites to be used provided to work along with the ICAO instructors, and it in the operation of short take-off and landing aircraft, is hoped that in the future most of the basic training can the reorganization of the Civil Aviation Directorate, and soon be taken over by these counterpart staff; this would the preparation of a five-year aviation development plan. free the international experts to concentrate on the more A limited amount of on-the-job training was given in advanced part of the training. The mission also assisted personnel licensing and radio maintenance, and the the Afghan authorities with accident investigation, national airline was aided in the preparation of an refuelling regulations and organizational surveys. It operations manual. The mission continued, throughout maintained close relations with the United States civil the 1963-1964 biennium, to give advice on all aspects aviation group working under a bilateral aid programme, of civil aviation administration, day-to-day problems and which supplied an English-language instructor for the long-term planning. training centre. An expert from the interregional aero drome engineering project spent a month and a half in 420. Regional technical assistance was introduced in the Latin America and Caribbean area at the beginning the country early in 1964 making a survey of three of 1963 and the demand for short-term highly specialized domestic aerodromes and advising the Government on help under this heading is continuously growing. Six its aerodrome development programme. projects have been undertaken as follows: air traffic 415. A civil aviation adviser and an air traffic services control (approach control), frequency search, personnel instructor have continued in 1963 and 1964 to give licensing and operational control, fire fighting and rescue advice and to train air traffic services and aeronautical services, air transport-air freight survey and aerodrome radio communications personnel in Cambodia. During engineering. So far, twelve countries have participated in 1964, 15 students successfully completed their training, one or more of these projects. The Air Transport/Air nine of them qualifying as licensed air traffic controllers Freight project is of a short-term nature and was com and six as radio technicians. Twenty-two students began pleted in September 1964. The Aerodrome Engineering new courses in air traffic control and seven in radio Project was introduced to meet the specific needs of three maintenance. countries. Another regional project, to cover communica 416. Assistance to India in the field of radar control tions engineering maintenance planning will be introduced and surveillance of aircraft at Delhi, Bombay and Calcutta early in 1965 as a result of requests from several govern was provided by the assignment of an expert in the opera ments. Technical assistance through the regional pro tion of modern radio aids. The training of air traffic gramme is normally provided for periods ranging from controllers in airways techniques was started in November one to three months per country, and indications of 1964 and will continue throughout 1965. By the end of interest in the five projects to be continued into 1965 that time, enough controllers will have been trained to suggest maximum utilization even beyond the 1965-1966 permit the introduction of airways control and to provide biennium. local instructors to continue the training programme. 421. In Trinidad and Tobago, air traffic services 417. In Indonesia, experts in radio engineering, radio training facilities for the English-speaking areas of the maintenance, aircraft instruments maintenance and Caribbean and South America have been established electrical engineering in connexion with airports, have under the guidance of an ICAO expert and with the help continued to assist the Government both in the devel of two ICAO instructors. opment of the country's airports and at the Civil Avia 422. During 1964, 23 air-traffic controllers graduated tion Academy at Tjurug. from the regional training centre operated by the ICAO 418. An airworthiness expert has been working in Iran mission. New courses were scheduled to begin in 1965, to develop internationally acceptable standards and with students from Santa Lucia and Granada, as well as procedures for the inspection and maintenance of aircraft. from Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, the Virgin Islands He also gave on-the-job training to aircraft inspectors and Surinam, from which participants in the earlier and maintenance staff, and assisted aviation authorities courses had been drawn. The flying instructor joined the with the preparation of personnel licensing procedures. mission towards the end of the year to prepare for the By the time he left at the end of 1964, a properly organized start of flying training early in 1965. licensing authority had been established, capable of 423. In Ecuador the ICAO experts, who numbered carrying out its functions in accordance with ICAO two in 1963 and six in 1964, assisted with an almost standards and practices. An expert from the interregional complete reorganization of the department of civil air law and regulations project spent some time in Iran, aviation. The civil aviation adviser devoted most of his helping to draw up a civil aviation act and regulations. time to the improvement of the technical and administra 419. The most significant development in connexion tive structure of the Directorate of Civil Aviation and the with civil aviation facilities in Nepal during the past development of a master plan for civil aviation. Other 53 members of the ICAO mission provided practical assist two nationaLs of Greece were learning air traffic control ance and advice in the installation and maintenance of an (radar) in the United States of America, and two nationals aeronautical communications system and radionaviga of Poland were studying flight instruments in the United tional aids, made studies of the air traffic control services Kingdom. During 1964, the ICAO awarded two fellow and search and rescue organization at Guayaquil, and ships to nationals of Greece and Yugoslavia. advised on many day-to-day problems. Experts from the regional frequency search and personnel licensing projects carried out short assignments in the first part of 1964 and, 6. W(Jtrld Health Organization later on, the expert from the regional aerodrome engineer EXPANDED PROGRAMME ing project inspected repairs to the runways at Quito International Airport. A financial consultant of ICAO 429. During 1963-1964 Governments have continued to was provided primarily to advise the authorities on the place strong emphasis in their requests to WHO on educa details for implementing a system of charges for the use tion and training and on the efforts necessary to strengthen of en-route facilities and services; he also recommended and develop their health services, including health man improvements in the accounting and budgetary arrange power requirements and training needs. Apart from the ments of the Civil Aviation Directorate. WHO fellowship programme itself, and the education 424. An air transport economist from ICAO arrived and training activities proper, there has been a training in Uruguay in November 1964 on a two-month mission element in almost every field project assisted by the to assist the government planning office in preparing the organization. In addition to the training of national civil aviation part of a ten-year development plan. counterparts, WHO project staff have given in-service training to various grades of health personnel to hasten 425. The largest mission of ICAO during the past the day when the staff requirements of each project can be biennium, namely, that in Saudi Arabia, continued to filled by local personnel. Further, a number of projects assist in the operation and maintenance of Dharan Air are designed to assist in the creation and development port, where, in spite of the shortage of qualified personnel, of centres for the education of the professional cadres of air traffic control and meteorological services were kept health personnel, including medical officers, sanitary at a satisfactory level. It supervised the maintenance and engineers and nurses, as well as auxiliary personnel. engineering sections at the airport and helped with the operation and maintenance of telecommunication services. 430. The shortage of trained and qualified staff, Radio frequencies were monitored and advice given on particularly med[cal officers, to organize, administer and operational problems. man the health services is one of the major problems confronting health administrators in many countries. 426. The prime focus of the international experts serving on the ICAO mission to Saudi Arabia, however, 431. An outstanding feature of the education and was training. The first group of students trained by the training programme developed in South-East Asia has mission completed their training during 1964, 16 gra been the important project commenced in Baroda Medical duating as air traffic controllers, 18 as teletypewriter College in India. The aim has been to create a model operators, 6 as teletypewriter mechanics, and 31 as medical college both for undergraduate education and as meteorological assistants. On-the-job training was given a field for postgraduate study and research; to this end, to fire and rescue services personnel and the training of WHO entered into an agreement with the University of counterpart personnel proceeded. Edinburgh, the medical faculty of which has undertaken to provide six WHO professors in different disciplines each 427. Training in air traffic services and radio mainte year for a period of six years. A comprehensive fellowship nance continued to be the principal activity of the ICAO programme was also instituted under this project and this mission in the Syrian Arab Republic. Four experts served over-all attempt to strengthen the faculty of a medical in 1963, and six in 1964. Emphasis alternated between college has had a promising start. formal classroom training of students in air traffic control and radio maintenance, and on-the-job training of 432. Assistance by WHO in medical education under graduates. As Syrian counterparts were themselves qua the Expanded Programme has included development of lified, they took over the duties of the ICAO instructors, preventive and social medicine, and dental education in thus freeing the international personnel for on-the-job India. A Medical Education Study Tour was undertaken training and operational problems. During 1964, the under the EPTA programme and the participants were experts also advised the authorities on the proposed drawn from among Deans and Principals of medical reorganization of the communications division of the colleges from most countries in the South-East Asia Civil Aviation Department and on plans for airport region. Each year, a different discipline is chosen as the development and improvement, including a new inter subject of such study tours and the opportunity to study national airport for Damascus. teaching methods in different countries has been extre mely useful. 428. Assistance by ICAO to countries of Europe during the past biennium consisted principally of the granting 433. The present status of undergraduate medical of fellowships. During 1963, six men from Yugoslavia education in the Western Pacific region was reviewed at completed training in the USSR in fields ranging from the first Conference of Deans of Medical Schools of the air traffic services, fire and rescue services, and accident region, which bas held in Manila, the Philippines in investigation to airport administration. One Yugoslav was November 1963. This served to give a particular impetus studying maintenance inspection in the United Kingdom, to medical education in the region. In Africa, because of 54 the lack of training centres, the fellowship programme takes research and provides epidemiological consultant has played an important part in helping to train pro services to State Health Directorates. No less important fessional personnel. Promotion of professional training for the development of health services is the training centres was provided mainly through the regular pro of auxiliary and paramedical personnel which has con gramme, although there were five such projects under the tinued to be a significant field of WHO assistance. Such Expanded Programme. programmes were assisted in Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, 434. Assistance to nursing education has occupied an Libya, Tunisia, and Yemen. The programme for training important role. In 1961, for example, the scope of the multi-purpose health auxiliaries to man the rural health nursing education project in Guatemala was expanded to services in Nepal was maintained and, in Thailand, a include advanced training of instructors and professors new project was started for training radiographers, of nursing services, basic nursing education and the particularly in the proper maintenance and repair of training of nursing auxiliaries. Thus, in Guatemala, some X-ray equipment. A successful programme for the training 730 qualified nurses have been given basic training and of X-ray technicians has also been in operation since 70 have received advance training, and a total of the beginning of 1963 in Ethiopia and is planned to 2,180 nursing auxiliaries now exist; some 27 fellowships continue through 1965-1966. were also provided. The World Health Organization 439. Assistance in national health planning - a major invested more than $190,000 in this project, and the area of concentration of the organization's efforts- has Government of Guatemala spent approximately $1 million been made available by WHO, mainly under its regular in installing and operating the three training programmes programme. which also received students from other Latin American 440. The World Health Organization has continued countries. In 1964, WHO's assistance was terminated to expand its assistance in the development of basic as the programme was able henceforth to operate under community health services, particularly in rural areas. national staff. In Africa, there were 13 projects of this nature during 435. The nursing advisory services project in the Niger, the biennium. Public health advisers were assigned by approved for contingency financing in 1964, prepared WHO to some of these projects to assist the government plans for nursing training in Niamey. This has led to a at the ministry level with a view to developing the over-all request for the development of a new nursing school in health services and to advise on co-ordinated planning. the capital which, from 1965 onwards, will receive Special In other cases, WHO public health teams consisting of Fund assistance. one or more medical officers, a public health nurse, and 436. Nursing education in Laos has been hampered a sanitarian, were assigned to assist rural health projects by a shortage of staff, inadequate clinical facilities, and an where national midwives, health inspectors, public health insufficient budget; nevertheless, advances have been nurses and auxiliaries have been trained. made in ward management and teaching. Male students 441. In its Eastern Mediterranean region, WHO has are able to spend part of their time with the WHO assigned to Somalia a basic health services advisory team sanitarian attached to the rural health services project, consisting of a medical officer and a sanitarian to establish and female students have been given an opportunity of a rural health demonstration and training centre. In gaining some experience in maternal and child health. Iraq, the project of rural health advisory services aims at An eight-week training course for nursing supervisors providing assistance to the Government in the organiza and trained nurses in the Western Pacific region was tion of rural health work at the national level and in conducted towards the end of 1964. establishing an integrated health programme; the team 437. In Cyprus, Pakistan, Somalia, and the United consists of a medical officer, a public health nurse, and a Arab Republic, training projects for nurses have been sanitary engineer. A rural health demonstration area has continued or initiated under the Expanded Programme been created by a similar team in Syria, and in the Sudan during the biennium. In Afghanistan, WHO has provided a rural health project has developed along comparable assistance to basic nursing education, where the pro lines and is expected to be completed in 1965. gramme includes both male and female nurses; in Burma, 442. In Asia, also, the emphasis on rural health emphasis has been laid on the improvement of training services was accentuated. In Afghanistan, preparations in midwifery, and other projects under the Expanded were made for the eventual integration of the maintenance Programme have been operating in India, Nepal and phase of the malaria eradication programme into the Thailand. In addition to medical and nursing education, general health services of the country. In India, major WHO has assisted in developing education in public attention was directed to the environmental sanitation health, paediatrics, maternal and child health and other administration of rural health services. specified fields. 443. In Cambodia and Laos, WHO has continued to 438. Fellowships from WHO made it possible for eight provide assistance for the development of rural health epidemiologists to be trained to the standard requisite programmes, and UNICEF has been supplying the neces for establishing epidemiological sections in state health sary equipment. The Rural Health Training Centre at directorates in India. It is of interest that the Malaria Takhmau in Kanda!, Cambodia, has expanded rapidly, Institute of India has been expanded by the Government both through consultant services, clinical work, and in into a National Institute of Communicable Diseases in its training aspects; not only student nurses and midwives order to train epidemiologists in the environment in have been trained, but also medical officers, community which they called upon to work. This Institute also under- development workers, etc. Particular attention is being 55 focused now on the development of environmental programmes in Mexico, Ecuador, and Bolivia; UNICEF sanitation activities. Rural development in public health continued to provide assistance in this field. In Ecuador, in Laos- a project started in March 1961 -has pro the greater part of the population of malarious areas is gressed more slowly, but has continued to operate and entering the consolidation phase. The programme in expand despite the difficulties in the area. Mexico covers some 21 million people, while in Bolivia rapid progress towards eradication has been made. 444. In 1964, a project in Somalia was developed under contingency financing; under this project a national 450. Work in other communicable disease fields health planning team consisting of a public health adviser, included assistance given to Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra a nurse educator, and a sanitary engineer has been pro Leone in the control of yaws, and all these projects have vided to the Government. The objective of the project reached the consolidation phase. Onchocerciasis (river is to assist the Government in preparing a long-term, blindness) control in Uganda has been undertaken by a phased health plan and the work is to continue through team of short-t<:rm consultants who have completed a 1965. comprehensive study, and in Bechuanaland detailed plans 445. In the Western Pacific region, the Philippines was have been prepared for a trypanosomiasis control project. host Government in 1963 to a regional survey on health In 1964, a survey of trypanosomiasis in Kenya- a project services and reporting which discussed aims and coverage implemented together with the FAO under an Expanded of the health survey, the methods used to define health Programme contingency grant - was undertaken with a problems and needs in planning health programmes and view to assisting the Government in formulating a request in assessing health services. This seminar helped substan to the Special Fund. A training course in trypanosomiasis tially to prepare the ground for a subsequent regional was held at Bobo-Dioulasso in October-November 1964 seminar on national health planning which was also held 451. In the attack on smallpox, good progress has been at Manilla in June 1964, under the WHO regular made in the smaJlpox vaccination programme in Bolivia programme. where systematic vaccination of the population was 446. Assistance has been provided for the development recommenced in August 1963. The World Health Organ of health laboratory services in Mongolia. In Cambodia, ization has provided assistance for the training of per work has expanded to the point of permitting the establish sonnel and the organization of field work. The smallpox ment of hospital and health laboratories in the provinces vaccination programme in Ecuador was completed in the where three laboratories have been equipped by UNICEF first half of 1964 and more than 80 per cent of the and are functioning satisfactorily. country's population have been vaccinated. Smallpox eradication campaigns have been operating in Afghanis 447. The global programme against malaria received tan, India and Nepal as a regional project. high priority for assistance during the past biennium. Malaria pre-eradication projects in Cameroon, Ghana and 452. In Africa, there were ten tuberculosis control Togo and in other countries are making good progress projects operating during the biennium and three regional and the malaria project on the island of Zanzibar in the Tuberculosis advisory teams; among the countries visited United Republic of Tanzania has now reached the era were Burundi, Cameroon, Dahomey, Ivory Coast, Mali, dication phase. In Jordan and Syria, eradication pro Mauritania, Nigeria, and Togo. Demonstration and grammes are in operation, and a pre-eradication pro training projects for tuberculosis control were also gramme in proceeding in Somalia. implemented by WHO in Ethiopia, Libya, Pakistan and Somalia. In the South-East Asia region, tuberculosis is 448. In Indonesia, the malaria eradication programme still regarded as a first priority public health problem. is being undertaken by stages and the first 15.4 million Assistance was continued to the long-term tuberculosis people are now living in areas free from malaria. In the chemotherapy research project in Madras, and to the province of West Irian, a pre-eradication programme has development of the Indian national tuberculosis control been initiated. In the Western Pacific region, four pro programme; re~mlts have proved most satisfactory. grammes are assisted with Expanded Programme funds Assistance to urban and rural tuberculosis control pro -the eradication pilot project in the Solomon Islands, grammes was given in Afghanistan, Burma, Mongolia the pre-eradication programme in Cambodia, and the and Thailand. malaria eradication programme in Sabah and Sarawak. The first of these programmes aims at finding a method 453. In Korea, the tuberculosis control programme of interrupting malaria transmission; staff training is an includes case-finding, BCG vaccination, and domiciliary important part of the project. The objectives of the project chemotherapy; in 1965, over a million children were in Cambodia are to strengthen the operational services vaccinated and no less than 110,000 patients were receiving required to implement the field eradication programme. domiciliary chemotherapy. Meanwhile, in Viet-Nam a Progress has been according to plan and, with the excep national tuberculosis programme is preparing to expand tion of a small area under consolidation, all the remaining into a nation-wide BCG vaccination campaign; the malarious areas in Sabah have been covered by spraying. necessary personnel have been trained. In Sarawak, of the 677,000 people living in originally 454. Two important interregional projects have also malarious areas, more than half a million are under the been operational during the biennium. The first is the consolidation phase. diarrhoeal diseases advisory team which visited Iran in 449. In the Americas, Expanded Programme funds 1963 and East Pakistan in 1964. The second is the cholera have been used to further the WHO malaria eradication team which visited the Philippines in 1964. 56 l 455. The WHO leprosy control project in Korea has training programmes for water personnel and the co-ordi been operating satisfactorily with particular emphasis on nation of the activities of the various agencies concerned health education. with community water resources. In Tonga, the WHO engineer, after studying the water supply, was able- with 456. Filariasis control continued in Ceylon and the aid of material assistance from UNICEF and the rehabilitation services for poliomyelitis victims were voluntary labour of the local people- to supply piped assisted in this region as well. Assistance has been pro water to sixteen villages. Having water has made the vided in the control of bilharziasis, particularly in Iran population health conscious. and Iraq. The control of communicable eye diseases was continued in Jordan and the Sudan. 460. The World Health Organization has continued to 457. The incidence of a number of communicable and assist Governments in several aspects of nutrition. Basic parasitic diseases including cholera is related to poor surveys have been carried out on the nutritional state sanitation, and a particular effort was made during the of communities (Ghana and Sierra Leone serve as biennium to accelerate work in environmental health. examples), health service personnel have been trained in nutrition, and nutritional activities have been included in 458. In the Americas, many country projects have been maternal and child health programmes. An important operating in the environmental sanitation, water supply, contribution in 1964 was the African inter-country project and sewerage fields. An example is to be found in the for a study of the planning and implementation of applied Caribbean where WHO sanitary engineers are engaged in nutrition projects. Some 20 such programmes are at providing guidance in the establishment and expansion of present operating in Africa with the objective of studying water supply systems in the many islands where shortages basic requirements and methods of evaluation in order prevail. In Europe, the Government of Malta is devoting to use WHO, FAO, and UNICEF assistance to the full. special attention to the development and rational use of In Iran, the Nutrition Institute continues to receive its water resources in view of the scarcity of water in the support from WHO and F AO, training of nutrition island. During the biennium, WHO has requested to workers proceeds, and important clinical studies of nutri advise the Government on a sewerage pilot scheme, tion are being undertaken. In 1964, WHO assigned a utilizing sewage affluent for irrigation. Consultants were short-term consultant in nutrition and a biochemist to assigned to carry out the various investigations involved the Institute. and to collect data for the following phase of the project. Regional planning and future water needs were given full 461. Any review of the activities of WHO under the attention as was the reclamation of refuse for soil fertiliza Expanded Programme would be incomplete without some tion. The Government has requested the continuation of reference to the diverse activities in such additional fields the project through 1966. Some seven environmental as health education; the development of maternal and sanitation projects were in operation in Africa and sanitary child health for example, the project in Guinea; hospital engineers were assigned to countries to assist ministries administration, such as the project which has been operat of health to develop environmental sanitation units. The ing for a number of years in Malaysia; health records and training of sanitation personnel was encouraged and health statistics in Ceylon and Malaysia respectively. The environmental health projects were designed to stimulate regional project, centered in Bangkok, evolved a system the development of safe community water supplies. In of hospital statistics suitable for all countries of the Burundi, for example, the WHO engineer helped the region. Government prepare for the capital city a water supply project which has been under discussion with the IBRD. 462. Among the interregional projects organized by Other municipal water supply, waste disposal, and environ WHO, three new courses were conducted in 1963-1964 mental health projects were assisted in Jordan, Lebanon, in collaboration with the Danish authorities. One was a and Tunisia, while in India the environmental sanitation course for surgeons to study recent advances in the appli project has successfully launched a state-wide programme cation of basic medical sciences to surgery, which was of latrine construction and rural water supplies. In the held in Copenhagen in 1964; another was the advanced Americas, a rural water supply project in Peru has con course in biochemistry also located in Copenhagen; the tinued and water supply systems have been installed thus third was the training course in tuberculosis epidemiology. far in nine communities with a total of about 8,000 in 463. The series of travelling seminars organized by habitants; work in six other communities (with some in conjunction with the Ministry of Health of the USSR 6,000 inhabitants) is proceeding. The experiment has been continued during the 1963-1964 biennium. In 1963, extremely useful in preparing a national programme for seminars were held in the USSR on the training and the supply of water to rural areas, for which the Inter utilization of auxiliary health personnel, on public health American Development Bank is lending $1.7 million. administration, on the organization of epidemiological 459. Through the Expanded Programme, WHO has services and control of communicable diseases, and on assisted the Governments of China (Taiwan) and Tonga the public health aspects of housing. In 1964, six further in solving their water supply problems. In China (Taiwan seminars were organized as follows: scientific work of the project is designed to improve water supply and undergraduate medical students; obstetrics and gynaeco sewerage through a review and amendment of legislation, logy; control of environmental sanitation; public health the development of techniques for the financing and components in the training of medical personnel; epi administering of the water supply and sewerage so that demiological services and their role in communicable these projects become self-supporting; the initiation of disease control; a training course on rabies. 57 REGULAR PROGRAMME 466. In Thailand, support for the national tuberculosis control programme assisted under the Expanded Pro 464. The years 1963 and 1964 fall within the scope of gramme, is provided by the regional BCG assessment team the current WHO Third General Programme of Work which is financed from the regular budget. In Africa, covering the specific period 1962-1966 inclusive, which tuberculosis control projects under the Expanded Pro was approved by the Thirteenth (May, 1960), and gramme are continuing in Basutoland, Gambia, Kenya, extended by the Seventeenth (March, 1964), World Health Madagascar, Rwanda and Swaziland with various tuber Assemblies. The General Programme provides the broad culosis advisory teams, while similar projects financed over-all policy for the preparation of the annual pro from the regular programme are in existence in the Central grammes of the Organization and at the same time African Republic, Nigeria, and the regional tuberculosis establishes principles and criteria for assistance from all centre at Nairobi, Kenya. The campaigns against tuber sources to Governments. The technical assistance acti culosis in Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, vities of WHO are financed from the regular budget of Honduras, and Peru continue to be financed from various the Organization, supplemented by the funds allocated for sources. In this. same field, a Regional Seminar on Tuber projects requested by Governments under the Expanded culosis was held under the regular budget in Venezuela Programme of Technical Assistance. The main priorities in 1964. Sixty specialists in tuberculosis and public health of the General Programme fall under the following broad from all parts of the region discussed the basic data for categories: firstly, the strengthening of national health assessing the tuberculosis situation in a community, and services; secondly, measures against diseases whether work programmes for tuberculosis control at the national communicable or non-communicable, special emphasis and local level with the health services. being paid to maintaining the drive towards malaria eradication, the eradication of smallpox, and the control 467. Two recently-established malaria eradication of tuberculosis in developing countries; thirdly, the training centres - one for English-speaking health per education and training of professional and auxiliary health sonnel located at Lagos, and one for French-speaking personnel. The Voluntary Fund for Health Promotion health personnel in Lome - are operating under the continues to be maintained through voluntary contribu regular budget, and are providing trained personnel for tions of Governments and comprises special accounts malaria projects all over Africa. Similar training centres for specific purposes including malaria eradication, exist in other regions. The global malaria eradication community water supply, leprosy, yaws, and smallpox. programme continues to pursue its objective. During the Continued material support in supplies and equipment year 1964, the number of people living in areas where is provided by UNICEF to a substantial number of WHO transmission lhas been stopped or final eradication assisted projects. achieved has increased by over 115 million compared with 1963. Over-all assistance is being given in planning, organ 465. The World Health Organization considers that ization, management, and assessment of malaria pro assistance provided under the Expanded Programme is grammes to Governments all over the world. complementary to that provided under its own regular budget, the total assistance thus available to Governments 468. The campaign to eradicate aedes agypti, the yellow being provided within the framework of their own fever vector, has been successful in Mexico, Panama, and national needs and in accordance with the general most of Central America, so that the problem is now programme of work. Afghanistan illustrates the inter limited to Cuba, the Guianas, Venezuela and the West dependence of the two programmes. The facilities created Indies. Despite administrative and technical difficulties under the Expanded Programme rural health develop and the development of resistance by the mosquito to ment project serve as a training field for students from chlorinated insecticides, the campaign continues in a the Medical College which is aided by the WHO regular number of Caribbean territories, and in Cuba and Vene programme. In Burma, paediatric education is helped by zuela progress continues according to schedule. These the regular budget while paediatric nursing services are campaigns have been supported by regular and Expanded supported with Expanded Programme funds. In Ceylon, Programme funds. a study of diarrhoeal diseases is being carried out under 469. The WHO programme of assistance in national the regular budget by a WHO advisory team and the health planning comprises one project in Somalia which project is to receive WHO assistance until 1966; this epi is financed under the Expanded Programme and which demiological study is receiving essential co-operation from was initiated as a contingency project in 1964. Prior to the epidemiological unit in the health directorate in this and subsequently, specific requests were received Ceylon, which is assisted by WHO under the Expanded from Governments interested in formulating national Programme. To take another field, post-basic training of health plans and WHO has provided this type of assistance nurses is a requisite of improved nursing administration also in Gabon, Liberia, Mali, Niger, and Sierra Leone. and in India WHO is assisting the former of these aspects The organization continues to concentrate on programmes under the regular budget, while the latter is being run of this type in view of the essential importance of the under the Expanded Programme. In Mongolia, WHO planning of health services within over-all economic and regular budget funds are allocated to assist the Government social development on a national scale. In Algeria, a public in studying the epidemiology of endemic communicable health advisory team consisting of a public health admi diseases, with a view to strengthening control services, nistrator, a sanitarian, an engineer, a nutritionist, a on the other hand, the development of health laboratories, health director, a nurse, and a statistician/epidemiologist which is closely related, has been initiated with Ex is helping to plan the country's public health system and panded Programme funds. establish training facilities. A public health plan is being 58 drafted in collaboration with the health department of training of nutrition personnel. Training centres for public the Ministry of Social Affairs. The key element in the health physicians, social workers, and nutritionists have plan is the establishment of the Institute of Public Health continued to function, such as the Institute of Nutrition as a body responsible for the technical control of all of Central America and Panama. Similarly, in Bogota, health services. Twelve WHO-assisted projects, some in Colombia, a meeting was held of research workers the regular programme and others under Expanded Pro investigation protein-calorie malnutrition. Meanwhile, gramme contingency funds, have been operating in preparations were completed for evaluation of the public Algeria; the fields range from the control of communicable health aspects of the 18 applied nutrition programmes eye diseases and malaria and tuberculosis control to being implemented in the region of the Americas. hospital administration, epidemiology, and health statis 473. There are similar programmes in the other regions tics, environmental sanitation and nursing. of the world. 470. Assistance has also been continued in the Americas region in national health planning. Some 17 countries in 7. Universal Postal Union that region had, by the end of 1964, made considerable progress in the planning phase of their health programmes, 474. The Universal Postal Union has contributed to or had already begun to put their plans into operation. the development of communications in all regions during El Salvador serves as a good example of a country whose the past biennium. health programme, assisted by WHO, has now reached the stage where national personnel have been able to 475. Under the Expanded Programme, an interregional analyse and evaluate the first six months operation of project was drawn up which aims at the reorganization health services based on the national plan established of the Arab Higher Postal Institute. The Institute was in 1963. established in Cairo by the Arab Postal Union, which is composed of 13 countries. Between the years 1964 and 471. With the object of strengthening national health 1966, which is the target date for completion of the services, the European Conference on Public Health project, the UPU will provide three experts to review the Administration was held in Zagreb, Yugoslavia in June courses, and 18 fellowsiphs for the training of regional 1964. Financed by WHO under its regular programme, representatives. Provision has also been made for the the meeting was attended by senior public health officers reproduction in Arabic of UPU technical studies. from twenty-seven countries. The Conference considered the methodology of public health planning and the inte 476. Under the country programme for Somalia, three gration of public health plans into general plans for experts are included for a period of three years (1964- economic and social development, emphasizing the neces 1966) to assist the Government in the unification and sity for public health planning and the importance of reorganization of the postal systems in the northern international co-operation. In Jordan, WHO is advising (formerly British) and southern (formerly Italian) regions national development councils on the establishment of of the nation. Two fellows will continue the work under priorities and is providing training in the basic principles taken by the experts. of planning. The most important aspects of these long 477. Assistance to countries of French-speaking Africa term national health plans include the development of consisted mainly of fellowships financed from the Ex rural health services, the progressive introduction of panded Programme; five were awarded in 1963, and 15 specific communicable disease control programmes into in 1964. An allocation was also made from the Expanded the public health services, the training of professional and Programme contingency fund in 1964 to permit the award auxiliary personnel, the strengthening of vital and health of three fellowships to nationals of Dahomey to study the statistics, and the establishment of urban and rural health organization and operation of postal services, of financial administration centres. In the Western Pacific region, a services, and of a postal checking centre. One expert in series of regional seminars was arranged on different postal administration served in Togo within the past aspects of public health planning, and the first - on biennium. health surveys and reporting- was held in 1963. It dealt with the various methods used in covering and assessing 478. In Asia, the UPU granted four fellowships in 1963 the basic national needs for planning. Under the WHO to nationals of Indonesia to study the organization of regular programme, a follow-up seminar was organized postal services abroad. A contingency allocation from in 1964 to deal with the preparation, contents, implemen Expanded Programme funds was made to UPU in 1963 tation and evaluation of health plans. In China (Taiwan), to provide a fellowship in postal administration to Korea, a comprehensive 10-year plan is being elaborated as an and a total of three fellowships was awarded to Japan, integral part of the national socio-economic plan, while one in 1963 for study of modernization of postal services, in Viet-Nam a new office for the general administration and two in 1964 in the fields of personnel and work of health development has been created. methods. A grant was also made to enable a fellow from China (Taiwan) to study modern processes and techniques 472. Assistance in the public health aspects of nutrition concerning the exchange of international closed mails and, in collaboration with FAO and UNICEF, in applied both surface and air. nutrition programmes, has been given continued atten tion. The importance of carrying out basic nutrition 479. Based on the success of a postal administration surveys and strengthening national nutrition services has mission in 1961, the Government of Chile requested the been stressed, and in addition there have been many expert's return in 1963-1964 to continue the reorganiza instances of collaboration with FAO and UNICEF in the tion of the postal services. During the past year, he made 59 numerous recommendations for the modernization and 487. During 1964, the ITU maintained three regional reorganization of the services so as to speed postal projects, providing telecommunications advisory teams communication. Furthermore, upon his advice and upon in Africa, Asia and the Far East, and in Latin America. agreement with the Chilean Postal Administration, there An interesting aspect of the work of these regional tele was created an Office of Organization, Methods and Plan communications teams is the realization that close co ning, which has carried out some 30 project studies, and operation with the Economic Commissions of the United written new regulations, several of which have now been Nations is essential if the fullest value is to be derived put into practice. The Government has asked the expert from the technical expertise being made available, since to return in 1966 to complete his mission. this value must itself be founded on principles of sound economic development. 480. Aid to European countries by the UPU during the past biennium was concentrated on fellowships, three 488. In some cases, these projects are developed in of which were awarded in 1963, and eight in 1964, to close co-operation with other international aid, such as nationals of Greece, Hungary, Poland and Spain. IBRD and also co-ordinated with the bilateral aid within a region. This new aspect of international co-operation 481. New developments in the field of vocational in the telecommunications field is worth noting as it may training for postal services and administration are being lead to better results in the interested countries. evolved as a result of the Fifteenth Postal Congress which was held in Vienna, in June 1964, adopted a resolution 489. One interesting feature in the ITU experts' pro for the creation of decentralized vocational training. gramme is the increasing number of requests for experts While it is premature, at this stage, to report on any in telecommunications organization. Several countries activities undertaken in this field, it is appropriate to found that the present status of their national telecommu observe the beginning of a new trend to which attention nications organization should be revised for a better will be devoted in the 1965-1966 biennium. adaptation to the newly-evolving means of transmission. This new trend is very important, as it may lead to a better standardization of telecommunications administration 8. International Telecommunication Union throughout the: world. 490. Another characteristics of the ITU programme 482. During the 1963-1964 biennium, the increase in during 1964 was the increased emphasis on telecommuni requests for technical assistance in the telecommunica cations training and particularly on the small national tions field, which was previously reported as a general telecommunications school of one or two instructors. trend, was maintained. The trend was all the more Furthermore, llhe need was felt for high level regional noticeable in 1964, because of the increasing number of schools staffed and run by the ITU and for more OPEX countries reaching independent status and asking urgently and operational experts on stable long-term contracts. for assistance. For example, the ITU implemented projects The Telecommunications Training Institute in Addis in 65 countries in 1964 as against 51 in 1963. Ababa, part of the Imperial Board of Telecommunica 483. Expressed on a percentage basis, the ITU record tions of Ethiopia retained the services of two experts from of delivered Expanded Programme and regular budget the Expanded Programme as Director and Chief Instruc in projects 1964 shows that Africa received 50 per cent tor, respectively, while the Institute in Freetown, Sierra of our programme, Asia and the Far East 36 per cent, Leone, employed one expert as an instructor. Two tele Latin America 12 per cent, and Europe 2 per cent. communications training schools in Ghana and in Mada gascar, in which the ITU had provided a principal and 484. A breakdown of the expert missions implemented the Director respectively, were converted into Special in the different branches of telecommunications gives an Fund projects; and in Madagascar, the ITU expert has interesting view of governments' requirements in this now been appointed Project Manager for the school. In field. In 1964, 61 experts served on various assignments 1963, the Liberia Government began installing a nation and were recruited from 27 different countries. Seven wide system of radio telecommunications to link the main experts advised governments on organizational, tariff and cities with outlying areas where industries such as mining planning questions. Thirteen gave advice on broadcasting are located. It quickly became obvious that the mainte matters, including television, and 18 gave technical nance and operation of such a system would require the assistance in the telephone and telegraph development services of outside experts and the training of a consider field. Sixteen experts were engaged exclusively in tele able number of technical and engineering staff. To meet communications training activities. these needs, a team of three experts, specialized respect 485. The number of fellowships awarded in the ively in training, microwave maintenance and high fre 1963-1964 biennium was considerably greater than in quency radio maintenance and operation, were under previous years. In 1964, 73 fellowships were awarded, and recruitment for Monrovia. the ITU also dealt with 83 awards made in previous years, 491. In Cameroon, an expert on telecommunications thus making a total of 156 fellowships from 44 countries organization helped formulate plans for a workable processed during 1964. Of these, 128 were implemented synthesis of th~: two prevailing systems, one in the former in 1964 and the balance of 28 will be implemented in the British-administered part and the other in the former following years. French Cameroon. The expert conducted a survey for 486. Equipment for training purposes in connecxion the establishm(mt of a nation-wide microwave network, with expert missions was provided to four countries only. established the statistical basis for the growth of telegraph 60 and telephone installations, and presented a development on technical matters concerning reorganization of the plans to the Government. Peruvian telecommunications network; an expert in tariffs and rates for telephone and telegraph facilities, who made 492. In accordance with an agreement between the an important study of operating costs of the above Secretary-General of the ITU and the Executive Secretary services in Peru in order to facilitate calculation of tariffs; of the ECA, an ITU regional mission was set up in and a third expert who specialized in organization, laws Addis Ababa to study the development of the African and regulations for telecommunications. Peru is now telecommunications network. A team of three EPT A introducing some important changes in its telecommunica experts was to be strengthened towards the end of the tion organization, chiefly involving a reshuffle of the year by the assignment of two more specialists, one an governmental body responsible for supervising services expert in radio relay links, and one in line and cable and this third ITU expert was of great help in drafting transmission. The team studied the technical and econo a new basic telecommunication law for the country. mic aspects of implementing the short-term telecommuni cations network recommended by the African plan com 498. In Asia, the ITU supplied an instructor in tele mittee of the International Telegraph and Telephone communications engineering to the Institute of Practical Consultative Committee. The team also investigated the Technology, Katubedda, near Colombo, Ceylon. He long-term financing required for the development of a established a branch of telecommunications training at the long-term African telecommunications system. institute and inaugurated courses for technicians in the principles of telephony and telegraphy, telephone exchange 493. The ITU contribution to the development of switching systems, the principles of radio and line trans telecommunications in Latin America, in 1964, included mission and the detailed circuitry and design of radio and sending a team of three telecommunications experts carrier equipment. The expert served both as adviser and consisting of a transmission engineer, a central office as instructor. equipment engineer and a network engineer to Central America to assist the countries of that region in the 499. Many telecommunications problems confronted planning of the new Central American telecommunica the new Federation of Malaysia such as the need to tions network. modernize the telephone establishments, to inaugurate automatic trunk dialling. Expert help has been provided 494. Five countries in this region (Costa Rica, El by the ITU in these fields and also in expansion of Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua) were television. assisted by the ITU team of experts. The principal field in which they were called upon to give advice - each in 500. In Europe, the ITU awarded eleven fellowships his own branch - was with regard to the very numerous in various fields of telecommunications to nationals of invitations for tenders to buy large quantities of line, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. exchange and transmission equipment. The technical recommendations made by the experts contributed greatly 9. World Meteorological Organization to the solution of numerous problems. 495. The idea of having a team of three experts special EXPANDED PROGRAMME izing in different branches so as to embrace almost all 501. The primary objective of the technical assistance aspects of telecommunications has proved to be a very activities of the World Meteorological Organization good one, especially with regard to the establishment of a during the biennium 1963-1964, continued to be to assist Central American telecommunications network. Although in the practical application of meteorological knowledge this network is constituted by the interconnexion of six to the economic development of the recipient countries. different parts each belonging to a different country, its During this period, there has been a continued widening basic structure has been planned on the same lines in the number and scope of the requests for assistance throughout. The presence of a single team of technicians which may be attributed to the increased realization on to help the different countries to build their own parts the part of recipient countries of the importance of assist of the international network has been an excellent means ance in this field, as well as to the widening application of co-ordinating and unifying the whole, and will no of meteorology to national plans for economic develop doubt continue to be so for the next two years, that is, ment. The main fields of national development in which during the phase in which it will become a reality. aid was given, continued to be technical training, water 496. An ITU expert was assigned to Chile during 1964 resources development, agriculture and transportation. to help the Government prepare a general development 502. During the biennium 1963-1964, WMO provided plan for telecommunications for the period to 1970. This the services of 70 experts to carry out its programme. They plan includes public telegraphy and telex, and local, long served in 67 countries and were recruited from 24 nations. distance and international telephony. The same ITU In connexion with expert missions, equipment was pro expert has also been appointed as adviser to a special vided to 17 countries in order to facilitate the work of the national study group charged with drafting a project for experts. a national post and telecommunications agency. The 503. The fellowship programme continued to increase. project has been completed and submitted to the During the biennium, 183 fellowships were awarded to Government. nationals of 68 countries. The World Meteorological 497. Three ITU experts were sent to Peru in 1964 : Organization continued to find it very helpful in the the regional expert for Latin America who has advised practical training of fellows to have them participate in 61 the day-to-day work of various departments in the Somalia gave on-the-job training in addition to assistance national meteorological services within which they were in meteorological organization. studying. For those who had asked for training in the 507. As part of its policy to assist governments in the theoretical aspects of meteorology, WMO programmes formulation of development plans in the field of meteoro were proposed and advanced training was given by logy for three months to train the meteorological personnel specialists of national meteorological services. in Poland in the use of weather radar for the detection 504. On a regional basis, two meteorological telecom of storms, short-term forecasts of precipitation and for munication surveys were made, one in Africa and the research in the Jield of radar meteorology. A weather radar other in Asia; and five training seminars were held, on had previously been supplied under the Expanded Pro the following subjects: agrometeorological problems, in gramme to the Meteorological Service of Poland. The Cairo, United Arab Republic; meteorology and desert expert trained available personnel, and made detailed locust, Teheran, Iran; advanced tropical meteorology, recommendations for the future use of radar by the Manila, the Philippines; methods of hydrological fore meteorological service, particularly in connexion with casting for utilization of water resources, Bangkok, the establishme:nt of a radar storm warning service. He Thailand; interpretation of meteorological satellite data, also recommended the organization of a pluviometric Tokyo, Japan. Additionally two regional conferences were network in order to carry out investigations for the held: the Technical Conference on Meteorological Tele quantitative measurements of rainfall using the radar. communications in South America held at Maracay, Venezuela and the Technical Conference on Agroclimato 508. In orde:r to assist the meteorological service of logy in the Near East, held in September-October 1964 Iceland in the ~~stablishment of agrometeorological work at Beirut, Lebanon. which had been recommended by an expert mission in 1963, an agrometeorologist from WMO accompanied by 505. A development of great importance to WMO was a technician spent three months of 1964 in Iceland. In the commencement of the take over of the administration addition to establishing two full-fledged agrometeorolo of its technical co-operation programmes from the United gical stations, the expert conducted a number of investiga Nations. Since the commencement of WMO's entry in the tions for the application of agrometeorology to the field of technical assistance, the United Nations has been development of agriculture and the protection of crops. responsible for all administrative work in connexion with the technical assistance programmes of WMO. However, 509. At the end of 1962, the Government of Morocco by mutual agreement it was decided that the United asked for an expert to assist the director of meteorological Nations should cease performing this work and that service in the organization and development of an agro before the end of 1964, WMO should have taken over meteorological and hydrometeorological section. The full responsibility. The end of 1964 saw this goal achieved expert was also required to train Moroccan meteorologists in that WMO had assumed practically all of the adminis in the fields of agrometeorology and hydrometeorology. trative responsibilities formerly shouldered by the United After a careful study of the various technical facilities, Nations. already existing, the expert brought about a conference of representatives of all departments concerned. As a 506. As in 1963, WMO placed its main emphasis result of the recommendations of the conference that a during 1964 on training in all branches of meteorology network of climatological stations be established, the in order to ensure that the various national meteorological Government asked the expert to stay one more year to services should, as quickly as possible, be adequately help put the recommendations into practice. staffed by trained nationals. The Chief of the Training Section in the WMO visited a number of countries in 510. An expt:rt in agrometeorology was provided to the Africa to discuss their requirements for training of Government of Indonesia by WMO to assist the Govern meteorological personnel, and make suggestions as to ment in the planning and setting up a network of agro how these requirements could be met. The post-graduate meteorological stations, the training of local staff in agro training in meteorology established in the previous year meteorological observations and studies of the effect of in the University College, Nairobi, Kenya continued climatic factors on plants, and the establishment of a during 1964. Following the special plan for training of central agrometeorological station. The mission com meteorological personnel in Africa, a regional training menced in January 1962 and was to be completed by centre for the training of classes II and III meteorological December 1964. The expert, during this three year period, personnel was established in Lagos, Nigeria, early in 1964 organized an agrometeorological section within the Indo and the first group of trainees from Nigeria and Ghana nesian meteorological and geophysical service and planned were in training during the year. A similar training centre and assisted the establishment of a full-fledged principal for class II and class III personnel from French-speaking agrometeorological station. Under the guidance of the countries has been organized in the Democratic Republic expert, a number of investigations on the crop-weather of the Congo, as a Special Fund project. Steps were also relationship were carried out, the results of which will be taken for the establishment of a chair of meteorology applicable to agricultural operations in the country. for post-graduate training in the University of Lovanium The expert also prepared crop-weather calendars summar in the Congo. Training missions were continued in izing the weather information to be issued to farmers Morocco and Tunisia and a new training mission was in during various phases of the different crops to serve as the process of being established in Libya towards the end guiding material for the weather forecasters. A technique of 1964 under a funds-in-trust agreement. The experts of for issuing crop outlooks, based on the past weather the Expanded Programme in Ethiopia, Sierra Leone and experienced by the crop, has been developed and the 62 regular issue of such outlooks is expected to be started Panama, one expert mission of six months to advise the soon. Instituto de Recursos Hidraulicos y Electrificaci6n 511. A joint WMO/FAO Technical Conference on (Institute for Hydraulic Resources and Electrification) Agroclimatology in the Near East, held in Beirut, in was requested by the country. The expert, a hydrometeo September-October 1964, brought together 28 meteoro rologist, studied the five-year plan and gave advice on logists and agronomists from five Middle Eastern the establishment of an appropriate network, according countries for discussions with international experts. The to internationally recognized standards, in order to meet Conference ended with the adoption of twelve recommen t~e requirements for the design of water resources projects, dations concerning future agroclimatological activities in smce both the data available and the data provided by the region. the existing hydrometeorological stations were insufficient for the planning of development programmes. 512. The interregional Seminar on Advanced Tropical Meteorology, held in Manila in August-September 1964, 516. During his mission, the expert also visited the had 27 participants from 15 countries in Asia and the existing observation stations, made suggestions for the Far East. The purpose of the seminar was to impart to improvement of instruments and sites, gave instructions the J?articipants the latest information and knowledge of on methods of observation, and advised on techniques tropical meteorology and the techniques of meteorological of collecting and processing the data as well as on their analysis and forecasting applicable to the tropics, which publication. WMO provided instruments, including water would enable them to provide improved meteorological level recorders, ordinary and recording rain gauges, and services, particularly improved warnings for typhoons evaporation tanks. and other severe tropical phenomena. 517. In the field of meteorological telecommunications, 513. In view of the need and importance of training WMO convened a technical conference in Venezuela in an adequate number of the meteorological personnel of 1964 as a follow-up to the recommendations made by a Turkey in forecasting for high level aviation, an expert WMO telecommunications expert who conducted a survey mission was organized in April 1964, at the request of of meteorological telecommunication arrangements in that Government to train the forecasters in the Turkish South America in 1962. Invitations were sent to all meteorological service. A WMO expert assisted by two members countries of the region and 85 per cent of them local instructors trained two groups of meteorologists nominated participants. The agenda included a regional in high level forecasting; the first group of 19 people plan for the exchange of coded data taking into account completed its training at the end of July 1964 and the the requirements for reception of basic meteorological second group in December 1964. The expert mission is information; a regional plan for the exchange of informa scheduled to continue in 1965 with the training of three tion by fascimile; dissemination of information obtained additional groups of forecasters. from meteorological satellites; and technical problems associated with the plans. 514. The eruption of the Irazu volcano in Costa Rica in 1963 deposited more than I 0,000,000 cubic meters of 518. Examples ofWMO assistance to new governments ash on the surrounding countryside over a period of may be found in the cases of advisory missions which about one year of volcanic activity. During the rainy started in Burundi, Rwanda and Somalia in 1963 and season, the ashes are carried down and washed into the continued through 1964. Additionally, one expert was rivers, forming heavy mud which dams the streams and assigned to each of the member countries of the East causes dangerous floods with resulting damage. A WMO African Common Services Organization, that is, to hydrometeorologist with radar experience and an aero Kenya, Uganda, a~d the United Republic of Tanzania, logist were sent for four-month and five-month missions to help that orgamzation carry out its responsibility for respectively, commencing in June 1964, in order to study the organization, administrative and technical supervision precipitation area forecasting (with radar location of of East African meteorological activities. rainfall) and wind flow (in relation to ash deposit), to 519. In Malawi, a four-month project was established determme the potential mud and flood conditions, and in July 1964 to advise the Government on how to comply give warning prior to their occurrence. Their missions with its commitments under the international conventions also covered advising in respect of the setting up of of WMO and ICAO. An important aspect of this mission observation stations as well as determining the equipment consisted in giving advice to the Government on how best required for these stations. The experts made a thorough to phase its provision of necessary services and the extent survey of the existing hydro and meteorological networks, of its collaboration with neighbouring countries in order the reports of which were both accurate and timely. New to ensure the most efficient and economical meteorological stations were planned to cover the areas of heavy rainfall services. Advice was also given on the training of local from which the flood-producing runoff emanates, and to staff to provide the requisite services. determine which stream will flood and how soon to expect 520. In order to take full advantage of the scientific high water. findings of the meteorological satellite programme of the 515. In Panama, which has most promising water United States which, for the past five years, has provided resources for hydroelectric power and irrigation schemes, day-to-day information of great value for weather analysis the Government has recognized the need for an extended and forecasting, WMO organized, in November-Decem network of hydrometeorological stations covering the ber 1964, an interregional seminar on the interpretation whole country, and formulated a five-year plan for this and use of meteorological satellite data. Pictures taken purpose. Since there is no meteorological service in and measurements made by satellites orbiting the earth 63 at great altitudes provide information from vast ocean establishment and maintenance of upper-air meteoro areas where only few observations from ships are available logical observing stations which are of world-wide interest, and they help to complete meteorological information and one project is in the field of meteorological training. even from those parts of the world where a dense observa 522. Responsibility for the regular technical programme tion network exists. By this means, it has been possible of WMO is entrusted mainly to eight standing technical to discover typhoons and hurricanes in earlier stages of commissions composed of experts nominated by members. development and to improve weather analysis in many Each commission deals with one particular aspect of the different ways. The observations made by satellites are science of meteorology or of its application. Regional promulgated over meteorological telecommunication aspects of the regular programme are dealt with by six channels to all interested countries. Recently, a system regional associations, each composed of the members of has been developed by which countries themselves, with WMO within the region concerned. In addition, a number the help of relatively inexpensive equipment, can receive of expert panels have been set up by the WMO Executive information direct from a satellite when it over-flies the Committee to undertake studies of specific subjects, such area concerned. However, in order to interpret satellite as the International Hydrology Decade, the meteoro information correctly and to put it in relation to the logical aspects of atomic energy, Antarctic meteorology conventional type of meteorological information, even and tropical meteorology. experienced meteorologists require special training. It was for this purpose, therefore, that the WMO seminar was 523. Finally, the newest body of WMO, the Advisory organized. It was held in Tokyo, and brought together Committee created by World Meteorological Congress participants from 16 countries in the Asia and South resolution 20 (Cg-IV) 7, which is composed of 12 well Pacific region. Ten lecturers from the United States, known scientists, advises the Executive Committee on all USSR and Australia imparted to them the latest know scientific and major operational questions affecting the ledge and experiences in the field of satellite meteorology. activities ofWMO, and particularly on the advancement of The lecturer from Australia demonstrated the practical atmospheric seiences in the light of developments in use made of satellite information in his country which is outer space within the concept of the General Assembly surrounded by vast oceanic areas. resolutions adopted in this domain. 524. All those bodies, and about 120 working groups REGULAR PROGRAMME of the technical commissions and regional associations, are assisted in various ways by the WMO secretariat. 521. The regular programme of WMO includes a Much of their regular work, including the preparation of number of activities that have a direct or indirect bearing comprehensive reports on the present state of knowledge on Expanded Programme operations. The most important in the various fields of meteorology and its application, development in the past biennium was the establishment is directly relevant to technical assistance projects carried of the WMO new Development Fund which was approved out under the Expanded Programme. For example, the in 1963 by the Fourth World Meteorological Congress in reports of WMO on sites for wind-power installations, its resolution 40 (Cg-IV) 6 for the purpose of financing windbreaks and shelterbelts, meteorology and the desert development projects which cannot be covered by other locust and similar subjects, are useful to the Expanded schemes of technical co-operation in which WMO Programme as well as to Governments in connexion with participates. The Fund was approved with the proviso the development plans. that the Secretary-General of WMO work out a plan for its utilization which had to be approved by the members of 525. In addition to the above-mentioned activities, the the organization. A large majority of members approved Fourth Congress ofWMO voted a sum of$213,000 under the plan by postal ballot after it was reviewed by the the regular programme for the period 1963-1967. These Executive Committee of WMO. In November 1964, a funds are used for various technical projects of interest special panel of the Executive Committee reviewed all also to the Expanded Programme operations. The most requests received for projects to be financed from this important of these projects may be summarized as new Fund, and it approved nine projects for implementation follows: organization of symposia in various fields of in 1965 with a total expenditure of $433,520 in that year. meteorology and hydrometeorology, support to countries The purpose of three of these projects is to undertake in developing their research activities on tropical meteo surveys and studies in the fields of meteorological tele rology, contributions to joint FAO/UNESCO/WMO communications, observations and data processing, with projects on agroclimatology, surveys on networks and a view to preparing detailed plans to meet the require telecommunications. ments of a global scheme for a new world weather service 526. The permanent technical staff of the secretariat which is known under the name World Weather Watch. services the Expanded Programme and Special Fund About 40 per cent of the Fund is devoted to these projects by participating in meetings, preparing technical purposes. Three other projects provide for the improve programmes for seminars and evaluating the reports of ment of meteorological telecommunication facilities in the technical assistance experts as well as Special Fund draft southern hemisphere, two are for the purpose of the projects. In this connexion, mention should be made of the assistance given by the secretariat in preparing for the surveys of meteorological telecommunications in 8 Fourth World Meteorological Congress, Geneva, 1-27 Apri/1963; Abridged Report with Resolutions (World Meteorological Organiza tion Publication, No. 142, RC. 23). 7 Ibid. 64 various regions of the world. The regular programme 536. In 1964, the establishment of a joint F AO/IAEA staff also engages in the general appraisal of the technical division at the IAEA headquarters in Vienna has made assistance activities of WMO. possible a better co-ordination of the technical assistance granted in connexion with the use of radioisotopes for 10. International Atomic Energy Agency solving a number of problems with which agricultural scientists are faced. Thus, the efforts of the two organiza 527. Under Expanded Programme's biennial pro tions have been combined in order to provide effective gramme for 1963 and 1964, a total of about $1,875,000 assistance in a number of agricultural sectors which was devoted to a variety of projects organized by the directly affect several countries' development schemes. International Atomic Enery Agency for the benefit of 33 member States, as well as to some 13 regional and 537. The lAEA's technical assistance has also benefited interregional projects. research aimed at improving the efficiency of nitrate and phosphate fertilizers and at producing mutations through 528. During this period, 132 experts were sent on irradiation, particularly in connexion with rice growing missions, 251 fellowships were awarded for training in Asia and the Far East. abroad, and scientific and technical equipment was supplied to a value of approximately $574,000. 538. During 1963 and 1964, an interregional adviser was able to give scientific and technical advice to some 529. The assistance provided by the IAEA in the course 10 countries on problems arising in connexion with the of this second biennial programme shows a substantial IAEA's co-ordinated programme of research contracts increase over that provided during the preceding two on rice growing. year period, as well as reflecting the progress and diversifi cation of programmes aimed at expanding the uses of 539. The first studies on rice production methods atomic energy in the developing countries. prompted a similar request from Latin America for a regional adviser to be dispatched in 1965 under the 530. Regional and interregional training courses were auspices of the Expanded Programme. organized (there were nine in 1964) in the following fields where the IAEA's technical assistance is most frequently 540. The IAEA's experts have helped to spread the requested: improved co-ordination of work on the technique of using neutron sources to study soil-moisture construction and operation of research reactors, radio distribution and changes in soil moisture through the isotope applications in agriculture, medicine, industry, year- a technique of particular importance for certain hydrology and various sectors of applied research, and countries which are planning to introduce new crops on training in basic technology, particularly electronics. land whose characteristics are not yet well known. 541. Similarly, the IAEA has assisted with preliminary 531. Many member States took advantage of the studies in connexion with the control of insect pests. Expanded Programme to demonstrate their interest in radiological protecting and safety, while a number of 542. With regard to medicine, the IAEA 's technical countries were granted assistance in connexion with the assistance was requested by a large number of countries prospecting and processing of nuclear raw materials as anxious to improve, in particular, their knowledge of the well as in the basic disciplines of nuclear science. technical and physical aspects of nuclear medicine. 532. The research reactors recently put into service in 543. An interregional adviser provided technical advice a number of developing countries prompted, during the to some 10 countries of the Middle East and Europe on past two years, an increasing number of requests for the physics problems involved in the use of radiation for assistance in experimental physics, radiation chemistry therapeutic and diagnostic purposes (particularly problems and radioisotopes production. of dosimetry and radiological protection). 533. In the preceding two-year period, the assistance 544. A number of doctors and physicists were trained of experts sent on mission had been devoted primarily in the various applications of radiation for therapeutic to the task of putting research reactors into service and and diagnostic purposes, radio-biological research and solving problems connected with their installation. In research on tropical and endemic diseases. 1963 and 1964, however, the experts turned their attention 545. Liaison has been arranged between the WHO and also to the research programmes for which these reactors the IAEA in order to ensure close co-operation in joint are being used. Thus their tasks are tending to become studies on problems of common interest. more specialized. 546. With regard to the use of water resources, parti 534. Since similar problems arise in different countries cularly in arid and semi-arid regions, technical assistance using a given type of reactor, several steps were taken at was requested from the IAEA in 1963-1964 under both the regional and interregional levels with a view to co the Expanded Programme and the regular programme, ordinating the research programmes of such reactors. as well as in connexion with Special Fund projects. These schemes include the exchange and training of 547. The use of nuclear techniques, particularly those technicians, and international courses. based on measurements of tritium, has made it possible 535. The past two years have seen a rapid quickening to estimate the volume quality, accessibility and direction of interest on the part of member States in learning of flow of subterranean and surface water resources in about the latest applications of radioisotopes, and this a number of member States. has been reflected in an increased number of requests 548. By their sophistical character, nuclear techniques for technical assistance in this field. are capable of providing a novel approach to hydrological 65 problems and contributing to the rational development 560. In the interest of achieving a smoother working of water resources for purposes of irrigation in arid and relationship with member States, two additional missions semi-arid regions. visited Latin America, Asia and the Far East in the course of 1964. A regional officer was appointed for Asia and 549. The IAEA's technical assistance has also helped to spread the use of radioisotopes as radiation sources the Far East with responsibility for keeping abreast of and tracers in various other fields. Expert's missions, programmes for the peaceful use of atomic energy and fellowships and training courses have been arranged, for advising on the formulation of technical assistance programmes (regular and the Expanded Programme). particularly in connexion with the industrial applications of radionuclides and radio-biological research. 561. In 1963 and 1964, member States showed parti cular interest in fellowships providing for training in the 550. From Expanded Programme funds made available uses for regional projects, technical assistance was given to of radioisotopes in agriculture, medicine and industry as well as in various other fields. the Middle Eastern Regional Radioisotope Centre for the Arab countries, set up in Cairo in 1963. The assistance 562. In the Ivory Coast, an IAEA expert in the agricultu· related in particular to work on the organization of ral applications of radioisotopes, with particular reference several regional and interregional training courses. to soil moisture: measurements, drew up a plan for the establishment of radioisotopes facilities in the Adiapo 551. As the applications of atomic energy increase in scale and variety in the developing countries, more and Doume research station. more attention is being paid in a number of Member 563. A number of fellowships were provided for States to the problems of radiation protection. regional and international training and research pro 552. Under the last biennial programme, several grammes and the IAEA has contributed, inter alia, to: a experts were responsible for advising public health and regional training and research programme in the Philip atomic energy authorities in Member States on the pines involving work with a neutron crystal spectrometer; establishment of radiation protection in programmes. a research programme in reactor physics implemented by These experts also helped to organize monitoring services the IAEA and the Norwegian Government (NORA responsible for keeping regular checks on the radiation project); the International Centre for Theoretical Physics received by workers. at Trieste. 553. As more and more research reactors are brought 564. Two international training courses were held under into operation, the problem of storing and managing the regular programme in 1964, one on nuclear physics radioactive waste is beginning to figure in the technical in Denmark, o1rganized in conjunction with UNESCO assistance requests for 1965. for teachers at higher educational establishments in the developing countries and the other on reactor physics 554. In 1963 and 1964, the IAEA continued technical organized at the international summer school at Zakopane assistance activities under its regular programme in close (Poland). association with the work done under the Expanded Programme. In addition, it acted as Executing Agent 565. As part of its technical assistance activities during for two Special Fund projects and also as sub-contractor 1963 and 1964, the IAEA also made contributions, within to F AO under two other Special Fund projects. the framework of two Special Fund projects, to: the establishment in Yugoslavia of a research laboratory on 555. There was a study increase in the technical the use of radiations in soil science, phytobiology and assistance requests made under the regular programme animal biology; a preliminary study on the possibilities in 1963 and 1964 and it was not possible for the IAEA of developing power production on the island of Luzon to meet all the requests submitted. in the Philippin•es, with particular reference to the gene 556. Requests for experts and teaching staff have ration of electricity by nuclear power plants. increased over the past two years and have been submitted B. CO-OPERATING ORGANIZATIONS in connexion with most of the varied activities involved in the production and utilization of atomic energy. 566. As in previous years, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the Inter 557. There has been a marked increase in requests in national Monetary Fund (IMF), engaged in certain connexion with the use of radioisotopes, the utilization technical assistance work whose nature was either funda of research reactors, mainly in experimental physics, and mental to or complementary to the activities of the organ irradiation techniques. izations participating in the Expanded Programme. 558. In 1964, a mission was sent for the first time to provide assistance in the storage and management of 1. International Bank for Reconstruction radioactive waste. An interesting new feature was provided and Development by a technical assistance project carried out in connexion 567. During the 1963-1964 biennium, the Bank with the establishment of a nuclear physics research and continued to expand its assistance to member countries training laboratory. Under this scheme, assistance was in bringing development projects and programmes to the provided at intervals over a three-year period by a team point of readiness for financing. It undertook in 1964 ten of three physicists working on short-term assignments. new project or sector studies, of which the estimated 559. The provision of experts was often accompanied foreign exchange cost, financed by the Bank, totals by the supply of scientific and technical equipment. $3 million. Advi:;ers on project preparation were provided 66 to Jamaica and the Sudan, and a transportation adviser which the Bank organized and for which it provided the to the Government of East Pakistan; and a Bank staff funds, required in foreign exchange, were completed. The member was stationed in Bogota to help with the planning study of the programme for road development in northern and execution of highway development programmes in Nigeria selected a number of high priority sections which Colombia and Ecuador. In December 1964, the President have since been included in a road project for which of the Bank announced that offices would be established IDA extended a credit of $15.5 million in 'March in Abidjan (Ivory Coast) and in East Africa during 1965, 1965. Three more of these studies were transport surveys, to assist in the preparation of development projects in to serve as a basis for government decisions with respect member countries in those regions. Experts attached to to transportation policy and investment in China, these offices will provide help in identifying promising Ecuador and India, the last emphasizing facilities for the projects and in planning, organizing, and supervising the shipment of coal. The National Institute of Electrification studies necessary to establish their feasibility and bring in Ecuador was assisted in the preparation of a national them to the point where they can be presented to the electrification plan for the country. Bank or the International Development Association 571. During 1964, the Bank embarked on ten new (IDA) for financing. For the time being, they will concen project or sector studies. The transport survey in Zambia, trate on agricultural and transportation projects. undertaken during the latter part of 1964, was designed 568. In October 1963, the Bank established a resident to provide the Government of this newly independent technical assistance mission in the Philippines to work country with a balanced analysis of its transport problems with government departments, and in particular with the and an outline of priorities for transport investment for National Economic Council and the Programme Imple the next decade. Most of the other studies, still under mentation Agency, in planning and carrying out develop way, are also, in the transportation field, such as: a ment projects. The head of the mission and the experts survey of transport facilities in Nepal, constituting a on inland shipping and corporate finance completed their first step toward the formulation of a co-ordinated assignments in October 1964; the advisers on agriculture, transport investment programme within Nepal's next industry and statistics are continuing. Bank missions also Five-Year Plan, beginning in July 1965; a survey of river visited Ethiopia and Algeria (supplemented in the latter ports and waterways in East Pakistan to form the basis case by experts from FAO and UNESCO under the for a major Inland Water Transport Programme, for the Bank's co-operative programmes with those agencies), to first phases of which IDA has already extended credits assist the Governments concerned in dealing with specific of US $7,250,000; studies to determine a suitable site, development problems and to explore longer term needs form and layout for a deepwater port at Mogadiscio, for technical assistance. the capital of Somalia; and road studies in Cameroon, 569. Members of the Bank staff and Bank consultants the eastern region of Nigeria and Peru. Also in Cameroon, have served as advisers in a large number of member the Bank has lent its assistance to a programme of cocoa countries, on matters of development policy and planning rehabilitation, including feeder road development. Con and in the identification, preparation and execution of sultants started work on the preliminary phase of a study individual projects. In Libya, the assignment of a member to re-organize the power sector in Turkey, and a project of the Bank's Development Advisory Service, as economic for carrying out an intensive review of the Gezira Scheme adviser to the Prime Minister, was completed, while in the Sudan was approved. another member of the Development Advisory Service 572. In addition, work continued on a number of is continuing to serve as principal adviser on planning studies started before 1964: a feasibility study of a new for the Ministry of Planning and Development. In crossing over the Hooghly River, an essential part of the Thailand, a Bank mission to advise the National Eco planning for the re-development of Calcutta; the organ nomic Development Board and the Committee for ization of a National Power Authority in Iran; and in Development of the North-east completed its assignment. Tunisia, a study of school design and construction Advisers on planning and development problems term methods, including the design of three prototype schools, inated their assignments in Guatemala and Honduras, and with a view to minimizing building costs. an adviser on financial resources returned from Ghana. Experts continuing their work through 1964 include an 573. Another step to intensify assistance in the field of industrial economist and a general economic adviser to project preparation was taken with the conclusion of the Cauca Valley Corporation in Colombia, an economist agreements between the Bank and FAO, and the Bank to assist the economic section of the Treasury in Malaysia, and UNESCO. These agreements embody working an economic adviser to the economic planning secretariat arrangements for co-operative programmes with these of the Ministry of Finance and Economic in the Sudan, two organizations for the purpose of assisting Govern and a school administration adviser in Tunisia. New ments in the identification and preparation of agricultural assignments during 1964 consisted of a mission stationed and educational projects of types that the Bank is willing in the Dominican Republic to assist the Government in to consider for financing, and in providing technical investment programming; and short-term economic assistance for the implementation of projects in these advisers provided to the Government of Sierra Leone, fields financed by the Bank. in Nigeria to the Federal Government and the Premier 574. As in previous years, the Bank has continued to of the Mid-western region, and to the National Develop give assistance in analysing the organization and operation ment Council in Argentina. of capital markets and to advise on measures for their 570. In the period under review, five sector studies, improvement. A comprehensive study of investment 67 resources, institutions and possible governmental action 578. During the 1963-1964 biennium, advice was given was carried out in Chile and more limited studies in Peru, in connexion with central banking matters and credit and Tunisia, and the resulting reports were transmitted policies and controls, exchange policies, fiscal and legal to the respective Governments. A report on the securities questions relate:d to these subjects, monetary, financial market in Pakistan, prepared by a Bank consultant, was and balance-of-payments statistics, and many other presented to the Government and will be supplemented subjects of a related nature with which the Fund is by further help with the preparation of a stock exchange concerned. In addition, courses were conducted for law. A five-man mission, including experts both from the officials from member countries who were trained in the Bank and the IMF, visited Portugal to advise on budget techniques of balance-of-payments reporting and analysis, ary and fiscal policies with a view to financing that and were also given concentrated experience of govern country's development effort. mental and central bank policy and practice, and a know ledge of the working relations between the Fund, the 575. The Bank has continued to give assistance on the United Nations, and other international organizations formulation of over-all programmes of development, to operating in related fields. serve as a framework for investment and the adoption of policies conducive to economic growth. A general 579. During the 1963-1964 biennium, the Fund's survey mission visited Morocco to assess the economic work in certain of these fields was intensified and expanded potentialities of that country and is now preparing its with the setting-up of a Central Banking Service in the report. The report of the mission to Papua and New Office of the Managing Director, the creation of a new Guinea was transmitted to, and made public by, the Fiscal Affairs Department, and the establishment of the Australian Government. Missions including specialists in IMF Institute. the major economic sectors, as well as experts in develop 580. The rapid emergence of many newly-independent ment economics and institutions were sent to Brazil and countries in reeent years has particularly increased the Colombia, to review the respective countries' current need for technical assistance in the fields of central economic conditions and prospects and to analyse in banking and monetary control. The Central Banking depth their development programme and policies. A Service was set up to place at the disposal of some of special mission stationed in India for several months has the Fund's newer members the experience accumulated made an intensive study of the country's economic posi over a long period by established central banks as well tion in preparation for the Bank's appraisal of India's as by the Fund. The new Service is actively engaged in Fourth Five-Year Plan. These thorough reviews of advising on several major bank legislative proposals and national development programmes are designed to assist on the re-organization, administration and modernization Governments in making the most advantageous choices of a number of existing institutions. It is also providing among alternative investments and policies, and in meeting executive staff for central banks operated by several the problems that arise in the implementation of their Fund members. programmes. They also help to establish a solid base or framework for long-term financing by the Bank/IDA, 581. The Fiscal Affairs Department is now a fully and in some cases for other lending agencies as well. developed new department of the Fund, equipped and functioning as a provider of advice and technical assist 576. In October 1964, the Economic Development ance on all aspects of taxation, tax policy, tax administra Institute began its tenth regular course for senior officials tion and budgetary control. While most of this service is from less developed countries, with 24 officials from being given by permanent members of the Fund staff, as 22 countries, and its second project evaluation course in is the case of most Fund technical assistance, the Fund the Spanish language with 25 participants from 15 member is also proposing to establish a panel of experts which can countries. The Institute also conducted a regional course be drawn on to provide resident advisers at the request on project evaluation in Jaipur, India, for 23 participants of member countries for longer periods. In this work, from four Asian countries, India, Iran, Pakistan and the Fund has the benefit of close working relations with Thailand. Other courses held during the year were a the United Nations and other bodies active in the same project evaluation course in English, the Institute's first field, thus helping to avoid overlapping programmes. course to be concerned primarily with the evaluation of industrial projects, and the third annual course on develop 582. In additiion to the service provided by the Central ment planning in the French language. By December 1964, Banking Service and the Fiscal Affairs Department, the some 350 participants from 85 countries and territories Fund has also in the past year expanded and diversified had participated in the courses conducted by the Institute. its general training facilities. The IMF Institute was established in May 1964 to be responsible for all the 2. International Monetary Fund Fund's various training activities. Two special courses conducted in French were organized for high officials 577. The IMF considers technical assistance an integral from 17 French-speaking countries in Africa and South part of its operation, closely related to its regular consulta East Asia. In March 1965, the Institute began its first tions with its member Governments and often deriving regular four-and-one-half month course conducted in from stand-by agreements and regular financial transac English on financial policy and analysis. Courses in tions; therefore, the Fund's technical assistance missions, English and French will be a regular feature of the which generally range from six to twelve months in Institute's training programme which is aimed at pro duration, are for the most part, made up of permanent viding assistance to member countries by offering to members of the IMF staff. selected groups of persons, in government or central bank 68 employment, training in financial analysis and in national Fund and the Bank have assumed full responsibility for and international monetary and financial policy. the publication entitled Direction of Trade. The Fund's 583. Since the last report, the Fund has also expanded publication programme, which includes, besides those its publications work, notably by the introduction, in new ventures, such well established publications as Staff collaboration with the Bank, of a quarterly review Papers, International Financial Statistics, and the Balance entitled the Fund and Bank Review : Finance and Develop of Payments Yearbook, is considered by the Fund as a ment, which is available in English, French and Spanish. part of its service to members, on the same footing as the In addition, at the request of the United Nations, the technical assistance activities referred to above. 69 Chapter III FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION Introduction 589. In accordance with the financial procedure adopted for execution of the programme covering a 584. The administrative and financial records of the two-year period, the liquidation period for obligations 1963-1964 biennium reported in this chapter show the recorded in the 1961-1962 biennium ended on significant progress made in terms of resources actually 31 December 1964 (except for certain long-term fellow realized during the two-year period and in the imple ships for which obligations remain valid for the entire mentation of the programme approved by T AC in duration of the fellowship). In addition, four organiza November 1962. Total income from voluntary contribu tions received authorization from the Executive Chairman tions and from other sources exceeded by $5.6 million for reallocation of funds in 1965 for valid commitments the estimates of the secretariat of November 1962, and pertaining to 1961-1962 purchase orders remaining unfilled the increase in available resources permitted the imple as at that date. After taking into account those commit mentation of the category I programme at a level close to ments and the obligations incurred by the organization that approved by TAC, supplemented by $6.9 million of and the TAB secretariat, a balance of uncommitted funds contingency allocations made by the Executive Chairman amounting to $9,013,000 remained in the Special Account from the Working Capital and Reserve Fund. and in the hands of the Participating Organizations at 585. Administrative expenses in support of the field 31 December 1964. programme also reflected the growth in the size and scope of programme coverage in 1963-1964. Those expenses (b) 1964 FINANCIAL OPERATIONS comprised the lump sum allocations toward administrative (i) Resources and operational services costs of the organizations and the costs of the TAB secretariat, including the services 590. ContribUttions pledged by 109 Governments for of the joint (TAB/Special Fund) field offices. 1964 amounted to $51,472,610 exceeding by about $1 million the amount included in the initial estimate 586. The main trends in the Expanded Programme of 1963-1964 resources presented to TAC in November during the 1963-1964 biennium are reflected in figures VI 1962. Adjustments to prior years' contributions made in and VII below. 1964 and exchange rate adjustments resulted in a net income from voluntary contributions of $51,207,805. 1. Finance 591. Payments received in 1964 against contributions pledged for that year totalled $47,184,112, or 91.7 per (a) REVIEW OF THE FINANCIAL OPERATIONS DURING THE cent the total sum pledged. The rate of collections of SECOND BIENNIAL PROGRAMME: 1963-1964 contributions was, however, extremely low in the first quarter of the year when an amount of only $579,884 was 587. The balance of uncommitted funds held in the received, representing 1.13 per cent of total pledges. In Special Account and in the hands of the Participating order to strengthen the cash position of the Special Organizations at the end of the 1961-1962 biennium, Account, the Executive Chairman urged participating amounting to $8,038,000, was carried forward to 1963 Governments to pay their 1964 contributions as early as and thus formed part of the resources available to finance possible. The response to the appeal of the Executive the 1963-1964 programme. The major element of income Chairman was t:ncouraging and by 30 June and 30 Sep during the two-year period - voluntary contributions - tember 1964, cumulative collections of 1964 pledges amounted to $101,622,000. Other income that accrued in amounted to $30,222,128 and $38,784,126 respectively. the Special Account in 1963 and 1964 from local costs 592. Payments received in 1964 toward contributions contributions, miscellaneous income of the organizations pledged for 1963 and earlier years totalled $3,565,584, and the Special Account, etc. brought the total resources reducing to $2,400,996 the balance of unpaid pledges for of the programme to $109,800,000 after deduction of the those years at 31 December 1964. As shown in annex II amounts reimbursed to the Working Capital and Reserve of this report, the balances of unpaid pledges for the Fund for contingency authorizations, exchange losses and years 1957 through 1964 totalled $4,882,470 as at other adjustments. 30 April 1965. 588. Table 13 below shows in detail the resources 593. Other income which accrued in the Special actually realized and the expenditures of the organizations Account in 1964 amounted to $3,897,000 in respect of and the TAB secretariat for the entire biennium, together local costs assessments, surrenders of the Participating with the estimates which were presented to T AC in Organizations, miscellaneous income of the Special November 1962. Account, less exchange adjustments. 70 Figure VI Over-all financial position of the Expanded Programme, 1950-1965 (Expressed in millions of US dollars) 60 r- - 60 .. .: : .,. ,, 50 r- •• •• ...;.· ,~.. : --- - 50 ..· , ; ...... ;., ., /• 40 r- ; : - 40 • .,.!(.•.. •• ...... -- .;.:·.:.- ·······...... __ .,., ,.···~ 30 - __ -:-~ _,.. _,_ Yearly pledges - 30 ,-,.,....,.,. ..·· fill'"" ••• • I I I I I I I ...... It 01 .·II 20 : ,_,, ···. . - 2Q -- 7 - '• •• Yearly obligations incurred : : 10 -.: - 10 : Level of the Working Capital and Reserve Fund o~--~~~--~~----~~-----L-----L-'--~'-----L-~----~--~~----~'-----L-I ____L_I __~IL- __~o 1950/51 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 Figure VII Analysis of obligations incurred, 1950-1964 (Expressed in millions of US dollars) 50 I - 50 I I /', / 40 - I '- I - 40 I 'J I Project costs I I .; 30 - ______.... .;' - 30 .,.,. ,.,..------ 20 - .,..___ /// - 20 J ...... / I ' I 1o- I - 10 I 1 Administrative and operational service costs 1 0 I·~·~·~·~··~·~·~·~·~·~··~·~·~·~·~··~·~·~·~·;·~··~·~·~·;·~··~·~·~·~·~·~··~·~·~·~··~·~·~·~·~··~·~·~·~~·~··=·=·=·=·=··J:=·=·=·=··=·=·=·~~·=·=··=·=·=·=·~·~=·=··=·=·=·=·=·:~·~·~·~··~·~··~·~~·::~·~;~~~~~··:~:c::::~:::~~~~------JlO 1950/51 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 71 TABLE 13. FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND REQUIREMENTS I'OR 1963-1964 (In thousands of US dollars) Estimates presented in November 1962 Actual 1963 1964 1963 1964 ------~---· ------ I. Financial resources Uncommitted balance in the Special Account and in the hands of the Participating Organ izations as of 1 January 6,690 1,792 8,038 11,086 b Contributions . 49,500 50,500 50,150 51,472 Exchange adjustments and adjustments to prior years' pledges (774) (265) Local costs assessments 2,600 2,600 3,404 3,425 Less exchange adjustments and adjustments to prior years' assessments 27 (863) Interest and miscellaneous income, Special Account 225 225 222 318 Miscellaneous income of the Organizations in preceding year 140 140 249 227 Savings in preceding year in liquidating prior years' obligations 690 690 865 965 TOTAL 59,845 55,947 62,181 66,365 Less exchange adjustments: Special Account (current year) (125) (125) (244) (85) Agencies (prior years) (80) (80) (62) (90) Gross resources . 59,640 55,742 61,875 66,188 Less: (a) Reimbursements to WCRF (4,200) (3,750) (3,262) (1,915) (b) Increase in the level of WCRF (1,500) (1,500) (500) Net resources . 53,940 51,992 57,113 63,773 II. Programme requirements (obligations) Category I Programme . 43,462 41,757 37,590 a 45,644 a Administrative and Operational Services Costs 4,514 4,524 4,514 4,590 TAB secretariat 4,172 4,172 3,923 4,115 TOTAL 52,148 50,453 46,027 54,349 c III. Balance 1,792 1,539 11,086 b 9,424C a For purposes of comparison with the estimates b The balance of $11,086,000 brought forward to submitted to TAC in November 1962, the obliga 1964 includes the total amount of unobligated ear tions figures shown for 1963 and 1964 do not markings at 31 December 1963 which was retained include the amounts relating to projects financed by the organizations for their operations in 1964. under contingency authorizations of the Executive c After deduction of the amount of $411,420 Chairman ($1,908,863 for 1963 and $4,956,154 for earmarked for reallocation in 1965 to cover out 1964); the amount of $1,196,437 used by four organ standing cornmitmfmts in respect of equipment izations in 1964 from savings in liquidation 1963 items ordered against 1961-1962 earmarkings, the obligations, is not included in the category I pro net balance of uncommitted funds reverting to the gramme costs of $45,644,005. Special Account on 1 January 1965, amounted to $9,013,000. 594. Reimbursement made to the Working Capital and from contributions, local costs and other resources Reserve Fund for 1963 contingency authorizations realized in 1964 up to an amount of $46,347,638, inclusive amounted to $1,915,089. As reported in section (iv) below, of $4,590,333 for administrative and operational services a further amount of $500,000 was drawn from 1964 costs. The Committee further authorized the organiza resources to bring the level of the Fund to $12,500,000 tions to retain for operations in 1964 the balances of funds in 1964, as authorized by TAC. earmarked to them in 1963 which had not been obligated at 31 December 1963. In addition, TAC authorized the (ii) Implementation of the 1964 Programme Executive Chairman to approve allocations to the 595. The Technical Assistance Committee authorized organizations from the Working Capital and Reserve TAB to earmark funds to the Participating Organizations Fund up to the unallocated balance of $9,575,000 it had 72 TABLE 14. TOTAL FINANCIAL AUTHORIZATIONS FOR 1964 (Expressed in US dollars) Authorization Adjusted from the Working unobligated balance Regular Capital and Total financial Organization of 1963 earmarkings earmarking and Reserve Fund authorizations United Nations 1,361,492a 9,120,684 983,437 11,465,613 ILO . 805,123 4,667,735 612,455 6,085,313 FAO 1,447,8490 11,115,877 916,515 13,480,241 UNESCO 1,593,2770 8,261,333 846,932 10,701,542 ICAO 334,797 1,993,439 338,600 2,666,836 WHO 701,768 8,114,296 448,176 9,264,240 UPU 12,347 128,646 149,226 290,219 ITU. 216,0860 894,768 272,100 1,382,954 WMO 144,128 1,083,948 313,413 1,541,489 IAEA .. 286,119 962,223 88,300 1,336,642 ToTAL, Organizations 6,902,986 46,342,949 4,969,154 58,215,089 TAB secretariat . . 4,414,000 4,414,000 GRAND TOTAL 6,902,986 50,756,949 4,969,154 62,629,089 a Savings realized in !964 on liquidation of 1963 obligations are included for the following agencies: $ $ United Nations • . . • . . . . . 377,888 UNESCO ...... 160,395 FAO ...... 629,876 ITU ...... • 27,738 TABLE 15. ANALYSIS OF OBLIGATIONS INCURRED IN 1964 (Expressed in US dollars) Administration Total Unliquidated and operational obligations Cash obligations Organi.zatlon Projects costs services costs incurred disbursements 31 December 1964 United Nations 10,463,498 936,600 11,400,098 9,194,490 2,205,608 ILO 5,365,767 453,357 5,819,124 4,718,514 1,100,610 FAO 11,457,922 1,107,307 12,565,229 10,897,929 1,667,300 UNESCO 9,912,311 738,760 10,651,071 7,371,495 3,279,576 ICAO 2,251,988° 220,000 2,471,988 2,017,000 454,988 WHO 8,430,281 756,990 9,187,271 7,284,298 1,902,973 UPU. 193,882 40,000 233,882 169,446 64,436 ITU . 1,109,631 110,000 1,219,631 947,873 271,758 WMO 1,403,844 122,800 1,526,644 1,067,342 459,302 IAEA 1,207,560 104,500 1,312,060 900,120 411,940 ToTAL, Organizations 51,796,684 4,590,314 56,386,998 44,568,507 11,818,491 TAB secretariat b 4,114,736 4,114,736 3,962,742 151,994 GRAND TOTAL 51,796,684 8,705,050 60,501,734 48,531,249 11,970,485 a Includes an amount of $ll,459 not attributable to individual country project costs. b TAB secretariat: $ Fields offices ...... • 3,080,245 TAB headquarters ...... 1,034,491 approved for contingency authorizations for the 1963- bringing to $62,629,089 the total of 1964 authorizations. 1964 biennium; actual contingency allocations totalled Obligations incurred in 1964 against these authorizations $4,969,154 at 31 December 1964. With the addition of totalled $60,501,734, as follows an amount of $1,196,437 representing savings of the organizations in liquidating 1965 obligations utilized for Field programme costs (inclusive of the amounts re-programming in 1964, the financial authorizations of obligated against authorizations from the Working s the organizations for 1964 totalled $58,215,089. The Capital and Reserve Fund ...... 51,796,684 distribution by organization of the 1964 authorizations is Administrative and operational services costs 4,590,314 shown in table 14 above. TAB secretariat 4,114,736 596. An amount of $4,414,000 was authorized for expenses of the TAB secretariat and its field offices, TOTAL, 1964 obligations 60,501,734 73 597. The break-down of the above obligations by arrangement for the liquidation of the arrears had been organization, the total amounts disbursed and un agreed upon by the Executive Chairman and the Govern liquidated obligations as at 31 December 1964 are shown ment concerned". 9 In March 1964, TAB agreed to defer in table 15 above. implementation of new projects in five countries, but these embargos were short-lived, as payments were (iii) Utilization of resources received in full or partial settlement of the arrears, or 598. The Technical Assistance Board continued in 1964 arrangements were made by the Governments concerned the system of earmarking control and currency manage for payment of the amounts outstanding. ment which has been followed in the past few years to 606. Table 16 below, shows the status of local costs assure that all available resources are taken into account outstanding for the years 1955 through 1963. Amounts in the implementation of the approved programme. The due from Governments at 31 December 1964 total progress made in 1963 in the utilization of currencies $322,158, as compared with $431,987 at 31 December 1963 requiring management was continued in 1964, and TAB for 1962 and prior years. The table also shows the position decided that certain of such currencies would be trans with regard to credits owing to Governments. Credit ferred to the category of "uncontrolled currencies" as balances due to Governments at 31 December 1964 and from 1 January 1965. prior years totalled $105,204, while the figure at 31 De 599. In 1964, the contributions of sixty-eight Govern cember 1963 f<::>r 1962 and prior years was $120,219. ments, or a part thereof, representing 87.5 per cent of total 1964 pledges, were either paid in convertible curren TABLE 16. STATUS OF LOCAL COSTS PAYMENTS FROM GOVERNMENTS cies or made convertible into other currencies. FOR THE YEARS 1955-1963 AT 31 DECEMBER 1964 (Expressed in US dollars) (iv) Working Capital and Reserve Fund Comparable 600. In accordance with the decision of TAC of Amounts due Amounts to Net amounts net amounts from credit to outstanding outstanding November 1963, the level of the Working Capital and Year Gol'ernments Governments at 31 Dec. 1964 at 31 Dec. 1964 Reserve Fund was increased by $500,000 to $12,500,000 in 1964.8 1955 . 77 (77) (77) 601. Authorizations to the organizations for contin 1956 . 1,856 152 1,704 2,605 gency purposes in 1964 totalled $4,969,154 leaving an 1957 . 5,937 5,937 6,059 uncommitted balance in the Fund of $7,530,846 at 1958 . 13,697 6 13,691 15,740 31 December 1964. 1959 . 40,081 1,668 38,413 34,239 1960 . 32,969 1,071 31,898 43,965 602. When approving the 1965-1966 programme and 1961 . 4,219 4,219 (14,501) the allocations to the Participating Organizations for 1965, 1962. 16,676 2,548 14,128 223,738 the Technical Assistance Committee concurred in the recommendation of TAB that the level of the Fund be SuB-TOTAL 115,435 5,522 109,913 311,768 increased to $13 million in 1965. 1963 ... 206,723 99,682 107,041 TOTAL 3.22,158 105,204 216,954 (c) LOCAL COSTS (i) Revenues in 1964 607. The position of local costs collections at 31 De 603. The initial local costs assessments for 1964 cember 1964 represents an improvement over the situation amounted to $3,424,591. The adjustments recorded in at 31 December 1963. On the other hand, the total amount 1964 to the initial1963 assessment amounting to $802,957, outstanding included the arrears of thirteen countries and exchange rate adjustments totalling $60,057 on local whose cumulative indebtedness exceeded the equivalent costs collections, resulted in a decrease in the total 1964 of $3,000 or more by the end of 1964. The Governments local costs income to $2,561,577. of four of those countries have paid their arrears in full in the early months of 1965, and satisfactory arrangements 604. Payments received toward the initial assessment have been made for full payment of the amounts out amounted to $2,548,742 at 31 December 1964. standing by most of the remaining nine countries. The position in the case of the latter group of countries will be (ii) Arrears in local costs payments reviewed by TAB in Aprill965. 605. In accordance with the decision of TAC in 608. Total payments received in the first months of November 1960, the Executive Chairman has been 1965 reduced 1the total arrears by $76,568 to $245,590. authorized to defer the implementation of new projects "in the case of any country which, at 31 December of a (iii) Waivers of Governments' local costs obligations particular year, was in arrears in respect of local costs obligations relating to the preceding or earlier years, in 609. Waivers of 50 per cent of local costs obligations amounts exceeding the equivalent of $3,000 until an applied in 1964 to 18 countries which, having become 8 See Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Thirty 9 Ibid., Thirty-second Session, Annexes, agenda item 11, docu seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 19, document E/3849, para 36. ment E/3430, para. 13. 74 independent in 1959, 1960 or 1961, were given full waiver of their shares of experts' services rendered in executing of those obligations by TAB from the date of inde regional and interregional projects. pendence through 1963. Those countries were the Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo 618. The Executive Chairman will report further to (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, T AC on the extent that local costs assessments may be Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, made in respect of such projects actually implemented Sierra Leone, Tanganyika (United Republic of Tanzania), in 1965. Togo and the Upper Volta; the full local costs obligations will be assumed by the Governments of those countries 2. Administration from I January 1965. In the case of Somalia, the full waiver continued in 1964 with a provision for the appli (a) ADMINISTRATIVE AND OPERATIONAL SERVICES COSTS cation of a 50 per cent waiver in 1965; the full assessment of local costs will apply from 1966 onwards. 619. Allocations made from the Special Account in 1963 and 1964 toward the administrative and operational 610. Algeria, Uganda and Western Samoa became services costs of the organizations were governed by the independent in 1962 and were granted full waiver through Economic and Social Council resolution 855 (XXXII), the 1963-1964 biennium, and 50 per cent waiver for 1965. dated 4 August 1961, which provided that these alloca Full assessment arrangements will apply to those countries tions "be the equivalent of 12 per cent of one-half of the from 1 January 1966. 1961-1962 project costs" and allowed! certain measures 611. Kenya and Zanzibar (United Republic of Tanza of flexibility in the case of the smaller organizations. The nia), which became independent in 1963 were granted a allocations made to ICAO, ITU, WMO, IAEA and UPU full waiver of local costs from the date of independence for 1963 and 1964, took into account the special needs of through 1964, and a 50 per cent waiver through 1965 and those agencies to meet their overhead costs relating to the 1966, and will be expected to pay the full assessment implementation of the biennial programme. beginning in 1967. 620. In November 1964, TAC approved the requests 612. The Government of Nepal was granted a 25 per of the organizations for lump sum allocations from the cent waiver in 1964 and will assume the full local costs Special Account for administrative and operational obligations on I January 1965. services costs in 1965 and 1966. Those allocations were established in accordance with the provisions of Economic 613. Malawi, Malta and Zambia became independent and Social Council resolution 950 (XXXVI) of 5 July 1963, in 1964 and were granted full waiver of local costs from which determined that they "shall represent 12 per cent the date of independence through the 1965-1966 biennium. of the approved field programme for the previous 614. The Government of the Democratic Republic of biennium and of the amount approved by the Technical the Congo has assumed full responsibility for all local Assistance Committee for contingency authorizations currency costs of the programme; accordingly, TAB during that previous biennium; the distribution of the agreed that the technical provision of the local costs allocation among the Participating Organizations shall scheme need not apply in 1964. be determined on the basis of each organization's alloca tion for category I project costs". The resolution main 615. In 1964, TAB approved a full waiver of local costs tained the provision for some measure of flexibility in in 1965 and 1966 for the EACSO, an inter-governmental establishing the lump sum allocations of the smaller organization, of which some member States were granted organizations. waivers in 1965 and 1966. 621. The advisory Committee on Administrative and (iv) Local costs of regional projects Budgetary Questions (ACC) has, meanwhile, concluded its review of the question of subvention to the organizations 616. Pursuant to the decision taken by the Economic toward their administrative and operational services costs and Social Council at its thirty seventh session which of the Expanded Programme and overhead costs of the reaffirmed the principle established in its resolution Special Fund, as requested by Economic and Social 787 (XXX), of reasonable sharing by recipient Govern Council resolution 900 A (XXXIV) of 2 August 1962. The ments in the costs of regional projects in which they par Technical Assistance Board is reporting separately to ticipate, the Organizations have reported to the Executive TAC on the Advisory Committee's recommendations for Chairman on regional and interregional projects included a revision of the provisions of Council resolution 950 in the 1965-1966 programme where the over-all cost (XXXVI) regarding the lump sum allocations for admi of experts' services might be apportioned among the nistrative and operational services costs of the organiza Governments concerned for purposes of determining their tions in the 1965-1966 biennium and thereafter. shares of local costs to be assessed in 1965. 617. The reports of the Organizations confirmed the (b) THE TAB/SPECIAL FUND JOINT FIELD ESTABLISHMENT difficulties previously reported in identifying those assess able costs in most projects. The Organizations agreed to 622. During the biennium, the number of TAB/Special entrust the TAB Resident Representatives with the task Fund field offices reached a new high figure, bringing the of obtaining the concurrence of recipient Governments to field establishment to a level close to the optimum. It is the application of local costs arrangements in which they expected that, in the future, the rate of grovvth will participate and to the inclusion in the 1965 assessments substantially diminish. 75 623. As of 31 December 1964, TAB and the Special which is being gradually reduced, consisted as of 31 De Fund were represented in the field by seven regional cember 1964, of 24 international officers, 87 international offices, 60 country offices, 9 sub-offices and correspon local office assistants, 76local office assistants and 560other dents, and two liaison offices. During the biennial period, local staff. The central office in Leopoldville plus six 10 new offices and sub-offices had been established in regional offices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, accordance with the approved budgets for the years 1963 were financed in 1964 from the TAB budget ($200,000), and 1964, thus increasing the number of field offices from by the Government of the Democratic Republic of the 68 in December 1962 to 78 in December 1964. Congo ($1,365,000) consisting of $300,000 in foreign exchange and $1,065,000 in local currency), and from 624. The new offices were mainly established in the the United States programme agreements ($500,000). newly independent and emerging countries, and in many cases, when the development of the programme so 628. As far as West Irian is concerned, TAB responsi required, sub-offices were transformed, at the request of bilities in the field were limited to providing office support the Government concerned, into independent country and administrative arrangements for personnel to carry offices. The new offices established during the biennium out the activities of the Fund. were: Congo (Brazzaville), Dominican Republic (sub 629. The Office of the Representative of TAB in office associated with the regional office in the Caribbean), Europe which, until 1964, was considered as part of Kenya (sub-office associated with the regional office in the the Headquarters establishment, was given in 1964 general United Republic of Tanzania), Kuwait (correspondent), Expanded Programme and Special Fund programming Malawi (sub-office associated with the regional office in responsibilities: for countries in eastern and southern Zambia), Sierra Leone, Uganda (sub-office associated Europe which are not covered by Resident Representa with the regional office in the United Republic of Tan tives. From this viewpoint there is no difference between zania), Republic of Viet-Nam, Western Samoa (regional this office and regional offices in other areas. office covering the South Pacific territories), Zambia (regional office covering Malawi, Rhodesia, Bechuana 630. A major factor in the expansion of the field net land, Basutoland and Swaziland, and Zambia). work continues to be the growth of Special Fund activities in the field, involving intensified programme planning and 625. The following figures show the growth of the field development work. At 31 December 1962, 175 Special establishment since 1959, when there were 35 offices: Fund projects were in operation. By 31 December 1963, 44 in 1960, 53 in 1961, 68 in 1962, 72 in 1963 and 78 the number had risen to 278, and by 31 December 1964, in 1964. 353 projects were in operation. The Special Fund project 626. On 31 December 1964, there were 232 interna earmarkings were $79.7 million in 1962, $75.6 million tional staff members, representing 50 nationalities, in 1963, and $91.8 million in 1964. The combined resources engaged in the field establishment, as compared with 147 of the Expanded Programme and the Special Fund have from 47 countries in 1962. Of the 1964 figure, 65 were grown from approximately $105 million in 1962, to Resident or Regional Representatives, 99 Deputy or $123 million in 1963, and to an estimated $146 million Assistant Resident Representatives, two Liaison Officers in 1964. The increases in the level of funds available for and 66 international office assistants. In addition, there programmes have been reflected directly in increased levels were 987 local staff, composed of 15 local professionals, in all phases of operational activities in both programmes 555 office assistants and 417 other local staff in the which in turn have necessitated a modest growth in the capacity of drivers, porters, messengers and casual joint field establishment. labourers - who assisted the field offices in the perform 631. The basic purpose of the field office establishments ance of their functions. The total represents a 40 per cent continues to be the provision of adequate support in the increase over the number oflocal staff in 1962. The figures field to the activities of the Expanded Programme and for both international and local personnel exclude the the Special Fund. The services of each field office have staff assigned to the Democratic Republic of the Congo been available to both programmes on an equal basis, as well as those who, both in Jakarta and in Sukarnapura, the Resident Representatives serving as Directors of were rendering services to the United Nations Fund for Special Fund Programmes. They are also agents of the the development of West Irian. World Food Programme in the countries in which they 627. On I July 1964, the field office in Leopoldville serve. In addition, the field offices continue to provide assumed, on the conclusion of the activities of the United services, to the extent requested and feasible, to other Nations in the Congo, all the responsibilities in the tech technical co-operation programmes of the United Nations nical assistance field that were previously carried out by family. the United Nations in the Congo, including, in addition 632. The field offices in 1964 operated 122 TAB bank to the normal EPTA/Special Fund programmes, the imprest accounts, as compared with 82 that were operated administration of projects financed from the United in 1962. The total disbursements made through these Nations Congo Fund, local currency allocations and other accounts in 1964, on behalf of TAB and the Participating extra-budgetary sources. An aggregate programme at the Organizations, were more than $15.8 million, as compared rate of about $17 million per year is involved. In order with a total of over $9.5 million in 1962. In addition, a to administer this programme, the office in Leopoldville total amount of $1,632,000 was expended by TAB field incorporated some of the staff and assumed (for civilian offices during 1964 on behalf of recipient Governments. operations) the responsibilities previously carried out by All the above figures exclude operations carried out in the United Nations. The staff required, the number of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 76 633. As a senior representative of the United Nations for close co-operation and co-ordination between the family of organizations, the Resident Representative offices. Close co-operation has been established between continues to be called upon to participate in, and to the TAB secretariat and the United Nations Office of organize, local inter-agency discussions on administrative General Services in connexion with the responsibility and other questions only indirectly related to technical assigned to that Office by the ACC to develop the assistance. Questions of local salary scales, post adjust increased use of joint premises and common administra ment classifications and subsistence rates, of common tive services among field offices of the United Nations premises and joint use of other facilities all require local family. In this connexion, it may be noted that of 78 inter-agency action. In 1964, the TAB/Special Fund field offices in operation in December 1964, 35 shared premises offices were responsible for co-ordinating surveys on the with at least one other United Nations office or agency cost of living in 55 areas, and local salary reviews in office and shared to some degree administrative services 39 cities, for the collection of data as a basis for the with that office; 26 offices handled the local accounts determination of daily subsistence rates in 111 areas, for the United Nations Public Information Centres. and for collecting the data needed to determine stipend 636. Efforts to ensure the continuing close co-ordina rates for fellows in 10 places. tion of Expanded Programme and Special Fund pro 634. Resident Representatives are also frequently asked grammes at all levels continued to produce satisfactory to negotiate arrangements with the Government for other results. In this connexion, it should be mentioned that, programmes and agreements for the establishment of following the practice of earlier years, regional meetings Information Centres. In 1964, in 13 capitals (Athens, of Resident Representatives were convened in 1963 and Bujumbura, Kabul, La Paz, Lome, Port-of-Spain, 1964 in each of the major regions, and were attended by Monrovia, Tananarive, Asuncion, Djakarta, Dakar, representatives of the Executive Chairman of TAB, the Kathmandu, Mexico City) the function of Resident Managing Director of the Special Fund, the World Food Representative and Director of the Information Centre Programme, the Participating Organizations, UNICEF were assumed by the same senior official. Many of the and the regional economic commission concerned. A new organizations participating in the Expanded Programme development in relation to the regional meetings of have designated the Resident Representative as their Resident Representatives has been the utilization of these country representative or mission chief. However, because meetings for intensive individual programme reviews with of the broadening range and rate of growth of the pro the Resident Representatives concerned and the appro grammes for which he has co-ordinating responsibilities priate senior substantive officials from the TAB/Special and to which he gives supporting services, it has become Fund headquarters, the Agencies, the World Food essential not only to co-ordinate carefully the various Programme, and the regional economic commissions. components of the programme, but also to streamline 637. The costs of field establishments are borne by the his office for peak efficiency. For these reasons, TAB TAB secretariat, but the Special Fund pays a subvention suggested to the November 1964 session of TAC the towards the total costs to an amount which approximates advisability of appointing agency field supervisors in the additional identifiable costs incurred in respect of those places where the size of the programme so the Fund. The gross actual costs of field offices and the demanded, with the purpose of: (a) concentrating field portions paid by TAB and the Special Fund are indicated administrative services in the office of the Resident in table 17 below. Representatives whenever possible, in the interests of 638. With Resident Representatives continuing to economy and efficiency; (b) freeing the field representatives serve as agents of the World Food Programme in 1963 of those agencies whose programmes are sufficiently large and in 1964, in the countries to which they were accredited, to require over-all professional supervision to devote all additional out-of-pocket costs directly related to this their time to their professional work; and (c) securing a activity were borne by a subvention paid by the World much closer relationship between the agency field offices, Food Programme and administered, in close consultation where they are needed, and the Resident Representative. with the Executive Director, by the Joint Administration 635. In places where other United Nations programmes Division of TAB and the Special Fund. An amount of of the specialized agencies are represented every effort $60,000 was allocated by the World Food Programme continues to be made to achieve practical arrangements for this purpose in 1963, and $10,792 was actually TABLE 17. DIVISION OF COSTS OF FIELD OFFICES BETWEEN TAB AND THE SPECIAL FUND Amount apid to TAB Amount paid bv the Total field owce costs Special Fund (US dol/arso US dollars Per cent US dollars Per cent 1959 1,406,965 1,406,965 100.0 1960 1,661,767 1,511,567 91.0 150,000 9.0 1961 2,397,657 1,987,657 82.9 410,000 17.1 1962 3,366,987 2,595,787 77.1 771,200 22.9 1963 4,470,872 2,966,772 66.4 1,504,100 33.6 1964 5,894,246 3,080,246 52.3 2,814,000 47.7 1965 (estimation) 7,101,000 3,438,600 49.0 3,662,400 51.0 77 obligated. For 1964, the expenditures on behalf of the twenty-two developing countries, mainly as junior admi World Food Programme amounted to $60,530, as against nistrative or programme officers. Seven were sponsored an allocation of $75,000. It is expected that the full by the Government of Belgium, two each by Norway and amount allocated will be required in 1965, as the volume Sweden, and fourteen by non-governmental organization of field operations of the World Food Programme in the United Kingdom. Of the twenty-five volunteers, continues to grow. only four did not complete their assignments, for medical 639. Host Governments continued their support of the or personal reasons. joint field offices in 1963 and 1964, through contributions 641. In the case of personnel sponsored by Govern in cash and in kind. In 1963, the host Governments' ments, all costs are paid by the sponsor. When the contributions totalled $1,637,116 in cash and kind, while volunteers are provided by non-governmental organiza in 1964 Governments contributed a total of $1,925,105 tions, TAB normally pays them on local-recruit scales. comprising $1,604,353 in cash and $320,752 in kind. In all cases, the personnel are actually employed by TAB and have the status of international civil servants. Candi (c) VOLUNTEERS dacies are reviewed and final selections made by TAB, and assignments are given only with the agreement of 640. In the annual report of TAB for 1963,10 it was the countries to which the volunteers are assigned. stated that the Executive Chairman would be ready to 642. The junior professional volunteers have, with very give an evaluation of the experience of the TAB secretariat few exceptions, performed, in an outstanding manner, in with volunteers on the occasion of the next biennial report the field offices, and have provided a valuable adjunct to to TAC. It will be recalled that volunteers have been used the professional staff of those offices. Since the programme in TAB field offices within the general framework of is at little or no cost to TAB, it enables the TAB secre Economic and Social Council Resolution 849 (XXXII) on tariat to strengthen its field offices without added charges the use of volunteer workers. These volunteers, officially to the budget during the training period. In a few cases, called junior professional officers, are distinguished from the junior professional volunteers have worked so effect the associate and junior experts who assist senior technical ively that they have, in agreement with all concerned, been assistance experts in that they are usually young people appointed to the permanent secretariat following comple just out of universities who have a non-technical education tion of their volunteer assignments, and there is every and little or no work experience. During 1963 and 1964, reason to expect that the number of volunteers receiving twenty-five volunteers served in TAB offices, in some such appointments will continue to increase. The volunteer programme is thus a useful adjunct, but by no means a replacement of the normal recruitment process for junior lo Ibid., Thirty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 5, para. 86. professional staff. 78 Chapter IV EVALUATION OF THE EXPANDED PROGRAMME IN 1963-1964 Introduction 645. Before this resolution was adopted, TAC, in 643. This chapter is a continuation of the annual dealing with the Expanded Programme at its meetings studies on evaluation of the Expanded Programme held in June and July 1964, had expressed the hope that requested by the Technical Assistance Committee at its the Executive Chairman would develop procedures and summer session in 1959. At that time TAC asked TAB pilot projects which would be useful to the Economic and !o include in each of its annual reports a study on some Social Council in its efforts to develop an adequate Important aspect of the programme. Following this system of evaluation of the over-all impact of programmes decision, TAB's report to TAC for 1960 11 featured a of the United Nations system of organizations on the economic and social development of those countries.15 The review of the training institutes and centres, for 1962 12 a discussion of fellowships, and for 1963 13 an analysis 'of Executive Chairman had then informed the Committee regional and interregional projects. · that, in view of the general feeling that evaluation should take a prominent part in the work of the TAB secretariat 644. It will be recalled that, parallel with the continuing it was intended that a study should be made of the func: interest of TAC in the more definitive evaluation of the tioning of the EPTA programme in six selected countries. results of activities under the Expanded Programme itself, The intention at that time was to undertake that study in the Economic and Social Council has also concerned time to include its results in the present report. In view, itself with the need for a measurement of the impact of however, of the subsequent decision of the Council, and United Nations programmes as a whole. A number of of the understanding that the Secretary-General would Governments have emphasized, in the course of the last proceed immediately to arrange the requested pilot few years, the importance they attach to the evaluation projects, it was deemed advisable to delay the Expanded of the over-all effectiveness of programmes operated by Programme study until after this had been done. It is the United Nations family of organizations. This pre now expected that the Expanded Programme study will occupation was reflected in Economic and Social Council take place in the second half of 1965 and that its results resolution 908 (XXXIV) of 2 August 1962, in which the will be included in the next report of TAB to TAC. Council called upon the Secretary-General and the Executive Heads of all specialized agencies and the IAEA 646. These circumstances, however, have not lessened to give particular attention to the matter of continuous the need for further efforts at evaluation to be carried out and effective evaluation of the programmes. The Council in the meantime. It may be observed that the circums also requested the Administrative Committee on Co tances under which the Expanded Programme functions ordination to consider and to present to the Council have changed in many respects in recent years. The at its next session, proposals on the comprehensive eva number of the recipient countries has increased consider luation of the programmes of the United Nations family ably. Some of them have gained experience in efficient of organizations. The following year, the Council in its use of the Expanded Programme, while others have just resolution 991 (XXXVI) of 2 August 1963, renewed its started to acquire such experience. New methods have been request to the ACC to formulate proposals designed to introduced for the preparation and execution of projects. assist developing countries in their own evaluation efforts. Special Fund projects have increased in importance and In response to this request, the ACC formulated its views they call for closer co-operation with the Expanded and suggestions on the subject in its twenty-ninth report Programme. There is a higher measure of co-operation to the Economic and Social Council, issued in May 1964.14 among the Participating Organizations in the formulation On 15 August of the same year, the Economic and Social and execution of joint projects. Such elements have Council adopted resolution 1042 (XXXVII) requesting appeared to justify a fresh look at the operation of the the Secretary-General, in co-operation with the Managing programme as a whole pending the more intensive eva Director of the Special Fund and the Executive Chairman luation of its effectiveness in selected countries. of TAB and in consultation with the Executive Heads 647. It was accordingly decided, towards the end of of the specialized agencies concerned and the IAEA, to the 1963-1964 biennium, to attempt a comprehensive proceed with arrangements for pilot projects on evaluation survey of the main aspects of the programme through the !n a limited number of countries. Resident Representatives of TAB, who by that time were established in or serving the countries receiving by far 11 Ibid., Thirty-second Session, Supplement No. 5. the greater part of all Expanded Programme assistance, u Ibid., Thirty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 5. and who, for the most part, had also had at least two 13 Ibid., Thirty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 5. 10 Ibid., Thirty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 6, docu ment E/3886 and Add.l. 15 Ibid., agenda item 19, document E/3933, para. 6, 79 successive experiences in the formulation and implemen countries, and tested under actual circumstances prevailing tation of biennial programmes. in a great number of them. A particularly important contribution in this respect has been offered by the United 648. It is well recognized that their collective views, Nations regional economic commissions, which have not although of importance, cannot represent final conclusions only collated and analysed the experience gained in their on the conditions under which the Expanded Programme areas in matters of economic planning, but have also operates and on the economic and social efficiency uf its formulated new methods and approaches. They have also operations. To have a better balanced picture, other played a decisive role in the dissemination of those points of view are necessary, such as those of the recipient methods by means of seminars and publications and Governments, the specialized agencies executing the through newly created training centres and institutes. The Expanded Programme projects and experts working in process is in full development, and it is reasonable to the field. The Resident Representatives may, of course, expect that future assistance by the United Nations family be expected- and in this case they were specially of organizations will be carried out under conditions of requested -to take those views into account. In any continuously improved knowledge of the economic and event, the opinions of the Resident Representatives must social needs of recipient countries and better co-ordination be regarded as being of significance to the process of of government policies geared to the priorities in over-all evaluation as they are the considered opinions of person plans of economic and social development. who observe technical assistance activities every day and who share with the organizations the responsibility for 651. As may be expected, practices in and the quality helping the expert and fellowship operations to perform of planning are reported by the Resident Representatives efficiently. Even if such opinions may sometimes lack to differ considerably from country to country. In some the necessary perspective or may be influenced by personal countries, plans prepared before 1964 have not yet been convictions and feelings, they include elements of natural published by the Government. In other countries, the interest to T AC and may also carry the seeds of improve Government has published only guide-lines for economic ments in the over-all effectiveness of the Expanded activities or plans referring to individual sectors of the Programme. economy. Well··conceived and internally well co-ordinated plans were not numerous during the biennium. A great 649. The following material is based on these opinions majority of countries appear to lack, as yet, the basic as they relate to the 1963-1964 programme. It was supplied data needed for efficient economic planning: the natural in the form of responses by the Resident Representatives to a questionnaire sent to them by the Executive Chairman. resources are not well known, data on actual production are not sufficiently reliable, statistical services are in the Before formulating their answers, the Resident Repre sentatives were asked to consult informally with senior rudimentary stage, the number of trained planners is clearly inadequate and experience in methods of economic government officials, representatives of the Participating Organizations and experts, so as to arrive at the most planning and in the implementation of plans is usually of balanced view possible on the questions put to them. short duration. However, knowledge of and experience in planning is constantly improving. It is the consensus It was stressed, however, that the final answers should represent the personnal views of the Resident Represen of opinion among the Resident Representatives that the tative. The questionnaire consisted of six parts containing governments are eager to learn their countries' basic needs and to elaborate measures to answer those needs. On altogether more than 200 queries. It was well understood to be a laborious task to give detailed replies to such a the whole, it a.ppears that all the developing countries number of questions, and it was further recognized that concerned have formulated the main targets for their the answers could not always be based on statistical economic development but they have not always been enquiries or other fundamental studies. However, it is able to calculat·~. in a realistic manner, the resources both believed that the answers, when presented together, offer necessary and available to achieve those targets. This an interesting over-all picture of the Expanded Pro leads to considerable difficulties in the internal co-ordina_ gramme operations in 1963-1964. tion of assistance programmes and their implementation. 652. Technical assistance rendered under the Expanded Programme has itself contributed considerably to the 1. Co-ordination of the Expanded Programme by the development of methods of economic planning as well Governments as to the creation of the machinery necessary for the implementation of plans. This contribution has taken 650. An interesting feature of the biennium 1963-1964 various forms. J[n a number of countries, experts recruited was the fact that the programmes were formulated an under the Expanded Programme were directly responsible implemented in all the recipient countries, without for the preparation and implementation of national exception, under conditions of at least some planning economic plans, and in some of these and other countries, for economic and social development. The notion of Expanded Programme experts also assisted governments in planning aimed at the best utilization of available the preparation of sectoral plans. This type of assistance resources for accelerated economic and social develop is considered to have been particularly important in ment has long since ceased to be a controversial political such fields as public health, agriculture, education, issue and has been accepted, in principle, by all countries transport and communications, and meteorology. Con receiving assistance from the United Nations family of siderable contributions to the formulation and imple organizations. Planning methods have been enriched by mentation of plans have also been made by professional theoretical discussions, both in developed and developing officers of specialized agencies visiting countries for short 80 periods. Their discussions with government officials, both in this type of activity and inherent difficulties in the official and informal, have influenced, in a number of co-ordination of work among individual government cases, the main lines of the countries' plans. Important departments. These difficulties may be aggravated by the contributions have been provided, too, through fellows existence of different arrangements for handling bilateral trained under the Expanded Programme, who in several and multilateral assistance. Bilateral assistance, especially countries are now carrying on the practical work of where it is offered through diplomatic rather than tech economic planning. nical representatives of the donor countries, shows a predilection to deal with Ministries of Foreign Affairs, 653. The Resident Representatives' general opinion is while the representatives of the Participating Organiza that Expanded Programme projects in operation in 1963- tions show a natural tendency to discuss assistance first 1964, were broadly co-ordinated with the country eco with ministries working in their fields of activities. At the nomic plans. However, it is often stressed that the mere same time, individual ministries are not always in a fact that the project belongs to a sector given priority in position to express a valid judgement on the country a plan is not a sufficient basis for judging the value of wide priorities for assistance, nor on the importance of the project to the economic and social development of a individual projects for over-all national economic and country. The existence of the plan and the broad co social development. Preliminary discussions with the ordination of the Expanded Programme projects with it, individual ministries sometimes have the effect of does not constitute by itself an assurance of the effective increasing their already strong desire to have as great a ness of the projects, but only a very important starting share of the assistance as possible and make co-ordination point. An interesting aspect in this respect emerges from of the programme that much more difficult. In these the Resident Representatives' answers, namely, that the cases, the final selection of projects and their co-ordina Expanded Programme projects tend to be the best chosen tion with the country's own efforts and with other sources and best integrated with economic plans in those countries of external aid depend largely upon the professional which have reached a higher level of economic develop qualities of the co-ordinating unit's staff and its political ment and thus have relatively smaller need for technical strength vis-a-vis individual departments. assistance from abroad. In countries which are still on a relatively lower level of development and feel a pronoun 656. One of the weaknesses reported frequently by the ced need for assistance, the Expanded Programme projects Resident Representatives is the fact that the co-ordination tend to be less well integrated with the economic and authorities rarely deal with problems of the implementa social priorities of the recipient countries and less adapted tion of projects and the evaluation of their impact on the to the absorptive capacities, and thus exercise a less economic and social life of the country. These problems pronounced impact on over-all economic and social are often over-shadowed by a strong tendency to increase development. A very important factor for the efficiency to the utmost the total volume of assistance, militating of the Expanded Programme projects is the existence of against efficiency in the selection and co-ordination of planning authorities who work on a continuous basis on projects. The control of duplication and overlapping is the formulation and implementation of economic plans. also motivated by this consideration, rather than by a The work of the Resident Representatives and equally of positive effort to get the most suitable aid from the most the Representatives of the Participating Organizations is appropriate sources. This also creates a tendency to direct greatly facilitated when the planning authorities also deal the attention of co-ordinating units to administrative with the formulation and implementation of the Expanded and organizational aspects of programmes, to the detri Programme projects. Close co-operation with the planning ment of considerations relating to the substantive aspects authorities gives Resident Representatives the possibility of projects. of detailed understanding of the real needs of a country as seen by its own planners and of determining - ideally 657. A shortage of well-trained and experienced with their colleagues representing the agencies - how administrators is felt in all the recipient countries, in the those needs can be best met through assistance from the co-ordinating units as well as elsewhere in the admi United Nations family of organizations. nistrations. It seems to many Resident Representatives that the more efficient co-ordination and closer relation 654. Every one of the countries receiving assistance of the Expanded Programme to the national needs and from the United Nations family had, by 1963-1964, a targets could be achieved if the countries could direct the government unit responsible for co-ordination of all best men in government service to the co-ordinating units. assistance received under the Expanded Programme, as Stabilization of staff would also considerably strengthen well as from other external sources. In the majority of the work of the co-ordination units which at present, in countries, this unit is located in the planning authority, many countries, suffer from such a high turn-over of which in turn usually depends on the Head of Govern staff that experience and knowledge are difficult to ment or the Head of State. Only occasionally is the unit accumulate. This weakness nearly always appears due placed in the Ministry of Finance or the Ministry of to the Governments feeling that the need to keep the Foreign Affairs; however, in such cases the unit usually Ministries running is even more urgent. works as an inter-departmental committee which is only serviced by officials of the Ministry concerned. 658. For its part, the United Nations family of organ izations has made a useful start in helping to train the 655. Difficulties in the formulation and co-ordination personnel of the co-ordination units; for example, of the EPTA programme, as reported by the Resident seminars and courses have been organized by Participating Representatives, were due mainly to lack of experience Organizations at their headquarters and by regional 81 economic commissions and the Institutes for Economic 2. Co-ordination of the Expanded Programme and Social Planning with which they are associated. The by the Participating Organizations TAB secretariat in co-operation with the Economic Commission for Africa, conducted a seminar for co 661. The replies of the Resident Representatives show ordinators of technical assistance in Addis Ababa, in that the co-ordination of activity among the United January 1964. Each year, at United Nations Headquarters, Nations family of organizations and the Resident Repre UNTA organizes a group training programme in technical sentatives was not always satisfactory during the period. assistance for key officials responsible for the co-ordina Governments look more and more to the Resident tion of technical assistance in their governments. Numer Representatives offices as clearing houses for all technical ous fellowships have been granted for staff members assistance from all the international organizations. of co-ordinating units, and the priority for such fellow However, in some cases, the Resident Representatives ships was clearly recognized in the programming for state that their offices are not always informed about 1965-1966. projects financed from the regular programmes, and that very meagre information is received from some Specialized 659. The authority which the co-ordinating unit Agencies on their regional projects within the area. exercises over decisions of individual departments was shown by this review to depend on a number of factors, 662. Co-operation between representatives of TAB and including the professional standards of the staff and the of other multilateral and bilateral assistance often depends political positions of the direct superiors of the unit. on the relationship of the individuals concerned. Where As the bureau is usually located close to the Prime the representatives of donor Governments do not inform Minister or President's office, its influence is usually Resident Representatives as a matter of course about considerable. The co-ordination units frequently suggest their technical and capital assistance, such information changes and modifications of projects presented by other is usually available if the Resident Representative takes government departments and often take the initiative in the initiative and asks for it. proposing other projects. 663. According to the Resident Representatives, co 660. One of the weaknesses in the co-ordination of ordination among the Participating Organizations in Expanded Programme assistance by recipient countries preparing the programme for 1963-1964, varied between is the lack of the appropriate machinery for evaluating the recipient countries. In some countries, it was described the assistance received. In countries where such machinery as very good, and in others as much less so. The majority has been established, the Resident Representatives report of Resident Representatives, however, felt that co that it is not yet working satisfactorily. In part, this is ordination among the Participating Organizations had explained by inherent difficulties involved in this kind improved during the programming exercise for the 1965- of work. Developing countries often receive a multiplicity 1966 biennium as compared with the recent past. The of offers of assistance, both from the United Nations main difficulty in the cases quoted as disappointing stems, family of organizations and from a number of other mul it is said, from the primacy of the Participating Organiza tilateral and bilateral sources. These offers rarely obligate tions' interest in their own programmes and their lesser the recipient countries in a firm manner to supply counter interest in the projects of other organizations. The result parts, finance, manpower or other resources in adequate is a relatively small number of joint ventures which could amounts. Governments are naturally eager to obtain assis enhance the quality and efficiency of individual projects. tance from all possible sources, and this exposes them to It is recognized, at the same time, that there are many the danger of accepting projects which duplicate or overlap highly specialized and highly technical projects, in such with others. To co-ordinate projects coming from a single fields as meteorology and telecommunications and that source is not always easy; to co-ordinate projects coming special problems of health, education and the like also from many disparate sources is very difficult. In newly present only limited possibilities, if any, of co-ordinated independent countries there is also a lingering tendency effort. to use the Expanded Programme as a means of replacing 664. Human relations, according to the Resident expatriate officials of the previous colonial powers, thus Representatives, play an extremely important role in the of the experts. prolonging unnecessarily the missions business of technical assistance. Representatives and Individual departments still often yield to the temptation experts of the Participating Organizations worked very of accepting offers of assistance before bringing them to well together and with the Resident Representatives in the attention of the co-ordinating authority; there are many countries, while in some they remained on remote also cases of departments and officials who resist co terms for no apparent reason of substance. The best ordination and try to assert their independence from the cases of local co-ordination among Participating Organ co-ordinating authority. However, with all these difficul izations and between them and the Resident Represent ties, the machinery of co-ordination exists everywhere. ative were clearly observed in countries where contacts It often works unevenly and with delays but it works and working discussions between representatives and nevertheless, and, in most cases, it shows a clear tendency experts of various organizations were not limited to ad hoc to improve its efficiency. The Resident Representatives co-ordination of their programmes but were of a confirm that they, together with the representatives of continuous nature. the Participating Organizations, are in the best position to help bring about a well-integrated and effective pro 665. The Resident Representatives' replies indicate gramme when they remain in close contact and have that when full efiect is given to the agreed principle that continuous discussions with the co-ordinating authorities. projects should be discussed between them and the 82 Participating Organizations at every stage of negotiation determination of new projects, the Resident Represent and implementation, it puts the Representative in the atives stressed repeatedly that the selection process itself useful position of being able to inform each organization demands a compromise between high priority needs of those of the others' projects which are of interest to it. brought forward by development plans and requirements Such consultations often result in the improved selection, for continuation of already existing projects. The number formulation and implementation of projects. In addition, of projects involving continuing commitments from one when a project in an appropriate field is regional or inter year or one biennium to the next is, in many countries, regional in character, Resident Representatives have considerable and leaves a relatively limited margin for consulted the appropriate regional economic commission new ones. The Resident Representatives reported that with demonstrably useful results. the viability of existing projects was seldom opened to question in spite of the fact that some of the schemes had 666. Wherever there are established representatives of ceased to make any appreciable contribution to the eco the Participating Organizations, Resident Representatives nomic and social development of the country. Another organize regular or at least occasional meetings with them. point made by the Resident Representatives relates to a Chiefs of Missions and senior officials concur, in a great prevailing tendency to spread Expanded Programme majority of cases, in the view that such meetings are very resources excessively among too large a number of useful for all concerned, as they make possible a better projects. This tendency is more obvious in countries which understanding of mutual problems and result in more do not possess a clearly defined plan for economic and efficient technical assistance operations. The agendas are social development or in those where the co-ordinating based on actual situations and touch on various aspects unit has relatively limited authority over decisions of of operations such as programming, the implementation government ministries or departments. In such cases, it is of programmes, evaluation, public information and admi often difficult to concentrate Expanded Programme nistrative matters of common interest. The meetings do resources in the Ministries where they can be most not, of course, preclude individual talks with the Chiefs efficiently used. of Mission on specialized topics. 669. Dispersion of the EPTA 1963-1964 programme 667. It should be mentioned that, in some countries, was especially notable in countries enjoying considerable the co-ordinating authority also calls regular or occasional technical and capital assistance from bilateral sources. In meetings of the representatives of all donor countries and such circumstances, Expanded Programme resources organizations within the nation. It there are no such tended to be used to fill the gaps in bilateral programmes, meetings, however, some of the Resident Representatives rather than be deployed in a concentrated and co-ordi hold occasional or regular conferences with representatives nated manner on fields of activities with highest priority of donor countries and organizations. Such gatherings are for economic and social development. considered useful; they give an opportunity to compare impressions of the general economic and social situation 670. The degree to which projects in the 1963-1964 of the country in its relevance to the programmes, to EPTA programme were carefully prepared may, in the discuss specific technical assistance projects, and, to opinion of the Resident Representatives, be judged also exchange information on the effectiveness of the pro from the point of view of subsequent modifications of grammes and their impact on economic and social the programmes. The rate of cancellation and changes in problems, and by these means to minimize the over originally approved projects seemed to be considerable lapping of projects. In one country, the donors compiled in some countries, which may indicate that the original a summary of technical assistance given to the host decisions were not based on detailed and careful consider country, from all sources, during 1963 and 1964, a docu ation. Some Resident Representatives warned, however, ment judged equally useful for the recipient government that such a rate of modification should not be accepted and the representatives of the donors. Some Resident automatically as a measure of the quality of the original Representatives stress the importance of government programmes. There are cases where the originally officials' participation in these conferences- and, even approved projects were elaborated with care, but where more so their initiative in calling them - which avoids subsequent developments of a political nature such as, any false notion that donors wish to constitute any sort for instance, a change in government, or a change in of "common front" towards the Government or to discuss priorities set by the Government, produced a logical need the country's economic and social situation as a private for substantial modifications or even cancellations. group. As a rule, the meetings are informal and both 671. Some comment was made by the Resident agenda and procedure are kept very flexible. For instance, Representatives indicating the shortcomings in the process a chairman is usually not chosen; the Resident Repre offormulation of projects. There were cases where experts sentative by invitation or, more often, a senior official or representatives of one or two Participating Organiza of the Government, assumes this function. tions persuasively suggested to government departments, projects which would have absorbed almost the entire 3. Programming of technical assistance amount of the Expanded Programme country target. Such excessive zeal created appetites which could not be 668. The Resident Representatives almost uniformly satisfied and in some cases created real difficulties for the concurred in the view that projects within the 1963-1964 co-ordinating authorities in the formulation of the final programme had been reasonably well selected, although programme requests. There were also cases where projects in some instances the choice of other projects might were suggested and accepted on the basis of their theore have led to more fruitful results. In commenting on the tical desirability without adequate consideration being 83 given to such difficulties of execution as the prevailing fulness of holding regular review sessions on existing local circumstances, the availability of counterparts, and projects with the co-ordinating authority, and with adequate assistance from the Government. This kind of representatives of the Participating Organizations. During experience demonstrated, for some of the Resident these meetings each project should be carefully discussed Representatives, the desirability that each project should and, if necessary, measures decided upon in order to be analyzed according to agreed criteria such as for increase the efficiency of the operation, including any instance, the amount of support offered by the Go~ern modification which existing circumstances require. In the ment to it, and the project's importance to the economic case of savings !resulting from the cancellation or short and social development of the country and its possible ening of a proje,ct, the best use of such savings for other contribution to such development. projects in the country could be discussed at the same 672. It was suggested by some Resident Representatives time. that a programme composed of a collection of small Expanded Programme projects militated against a really 4. The present EPTA programming procedures dynamic assistance endeavour. In this respect, it was reported that in some countries there has been an un 675. A number of the Resident Representatives fortunate tendency to ask too little for too many things. commented upon the existing programming procedures This is often due to various ministries' insistence on under the Expanded Programme. In the present biennial getting a share of the Expanded Programme, thus causing system, the preparation of the programme starts a full an excessive multiplicity of projects within the country year in advance, and the planning of the programme target. There is a consensus of opinion that better results therefore precedes the implementation of its final parts could have been achieved - within limits which would by nearly three years. It is agreed that there are some not damage the unique range of the Expanded Programme aspects of outside assistance to a country's programme and the prerogative of the recipient Governments to use which can be identified and planned as far ahead as that, it as they themselves think best - if assistance were but the task is complicated by the fact that EPTA pro concentrated to a greater extent on a smaller number of gramming rarely coincides with the time schedule of the carefully selected high priority projects backed by the Government's own planning exercise; in fact, it appears highest possible degree of mobilization of country-owned that it often has to be done at a period which, from the resources, including well-chosen counterparts, and com standpoint of the Government's known future needs, is prising an efficient combination of the three components unrealistic. of technical assistance, namely, experts, fellows and 676. Another reported difficulty of the present system equipment. arises from the fact that a substantial portion of the 673. One continuing shortcoming of the country pro Expanded Programme consists of individual expert grammes appears to be the inadequate preparation of assignments. Although the main targets of a country's certain project requests, as indicated in the replies of the programme in various development fields may, at any Resident Representatives. The need is emphasized for time, be known for the ensuing three years, it is often requests of projects to be prepared in a degree of detail impossible to know, so far in advance, the detailed, giving the timing of the operation, the experts' exact specific expert posts that a country may need in order duties and targets to be reached, the names of counter to achieve its long-range ;development targets. Moreover, parts, the proposed commitment by the Government of the Expanded Programme biennial country programme its own resources, and arrangements for follow-up, often provides for relatively short-term expert assign including methods and timing of the evaluation of the ments, such as advisers to government departments or projects. It needs to be stated here that existing procedures consultants making surveys of given problems, and similar do not formally require such specific details in respect of functions are performed by the regional experts of the short-term projects, but most of them are required in the Participating Organizations. Their visits to a country case oflong-term projects. Without such detailed prepara often reveal new development possibilities requiring the tion, according to the Resident Representatives, the pro addition of expert services to a programme and it is jects are not taken seriously enough by the requesting often difficult to fit such expert posts into a biennial Governments, more than usual difficulties in selection programmes for which all available resources have already and recruitment of experts are experienced by the Parti been committed. For these reasons, some of the Resident cipating Organizations, and the implementation is not Representatives believe that the present biennial pro given the guidance which the projects warrants. The gramming procedure tends to impose an inflexible pro Resident Representatives consider it essential to the gramming schedule on the very fluid and changing pattern success of a project that the Government be clearly aware of country needs which is inherent in the situation of a of its own commitments under it. Several Resident developing country and which seems to call, on the Representatives also mentioned the care with which contrary, for a continuous process of programming. projects must be scrutinized from the point of view of 677. An EPTA programme contains long-term projects the country's absorptive capacity for receiving technical and continuing commitments from one biennium to assistance. Every effort should be made to relate the another, often accounting for two-thirds of the entire assistance to the level of existing knowledge and skills country target. This portion of the programme can within the country, and emphasis should be on training reasonably be planned in advance in order to ensure that on all levels. funds are obligated to meet it. It is felt by some Resident 674. Some Resident Representatives suggest the use- Representatives that the remaining part of the programme 84 might be carried out on a continuous basis, in that the cipating Organizations concerned to negotiate with the funds available up to the country target should be made Government in order to replace experts in advisory available for meeting the needs of Governments as and capacities with experts bearing operational responsibilities. when they become known, and when expert services and fellowships can be most usefully employed in terms of 681. Some projects failed to meet their objectives because the recipient Governments, while accepting in timing and priorities. principle the need for executive or legislative action concerning the economic and social policies which the 5. Implementation of the programme experts had recommended, were not willing or were not (a) GENERAL in a position to carry them out. 678. The general impression of the Resident Repre 682. A number of other projects failed to reach their sentatives is that, on the average, projects in the 1963-1964 goals because of delays in recruitment of experts for the country programmes were achieving their objectives ade selected projects or, in rare cases, bacause of the choice quately or reasonably well in the circumstances prevailing of experts lacking the full measure of professional skills in each case. This general opinion embraces, however, a or personal qualities necessary for the job. The difficulties large number of projects ranging from those which were encountered at present in the recruitment of international clearly unsatisfactory to those which produced an un experts in certain fields are well known and did not fall mistakably useful impact on the over-all economic and within the scope of the questionnaire under study. What social development of the recipient country. The Resident matters here is to note the opinion of the Resident Representatives express no doubt that the projects in the Representatives that a number of high-priority projects 1963-1964 programme helped, as a whole, the economic have had to be suspended because of the difficulty in and social development of the recipient countries, and finding suitable experts, or delayed by months until the this view was supported by the ever-increasing interest of latter were recruited. It was repeatedly stated by the the developing countries in receiving Expanded Pro Resident Representatives that the difficulties in recruit gramme assistance. The Resident Representatives have ment comprise one of the main obstacles to a fully not been unmindful, however, of the considerable margin efficient technical assistance operation. remaining for improvement in the use of Expanded Pro 683. Another major shortcoming in the execution of gramme resources, and this reservation becomes parti projects, reported by the Resident Representatives, was a cularly clear in their analysis of the projects which they delay in submitting experts' final reports to the Govern consider have failed, completely or in part, to achieve the ments, in cases where those, rather than ad hoc recom objectives set by the Governments. Examination of the mendations, were the necessary culmination of their process of selection and implementation of those projects functions. There were cases where experts were called considered to have fallen short of their goals clearly upon to advise Governments on certain policy problems points, in the majority of cases, to faulty programming as and failed to deliver their recommendations. Some delays the cause of later failure. Unsatisfactory projects were, extended for periods of a year or more after the termina almost as a rule, formulated in a haphazard or a vague tion of an expert's assignment. One reason for such manner, without sufficient study as to whether there delays was a tendency on the part of some experts to existed condtiions necessary for the success of the oroject write detailed reports displaying exhaustive knowledge on and what precise targets were to be reached. the subject. 679. An element judged essential to the success of a 684. To break this vicious circle, some of the Resident project is real governmental interest and mobilization of Representatives suggested that experts be encouraged to the country's own resources to support the project. In several cases cited by the Resident Representatives, the write more concise reports which would explain in simple and a more readily understandable manner the relevant projects decided upon lacked the support of the necessary problems and actions recommended for their solution. budget to finance local manpower and the purchase of the equipment necessary for their successful completion. Such draft reports should be given to the Governments as Furthermore, the necessary facilities, usually provided by soon as possible after the conclusion of the expert's work in the country. They could be followed at a later date by the host Governments, were not always available for experts, such as work space in a government department, submission of the edited text as approved by Head quarters. secretarial help and local transport for official duties. 680. The absence of local counterparts, or inadequacy 685. As was to be expected, certain shortcomings were of their professional training, also handicapped some due to factors beyond the control of the Governments, the Participating Organizations, or the experts, such as projects. It was sometimes overlooked that an expert in the sickness or death of experts and natural calamities an advisory capacity cannot be fully useful unless he has interfering with execution of projects. Changes of govern sufficiently qualified counterparts to whom he may ment or radical changes in policies also in a number of transfer his knowledges and experience. Many of the cases adversely affected projects as originally planned. Resident Representatives believe it is a mistake to assign an expert without having the Government's formal 686. On the other hand, the Resident Representatives assurance that a counterpart will be available to work also cited many projects which were exceptionally success with him. Where the absence of sufficiently qualified ful during the biennium, and in several of these, the ele counterparts is a serious drawback, the Resident Repre ments responsible for their success can be clearly sentatives recognize the desirability of advising the Parti- discerned. 85 687. in the Philippines, a fishing project led by a and has decided to increase substantially its financial Norwegian master fisherman was started in 1963. At that contribution. This success has been credited to careful time there was only one purse-seine fishing vessel in programming of the project, the professional skill of the operation in Filipino waters. With the traditional basnig expert, his dedication, and his ability to work with people, system of fishing by means of a lift net strung with lights, as well as the interest and support which the Government a crew of 30 men could look upon a catch of one ton has given to the project. offish in one night as a successful operation; by contrast, 691. In Bolivia, a national service for the eradication of with the benefit of the power block which lifts the purse malaria was established in 1958 with the combined help seine, a crew of 10 to 15 men in a smaller boat could, of WHO, UNICEF and a bilateral donor. A field team under similar conditions, catch as many as 15 tons of consisting of a d!octor in malariology, recruited by WHO fish in one night. As a result of these practical demonstra with Expanded Programme funds, and a sanitary engineer tions by the F AO expert, the Filipinos increased their and four sanitary inspectors provided by WHO under its fleet to 6 purse-seine vessels at the end of 1963 and regular programme began spraying- at regular six 20 vessels by the end of 1964. During 1965, it is expected monthly intervals - every house in the malaria that there will be 25 such vessels with trained crews. affected area. Through roadless regions, teams of sprayers A fleet of this size and efficiency was expected to eliminate travelled on river boats supplied by UNICEF, or on the need for importing fish and in the following years, horseback or by foot, giving repeated sprayings to with an increase in the number of vessels, the nutrition each house. Equipment and insecticides were supplied by standards in the country would be raised and an export UNICEF, while operating funds came from a bilateral able surplus would be produced. It is considered that the donor. As a result of this concentrated and concerted success of this project was due to the wise selection of a attack, malaria ceased to be a major obstacle to economic project of vital importance to the country, exemplary and social development. The reasons for the success of mobilization of the country's own resources, and a very this project were stated to be sound programming and good expert who served as a catalyst for the entire competent technical expertise, the good co-operation of operation. several organizations, the positive support of the Govern 688. In Pakistan, an FAO expert helped establish a ment, and adequate equipment, supplies and operating date processing and packing plant operated by a loc~l funds. co-operative. The plant is located m a remote oasts 692. It is relatively easy to determine the reasons for 800 miles from Karachi, in an area where no factory of the success of these projects as well as of a great number of any kind had previously existed. In the second full packing others which have attained their objectives. First of all, season during 1964, the factory processed about 250 tons they answered real and often pressing needs and enjoyed of dates. All were easily sold and the co-operative made the full-scale support of the Governments at all stages a profit in its first year of operation. This success ~ti of their implementation. In particular, the projects were mulated interest in establishing three other date-processmg well-anchored institutionally: they had the continuous plants in the country. The reasons for success were backing of the government departments vitally interested reported to be the strong desire of the date growers to in their progress. The projects were carefully prepared in save and sell their crop which, previously, had spoiled all the details necessary for ultimate success. The experts before it could be marketed, the existence of a good were competent, dedicated, energetic yet tactful people. market for a hygenic pack of traditional fruits, the Capable count~:rparts were provided. The necessary presence oflocal officials eager to assist villagers of a poor equipment was available and, in cases of joint projects, desert area, and the work of an F AO expert not only co-operation among tbe various organizations was technically qualified and willing to live under rigorous satisfactory. climatic conditions, but also able to mobilize and inspire the inhabitants of the oasis to work for the common 693. The Resident Representatives also pointed out benefit. that there were projects which did not produce spectacular results yet were extremely useful in making Governments, 689. In Israel an expert ofUNTA advised the Govern and sometimes the public, aware of problems and their ment on the economics of the expansion of mines for solution which would lead to far-reaching changes. large-scale operations. As a result of this advice, the known open cast reserves of copper ore more than doubled and production of pure copper increased from 5.4 thousand (b) EXPERTS tons in 1963 to 7.8 thousand tons in 1964. The success 694. When asked to evaluate the over-all performance of this project was attributed to the sound advice given in 1963-1964 of the experts serving in the Expanded by the expert, the readiness of the mining authorities to Programme, the Resident Representatives commented listen to and follow the advice, and the very good human that, on the whole, their performance was satisfactory but relations existing between the expert, his counterparts not beyond further improvement. While it is not the and the Government authorities. function of the Resident Representatives themselves to 690. The Training Centre in Statistics created three judge the technical competence of the experts, they years ago at Yaounde in Cameroon with the assistance reported that this aspect of the experts' performance was of an UNTA expert has become a well-established institu rarely questioned by the Governments; shortcomings, tion, and its first graduates have returned to their own where they existed, related more frequently to the per countries to work in statistical services. The Government sonal abilities (including language in some cases) of the of Cameroon has expressed satisfaction with the project experts concerned. 86 695. The replies indicate also that the performance of in comparison with the more modest level of their local the experts, and particularly the extent to which they counterparts. This created embarrassment and often one succeed in transmitting their knowledge and experience way hospitality which could not be sustained for a long to local officials, depends in a decisive measure on the period of time. However, on the whole, the Resident circumstances prevailing in the country where they work. Representatives' observations indicated that, in the great In countries possessing relatively well-educated and majority of countries receiving assistance under the experienced national experts who, in addition, know Expanded Programme, the social contacts between experts clearly what they want to learn from the international and their local colleagues were good. experts, the process of learning is quick and efficient. 698. A point also made by all the Resident Repre Such countries are not numerous, however. There is sentatives was that it is essential for the success of the another group of countries where the local professionals Expanded Programme missions that the experts be and technicians have had some modest training and interested in the life and affairs of the country to which experience and their receptivity to learning from the they are assigned. Not all, and perhaps not enough, foreign specialist is tempered by their national pride and experts are so motivated. They tend to concentrate on a certain reluctance to risk any possible loss of local their specialized fields and devote only limited attention standing by having to seek outside guidance. Successful to the language, history, economy, geography and art of transmission of knowledge in such countries calls for the country in which they are stationed. particular tact and goodwill on the part of the inter national experts, but the Resident Representatives con 699. The general standard of experts recruited under sider that the record has been one of general success in the Expanded Programme seemed to the Resident Repre this respect. Still another group of countries is character sentatives to be fairly good on the whole but each reported ized by a pronounced shortage of trained and experienced some unsatisfactory cases. The demand for experts has national experts, and therefore many international experts increased considerably and still shows a rising trend have no counterparts with whom to work. As a result, which makes it difficult to maintain the quality of per transmission of knowledge and experience is, at times, sonnel consistently at the highest level. However, despite painstakingly slow and difficult. disappointing cases, the Resident Representatives find that the over-all standing of the Expanded Programme experts 696. The Resident Representatives did not find it easy compared favourably with that of experts recruited on a to judge the extent to which a given international expert bilateral basis. This opinion is generally shared by the had succeeded in transmitting his knowledge to his local recipient Governments. colleagues or to what degree his local colleagues had absorbed it. During the training period, progress might 700. The Resident Representatives emphasized the be satisfactory, but the results could be seen only after point that the greatest shortcomings of certain experts the departure of the experts when the counterparts have not been in the area of experience, training or assumed full responsibility. professional capacities, but in the area of attitudes towards their counterparts and towards the society in which they 697. The consensus of opinion among all the Resident worked. Slow adjustment to unfamiliar environments, Representatives is that informal contacts with the local limited ability to get along with new people, lack of officials outside working hours are of great importance; humility and tact and insufficient desire to serve have they are valuable both in promoting mutual confidence in several cases been apparent. and the more relaxed atmosphere and close personal relationship which encourage informal, extra-curricular 701. Many Resident Representatives expressed the guidance. The extent of such contacts depends on the opinion that the organizations would be well advised to individual attitudes and personality of an expert and, to make more systematic performance ratings of their some extent, on the nature of his assignment. It was experts, based on inquiries from responsible persons in therefore difficult for the Resident Representatives to the country of assignment, and to be more rigorous in give generalized answers with any degree of accuracy; it dropping from their rosters those experts who have not was easier to note the general trend. With a very few demonstrated the best personal qualities. Only in such a exceptions, such as in the countries where religious or way, they believe, would the programme ensure for itself social traditions discourage inviting outsiders into private personnel of the highest calibre. homes, the Resident Representatives observed that 702. Where there have not been continuous perform nationals of recipient countries are glad and even eager ance ratings, there have been instances of prolonged to establish friendly social contact with foreign experts. assignments, many of over five years in one country, and When the international experts are willing and able to some cases where experts remained in a country up to maintain such contacts, they usually develop satisfactorily. ten years. The most extreme cases reported by the Resident There were cases reported by the Resident Representatives Representatives refer to two experts who each served where experts were unable, either through language twelve and thirteen years respectively in the same country. difficulties or personal characteristics, to develop and In all cases, it was the Government which requested maintain such contacts or unwilling to do so because they repeated extensions of the expert's contracts. There is no preferred to spend their leisure hours with their compa doubt in the minds of the Resident Representatives con triots or at any rate with members of the international cerned, that such requests are often made, at least partly community. Another of the obstacles to such contacts, and sometimes largely, out of regard for the expert's as reported by some of the Resident Representatives, was feelings; they may also be based on the existence of the difference in the standard of living enjoyed by experts particularly good relations between an expert and govern- 87 ment officials. The Resident Representatives stress the of their knowledge and experience because of a lack or need for such requests to be scrutinized to ensure that shortage not only of counterparts but also of other they are not only formulated as an expression of politeness, supporting staff such as clerks, draftsmen, secretarial but also in the interests of the real needs of the country help and so on. It is also a common experience that concerned. making a start in such countries is difficult because the Governments are not always ready to receive the experts 703. There are also instances where experts stay in a and their services, or because they have to spend an undue country for a relatively short time but where, even so, amount of their time and energies on routine tasks and the lengths of stay may be regarded as excessive. Such matters of small importance. cases usually arise when the expert's work has come to a standstill through no fault of his own. It may happen, 707. The Resident Representatives pointed out that for example, that legislation essential to the progress of capable and devoted experts usually understand the the project is not adopted by the authorities, or that situation, take it in good heart and try to use even the budgetary support, for some reasons, has ceased to be humdrum tasks as a start on the training of local officials. available for the project. This was, for instance, the case with a UNESCO expert who found himself obliged to perform a clerical task. 704. There have also been cases, although not very This consisted in receiving and forwarding the daily mail numerous, where according to the Resident Representa for the department to which he was attached. Before tives, experts remained in the field for too short a time sending letters on for responsible officials for action, and were thus unable to accomplish their mission in a he was able to append his own advice on how to deal satisfactory manner. It seemed to some Resident Repre with the matters concerned. sentatives that such cases were due in part to a tendency to underestimate the time needed for an expert to settle 708. There are other cases, however, of competent down, to understand the local problems and to establish technicians who have been asked by the Government to the necessary working relationships for the accomplish act as administrators, and often this was work to which ment of his assignment. The pace of work differs consider they were least well suited. These were unsatisfactory ably among developing countries and it is not always situations, and so were the cases where the terms of easy to estimate it realistically. Be that as it may, the reference of the experts were changed after their arrival reason given for unduly short missions is mainly un in the country and without careful thought. An expert realistic programming, although unexpected obstacles in in small-scale industries in one country, for example, carrying out projects were quoted in some cases. had to assume the responsibilities of an industrial develop ment expert. The senior adviser in a school of public 705. As was previously mentioned, the margin for administration was lecturing junior civil servants on injecting new Expanded Programme projects into the elementary prindples of administration. An experienced biennial programme is rather limited, and because there is high demand for technical advice there is danger of expert in community development was assisting a develop ment project in a remote district, instead of advising the cutting the duration of projects too short in order to accommodate a larger number of them in the programme. head of the community development department, because the senior local official did not seem prepared to accept The Resident Representatives stressed that, in order to the expert's services. A radio telecommunication expert assure the success of short-term missions, they must be was doing purely manual work in order to make the prepared with particular care for all details. The value equipment func:tion, because he did not receive the of short-term missions of very high-level experts is well promised staff. An expert in housing construction had understood. However, it is believed that such missions may bring about positive results only if the Governments to do all the drawings, purchasing and supervision of are vitally interested in having high-level advice, and if construction. Last minute changes are sometimes un visits of senior advisers are timed to coincide with the avoidable, but many Resident Representatives believe period during which the Governments are engaged in that they may be considerably reduced by more careful making decisions on the subject in question. If there are and realistic formulation and preparation of projects. no special reasons for short-term missions, several Resident Representatives believe, they should be dis (c) FELLOWSHIPS couraged. They consider that, in the majority of cases and particularly in countries remaining on a relatively low 709. There is a tendency in many developing countries level of economic development, no effective or lasting to use Expanded Programme funds primarily to finance impression can be achieved by such missions. international experts rather than fellows, and to seek fellowships from various bilateral sources. The Resident 706. The professional qualifications of experts must be Representatives' opinion on the choice of fields of study matched to the precise tasks which they are called upon requested for Expanded Programme fellowships varied to perform. The precise demands of similar projects differ, between good and adequate. The best choice of fields and the problems vary depending on the care with which of study was usually made in cases where the goals were the project has been prepared. Sometimes, during the discussed with representatives of the Participating Organ preparation of a project, there is a tendency to set the izations or with experts. In no cases were any examples sights too high, concerning either the technical level of given of really poor choices of field of study all of them the expert required, or the level of government officials were useful for the actual needs of the recipient countries. to be trained. In less developed countries, it is very Some of the Resident Representatives, however, felt that common that experts have to work below the standard the resources allocated for fellowships could be used 88 more efficiently if criteria of usefulness were replaced by 712. The table shows that the last two groups of fellows those which would determine priorities as among many (not related either to 1963-1964 EPTA programme or to "useful" fields of study. In this respect, it was suggested any expert services) amounted in the total to about half that advantage should be taken of fellowships in fields of all fellowships awarded under the Expanded Pro which are not only closely related to problems of economic gramme. This over-all result was strongly influenced by and social development but which would place special the situation in countries of Europe (mainly Yugoslavia) emphasis on the education and training of counterparts up where the greater part of the programme consists of to the point where they would be better able, after the fellowships, and the overwhelming majority of fellowships termination of the fellowships, to absorb experience from naturally cannot be related to Expanded Programme experts in their every-day practical work. experts. However, if Europe is excluded from the total, the last two groups still account for 37 per cent, a share 110. The relationship of fellowships awarded under which may be thought excessively high. the 1963-1964 Expanded Programme to EPTA experts and projects is given in table 18 below, which is based 713. The share of all Expanded Programme fellows on the Resident Representatives' answers to the TAB outside Europe who were trained to become counterparts questionnaire. It must be kept in mind that the figures amounted to 22 per cent of the total. The share of this quoted in the table would probably differ from the final group was influenced by the situation prevailing in a data on the subject as the Resident Representatives did few countries where EPTA fellows destined to be counter not possess, at the time of answering the questionnaire, parts to EPTA experts under the programme, represented information on the number of fellowships financed out high percentages, such as Mexico (76 per cent), Afgha of the Participating Organizations' savings. Where nistan (64 per cent), Madagascar (56 per cent), Chile (45 precise information was lacking, the Resident Repre per cent) and Iran (39 per cent). If these five countries sentatives were invited to give approximate figures. How were deducted, the share of the group in all other non ever, the possible difference between the present and final European countries would amount to about 16 per cent. data would not modify appreciably the substance of the In view of a dire shortage of sufficiently qualified counter table. parts, it seemed to a number of the Resident Representa tives that the share in their countries was too low and that 711. All fellowships awarded under the 1963-1964 pro efforts should be made to increase it in the future. The gramme were divided into four groups. The first refers to task was found to be difficult in some countries where the training of fellows destined to assume the functions educational levels are still low, where the selection of of counterparts to experts for the Expanded Programme candidates is difficult and where it takes several years to or other experts working in their countries. The second train future counterparts. Nevertheless, a number of group refers to fellows who, although not intended as Resident Representatives felt that more attention should counterparts, were working in projects which also included be given to the problem. experts. The third group includes fellows who were linked to expert services which were not in the 1963-1964 pro 714. One important reason for shortcomings in the gramme or not under the Expanded Programme at all. selection of the field or purpose of study for Expanded The fourth group refers to fellowships which were not Programme fellows appeared to be that there are often related to experts in any way known to the Resident several units in charge of fellowships and their work is Representatives. not always sufficiently co-ordinated. The choice of both TABLE 18. FELLOWSHIPS IN THE 1963-1964 EXPANDED PROGRAMME Fellows related to Fellows included in expert services projects which also which were not in Fellows intended include an expert, 1963-1964 programme Fellows not as counterparts but not intended to or not under the related to to expert\· be counterparts Expanded Programme any experts Total ----·------~--·- Regions Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent --·~-.--· ~---- Africa. 100 18 292 52 73 13 98 17 563 100 Of which: North Africa. 15 8 100 52 49 25 30 15 194 100 Remainder of Africa 85 23 192 52 24 7 68 18 369 100 Asia and Far East 160 25 235 37 107 17 144 21 646 100 Middle East . 20 8 84 35 62 25 77 32 243 100 Latin America . 124 32 146 38 25 6 92 24 387 100 Of which: South America 23 13 104 59 6 3 45 25 178 100 Carribean and Central America 101 49 42 20 19 9 47 22 209 100 SuB-TOTAL 404 22 757 41 267 15 411 22 1,839 100 Europe 42 8 8 2 469 90 520 100 TOTAL 405 17 799 34 275 12 880 37 2,359 100 89 fields of study and of candidates is usually decided by the 718. Generally, the international experts were consulted various ministries or services and transmitted to the within their specialized fields on questions relating to the co-ordination authorities or other governmental depart qualifications and aptitude of candidates for fellowships. ments, such as the Ministry ofForeign Affairs, responsible In some cases, they participated actively with the Govern for the final nominations. It happened not infrequently, ment in the interview and selection of nominees. There in the case of the 1963-1964 programme, that the requests were, however, countries which did not request this kind were not screened for their relationships to the country's of co-operation from the experts. priority targets and to Expanded Programme projects. 719. The Governments, in the majority of cases, They were simply transmitted to the TAB office or to the followed the practice of guaranteeing to public employees Participating Organizations as the Government's final selected as fellows the payment of their salaries during requests. their studies abroad. The actual situation in this respect 715. Occasionally, the ministries, departments, and is presented in the following table. sometimes universities made direct application for fellowships to the TAB office. In such cases they were Payments of salaries by Governments to fellows during their studies abroad invariably asked to make their request through the established official channels and particularly to co Total number of answers: 70 ordinate them with the planning authorities. It sometimes Full salary guaranteed ...... 55 happened that Expanded Programme nominations were Full salary guaranteed within limits of time and conditions . 8 Part of salary guaranteed ...... 4 decided by individual Ministries and submitted directly No salary guaran1teed ...... 4 to the oranizations without preliminary screening by the co-ordinating authority. The guarantee was sometimes subject to the fellow's 716. Some Resident Representatives reported that the family status and the duration of his absence. However, methods whereby fields of study were chosen and the financial arrangements were usually satisfactory, making candidates selected was very satisfactory and efficient. it possible for fellows to maintain their families while For instance, in one country the planning commission abroad. In only four cases were salaries not guaranteed, decided which fields of study were to be requested from which made it difficult or impossible for the candidates the standpoint of priorities for economic and social to accept the fl~llowships offered. development. The selection of the candidates, on their 720. It was difficult for the Resident Representatives merits, was made by a different body, a scholarship to answer systematically the question whether the fellows selection board under the chairmanship of the Minister would resume work, after their return, in the posts for of Justice. The fellowships determined by this procedure which they we:re trained and how long they remained were judged by the Resident Representative as excellently in such posts. Only rarely do Governments make post arranged. fellowship research studies, and reliable data on the subject 717. The Resident Representatives found it difficult to is, in the majority of cases, not available. The general answer categorically whether the candidates presented impression, based on observations and discussions with were the most suitable persons available. Too many the government officials, is that fellows usually return subtle problems appeared to be involved in such an to their posts, but that they experience, at least at the answer. The dearth of qualified persons in some develop beginning, some difficulties in re-adaptation to their ing countries is well-known. The Governments in such positions. After a period of training abroad, some fellows countries were found to be usually reluctant to nominate return imbued with a sense of ambition and desire for the most suitable person, because he was urgently needed rapid promotion. This combined with changing per at home. The main problem, therefore, was to take sonalities in government departments, the sometimes low advantage of the fellowships available through inter salaries in government service, political influences in national or, for that matter, bilateral sources without dis appointments and other factors, tends to increase the rupting the current operations of the respective ministries. number of former fellows who change jobs once they In some cases, candidates with better qualifications on are in their home countries again. paper were available, but taking into account all other 721. The Resident Representatives could not anwser considerations, the candidates finally selected were in~precise terms the question whether there had been a reasonably well chosen. The Resident Representatives movement of fellows out of the government services to also noted that it was not always easy to distinguish a zeal the private sector of the economy. Such possibilities were for travelling abroad from a sincere desire to work hard said to exist, as the private sector usually paid higher and acquire professional skills. Good candidates did not wages than the Government; however, the situation necessarily possess the required knowledge of foreign depended on other factors such as the professional educa languages. It must be kept in mind, too, that there has tion offormer fellows and opportunities offered by private been some competition among various bilateral sources enterprises. For instance, a teacher might be unable to of assistance to recruit fellows from some developing work for anyone except the Government. Also, the countries and that these countries have more offers than ex-fellows very often preferred a stable career in govern their available manpower can easily absorb. After enu ment service to better paid, but less secure, jobs in private merating problems such as these the Resident Repre economy. On the whole, it was felt by the Resident sentatives considered that, by and large, the candidates Representatives that the movement of the ex-fellows nominated for the fellowships in the 1963-1964 programme to private industry was, with a few exceptions, probably were fairly well chosen. relatively small. 90 122. The fact that a government empfoyee has received former fellows by ministries and that it could make a fellowship does not, of course, guarantee him a pro representations to the Minister concerned in cases where motion upon his return home. The promotion depends on it felt that the services of fellows were not properly used. regulations and procedures established by Governments As far as individual ministries were concerned, the situa in this respect, including such elements as seniority rights, tion in this respect was not much better. Again from a educational standards, recognized diplomas and so on. total of 70 answers, 59 Resident Representatives reported As far as the 1963-1964 exercise is concerned, the Resident that in the individual ministries there was no systematic Representatives found it too early to judge what impact follow-up, four Representatives were under the impression the Expanded Programme fellowships had on promotions. that there was such activity but were not quite sure about From general experience, the Resident Representatives its operation and only eight Resident Representatives commented that although fellowships do not carry an reported that the ministries carried out a systematic obligation on the part of Governments to promote their follow-up of their fellows. It is recognized, however, that civil servants, the fellows, in many cases, received higher the task of follow-up on all fellowships is a difficult one. responsibilities some time after their return. They also The relatively small number offellowships provided under have a better chance of promotion. The Governments are the Expanded Programme has to be seen in relation to usually eager to maintain in their services well-trained the total number of students studying abroad, which in people, and, therefore, are inclined to look favourably many countries amounts to thousands and sometimes upon promotion of former fellows. It was also mentioned tens of thousands of persons. that it is not particularly difficult for officials in newly 726. In some countries, the TAB offices are now independent countries to secure promotions by improving compiling complete rosters of former United Nations their qualifications. fellows, including the fellows' own opinions about their 723. The extent to which former fellows disseminate training, their present activities and the use of their the knowledge and experience acquired during their acquired knowledge. The information thus acquired is studies abroad was reported to vary largely. Although communicated to the Governments. In some TAB offices they certainly apply their knowledge in their work, many a survey of all fellowships awarded to the country, under Resident Representatives think that they could help train both the Expanded Programme and regular programme, their colleagues in a higher measure than they actually has been completed. The surveys are made available both do. In some countries, Governments ask the ex-fellows to to the agencies and to the government department present reports summarizing the experience they have concerned, and it is hoped that this will stimulate govern gained abroad. Sometimes, they are sent to various ment interests in a continuing follow-up. Similar follow government departments to speak about their experiences up is undertaken by some Participating Organizations in or to give systematic lectures on an in-service training collaboration with interested government departments. basis. However, such use of fellows returning home is 727. The Resident Representatives consider that, on still rather rare. It was also pointed out by the Resident the whole, the former fellows are employed in posts in Representatives that the efficiency of this type of disse which their training is useful and valuable. However, mination of knowledge calls for tact and restraint on the former fellows, like all government employees, are not part of ex-fellows, as there is usually a marked tendency immune to changes in government structures and per among senior officials to disregard specific recommenda sonnel. Even without major political shifts, there are in tions made by a subordinate officer returning from abroad. some countries frequent changes of Ministers, and many Transfer of knowledge depends greatly upon the type of officials, including ex-fellows, move with a great deal of training and post held by the ex-fellows; those who worked apparent flexibility from one Ministry to another, often full or part-time as teachers are particularly successful in into a field which bears no connexion with their field of this respect. study or training. 724. The Resident Representatives unanimously agreed 728. From countries with some tradition of Expanded that the content and quality of the overseas study pro Programme operations, the Resident Representatives gramme were well-organized by the sponsoring organiza reported that ex-fellows who have worked for a sufficiently tions. The Resident Representatives stated that they had long period with experts succeed fairly well in carrying no independent means to check the value of the pro on the experts' duties after their departure. These Repre grammes and that their judgement was therefore based sentatives agreed that is was a good policy to use ex on the opinion of returning fellows. Complaints regarding fellows as counterparts to experts. Such work gave them programmes of study were very rare and referred only in-service training and complemented the education they to minor aspects. On the contrary, fellows praised the received abroad. It also increased considerably the programmes of study, the training received and the care efficiency of the services of the international experts. The given to them while they were abroad. Resident Representatives also pointed out that even 725. The co-ordinating authorities did not usually successful counterparts sometimes needed further assist consider it their duty to follow up the cases of former ance, since they lacked the prestige of a foreign expert and fellows; this task was left to the substantive ministries did not always remain as influential. In addition, senior concerned. Out of 70 answers to the question on this officers were not usually placed as counterparts. Junior subject, only seven, or 10 per cent, said that the co officials were more commonly so designated, and re ordinating authority was dealing with the follow-up. Only mained under the supervision of the senior officials after the in one case was it reported that the co-ordinating authority departure of the experts. Therefore, they had less opportu had a systematic plan for checking on the utilization of nity of making decisions on their own in important matters. 91 729. When asked for examples of former fellows who funds or obtaiin it from other sources, the project may were making an especially interesting contribution to the suffer as a result. development of their countries, the Resident Repre 733. In their answers to the question whether more sentatives had many examples from which to choose, equipment could usefully be provided under their country particularly in such specific fields of training as agriculture, programmes, the Resident Representatives stressed their health, transport and communication, chemistry, biology, belief that the present phylosophy of the Expanded Pro statistics meteorology, and various branches of engineer gramme according to which equipment should be furn ing. Many members of cabinets and high ranking Govern ished for purposes of demonstration and training only, ment officials are alumni of the fellowship programmes of is basically a good one and should be maintained. The the Participating Organizations. This fact testified in the Resident Representatives think that what is most desirable long run, and perhaps in the most eloquent fashion, is technical advice, education and training, with equip to the contribution of the multilateral assistance of the ment in the quality needed for such purposes. The question United Nations family of organizations which has of how much equipment is required cannot be answered contributed to the training of nationals from developing by any hard and fast rules since the needs vary enormously countries and thereby to an increased understanding and from country to country. It is also a common belief that, goodwill among nations. while more equipment should be provided under the 730. A tendency of increasing importance is to be noted Expanded Programme, it should be carefully selected for in conclusion. This is the recognition by Governments demonstration and pilot projects (as is usually the case) that in general it is advisable to make the maximum use with a view to its use in the training of personnel who of national institutions for training fellows at home before will later be in charge of more advanced equipment. In sending them abroad. It is coming to be regarded as general, the Resident Representatives think that there essential that no fellow should be sent abroad for further should continue to be a limit to the amount of equipment studies until he has already exhausted the possibilities provided under the Expanded Programme, because in existing in his own country for increasing his skills and most countries the particular value and effectiveness of improving his training. In several countries, moreover, it the Expanded Programme depends more on the absorp has been felt that too many fellowships have been awarded tion of ideas and techniques than on the demonstration outside the local or regional context, in an over-sophistic of physical results. The volume of equipment needed for ated milieu, with training at too high a level in relation a project should be judged on its merits. In particular, to the actual needs of the countries. These tendencies in and before the decision is made, it is essential to be certain policy coincide with, and may partly account for, the of the Government's support for the project, and to know fact that the training element in the Expanded Programme whether regular maintenance of the equipment is assured, has a more important over-all place in expert assistance whether there are funds for spare parts and whether the projects carried out within the countries and the regions local people trained in its use are likely to stay in their than in the fellowships sector proper. jobs. 734. The Resident Representatives working in the (d) EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES relatively least economically developed countries, while agreeing with the general trend of thinking presented 731. The percentage share of equipment in the EPTA above, stressed the need for a larger quantity of equipment 1963-1964 programme was, as customarily, very small. than is now the: case to be supplied to projects in countries In 21 countries no equipment was included in their pro of their assignments. They noted, however, that this gramme requests. In other countries, the provision for should not mean a change in the character of the equipment amounted to a negligible percentage of the Expanded Programme and should not encourage Govern total programme. ments to seek to transfer EPTA into an equipment-supply 732. Equipment can, of course, be provided under the programme. There is often a great need in the less Expanded Programme only when it is an integral and developed countries for demonstration or pilot projects necessary part of the project and not locally available. which are too small to be of interest to the Special Fund Ideally, the amount and type of equipment needed for but which could be financed under the Expanded Pro each project are determined by the experts on the job, gramme and which need equipment, not only in the form and the Resident Representatives reported that difficulties of necessary work tools for experts, but as an integral have arisen in planning for equipment when expert advice part of the projects. was not available. These difficulties are usually solved 735. The co-ordination of experts' work and the timely satisfactorily by negotiations between the Participating supply of equipment is a standing problem in a majority Organizations and the Governments, but it remains of the recipient countries. It is often due to the fact that generally true that the equipment item tends to enjoy the list of necessary equipment is prepared by the experts the least priority in assistance projects. When the country in consultation with the Government after their arrival target is reached or surpassed and some trimming is in the country. In a great number of cases, it takes necessary, the equipment component is the first to suffer. several months between ordering and arrival of the Sometimes organizations are able to provide equipment equipment. There were also a few cases in the biennium out of small savings which would not be sufficient to under review where equipment was ordered in anticipation finance additional experts or a fellow. More often, of the arrival of an expert and was delivered on time, however, there is not adequate provision for equipment but where the expert failed to arrive because of with and if the Government cannot purchase it with its own drawal of his candidature or other reasons. There were 92 also cases where equipment arrived but with parts broken their work and seemed to contribute only marginally to or lost and replacements missing, and time was lost before the efficiency of the projects of assistance. the latter were delivered. No such mishaps, however, resulted in any serious waste of resources. Only two cases 739. The Resident Representatives and their staff were reported by the Resident Representatives, both rarely participated in the selection of candidates for relating to modern laboratories, where equipment regional projects. The representatives of the organizations supplied was not put to proper use because of a lack of concerned and their experts in the country did, however, sufficiently trained people on the spot. In both cases, the assist in the selection when the Governments asked their Resident Representatives considered that the equipment help. In all cases, the Resident Representatives described would eventually serve its proper purpose. the functions of their offices as important in the organiza tion of such projects, in that the TAB office usually serves 736. The most vexing equipment problem and the one as the channel for submission of the candidacies and most fundamental to the efficient implementation of bears the main burden of administrative travel and finan Expanded Programme projects, concerned motor vehicles. cial arrangement. All the Resident Representatives working in the less developed countries reported that lack of proper trans 740. In the view of the Resident Representatives, those portation for the experts constituted the major physical Governments which are especially interested in regional hindrance to the carrying out of their official duties. They co-operation because of similar problems and character suggested that the existing regulations, which place the istics existing in their territories, such as, for instance, obligation for official transportation on the Governments, countries of Central America and eastern, western or should be made more flexible in this respect. northern Africa, particularly appreciate the regional projects. In such areas, the regional projects make it possible for senior government officials to meet their (e) REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL PROJECTS colleagues from the neighbouring countries, to discuss the problems of the region as a whole, and to benefit 737. The Resident Representatives found it difficult to from the experience gained by participants in solving ascertain the degree to which both the Governments and various economic and social difficulties. The review of participants in regional and interregional projects were techniques used in solving such difficulties as well as the satisfied by the seminars, courses and study tours arranged opportunity to discuss various ideas stimulate the parti under the 1963-1964 Expanded Programme. The parti cipants' thinking and are of real help to their work at cipants invariably maintained that their participation in home, it was reported. such projects was very useful for their professional 741. The regional projects which had a particularly activities. Some Governments concerned had certain beneficial impact on the economic and social development reservations; while on the whole, finding some of the of newly-independent countries were those educational projects very useful, they stressed that the number of and training projects immediately applicable to the seminars, conferences, courses and tours was steadily situations prevailing in the countries concerned. Their growing and that it was difficult to designate participants value to high government officials has been mentioned, for all of them and especially participants who would but some of the Resident Representatives felt strongly really profit from them. In some cases, the absence of that there should also be regional projects designed for officials who were attending such regional gatherings the basic training of lower echelons of government handicapped the work of their departments at home in officials, and that they should be longer than the ones such a way that it was felt there were not sufficient results for senior personnel. It was suggested that international for the countries concerned. The view was also expressed experts already in the country concerned as well as staff by many Resident Representatives that it would be more members from the Participating Organizations could beneficial to have a smaller number of well-prepared teach at these courses. specialized regional projects, and they suggested a need for the Participating Organizations and the Regional 742. Another suggestion, made by the Resident Repre Economic Commissions to review all the prospective sentatives who are stationed in the relatively least devel regional projects with a view to reducing their number. oped countries, was that teams of international experts might move from country to country conducting seminars 738. It was the general opinion of the Resident Repre for high Government officials who often are not able to sentatives that interregional projects were efficiently leave their countries to attend regional meetings. Such organized and well-conducted. They suggested only that travelling seminars or conferences could be organized on such projects should be announced further in advance so a part-time basis, so that the officials could perform their that Governments would have sufficient time to select normal work during part of the day. participants and arrange the necessary travel formalities. However, they seriously questioned the need for what 743. An important purpose of the regional advisers they considered an excessive number of visits by inter financed by the Expanded Programme is to make it national officials and experts, connected with interregional possible for individual countries to obtain short-term projects, most of which were made not at the request of advice on specific problems without undue delay and the Governments but at the suggestion of the Organiza with a minimum of procedural formalities, and also tions and the regional economic commissions. Such without making a "charge" on their country programmes. visits, according to the Resident Representatives, took an The preponderant view of the Resident Representatives undue amount of the Government officials' time, disturbed in 1963-1964 was that this form of assistance was soundly 93 conceived and potentially useful. Many of those in count Evaluation by the recipient countries or Expanded Programme projects ries which had actually taken advantage of the arrange ment reported that the missions of regional advisers had Countries Per cent been effective and appreciated by the Governments, Systematic evaluation by co-ordinating provided that they had been organized at the carefully authorities ...... to 14 considered request of the Governments, that the object Systematic evaluation by individual ministries 8 12 ives had been precisely defined and the groundwork Occasional evaluation by individual ministries 13 19 adequately prepared, and that the advisers were sufficiently No evaluation by government departments . 39 55 familiar with comparable conditions and problems in 70 100 other countries. Some of these representatives made the Total point that regional advisers of proved effectiveness had too many commitments elsewhere to enable the countries The most frequent form of evaluation carried out by in which the representatives were stationed to take full individual ministries was a review of projects in connexion advantage of their services. A few conceded that they with parliamentary debates or the biennial programming had not adequately explored with the Governments the exercises. It was difficult for the Resident Representatives possible use of the advisers. On the other hand, a number to express an opinion on the quality of these reviews. It of Resident Representatives reported experiences in was generally considered that this form of evaluation was which some or all of the pre-requisites mentioned above not as effective as it could be if carried out at more had been lacking, and which had given them the impres frequent intervals and on a systematic basis. However, sion that regional advisers devoted more time to gathering even on an ad hoc basis, evaluation was considered most information than to offering specific, practical advice of useful and often had far-reaching practical implications an immediately useful nature. The concensus of the for the projects under examination. Resident Representatives' opinions may be said to be 746. The Resident Representatives did not report any that regional advisers' services to individual countries specific methods of evaluation which were applied by the have proved capable of meeting a genuine need, but that co-ordinating authorities or by the individual ministries. their effectiveness depends on their being explicitly The projects were usually reviewed in discussions with the requested for specific tasks, planned carefully in advance, co-ordinating authority or relevant Ministry, repre allowed sufficient time for the purposes to be achieved, sentatives of the Participating Organizations, whenever and followed up from time to time by return visits as they were available, and the Resident Representative. In needed. In many cases in 1963-1964, the services of one country it was reported that evaluation was under regional advisers appeared to the Resident Representatives taken by means of consultation between the co-ordinating to fulfill these conditions, while in other cases they did not. authority, the expert concerned, his counterpart and the Resident Representative. Discussions took place at the commencement of the project, again mid-way in its 6. Government support and follow-up progress and, finally, shortly before the departure of the expert. A free and frank discussion was held on all aspects 744. The questionnaire supplied to the Resident of the project, including such questions as how far the Representatives also covered certain particular elements mission had fulfilled its terms of reference, the degree of of the support and follow-up extended by the recipient government support, the positive and negative aspects Governments to projects under the Expanded Programme of the implementation of the project, and recommenda for 1963-1964. Some aspects of this question have ine tions for further action. The counterpart was asked, at vitably been mentioned in earlier parts of this chapter the last conference, to explain how he envisaged his own as they relate to the formulation of project requests, the responsibilities deriving from the expert mission. performance of experts, the selection of fellows and so forth. In this concluding section, three fundamental 747. In another country, all experts- from bilateral as elements of governmental support are reviewed separately; well as multilateral sources - were asked to fill out, at namely, machinery for the evaluation of the projects, the regular intervals, special forms prepared by the co provision of administrative support, and the availability ordinating authority indicating, inter alia, the progress of counterparts. of the project, the obstacles encountered and suggestions as to how to overcome them. (a) MACHINERY FOR EVALUATION 748. The Resident Representatives did not report any evaluation efforts beyond those activities of the govern 745. The following table indicates the extent to which ment departments. In the absence of systematic evaluation the recipient Governments carried out an evaluation of at government level, many TAB offices have endeavoured the Expanded Programme projects. A breakdown of to work out their own methods. They have observed all 70 answers from the Resident Representatives into four projects closely, for example, had frequent discussions categories of evaluation procedures shows that 55 per with experts and reviewed projects with the Organizations' cent of the Governments did not attempt any evaluation. representatives in the country concerned. They also Systematic evaluation by the co-ordinating authorities was consulted with staff members of Organizations on the reported in ten countries, that is about 14 per cent of all occasions of their visits; and they regularly had consulta the countries polled. In all other cases, evaluation, either tions with Ministries concerned. Some TAB offices used on a systematic or occasional basis, was undertaken by questionnaires, which were filled out at regular intervals individual ministries, by experts. Th~: Resident Representatives also received on 94 TABLE 19. FULFILMENT OF GOVERNMENTS' OBLIGATIONS Poor Very poor Government Government Government Government Total No. Excellent Good Adequate at fault not at fault at fault not at fault of annrers ---·---·------· ------~· --~------·- --- Official transport 5 6 25 .15 10 5 4 70 Per cent 7% 9% 36% 21% 14% 7% 6% 100% Secretarial help 5 25 6 23 4 7 70 Per cent 7% 35% 9% 33 ~;,; 6% 10 % 100% Office facilities 12 44 4 4 1 2 68 Per cent 18% 65% 6% 7% 1% 3% 100% Medical facilities 2 5 16 17 10 50 Per cent 4% 10% 32% 34% 20% 100% a routine basis copies of the experts' progress reports. conclusion cannot be escaped that there were cases where From all of these sources the Resident Representatives Governments requested the services of experts but did not were able to draw sufficient information to enable them meet their obligations for the execution of the projects to form their own judgements on the implementation of by providing for adequate means of transportation. projects. 752. Another factor which hampered the efficiency of 749. In their response to the TAB questionnaire, the Expanded Programme in many countries was inadequate Resident Representatives noted that in the relatively least secretarial help. Governments were rarely considered to developed countries, it was much easier for Governments be at fault in this matter, because it was recognized that to express judgement on the work of the experts than to there was a great shortage in almost all developing express a view on the success or failure of the projects countries of typists able to work in the languages required. as a whole. Governments were usually aware of whether The difficulties increased rapidly when bilingual help the expert was useful and efficient and whether he enjoyed was required. Within limits, the TAB offices offered help the confidence of local officials. Since the evaluation of to experts, but this could only alleviate the difficulties expert's work is a useful starting point for the evaluation rather than solve the basic problem; the shortage of of the project itself and its impact on the economic and secretarial help remained an important factor adversely social development of the country, it seemed to some of affecting the experts' performance. the Resident Representatives that, with some assistance, 753. Other components of the Governments' obliga government authorities could be encouraged to pass tions towards Expanded Programme projects presented from one phase of evaluation to the next. relatively lesser problems. With a few exceptions, office (b) ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT facilities offered by Governments were found to be ade quate or good. Medical facilities for experts presented 750. Table 19 below summarizes the Resident Repre difficulties only in some countries. Ot the 27 cases classified sentatives' opinions concerning the fulfilment of govern as "poor" or "very poor" none was attributed to any ment obligations towards the Expanded Programme in fault on the part of the Governments. terms of their administrative support of assistance projects. Despite their efforts at objectivity, it is recognized (c) CouNTERPARTS that the criteria used for expressing judgements probably 754. The problems of providing counterparts to differ considerably from person to person, given the Expanded Programme experts have been referred to varying conditions in the countries under question. earlier in the discussion of expert services as such. The 751. Of all the problems indicated, the most cons questionnaire addressed to the Resident Representatives picuous was transportation. The majority of the recipient asked for their comments on the specific matter of counter Governments were reported to be short of all types of parts, and an analysis of their replies is given below. The motor vehicles. In the relatively least developed countries, Resident Representatives' replies suggested that the where the shortage was very severe, the Resident Repre majority of the recipient Governments did not consider sentatives reported that in a number of cases, vehicles thoroughly enough the matter of designating counter for use of experts have had to be provided through parts at the time they prepared the Expanded Programme Organization channels if the assignments were to be project requests. In their view, that would have been satisfactorily accomplished. It seems, however, that there the stage at which to review potential candidates for was a tangible margin within which Governments might counterparts and to select them. It was also felt that have improved their support. In 28 per cent of all answers, some Governments tended to request experts because they the Resident Representatives reported that fulfilment of did not have suitable national officials to do the work or, Governments' obligations in providing means of trans in the newly-independent countries, to replace departing portation was "poor" or "very poor" not because of an expatriate civil servants; in other words, they tended to absolute shortage of facilities but through the failure of the use advisory experts to carry out functions for which Governments to provide it for the experts. Even if there OPEX-type appointments are more properly designed. were some exaggeration in this collective judgement, the Table 20 below summarizes the opinions of the Resident 95 Representatives on the degree of attention given to was greater. In the view of the Resident Representatives, problems of counterparts at the time of preparation of the mere presence of a counterpart did not in itself help requests. the implementation of the project concerned. The pro fessional skill and personal characteristics of the official TABLE 20. EXTENT TO WHICH THE AVAILABILITY OF COUNTERPARTS concerned also mattered a great deal. Unfortunately, not WAS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN THE FORMULATION OF THE EPTA PROGRAMME REQUESTS FOR THE BIENNIUM 1963-1964 all counterparts possessed sufficient qualifications to be in a position to profit from the presence of an international Total expert. Those whom the Resident Representatives termed No. of Never Rarely Usually Always answers as "adequate" only represented, in the sample given in table 21 below,, about half of the total number of counter Africa ..... 3 11 7 22 parts needed to match the international experts. Of which: 756. There was a general belief among the Resident North Africa 2 2 5 Representatives that in a number of countries the situation Remainder of Africa ... 3 9 5 17 could be improved with more careful formulation of Asia and Far East 6 5 3 14 programmes and projects, including due consideration for Middle East . . 4 2 2 8 selection of counterparts. This belief was based on the Latin America . . 7 11 I 19 observation of actual situations in recent years, during Of which: which the number of potential counterparts and their South America 3 3 6 qualifications have tangibly improved. It was also noted Carribean and that appropriate government policies concerning salaries Central America 4 8 I 13 of counterparts, promotions and stability of employment, Europe ... 2 2 and other features of their work may contribute greatly TOTAL 3 28 25 9 65 to the improvement of the situation. In fact, low pay and Per cent . . 5 43 38 14 100 limited career possibilities were found in some countries to constitute a major obstacle to the recruitment of good The table shows that in almost half of all the countries counterparts. There were still some countries, however, where the Resident Representatives believed that the listed, the problem of counterparts was rarely if ever situation with regard to counterparts could be expected discussed at the time the projects were formulated. to improve only slowly and over a period of several years. 755. The problem of counterparts was usually found to These were countries where potential counterparts in a become urgent and real only when the expert arrived to number of technical fields did not as yet exist. The answer assume his duties. At that time candidates were hastily to such a situa1tion seemed to be increased efforts to train sought and considered for suitability. The information the nationals by all available means and on all levels of supplied by the Resident Representatives for 49 countries professional skills. According to the Resident Repre and presented in the following table shows that about sentatives, the organizations, in these circumstances, two-thirds of the experts who needed counterparts finally would have to be satisfied with any arrangements that were received them. This share is probably not representative made concerning counterparts, provided that they were of the situation in all recipient countries, as those covered the best which could be obtained in a given country. The by the table belonged to relatively more economically training of counterparts, however inadequate, would even developed countries where the availability of counterparts tually contribute to raising the level of technical skills. TABLE 21. COUNTERPARTS TO EXPANDED PROGRAMME EXPERTS (Situation in Third Quarter of 1964) No. of countries /or No. of experts No. of Adequate which who should No. of experts counterparts counterparts estimates are have had who had judged as 0~ of the Region available counterparts counterparts adequate experts ··---·------·-----·-- Africa 16 317 161 114 36 Of which: North Africa 4 138 60 35 25 Remainder of Africa 12 179 101 79 44 Asia and Far East 8 174 129 85 49 Middle East 7 186 a 136 94 51 Latin America 15 171 123 97 57 Of which: South America 4 97 60 38 39 Carribean and Central America 11 74 63 59 80 SuB-TOTAL 46 848 549 390 45 Europe . 3 18 17 16 89 TOTAL 49 866 566 406 47 a Including experts from fund-in·trust in Saudi Arabia. 96 ANNEXES Annex I CoNTRIBUTIONS PLEDGED BY GOVERNMENTS TO THE EXPANDED PROGRAMME, 1950-1965 (In thousands of US dollars) Tota/1950 Country through 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 Q -~~~ ~-- Afghanistan . 91.5 12.5 13.5 14.0 16.5 17.0 17.0 Albania 6.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Algeria . 40.0 40.0 60.0 Argentina. 2,163.0 85.0 66.1 64.3 100.5 100.5 180.9 Australia 4,141.0 625.0 660.0 750.0 750.0 750.0 750.4 Austria . 307.7 100.0 170.0 170.0 200.0 225.0 225.0 Belgium 3,248.5 437.5 625.0 625.0 625.0 625.0 625.0 Bolivia . 132.4 20.8 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 Brazil 4,737.7 733.9 685.4 59.0 104.8 35.6 104.8 Bulgaria 58.8 14.7 14.7 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 Burma 164.5 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. 300.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Cambodia 34.5 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 11.4 11.4 Cameroon. 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.1 Canada 13,122.7 2,000.0 2,150.0 2,150.0 2,150.0 2,150.3 2,150.8 Central African Republic 2.0 2.0 2.0 Ceylon 154.1 22.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 Chad 20.1 2.4 0.2 Chile . 873.9 73.3 200.0 143.0 100.0 94.9 107.8 China 140.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 Colombia. 997.8 107.6 110.0 143.0 110.0 110.0 110.0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of . 35.0 35.0 50.0 Congo, Republic of 1.0 1.2 1.3 Costa Rica 66.6 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 Cuba 350.0 125.0 100.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 Cyprus . 4.2 6.3 8.4 9.8 5.6 Czechoslovakia 451.7 69.4 69.4 69.4 104.2 104.2 104.2 Dahomey. 20.3 20.3 20.4 Denmark . 4,011.9 651.5 1,158.2 1,737.4 1,882.1 2,171.7 2,606.1 Dominican Republic . 131.0 50.0 30.0 Ecuador 75.7 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 37.5 El Salvador 58.4 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 Ethiopia 180.1 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 Federal Republic of Germany . 3,482.2 1,428.6 2,120.0 2,620.0 2,650.0 2,650.0 2,650.0 Finland 140.1 25.0 50.0 100.0 130.0 150.0 170.0 France 12,136.0 1,543.8 1,852.5 1,852.5 1,852.5 1,852.6 1,851.5 Gabon 2.0 6.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 Ghana 118.2 66.1 66.2 99.2 99.2 99.2 99.2 Greece 140.9 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 50.0 55.0 Guatemala 76.5 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Guinea. 10.0 10.0 5.1 13.3 13.6 Haiti. 111.6 14.4 16.0 2.8 10.0 Holy See 11.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Honduras 35.6 3.0 Hungary 140.7 42.6 53.3 53.2 26.6 31.9 31.9 97 Annex I (continued) Tota/1950 Country through 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 Q Iceland . 25.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.0 8.0 India. 3,500.0 750.0 750.0 820.0 850.0 850.0 850.0 Indonesia . 576.2 40.5 50.0 50.0 27.8 36.5 60.0 Iran 420.5 85.0 85.0 85.0 125.0 125.0 137.5 Iraq 244.8 56.0 56.0 60.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 Ireland . 99.3 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 Israel 373.8 56.0 64.0 40.1 64.0 80.0 88.0 Italy . 1,351.0 500.0 900.0 900.0 900.0 900.0 900.0 Ivory Coast . 2.0 15.0 8.9 12.5 Jamaica 10.0 Japan 780.0 135.0 400.0 450.0 570.0 630.0 630.0 Jordan . 26.0 25.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 25.0 25.0 Korea, Republic of 33.0 3.5 5.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Kenya 4.9 Kuwait. 50.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 Laos . 21.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 20.0 3.0 3.0 Lebanon 66.7 20.3 20.3 31.7 32.0 32.0 32.0 Liberia . 152.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 Libya 32.6 20.0 25.0 37.5 50.0 60.0 60.0 Liechtenstein 0.9 Luxembourg 25.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Madagascar . 4.0 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 Malawi. 1.0 Malaysia 40.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 Mali . 6.1 20.3 20.4 Malta 1.2 Mauritania 20.0 20.0 Mexico. 422.4 121.0 121.0 121.0 121.0 121.0 121.0 Monaco 14.7 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 Mongolia, Republic of 10.0 5.0 Morocco 25.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 50.0 55.0 Nepal 55.0 15.1 5.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.2 Netherlands . 6,509.5 1,323.0 1,565.1 1,491.9 1,795.6 1,790.3 1,790.3 New Zealand 1,425.4 210.0 280.0 280.0 278.5 278.6 278.1 Nicaragua 37.9 6.4 2.6 2.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 Niger 10.0 Nigeria. 70.0 70.0 80.5 95.2 100.0 Norway 2,261.0 548.8 604.8 758.8 980.0 980.0 1.120.0 Pakistan 1,462.8 170.0 170.0 200.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 Panama 25.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 Paraguay 74.0 Peru . 102.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 Philippines 524.0 66.0 66.0 34.0 66.0 66.0 66.0 Poland . 525.0 75.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 120.0 132.0 Portugal 40.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 Romania 66.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 33.3 33.3 50.0 Rwanda 0.8 Saudi Arabia 145.0 41.4 25.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Senegal . 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 Sierra Leone 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 South Africa 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Spain 160.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 75.0 75.0 86.2 Sudan 393.5 54.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 Sweden. 5,164.9 902.8 1,005.2 1,500.0 2,000.0 2,000.0 2,500.0 Switzerland 2,434.5 465.1 465.1 814.0 814.0 814.0 872.1 Syria. 92.7 13.1 13.1 13.1 13.1 Tanzania, United Republic of . 1.0 4.9 5.9 Thailand 378.7 38.1 38.1 38.1 48.0 48.0 48.0 Togo. 2.5 2.5 2.5 Trinidad and Tobago 20.0 20.0 98 Annex I (continued) Total1950 Country through 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965. ------Tunisia. 6.0 5.0 17.0 25.0 25.2 30.0 30.0 Turkey . 1,783.7 266.7 266.7 266.7 273.3 273.3 273.3 Uganda 0.7 2.8 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 750.0 125.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 7,000.0 1,000.0 2,000.0 2,000.0 2,000.0 2,000.0 2,000.0 United Arab Republic (Egypt) 881.7 143.6 120.7 92.0 115.0 115.0 115.0 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . 17,808.8 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,000.0 3,750.0 3,750.0 4,750.0 United States of America . 120,401.4 14,462.9 17,551.7 19,625.3 21,544.7 22,508.5 22,674.0 b Upper Volta 18.1 Uruguay 880.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Venezuela 1,016.0 350.0 500.0 350.0 350.0 350.0 350.0 Viet-Nam, Republic of 105.3 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 15.0 Yemen . 8.4 1.0 Yugoslavia 780.8 125.0 138.0 152.0 152.0 152.0 158.1 233,883.2 33,992.7 41,785.2 45,371.3 50.052.7 51,472.6 53,998.0 a As at 15 April 1965. tions to the two programmes, including local costs. The amount shown b The United States of America has pledged $60 million to the Ex- represents the estimated share of the Expanded Programme of the total panded Programme and the Special Fund for 1965, subject to the proviso United States contribution, based on pledges announced as at 15 April that the contributions must not exceed 40 per cent of the total contribu- 1965 plus matching of estimated local costs. Annex II CoNTRffiUTIONS OUTSTANDING AS AT 30 APRIL 1965 (In US dollars) Total unpaid Country 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1963 1964 balances -~--~------Argentina 9,701 66,087 100,503 100,503 276 794 Belgium 125,000 125,000 Brazil 17,534 17,534 Costa Rica 10,053 10,053 Dahomey 20,325 20,325 Dominican Republic . 40,000 30,000 70,000 Gabon. 1,310 1,310 Guatemala 12,000 12,000 Guinea 13,300 13,300 Haiti 10,000 10,000 Honduras 3,000 3,000 Iceland 8,012 8,012 Indonesia 36,522 36,522 Iran . 11,964 11,964 Israel 18,966 18,966 Italy . 900,000 900,000 1,800,000 Mali. 20,325 20,325 Paraguay . 12,000 12,000 12,000 36,000 Senegal 16,000 16,000 United States of America a . 859,153 1,397,114 2,256,267 Upper Volta 18,098 18,098 Uruguay 100,000 100,000 Yemen. 1,000 1,000 ------TOTAL 12,000 12,000 12,000 9,701 191,087 1,924,656 2,721,026 4,882,470 a Payment of the contributions subject to matching conditions. 99 Annex m EXPANDED PROGRAMME PROJECT COSTS BY COUNTRY AND TERRITORY, 1961-1964 (Expressed in thousands of US dollars) Country or territory 1961-1962 1963 1964 1963-1964 Country or territory 1961-1962 1963 1964 1963-1964 Aden .. 52 18 18 Indonesia (incuding West Irian) 2,135d 969d 1,106 2,074 Afghanistan 1,764 806 942 1,748 Iran. 2,114 1,118 1,135 2,253 Albania 60 51 33 84 Iraq .. 963 403 441 844 Algeria 38 216 757 973 Iuael ... 673 193 349 542 Argentina 814 296 500 796 Ivory Coast 520 355 318 673 Barbados 74 29 36 65 Jamaica 141 99 190 289 Basutoland . 109 79 69 148 Japan . 217 100 74 174 Bechuanaland 24 23 51 74 Jordan 712 336 390 726 Bolivia 1,053 563 506 1,069 Kenya. 296 288 427 715 Brazil . . 1,084 448 568 1,016 Korea, Republic of 335 110 134 244 British Guiana 92 121 230 351 Kuwait 38 50 42 92 British Honduras 27 6 127 133 Laos .. 783 350 393 743 Brunei. 28 17 21 3R Lebanon. 567 170 239 409 Bulgaria 5 5 Leeward and Windward Burma 1,658 557 512 1,069 Islands: Burundi 176 392 568 Dominica 7 11 12 23 Burundi and Rwanda a 430 98 52 150 St. Kitts . 1 16 15 31 Cambodia . .... 1,154 529 560 1,089 St. Lucia 10 15 2 17 Cameroon ...... 864 653 502 1,155 St. Vincent . 12 Central African Republic 328 207 205 412 Liberia .. 437 211 294 505 Libya 1,163 485 562 1,047 Ceylon 926 418 572 990 Madagascar 560 477 517 994 Chad 260 161 332 493 Malawie. 114 114 Chile 2,130 567 786 1,353 China . 359 160 215 375 Malaysia 1,1351 5251 607 1,133 Colombia 1,054 430 530 960 Maldive Islands 5 Mali 364 212 471 683 Comoro Islands 22 24 24 Malta . 45 69 125 194 Congo (Brazzaville) 213 170 151 321 .. Mauritania . 177 74 150 224 Congo, Democratic Republic of 369 936 1,305 Cook Islands . 14 14 Mauritius 131 168 74 242 Costa Rica. 211 82 217 299 Mexico 900 367 691 1,058 Mongolia 25 153 178 Cuba 242 138 248 386 Morocco 868 445 515 960 Cyprus 314 174 144 318 Nepal .. 474 282 346 628 Dahomey . 407 177 271 448 Dominican Republic 52 94 132 226 Netherlands Antilles 6 16 30 46 EACSO b 33 159 159 New Hebrides 14 14 Nicaragua 327 172 166 338 Ecuador . 968 495 551 1,046 Niger 329 293 350 643 El Salvador 310 182 142 324 Nigeria 1,593 1,121 709 1,830 Ethiopia . 980 645 578 1,223 Federation of Rhodesia and Pakistan 1,852 734 1,005 1,739 Nyasa1and c 240 251 251 Panama 271 153 195 348 Paraguay 649 297 361 658 Fiji Islands . 23 40 63 Peru 974 462 599 1,061 French Antilles . 7 1 1 Philippines . 902 339 593 932 French Polynesia 2 2 French Somaliland 5 Poland 261 209 177 386 Gabon 331 161 213 374 Portugal . 13 23 47 70 Portugese Territories in Africa 2 Gambia .. .. 39 65 59 124 Portugese Territories in India. 5 Ghana .. . . 898 518 552 1,070 Puerto Rico 9 8 8 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 11 11 Rhodesiae 108 108 Greece 579 152 310 462 Romania 26 35 61 Guatemala . 452 231 202 433 Rwanda . 145 302 447 Guinea 422 228 475 703 Saudi Arabia . 547 209 164 373 Haiti .. 559 146 167 313 Senegal . . 514 340 337 677 Honduras 480 184 179 363 Sierra Leone . 306 216 309 525 Hong Kong 13 15 15 Solomon Islands 90 38 16 54 Hungary. 18 18 36 Somalia 985 644 859 1,503 Iceland 11 3 12 15 Spain 74 34 27 61 India 6,004 1,545 2,913 4,458 Sudan . 1,049 480 487 967 100 Annex liT (continued) Country or territory 1961·1962 1963 1964 1963-1964 Country or territory 196/-1962 1963 1964 1963-1964 Surinam . 26 42 35 77 Western Samoa . 41 63 80 143 Swaziland 51 55 89 144 Yemen 186 118 246 364 Syria 1,053 479 470 949 Yugoslavia . 1,323 400 949 1,349 Thailand. 1,530 680 696 1,376 Zambiae 99 99 The West Indies 113 -. Togo 608 308 424 732 TOTAL PROGRAMME FOR Tonga . 30 17 15 32 COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES 66,374 32,860 41,458 74,318 Trinidad and Tobago 71 154 131 467 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (U.S. administration) 17 3 3 Tunisia 690 264 417 681 R!!gional programme for: Turkey I ,217 551 724 1,275 Africa . 1,454 1,426 1,933 3,359 Uganda 205 240 306 546 Americas 2,430 1,503 2,102 3,606 United Arab Republic . 1,511 1,265 862 2,127 Asia and the Far East 1,815 1,063 1,719 2,782 United Republic of Tanzania 574 1,185 Europe 118 62 53 115 Tanganyika 696 524 486 1,010 Middle East 920 543 701 1,244 Zanzibar. 186 87 88 175 Interregional programme. 2,810 2,040 3,818 5,858 Upper Volta 392 235 222 457 Uruguay. 427 215 214 429 TOTAL REGIONAL AND Venezuela 650 330 401 731 INTERREGIONAL PROGRAMME 9,547 6,687 10,326 16,964 Viet-Nam, Republic of 604 239 337 576 Virgin Islands 22 GRAND TOTAL 75,921 39,497 51,785 91,282 a Prior to 1963, figures are for both Burundi and Rwanda. Since 1963, d For the sake of comparability, this figure was obtained by adding figures are only for East African Common Services Organization. the assistance given to Indonesia and West Irian. " Assistance provided to Malawi, Rhodesia and Zambia in 1963 and b East African Common Services Organization. earlier is shown under the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. c Assistance provided in 1964 to members of the Federation of f For the sake of comparability, this figure was obtained by adding Rhodesia and Nyasaland prior to 6 July 1964 is shown separately under the assistance given to the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak Malawi, Rhodesia and Zambia. and Singapore. Annex IV EXPANDED PROGRAMME PROJECT COSTS BY FIELD OF ACTIVITY, 1963-1964 (Expressed in thousands of US dollars) 1963 1964 1963-1964 Field of actil'ity Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent I. Assisting Governments with the formulation and implementa- tion of development plans-Basic surveys of resources and building up of administrative services 1. Economic surveys (surveys preliminary to preparation of development programmes and not involving fresh surveys of physical resources) 439 1.1 190 0.4 629 0.7 2. Surveys of natural resources (specifically directed to surveys of physical resources) . 1,028 2.6 1,094 2.1 2,122 2.3 3. Meteorology 897 2.4 1,403 2.7 2,300 2.5 4. Statistics (all kinds - general economic, national in- come, agricultural, etc.) . 2,538 6.4 2,248 4.4 4,786 5.3 5. Economic planning and policy (preparation of develop- ment programmes, central banking monetary policy, fiscal policy, etc.) 1,240 3.1 1,885 3.7 3,125 3.5 6. Public administration . 1,082 2.7 1,409 2.7 2,491 2.7 TOTAL 7,224 18.3 8,229 16.0 15,453 17.0 101 Annex IV (continued) 1963 1964 1963-1964 Field ofacti;ity Amount Per c·ent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent II. Development of public utilities- power, transport and communications • 7. Power production and distribution 224 0.6 430 0.8 654 0.7 8. Transport and communications. 531 1.3 690 1.3 1,221 1.3 9. Telecommunications 791 2.0 1,110 2.2 1,901 2.1 10. Civil aviation 1,623 4.1 2,242 4.4 3,865 4.3 TOTAL 3,169 8.0 4,472 8.7 7,641 8.4 III. Industrial production 11. Manufacturing and mining 1,391 3.5 1,694 3.3 3,085 3.4 12. Productivity . 434 1.1 649 1.3 1,083 1.2 13. Cottage industries and handicrafts 358 0.9 581 1.1 939 1.0 TOTAL 2,183 5.5 2,924 5.7 5,107 5.6 IV. Agricultural production 14. Land and water use, farm machinery and tools 1,672 4.2 1,773 3.5 3,445 3.8 15. Crop production and protection 1,331 3.4 1,613 3.1 2,944 3.2 16. Animal production and disease control . 1,677 4.3 2,132 4.2 3,809 4.2 17. Fisheries 809 2.1 1,086 2.1 1,895 2.1 18. Forestry 1,008 2.6 874 1.7 1,882 2.1 19. Agricultural economics 761 1.9 921 1.8 1,682 1.9 20. Other agriculture (excluding agricultural extension, home economics and nutrition) 1,078 2.7 1,244 2.4 2,322 2.6 TOTAL 8,336 21.2 9,643 18.8 17,979 19.9 V. Auxiliary services to industry and agriculture 21. Trade promotion . 224 0.6 305 0.6 529 0.6 22. Co-operatives 403 1.0 417 0.8 821 0.9 23. Technical education and training 813 2.1 1,223 2.4 2,036 2.2 24. Vocational training . 1,253 3.2 1,835 3.5 3,088 3.4 TOTAL 2,693 6.9 3,781 7.3 6,474 7.1 VI. Health services 25. Public health administration . 901 2.3 1,527 3.0 2,428 2.7 26. Malaria and insect control 742 1.9 561 1.1 1,303 1.4 27. Tuberculosis . 1,043 2.6 1,025 2.0 2,068 2.3 28. Venereal diseases, yaws . 106 0.3 119 0.2 225 0.3 29. Other communicable diseases (bilharziasis, trachoma, zoonoses, etc.) . 409 1.0 598 1.1 1,007 1.1 30. Material and child health 237 0.6 216 0.4 453 0.5 31. Nursing (including nursing education and training) 618 1.6 805 1.6 1,423 1.6 32. Other health services 1,430 3.6 959 1.9 2,389 2.6 33. Health demonstration areas 203 0.5 345 0.7 548 0.6 34. Environmental sanitation 385 1.0 459 0.9 844 0.9 35. Medical education and training 826 2.1 1,547 3.0 2,373 2.6 TOTAL 6,900 17.5 8,161 15.9 15,061 16.6 VII. Education 36. Teacher training 922 2.3 930 1.8 1,852 2.0 37. Primary and secondary education 260 0.7 364 0.7 624 0.7 38. Science teaching 215 0.5 378 0.7 593 0.7 102 Annex IV (continued) 1963 1964 1963-1964 Field of actil'ity Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent VII. Education (continued) 39. Scientific documentation 172 0.4 119 0.2 291 0.3 40. Assistance to advanced education, research and training institutions (visiting professors, scientists, lecturers, etc., assistance in establishing faculties, courses, etc.) 1,401 3.6 3,585 7.0 4,986 5.5 41. Educational administration 1,213 3.1 2,262 4.4 3,475 3.8 ToTAL 4,183 10.6 7,638 14.8 11,821 13.0 VIII. Community development 42. Fundamental education 833 2.1 780 1.5 1,613 1.8 43. Community development 300 0.8 373 0.7 673 0.7 44. Agricultural extension 280 0.7 360 0.7 640 0.7 45. Home economics and nutrition 588 1.5 617 1.2 1,205 1.3 ToTAL 2,001 5.1 2,130 4.1 4,131 4.5 IX. Other social services 46. Building and housing . 301 0.8 748 1.5 1,049 1.2 47. Town and country planning . 194 0.5 110 0.2 304 0.3 48. Industrial relations, labour legislation, etc. 894 2.3 1,487 2.9 2,381 2.6 49. Social welfare, social security, etc. 636 1.6 872 1.7 1,508 1.7 TOTAL 2,025 5.2 3,217 6.3 5,242 5.8 X. Atomic energy 50. Atomic energy . 667 1.7 1,208 2.4 1,875 2.1 ToTAL 667 1.7 1,208 2.4 1,875 2.1 GRAND TOTAL a 39,381 100.0 51,403 100.0 90,784 100.0 a Excluding an amount of $118,651 in 1963 and $382,118 in 1964 in undistributed project costs. 103 Annex V TOTAL COSTS OF THE EXPANDED PROGRAMME BY PURPOSE AND BY ORGANIZATION, 1950-1964 a (Expressed in thousands of US dollars) July 1950- Dec.1960 1961-1962 1963 1964 1963-1964 Total Participating Organization and purpose Amount Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per cent Amount Per c~nt I. TOTAL COSTS OF PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS 1. Project costs ...... 215,180 75,921 90.8 39,498 89.7 51,785 91.9 91,283 90.9 382,384 87.9 2. Administrative and operational services costs 35,856 7,664 9.2 4,514 10.3 4,590 8.1 9,104 9.1 52,630 12.1 ------TOTAL, I 251,036 83,585 100.0 44,012 100.0 56,375 100.0 100,387 100.0 435,014 100.0· II. TAB COSTS 1. Operating costs, field offices ...... 9,680 4,584 75.1 2,967 75.7 3,080 74.8 6,047 75.3 20,311 72.4 2. Administrative costs Headquarters secretariat 4,252 1,518 24.9 951 24.3 1,035 25.2 1,986 24.7 7,756 27.6 ------TOTAL, II 13,932 6,102 100.0 3,918 100.0 4,115 100.0 8,033 100.0 28,067 100.() ------TOTAL PROGRAMME COSTS, I AND II 264,968 89,687 - 47,930 - 60,490 - 108,420 - 463,081 Ill. EXPENDITURE BY ORGANIZATION Amount Amount Amount .Amount Amount Amount ~ UNTA 1. Project costs ...... 49,119 14,984 8,168 10,463 18,631 83,734 2. Administrative and operational services costs 9,121 1,711 937 937 1,874 12,706 ------TOTAL, UNTA 58,240 16,695 9,105 11,400 20,505 95,440 ILO 1. Project costs ...... 22,246 7,524 3,770 5,366 9,136 38,906 2. Administrative and operational services costs 3,610 825 453 453 906 5,341 ------TOTAL, ILO 25,856 8,349 4,223 5,819 10,042 44,247 FAO l. Project costs ...... 58,386 18,504 10,442 11,458 21,900 98,790 2. Administrative and operational services costs 11,078 2,197 1,107 1,107 2,214 15,489 ------TOTAL, FAO 69,464 20,701 11,549 12,565 24,114 114,279 UNESCO 1. Project costs ...... 32,148 14,607 5,953 9,912 15,865 62,620 2. Administrative and operational services costs 4,315 884 739 739 1,478 6,677 ------TOTAL, UNESCO 36,463 15,491 6,692 10,651 17,343 69,297 ICAO l. Project costs ...... • . 9,571 3,067 1,623 2,241 3,864 16,502 2. Administrative and operational services costs 1,317 400 220 220 440 2,157 - -- --· ------TOTAL, ICAO 10,888 3,467 1,843 2,461 4,304 18,659 WHO 1. Project costs • 0 0 ••••••••••• 39,536 12,931 7,063 8,430 15,493 67,960 2. Administrative and operational services costs ---6,074 --1,325 -- 757 -- 757 --1,514 --8,913 TOTAL, WHO 45,610 14,256 7,820 9,187 17,007 76,873 UPU 1. Project costs 0 ••••••••••••• - - 104 194 298 298 2. Administrative and operational services costs ------20 -- 40 -- 60 -- 60 TOTAL, UPU - - 124 234 358 358 ITU 1. Project costs ••••••• 0 •• 0 0 0 0 1,523 1,409 791 1,110 1,901 4,833 2. Administrative and operational services costs 146 190 105 110 215 551 ------TOTAL, ITU 1,669 1,599 896 1,220 2,116 5,384 WMO 1. Project costs 0 •••••••••••• 1,781 1,299 917 1,403 2,320 5,400 2. Administrative and operational services costs -- 201 --- 116 -- 81 -- 123 -- 204 -- 521 TOTAL, WMO 1,982 1,415 998 1,526 2,524 5,921 IAEA 1. Project costs ••••••••• 0 •••• 870 1,596 667 1,208 1,875 4,341 2. Administrative and operational services costs --- -- 16 -- 95 -- 104 -- 199 --- 215 TOTAL, IAEA 870 1,612 762 1,312 2,074 4,556 0 -Vl a Beginning in 1958, costs are gross. Annex VI EXPANDEDPROGRAMME PROJECf COSTSBY ORGANIZATIONIN 1964 AND 1963-1964 (Expressed in US dollars) Region, country or territory UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO IAEA Total AFRICA Algeria . 1964 126,303 128,502 159,781 154,260 29,279 140,955 - 14,551 3,810 - 757,441 1963-64 155,523 170,386 179,436 236,941 40,562 172,240 - 14,551 3,810 - 973,449 Basutoland • • • 1964 - 5,571 5,755 8,796 - 49,306 - - - - 69,428 1963-64 - 10,613 16,826 8,796 - 111,930 - - - - 148,165 Bechuanaland . 1964 21,609 - 7,335 21,976 ------50,920 1963-64 29,190 - 20,427 21,976 - 2,430 - - -- 74,023 Burundi . - . 1964 66,257 71,883 78,977 66,080 3,600 100,651 - - 4,050 - 391,498 1963-64 82,248 89,121 146,082 88,934 3,600 153,034 - - 4,050 - 567,069 Burundi and Rwanda 1964 10,614 - - - 11,981 - -- 20,489 - 52,084 1963-64 36,777 - - - 35,583 - - 4,673 73,395 - 150,428 Annex VI (continued) Region, country or territory UNTA JLO FAO UNESCO JCAO WHO UPU ITU WMO JAEA Total AFRICA (continued) Cameroon ...... 1964 64,743 89,095 57,581 132,641 - 109,154 11,240 22,250 15,389 - 502,093 1963-64 136,324 189,120 182,942 260,602 - 317,687 11,240 32,862 24,726 - 1,155,503 Central African Republic 1964 - 44,762 57,776 64,068 - 38,579 - - - 205,185 1963-64 86,891 122,332 129,930 - 43,079 - 20,488 9,025 - 411,745 Chad .... 1964 - 50,775 106,208 66,555 - 58,938 - 45,275 3,935 - 331,686 1963-64 - 94,760 148,715 106,892 - 63,438 - 75,012 3,935 - 492,752 Comoro Islands 1964 1963-64 - 6,800 17,513 ------24,313 Congo (Brazzaville) 1964 59,061 12,827 1,698 40,553 - 1,639 - 30,526 4,998 - 151,302 1963-64 108,957 24,715 41,782 73,119 11,538 14,805 - 33,466 12,496 - 320,878 Congo, Democratic Republic of . 1964 124,412 188,219 67,749 142,928 120,177 104,380 10,860 108,150 69,237 - 936,112 1963-64 201,392 260,206 127,609 193,232 154,387 165,522 10,860 110,073 82,232 - 1,305,513 Dahomey. 1964 22,215 39,203 104,253 55,133 20,574 10,800 5,962 13,269 - 271,409 1963-64 32,374 67,214 184,701 69,873 41,884 10,800 28,086 13,541 - 448,473 EACSO 1964 - - - - 109,561 - - - 49,611 - 159,172 1963-64 - - - - 109,561 - - - 49,611 - 159,172 Ethiopia 1964 158,691 27,777 154,519 37,662 41,460 95,243 - 37,811 25,204 - 578,367 1963-64 323,240 66,225 314,648 74,100 138,173 167,352 - 75,495 63,783 - 1,223,016 Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland a 1964 ...... 1963-64 52,720 62,031 82,337 - 25,300 - - 4,972 23,440 250,800 0 0\ Gabon . 1964 27,498 60,595 71,894 38,149 - - - 11,255 3,601 - 212,992 1963-64 47,886 98,277 124,087 85,698 - - - 14,243 3,601 - 373,792 Gambia. 1964 - 9,411 7,214 15,977 - 25,951 - - - - 58,553 1963-64 - 9,595 8,174 41,075 - 39,006 - 25,295 - - 123,145 Ghana . 1964 133,335 74,083 71,697 88,667 - 121,673 695 30,887 18,212 13,384 552,633 1963-64 258,929 150,361 128,511 141,326 - 259,219 3,780 55,824 50,999 21,493 1,070,442 Guinea . 1964 13,293 45,553 76,046 51,878 126,038 67,091 - 28,865 66,541 - 475,305 1963-64 36,893 66,039 115,066 105,780 133,617 111,751 - 41,157 93,306 - 703,609 Ivory Coast . 1964 61,544 41,272 95,541 58,950 3,268 36,547 3,580 - 16,872 - 317,574 1963-64 90,500 108,934 189,841 165,582 3,268 58,376 9,117 27,998 16,872 2,100 672,588 Kenya . 1964 39,075 38,354 179,501 24,108 - 145,527 - - - - 426,565 1963-64 62,850 66,822 308,069 24,166 - 252,990 - - - - 714,897 Liberia . 1964 47,306 1,004 65,545 46,384 53,362 52,957 - 27,284 - - 293,842 1963-64 75,405 13,195 146,751 77,946 84,115 80,288 - 27,284 - - 504,984 Libya 1964 102,790 66,311 176,876 133,073 - 62,656 - 19,905 - - 561,611 1963-64 154,457 117,230 356,941 257,663 - 125,316 - 34,980 - - 1,046,587 Madagascar . 1964 86,450 62,121 146,703 113,026 10 88,851 - 8,122 11,873 - 517,156 1963-64 180,271 122,241 266,595 189,472 9,078 188,114 - 23,961 14,746 - 994,478 Malawi b 1964 15,758 21,063 21,447 27,419 - 21,877 - - 6,845 - 114,409 1963-64 15,758 21,063 21,447 27,419 - 21,877 - - 6,845 - 114,409 Mali .. 1964 150,789 34,992 40,204 89,815 16,052 121,075 - 11,692 6,378 - 470,997 1963-64 203,640 71,873 74,631 153,450 16,066 145,302 - 11,692 6,378 - 683,032 Mauritania 1964 - 32,697 16,119 40,435 1,633 57,895 - - 1,413 - 150,192 1963-64 - 48,625 48,349 40,465 19,514 58,995 - - 8,553 - 224,501 Mauritius. 1964 - 18,153 31,501 21,022 - 2,895 - - - - 73,571 1963-64 - 25,159 49,614 42,530 - 124,299 - - - - 241,602 Morocco 1964 86,866 80,751 69,426 94,243 41,340 107,749 - - 26,870 7,860 515,105 1963-64 198,048 183,254 113,818 162,153 48,397 195,836 - - 41,675 16,760 959,941 Niger 1964 29,425 25,346 90,697 112,381 - 58,316 12,000 8,844 13,403 - 350,412 1963 64 76,046 54,254 201,541 168,719 - 91,315 15,065 22,901 13,403 - 643,244 Nigeria. 1963-64 141,948 58,715 184,122 114,913 24,574 180,165 4,001 - - - 708,438 1963-64 314,260 93,952 709,222 224,039 47,784 398,451 4,001 19,308 18,930 - 1,829,947 Rhodesia b 1964 - 4,451 45,955 54,550 - - -- - 2,556 107,512 1963-64 - 4,451 45,955 54,550 -- - -- 2,556 107,512 Rwanda 1964 98,728 18,991 19,254 58,810 17,807 72,902 - 9,874 5,640 - 302,006 1963-64 130,259 36,277 21,839 104,049 17,940 120,877 - 9,874 5,640 - 446,755 Senegal. 1964 9,796 44,191 99,383 78,470 6,349 53,738 - 16,033 12,149 16,582 336,691 1963-64 26,227 102,048 231,485 161,368 15,280 89,751 - 16,033 17,513 16,855 676,560 Sierra Leone 1964 34,723 33,346 74,085 26,368 112,192 - 16,086 12,639 - 309,439 1963-64 45,170 62,728 154,560 70,778 - 157,852 - 16,086 18,104 - 525,278 Somalia 1964 183,349 32,305 159,078 151,313 32,206 249,488 24,247 9,581 17,163 - 858,730 1963-64 383,417 51,460 259,904 277,574 53,127 408,270 27,773 9,581 31,668 - 1,502,774 Sudan 1964 147,675 15,744 178,907 14,626 18,851 76,741 - 8,868 20,404 5,581 487,397 1963-64 297,487 32,754 351,560 60,973 18,851 ,062 - 8,868 32,738 7,356 967,649 Swaziland 1964 - 3,697 8,224 7,035 - 69,752 - -- - 88,708 1963-64 - 3,762 8,224 7,035 - 125,066 - - - - 144,087 Togo .. 1964 73,355 32,396 93,950 64,666 6,241 130,082 5,319 11,575 6,889 - 424,473 1963-64 144,960 55,898 180,417 107,623 6,241 181,903 8,532 31,195 15,889 - 732,658 Tunisia. 1964 67,833 46,929 91,887 58,664 12,261 74,677 - 6,389 34,803 23,943 417,386 1963-64 94,733 63,397 189,897 71,959 13,635 154,974 - 6,389 54,609 31,711 681,304 Uganda 1964 78,684 8,818 121,230 83,602 4,600 - - - 8,594 305,528 1963-64 136,524 11,407 193,050 170,563 - 10,183 - - - 24,069 545,796 ..... 0 United Arab Republic 1964 218,359 166,033 164,417 85,839 32,242 67,446 30,169 12,827 13,422 71,757 862,511 -..J 1963-64 608,493 303,843 758,601 115,856 57,229 93,600 49,952 36,705 31,005 71,757 2,127,041 United Republic of Tanzania 1964 44,326 68,654 322,166 52,348 - 86,394 - - - 573,888 1963-64 73,768 117,942 645,499 139,265 3,826 204,635 -- 1,184,935 Tanganyika . 1964 44,326 50,648 313,453 52,348 - 24,796 - - - - 485,571 1963-64 73,768 96,024 616,836 133,492 3,826 85,333 - - - - 1,009,279 Zanzibar . 1964 - 18,006 8,713 - 61,598 - - - 88,317 1963-64 - 21,918 28,663 5,773 - 119,302 - - - 175,656 Upper Volta 1964 87,339 35,602 46,331 25,521 - 13,503 5,942 7,389 - 221,627 1963-64 152,056 79,691 106,109 52,334 - 44,601 - 14,869 7,389 457,049 Zambia b •• 1964 17,278 - 28,584 52,842 - - -- - 98,704 1%3-64 17,278 - 28,584 52,842 - -- - 98,704 Regional projects 1964 615,483 91,109 278,840 618,618 - 138,346 - 95,885 94,883 1,933,164 1963-64 1,044,788--- 239,994 486,671 989,972 48,120 259,270 ---- 161,747 128,637 - 3,359,199 TOTAL, AFRICA 1964 3,275,910 1,931,301 3,878,456 3,294,364 708,292 3,020,505 112,911 604,439 607,381 150,257 17,583,816. 1963-64 6,028,848 3,482,577 8,090,056 5,690,956 1,089,492 5,437,880 151,120 1,010,696 964,076 218,097 32,163,798. AMERICAS Argentina .. ••• 1964 107,306 80,493 85,716 89,233 - 84,986 2,062 2,226 3,502 44,569 500,093. 1963-64 183,362 124,737 119,037 124,270 - 155,886 2,062 2,226 12,238 71,945 795,763 Barbados ..... •••••• 1964 20,930 9,761 -- - 4,928 - - - - 35,619 1963-64 48,086 11,512 - - - 4,928 - - -- 64,526 Bolivia .. ••••••••••• 1964 86,215 117,889 147,422 93,837 19,313 13,985 - 1,194 25,786 - 505,641 1963-64 222,260 200,160 286,121 198,373 50,358 55,496 - 11,593 43,864 - 1,068,225; Annex VI (continued) Region, country or territory UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO JAEA Total AMERICAS(continued) Brazil...... 1964 50,563 80,128 268,002 95,159 - 21,793 - - 3,011 49,009 567,665 1963-64 91,536 94,164 512,850 155,200 - 60,688 - - 3,011 97,985 1,015,434 British Guiana ...... 1964 122,765 - 25,603 54,602 - - 16,020 - 11,756 - 230,746 1963-64 174,157 5,966 65,429 65,934 2,480 - 25,586 - 11,756 - 351,308 British Honduras. 1964 37,823 39,989 36,360 13,126 ------127,298 1963-64 40,645 43,637 36,360 13,126 ------133,768 Chile ... 1964 183,111 147,920 164,056 161,179 42,745 47,935 9,692 17,294 6,482 6,031 786,445 1963-64 300,434 200,515 333,952 260,496 67,851 98,116 35,802 24,678 11,037 20,206 1,353,087 Colombia. 1964 102,335 88,878 106,809 109,148 6,434 69,469 - - 30,202 17,176 530,451 1963-64 186,392 137,853 197,145 182,969 9,230 175,301 - - 47,931 23,446 960,267 Costa Rica 1964 18,496 41,765 61,896 28,962 21,235 17,049 - - 27,567 - 216,970 1963-64 33,648 57,467 94,225 28,962 34,741 21,947 - - 27,567 - 298,557 Cuba .. 1964 4,820 - 68,266 34,514 6,643 131,038 - - 2,498 - 247,779 1963-64 4,820 13,729 100,533 60,957 17,758 185,452 - - 2,498 - 385,747 Dominican Republic 1964 22,074 14,213 60,912 20,112 - 7,375 - - 6,941 - 131,627 1963-64 40,813 41,063 102,982 20,126 - 14,218 - - 6,941 - 226,144 Ecuador .. 1964 64,513 75,630 162,306 73,805 76,378 74,153 - 11,701 10,015 2,500 551,001 1963-64 110,197 135,322 327,353 164,643 107,911 141,180 - 44,427 10,015 4,900 1,045,948 ...... El Salvador . 1964 3,723 25,740 28,659 9,973 34,660 32,335 - 6,941 - 142,031 0 - 00 1963-64 8,385 43,960 65,643 25,659 92,067 67,730 - - 20,559 - 324,003 French Antilles 1964 1963-64 - - - - - 1,219 - - - - 1,219 Guatemala 1964 20,431 35,346 45,425 38,468 26,335 35,919 - - - - 201,924 1963-64 41,752 54,829 129,635 74,667 54,455 72,320 - - 5,608 - 433,266 Haiti ... 1964 9,308 80,467 18,358 34,454 - 2,803 - - 21,647 - 167,037 1963-64 25,956 146,302 23,358 50,912 - 26,139 - - 40,548 - 313,215 Honduras 1964 28,217 14,010 42,018 30,604 3 60,651 - 3,211 - 178,714 1963-64 39,175 44,001 91,073 79,341 4,875 100,917 - - 3,211 - 362,593 Jamaica 1964 51,207 25,726 61,080 44,794 - 7,224 - - - - 190,031 1963-64 70,145 45,841 111,382 54,316 - 7,224 - - - - 288,908 Leeward and Windward Islands: Antigua 1964 125 ------125 1963-64 - 125 ------125 Dominica. 1964 - - - - - 11,657 - - - - 11,657 1963-64 - - - - - 22,824 - - - - 22,824 St. Kitts 1964 - - 15,206 ------15,206 1963-64 - - 31,536 ------31,536 St. Lucia .... 1964 1,837 ------1,837 1963-64 1,837 - - - - 14,957 - - - - 16,794 Mexico ..... 1964 168,940 121,097 108,918 147,969 21,905 74,404 - 10,302 1,503 36,133 691,171 1963-64 261,518 136,102 178,647 225,555 29,937 154,475 - 12,049 4,123 56,148 1,058,554 Netherlands Antilles 1964 21,208 290 4,173 - - 4,049 - - - - 29,720 1963-64 21,218 6,353 4,173 - - 13,555 - - - - 45,299 Nicaragua ••• 0 1964 6,089 24,463 52,617 37,700 12,329 - - - 32,707 - 165,905 1963-64 21,588 47,735 126,138 73,672 12,329 - - - 56,348 - 337,810 Panama 1964 60,530 23,019 30,901 16,730 4,554 56,266 - - 3,235 - 195,235 1963-64 111,397 40,264 33,695 30,436 4,561 111,631 - - 16,031 - 348,015 Paraguay 1964 122,900 17,398 54,274 70,532 29,027 58,039 - - 8,433 - 360,604 1963-64 206,176 27,798 71,981 135,381 53,303 121,123 - 14,716 26,865 - 657,343 Peru .. 1964 136,024 108,660 109,129 58,543 49,718 84,163 - 17,757 12,393 22,857 599,244 1963-64 241,054 169,183 194,055 121,709 104,907 153,071 - 41,895 12,393 22,969 1,061,236 Puerto Rico . 1964 - 7,842 ------7,842 1963-64 - 7,842 ------7,842 Surinam .. 1964 2,987 - 13,432 - 6,860 11,612 - - - - 34,891 1963-64 14,857 - 13,432 7,095 19,368 22,494 - - - - 77,246 Trinidad and Tobago 1964 158,302 22,617 22,630 49,486 45,941 13,911 - - - - 312,887 1963-64 237,864 39,415 31,689 66,219 69,196 22,604 - - - - 466,987 Uruguay . 1964 48,940 16,744 68,057 15,642 4,612 54,789 - - 5,696 - 214,480 1963-64 87,064 53,998 154,858 18,975 4,612 104,122 - - 5,696 - 429,325 Venezuela 1964 81,263 75,385 77,847 95,984 43,853 19,650 - - 6,752 - 400,734 1963-64 208,409 126,731 137,473 162,088 52,872 36,649 - - 6,752 - 730,974 Regional projects 1964 474,669 299,466 413,145 472,698 102,398 181,596 1,141 106,838 30,273 19,485 2,101,709 1963-64 821,952 506,123 745,043 742,915 179,395 --- 349,505 1,141 153,613 57,207 48,698 3,605,592 TOTAL, AMERICAS1964 2,217,526 1,595,061 2,353,217 1,897,254 554,943 1,181,779 28,915 167,312 260,551 197,760 10,454,318 1963-64 3,856,697 2,562,727 4,319,798 3,143,996 972,206 2,315,771 64,591 305,197 432,199 346,297 18,319,479 ASIA AND THE FAR EAST Afghanistan . 1964 98,454 70,875 232,031 142,464 100,539 182,508 - 46,514 67,745 1,339 942,469 1963-64 197,271 144,993 447,614 228,347 180,142 334,531 - 76,675 123,187 15,839 1,748,599 0 -\C) Brunei 1964 21,024 ------21,024 1963-64 37,600 ------37,600 Burma 1964 163,997 42,448 91,072 28,948 8,280 101,984 16,614 - 58,446 511,789 1963-64 422,750 95,371 227,529 77,873 17,534 136,966 32,344 - 58,446 1,068,813 Cambodia 1964 104,645 29,808 100,827 99,773 35,976 186,007 - 3,011 - 560,047 1963-64 210,618 87,234 243,880 143,406 78,506 315,415 - - 9,896 - 1,088,955 Ceylon 1964 138,606 101,789 156,806 38,542 12,750 66,169 - 25,355 6,899 24,876 571,792 1963-64 274,592 135,727 281,046 96,993 14,156 122,943 - 32,600 6,899 24,876 989,832 China 1964 62,524 33,533 3,174 3,607 - 58,655 - 10,576 3,570 38,901 214,540 1963-64 112,432 42,016 16,861 27,102 4,770 114,866 3,631 10,576 3,570 38,915 374,739 Cook Islands 1964 13,939 ------13,939 1963-64 13,939 ------13,939 Fiji Islands . 1964 26,599 - 13,397 ------39,996 1963-64 49,351 - 13,397 ------62,748 French Polynesia 1964 - - 1,575 ------1,575 1963-64 - - 1,575 ------1,575 Gilbert and Ellice Islands . 1964 1,500 - - - - 9,775 - - - - 11,275 1963-64 1,500 - - - - 9,775 - - - - 11,275 Hong Kong. 1964 - - 258 - - - - 258 1963-64 2,147 - - 13,303 - - - - - 15,450 India .... 1964 353,519 78,058 383,971 1,498,280 27,844 545,494 - - 10,193 15,300 2,912,659 1963-64 574,768 144,696 701,964 1,920,842 43,912 1,010,903 - 9,346 14,193 37,028 4,457,652 Indonesia (included West Irian) 1964 246,422 61,217 228,981 174,112 113,418 158,473 - 43,677 34,941 44,885 1,106,126 1963-64 442,790 77,511 429,729 330,747 206,772 409,596 8,107 43,677 75,769 50,040 2,074,738 Iran ...... 1964 319,489 89,508 385,747 133,899 17,156 110,251 - 16,160 35,641 27,553 1,135,404 1963-64 600,376 144,307 811,415 227,837 56,581 199,106 - 51,107 81,466 81,353 2,253,548 Annex VI (continued) Region, country or territory UNTA /LO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO IAEA Total ASIA AND THE FAR EAST (continued) Japan ...... 1964 46,683 3,869 17,314 6,306 - - - - 65 - 74,237 1963-64 79,377 18,453 32,201 16,606 4,200 10,891 9,301 2,500 516 - ! 74,045 Korea, Republic of 1964 18,957 15,000 6,035 6,045 5,415 55,328 - - 12,149 15,224 134,154 1963-64 40,749 18,135 10,001 6,150 5,415 110,601 3,478 - 12,149 37,335 244,013 Laos .. 1964 105,516 55,094 47,950 76,724 3,709 97,850 - - 6,646 - 393,489 1963-64 221,193 98,330 69,005 145,453 18,668 170,136 - - 20,447 - 743,232 Malaysia 1964 120,623 55,874 72,525 92,557 - 232,168 - 32,821 - - 606,568 1963-64 c 214,551 100,465 195,867 166,306 - 411,762 - 44,051 - - 1,133,002 Mongolia. 1964 - - 5,561 114,016 - 33,390 - - - - 152,967 1963-64 - - 5,561 124,415 - 48,104 - - - - 178,080 Nepal .. 1964 43,881 22,859 103,029 62,447 49,874 63,000 - - - - 345,090 1963-64 97,618 38,981 188,338 76,544 119,484 106,303 - - - - 627,268 New Hebrides . 1964 - - - - - 13,946 - - - - 13,946 1963-64 - -- - - 13,946 -- - - 13,946 Pakistan 1964 166,039 78,168 357,710 215,479 - 134,309 908 12,290 16,544 23,333 1,004,780 1963-64 284,403 164,108 686,515 315,570 - 208,688 908 20,723 16,941 40,538 1,738,394 Philippines 1964 46,079 81,211 175,037 82,215 19,251 118,406 - - 8,363 62,630 593,192 1964 105,615 92,476 308,727 133,114 24,291 155,232 - - 17,829 95,395 932,679 Solomon Islands . 1964 - - - 2,081 - 14,237 - -- - 16,318 1963-64 - - - 2,081 - 52,346 -- - - 54,427 ...... Thailand 1964 119,003 96,712 147,135 150,057 - 148,126 -- 10,749 24,505 696,287 0 1963-64 256,500 173,077 268,807 273,208 - 320,607 -- 17,437 66,177 1,375,813 Tonga . 1964 - - - - - 14,657 - - - - 14,657 1963-64 - - - - - 31,349 - - - - 31,349 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 1964 - - 3,000 ------3,000 1963-64 - - - 3,000 ------3,000 Viet-Nam, Republic of 1964 61,742 24,647 69,150 62,601 31,567 70,353 - 17,366 - - 337,426 1963-64 102,291 30,749 113,808 103,162 52,399 156,287 - 17,366 - - 576,062 Western Samoa . 1964 - 53,724 26,863 ------80,587 1963-64 - 98,772 44,476 ------143,248 Regional projects 1964 414,399 128,407 348,972 519,366 53,939 100,079 - 34,415 75,379 44,109 1,719,065 1963-64 798,438 136,412 589,857 732,402 71,088 220,870 - 63,440 75,379 94,912 2,782,798 - --- - TOTAL, ASIA AND THE FAR EAST 1964 2,693,640 1,069,077 3,001,723 3,539,640 479,718 2,515,165 908 255,788 291,895 381,101 14,228,655 1963-64 5,140,869 1,743,041 5,742,469 5,208,937 897,918 4,671,223 25,425 404,405 475,678 640,854 24,950,819 EUROPE Albania 1964 - - 12,053 - 12,719 -- 7,956 - 32,728 1963-64 - 13,787 - 55,899 - - 14,242 - 83,928 Bulgaria 1964 ------4,780 -- 4,780 1963-64 ------4,780 - - 4,780 Cyprus . 1964 25,645 14,652 31,679 - - 72,221 - - - - 144,197 1963-64 83,726 49,698 58,654 - 125,935 - - - - 318,013 Greece . 1964 62,046 38,884 49,032 59,436 5,840 23,702 4,252 5,621 8,990 52,118 309,921 1963-64 107,632 58,779 51,191 88,687 19,740 43,380 4,252 5,621 15,006 67,516 461,804 Hungary 1964 - - - 12,000 - 3,600 - 3,021 - 18,621 1963-64 - - 12,000 - 3,600 2,000 - 18,589 - 36,189 Iceland . 1964 ------12,082 - 12,082 1963-64 ------15,082 - 15,082 Malta 1964 61,655 17,972 38,470 3,200 - 3,888 - - - - 125,185 1963-64 106,081 25,372 53,486 3,200 - 5,658 - - - - 193,797 Poland 1964 106,658 - 28,304 16,580 - 9,476 - 1,986 10,023 4,469 177,496 1963-64 186,574 - 51,968 16,580 - 21,518 3,661 6,067 41,248 58,767 386,383 Portugal 1964 - 34,461 - -- 12,303 - - -- 46,764 1963-64 - 45,061 - - - 24,458 - - - - 69,519 Romania 1964 15,900 - 18,877 ------34,777 1963-64 15,900 - 44,717 ------60,617 Spain 1964 13,345 1,871 - - - 7,556 4,028 --- 26,800 1963-64 21,047 3,816 -- 31,526 4,028 - - - 60,417 Turkey 1964 163,167 82,674 159,933 184,174 - 51,995 - 4,960 43,617 33,621 724,141 1963-64 321,793 137,676 312,347 272,582 - 86,141 - 41,924 47,972 55,285 1,275,720 Yugoslavia 1964 494,812 78,813 77,045 197,831 1,500 19,443 - 12,573 5,276 61,630 948,923 1963-64 616,209 161,852 140,510 241,721 5,456 75,869 - 13,553 7,876 86,163 1,349,209 Regional projects 1964 - - - - - 52,566 - - - 216 52,782 1963-64 11,606 -- - - 85,087 ------17,931 114,624 TOTAL, EUROPE !964 943,228 269,327 403,340 485,274 7,340 269,469 8,280 29,920 90,965 152,054 2,659,197 1963-64 1,470,568 482,254 712,873 648,557 25,196 559,071 13,941 71,945 160,015 285,662 4,430,082 MIDDLE EAST Aden 1964 1963-64 - 17,591 ------17,591 Iraq . 1964 45,344 67,404 64,345 72,469 59,247 92,652 - 3,627 16,533 19,209 440,830 1963-64 100,258 94,974 198,532 121,824 103,887 160,748 - 25,047 19,959 19,209 844,438 Israel 1964 130,582 54,948 58,385 82,655 - -- 2,569 2,479 17,567 349,185 1963-64 211,959 88,855 93,016 109,526 - 1,908 - 7,157 3,628 25,717 541,766 - Jordan 1964 69,429 27,409 83,992 78,075 19,835 67,126 1,438 16,675 26,200 - 390,179 - 1963-64 173,626 39,234 137,937 113,038 55,299 128,789 1,438 16,675 59,838 - 725,874 Kuwait. 1964 20,680 - - 14,175 - - - 6,687 - 41,542 1963-64 53,094 53 16,748 15,318 - - - - 6,687 - 91,900 Lebanon 1964 27,188 30,104 57,810 74,564 7,067 33,505 - 8,351 - - 238,589 1963-64 36,905 34,757 94,209 136,389 33,488 48,673 14,894 9,503 - 408,818 Saudi Arabia 1964 2,200 28,623 20,995 3,514 65,135 - - - 43,224 - 163,691 1963-64 2,200 43,759 57,417 17,085 131,428 41,273 - 17,747 61,914 - 372,823 Syria . 1964 62,649 28,138 150,104 59,859 90,931 52,625 7,200 13,223 4,814 - 469,543 1963-64 162,403 59,647 295,891 138,805 146,207 109,242 7,200 13,223 16,182 - 948,800 Yemen 1964 25,490 - 62,645 47,190 6,328 84,532 - - 19,749 - 245,934 1963-64 47,391 - 77,361 80,317 6,328 119,670 - - 33,192 - 364,259 Regional projects 1964 48,639 98,662 235,968 234,407 - 70,710 - - 12,428 - 700,814 1963-64 73,910 124,737 436,690 411,816 - 133,176 - - 14,496 48,981 1,243,806 - --- TOTAL, MIDDLE EAST 1964 432,201 335,288 734,244 666,908 248,543 401,150 8,638 44,445 132,114 36,776 3,040,307 1963-64 861,746 486,016 1,425,392 1,144,118 476,637 743,479 8,638 94,743 225,399 93,907 5,560,075 INTERREGIONAL ..... 1964 d 732,812 146,238 905,215 28,871 241,693 1,029,477 34,230 7,727 20,309 289,612 3,436,184 1963-64 I, 104,263 360,030 1,427,496 28,871 401,969 1,753,069 34,230 13,690 62,768 289,612 5,475,998 Undistributed project costs 1964 168,184 19,472 181,726 - - 12,736 ------382,118 GRAND TOTAL 1964 10,463,501 5,365,767 11,457,922 9,912,311 2,240,529 8,430,281 193,882 1,109,631 1 403 215 1,207,560 51,784,599 1963-64 18,631,175 9,136,117 21,899,811 15,865,435 3,863,418 15,493,229 297,945 1,900,676 2,320,135 1,874,429 91,282,369 a Assistance provided in 1964 to members of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland c Includes figures shown separately in 1963 under: Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, prior to 6 July 1964 is shown separately under: Malawi, Rhodesia, Zambia. Sarawak, Singapore. b Assistance provided to Malawi, Rhodesia, and Zambia in 1963 is shown under: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. d Including $382,118 in undistributed project costs. Annex VII CosT OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS UNDER REGULAR AND OTHER PROGRAMMES IN 1964 (Expressed in US dollars) WHO UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO IAEA Regular Regular Regular Participation Regular Regular Region, country or territory programme programme programme programme programme MESA• programme Total AFRICA Algeria 39,387 26,129 28,650 45,126 81,319 220,611 Basutoland . 18,283 18,283 Bechuanaland 11,200 11,200 Burundi 24,092 800 20,954 45,846 Burundi and Rwanda 92,835 92,835 Cameroon .. 102,267 424 24,500 4,700 58,072 189,963 Central African Republic 1,728 4,203 5,931 Chad 46,579 19,221 65,800 Congo (Brazzaville) 10,967 37,500 1,408 49,875 Congo (Democratic Republic of) 83,913 66,734 65,336 337,712 49,793 26,048 629,536 Dahomey 69,291 500 34,502 104,293 EACSO 63,279 63,279 Ethiopia 86,312 23,%6 30,600 137,250 119,063 397,191 Gabon. 7,145 9,762 79,285 96,192 Gambia 7,643 1,676 9,319 Ghana. 58,589 791 5,000 54,671 80,425 26,098 225,574 Guinea . 25,743 4,019 3,000 9,830 42,592 Ivory Coast 54,317 24,000 20,286 2,90() 101,503 Kenya . 22,473 859 2,000 130,851 6,212 162,395 Liberia 27,075 48,330 55,204 130,609 Libya 63,487 211 9,000 63,708 9,132 145,538 Madagascar 38,287 2,500 9,()00 62,973 6,591 119,351 Malawi 54,275 3,008 1,694 58,977 Mali 104,154 17,()00 143,590 2,400 267,144 Mauritania . 3,858 5,832 59,586 80,255 149,531 Mauritus. 14,879 363 10,520 39,702 65,464 Morocco. 49,763 4,135 7,500 59,341 110,411 26,224 257,374 Niger 24,594 1,500 15,839 41,933 Nigeria 103,397 49,945 60,100 135,160 197,592 546,194 Portuguese Ter. in Africa. 9,700 4,050 76,534 90,284 Rhodesia. 6,199 1,038 5,500 9,587 14,280 36,604 Rwanda 58,849 23,831 82,680 Senegal 15,161 7,205 12,018 44,000 76,156 154,540 Sierra Leone 23,486 2,219 1,330 40,240 72,546 139,821 Somalia 188,099 24,500 122,083 100,732 435,414 South Africa 16,050 330 16,380 South West Africa 25,886 25,886 Sudan . 63,445 14,522 83,164 98,725 10,933 270,789 Swaziland 29,602 29,602 Togo 29,576 83,779 83,669 197,024 Tunisia 37,957 3,083 40,450 30,701 46,996 159,187 Uganda 76,580 444 24,692 41,684 143,400 United Arab Republic 59,815 15,080 29,000 86,842 46,341 237,078 United Rep. of Tanzania . 72,204 12,065 31,000 65,085 35,397 215,751 Upper Volta 16,120 6,200 22,320 Zambia 15,238 6,216 21,454 Africa regional 1,045,956 145,009 56,129 1,052,740 1,139,065 500,816 3,939,715 TOTAL, AFRICA 3,007,503 445,922 68,147 1,560,206 3,309,557 1,946,444 194,482 10,552,261 AMERICAS Argentina 14,874 6,850 49,665 105,295 176,684 Bahamas. 10,486 10,486 Barbados 12,122 12,122 Bolivia 92,141 11,787 15,575 9,569 35,007 164,079 Brazil 24,905 40,580 179,968 78,516 323,969 112 Annex Vll (continued) WHO UNTA fLO FAO UNESCO IAEA Regular Regular Regular Participation Regular Regular Region, country or territory programme programme programme programme programme MESA a programme Total ------~--- AMERICAS (continued) British Guiana 9,054 33,844 42,898 British Honduras 6,394 32,376 38,770 Canada 25,506 25,506 Chile 28,675 14,012 49,538 51,289 25,352 168,866 Colombia 34,030 6,515 15,225 49,056 31,404 136,230 Costa Rica . 10,674 10,970 14,147 11,820 47,611 Cuba 7,768 18,700 101,769 128,237 Cura<;ao . Dominican Republic 8,937 3,075 58,166 70,178 Ecuador . 46,758 58,960 56,341 6,215 168,274 El Salvador . 10,141 18,950 5,605 28,944 63,640 French Antilles and Guiana Guatemala 10,826 1,300 68,059 18,159 98,344 Haiti 7,724 59,925 5,168 15,850 10,000 98,667 Honduras 16,725 4,600 10,049 31,374 Jamaica 15,551 6,000 33,494 55,045 Mexico 33,199 35,810 104,662 37,500 13,687 224,858 Netherlands Antilles . Nicaragua 34,712 9,460 32,947 9,420 86,539 Panama 5,690 6,614 9,500 10,721 32,525 Paraguay 56,610 30,100 3,582 5,489 95,781 Peru. 29,766 49,110 35,505 114,381 Surinam . 3,769 2,107 5,876 Trinidad and Tobago 23,561 9,192 United States of America 3,600 37,837 41,437 Uruguay . .. 21,409 10,550 5,972 37,931 Venezuela 25,535 10,371 30,577 81,879 148,362 Americas regional . 500,433 115,713 9,205 815,452 790,690 145,908 2,377,401 TOTAL, AMERICAS 1,094,701 224,937 9,205 1,238,718 1,826,778 335,941 328,544 5,058,824 ASIA AND THE FAR EAST Afghanistan 154,747 36,462 31,500 117,231 134,787 13,633 488,360 Australia . 2,500 16,000 18,500 Brunei . 30,165 30,165 Burma. 85,287 613 194 86,094 Cambodia 93,408 4,500 72,171 75,551 13,822 259,452 Ceylon 66,808 17,007 2,950 76,626 27,095 25,880 216,366 China 48,088 10,573 8,400 101,592 48,522 11,274 228,449 Fiji Islands . 10,930 10,930 French Polynesia 1,009 1,009 Hong Kong 190 122 6,500 6,812 India 69,403 124,141 71,370 402,542 164,176 37,916 869,548 Indonesia 48,337 14,360 138,486 100,591 15,337 317,111 Iran . 62,538 44,237 4,500 123,257 50,511 22,362 307,405 Japan 10,172 9,000 45,063 20,177 84,412 Korea, Republic of 17,395 1,251 12,000 125,170 70,268 47,879 273,963 Laos 83,562 58,370 141,932 Malaysia. 23,081 21,479 5,900 201,009 254,680 506,149 Maldive Islands . 28,487 2,249 30,736 Mongolia 6,000 83,351 89,351 Nepal 73,407 7,300 51,630 186,046 318,383 New Zealand . 2,701 9,730 12,431 Pakistan . 44,007 24,873 20,500 152,359 247,873 54,054 543,666 Philippines . 51,677 17,866 30,525 142,009 49,876 13,238 305,191 Ryukyu Islands . 3,500 1,564 5,064 Solomon Islolnds 15,179 49,830 65,009 113 Annex Vll (continued) WHO UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO IAEA Regular Regular Regula,. Participation Regular Regular Region, country or territory programme programme programme programme programme MESA a programme Total AsiA AND THE FAR EAST (continued) Thailand . 64,297 10,297 29,425 176,596 40,575 94,981 416,171 Tonga . 9,824 9,824 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands . 13,922 13,922 Viet-Nam, Republic of. 41,695 11,246 1,500 70,246 52,908 18,588 196,183 Western Samoa . 78,348 53,467 131,815 Asia and the Far East regional 343,768 31,670 915,671 1,527,914 228,625 3,047,648 TOTAL, ASIA AND THE FAR EAST 1,388,850 351,224 1,177,901 3,898,506 1,816,505 399,065 9,032,051 EUROPE Albania 7,275 2,002 9,277 Austria 2,999 14,015 12,504 29,518 Belgium 50 14,890 6,180 11,208 32,328 Bulgaria 8,500 11,865 4,643 25,008 Cyprus 45,848 635 83,211 129,694 Czechoslovakia 34,150 15,417 7,399 56,966 Denmark 4,601 3,500 8,546 16,647 Federal Republic of Germany 6,500 9,118 15,618 Finland 1,149 9,740 10,248 21,137 France. 5,500 9,363 14,863 Greece. 19,532 10,844 11,009 41,385 Hungary . 4,866 457 13,000 12,864 4,103 35,290 Iceland 3,131 9,140 12,271 Ireland 8,054 7,769 15,823 Italy. 1,050 12,248 75 13,373 Luxembourg 1,914 1,914 Malta 1,543 6,073 7,616 Netherlands 164 14,000 8,339 22,503 Norway 529 14,320 8,639 23,488 Poland 13,790 2,303 3,990 16,613 25,145 61,841 Portugal 3,510 2,583 8,185 10,891 25,169 Romania. 13,000 11,026 3,633 27,659 Spain 12,337 8,500 11,674 1,396 33,907 Sweden 4,000 7,915 11,915 Switzerland 3,855 6,457 10,312 Turkey 91,279 16,693 10,515 54,040 149,993 22,559 345,079 Ukrainian SSR 12,000 12,000 USSR. 17,418 17,418 United Kingdom 7,884 7,884 Yugoslavia . 10,830 1,724 4,000 8,289 2,675 46,754 74,272 Europe regional . 51,960 176,975 887,814 54,821 52,653 1,224,223 TOTAL, EuROPE 276,896 39,285 370,710 1,282,618 207,489 199,400 2,376,398 MIDDLE EAST Aden 1,900 1,900 Iraq . 28,510 5,419 620 62,331 53,092 23,339 173,311 Israel 24,313 1,700 39,041 1,239 22,329 88,622 Jordan. 57,426 11,370 57,468 126,264 Kuwait 2,865 1,520 17,403 21,788 Lebanon . 60,183 27,585 22,042 13,145 122,955 Qatar 2,700 2,700 Saudi Arabia 44,932 5,500 72,724 50,610 173,766 Syria 7,739 13,638 11,340 41,618 19,435 2,850 96,620 Yemen 4,686 2,150 90,230 12,258 109,324 Middle East re~ional 20,393 21,117 702,122 764,949 96,980 1,605,561 --- TOTAL, MIDDLE EAST 251,047 46,642 21,117 736,322 1,170,506 235,514 61,663 2,522,811 Interregional 537,910 67,324 137,200 2,073,930 649,421 3,465,785 Other unspecified 9,168 9,168 GRAND TOTAL 6,556,907 1,175,334 98,469 5,221,057 13,561,895 5,191,314 1,192,322 32,997,298 a Malaria Eradication Special Account. 114 Annex Vill EXPERTSSERVING UNDER THE EXPANDEDAND REGULAR PROGRAMMESDURING 1963 AND 1964, CLASSIFIEDBY NATIONALITY UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO IAEA Total Region, country or terrz'tory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 AFRICA Algeria Exp. Reg. - 2 ------2 Cameroon Exp. Reg. Congo (Brazzaville) Exp. Reg. Congo, Democratic Republic of . Exp. Reg. - - 1 ------1 Dahomey Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. ------2 1 ------2 Ethiopia . Exp. - - 1 ------1 - - - - 1 Reg. Federation of Rhodesia and Exp. - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 ------4 Nyasaland a Reg. Ghana Exp. - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 ------2 1 .... Reg. 2 4 1 - - - 1 1 ------4 5 -Vl Kenya Exp. ------1 - - - 1 Reg. Madagascar Exp. Reg. Morocco Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. - 2 - -- - 1 ------1 2 Nigeria Exp. 1 1 ------1 1 Reg. 2 2 ------1 1 ------3 3 Rhodesia b Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. Senegal Exp. - 1 - 1 ------2 Reg. - - - 1 --- 2 ------3 Sierra Leone Exp. - - - - 1 ------1 Reg. 1 1 - 1 ------1 2 South Africa Exp. 2 2 - 1 1 2 1 2 - - 3 3 ------7 10 Reg. 3 2 - - - - 1 1 - - 4 3 ------1 8 7 Sudan Exp. - 1 1 1 - - 1 1 - 3 2 ------5 5 Reg. 1 2 - - - - 1 1 ------2 3 Togo Exp. Reg. 1 2 ------1 2 Tunisia Exp. 2 - 2 2 1 1 1 1 ------2 - - 6 6 Reg. 1 3 - - - - - 1 ------1 4 Uganda Exp. 1 1 ------1 1 Reg. United Arab Republic Exp. 5 12 5 3 22 24 14 15 - 1 11 9 - - 1 - 2 2 2 2 62 68 Reg. 14 18 - - - - 5 8 - - 22 23 ------1 - 42 49 Annex Vill (continued) ---UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU 1TU WMO JAEA Total Region, country or territory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 AFRICA (continued) Zambia b • • • • • • • • • • • Exp. - - - - - 1 -- - - - 1 ------2 Reg. ------TOTAL, AFRICA Exp. 11 19 9 8 28 29 18 19 - 1 20 18 - - 1 1 3 4 2 2 93 101 Reg. 25 39 2 2 - - 12 15 -- 28 28 ------1 1 68 85 AMERICAS Argentina Exp. 13 22 3 3 16 10 3 9 1 3 3 2 - --- 2 1 1 3 42 53 Reg. 7 12 1 1 2 1 7 7 - 9 9 ------1 1 27 31 Barbados Exp. Reg. 1 ------1 Bolivia. Exp. 3 3 1 1 1 1 - - -- 1 2 ------6 7 Reg. 4 4 - - -- 1 - -- 4 3 ------9 7 Brazil Exp. 10 5 1 2 3 8 I 2 1 2 7 9 - - - 1 -- -- 23 29 Reg. 5 6 - - 1 - 1 2 -- 15 13 ------22 21 Canada Exp. 22 I8 4 6 22 14 5 7 14 19 19 22 - - -- 1 1 3 3 90 90 Reg. 18 13 4 3 - - 3 2 -- 34 28 ------2 2 61 48 Chile Exp. 19 23 1 4 9 6 7 7 2 2 16 14 - - I 1 - - 1 - 56 57 ..... Reg. 5 15 1 - 2 I 6 5 -- 8 9 ------22 30 -0\ Colombia Exp. 5 4 - - 1 4 ---3 3 2 - - - 1 - - - I 9 15 Reg. 4 6 ------3 3 ------1 7 10 Costa Rica Exp. 6 4 1 1 2 2 - 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - 1 - - - 11 10 Reg. 2 3 ------2 3 Cuba ... Exp. 2 1 - 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 2 1 ------IO 7 Reg. 1 1 - -- - 1 2 ------2 3 Dominican Republic . Exp. 1 1 - - - - I - -- 2 2 ------4 3 Reg. ------I I - - 1 1 ------2 2 Ecuador .. Exp. 2 3 5 5 2 2 4 5 -- 2 4 ------15 I9 Reg. 2 - 1 1 1 - 2 3 - - I 3 ------7 7 El Salvador Exp. I - - 1 ------1 I Reg. 2 - - - -- 1 I -- 1 2 ------4 3 Guatemala Exp. ------2 2 1 I ------3 3 Reg. - 1 - - -- 1 1 - - I 1 ------2 3 Haiti .. Exp. 1 1 - - 4 8 4 9 - - 12 10 - -- 1 - - - - 21 29 Reg. 4 3 - 1 1 2 7 6 - - 11 8 ------23 20 Honduras Exp. -- 1 1 I ------2 1 Reg. Jamaica Exp. - 4 - - - 1 1 - 1 1 ------2 6 Reg. 5 3 - - - - 2 2 ------7 5 Mexico Exp. 5 I - 2 1 3 5 5 1 - 5 7 ------17 18 Reg. 5 3 2 1 - - 2 5 - - 13 10 ------1 22 20 Netherlands Antilles . Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. Nicaragua . . . . . Exp . Reg. Panama Exp. 3 1 ------1 ------3 2 Reg. 2 1 ------2 2 ------4 3 Paraguay. Exp. - 2 ------2 2 ------2 4 Reg. - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 1 2 ------1 4 Peru ...• Exp. 3 2 2 2 1 4 3 2 - - 5 4 ------14 14 Reg. 1 1 - -- -- 1 - - 4 3 ------5 5 Trinidad and Tobago Exp. - - - -- 1 - - 1 1 1 1 ------2 3 Reg. 1 ------1 United States of America . Exp. 83 96 13 25 58 62 29 31 3 11 43 44 - - 1 2 2 10 14 14 246 295 Reg. 87 86 9 5 4 2 12 11 - - 57 61 ------22 23 191 188 Uruguay . . Exp. 6 3 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 - 3 4 ------17 12. Reg. 4 4 - - 1 - - 1 - - 2 2 ------7 7 Venezeula . Exp. 2 ------1 - - 3 3 ------5 4 Reg. 1 1 - - - - - 2 - - 3 3 ------4 6 ------TOTAL, AMERICASExp. 187 194 34 55 126 130 71 88 29 42 129 135 - - 2 6 6 12 19 21 603 683 Reg. 161 164 18 12 12 6 47 53 - - 171 164 ------25 28 434 427 ASIA AND THE FAR EAST Afghanistan . Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. 2 ------2 ------2 2 Australia . Exp. 7 11 5 3 19 21 10 9 5 3 - 3 - - 4 4 - 1 2 2 52 57 Reg. 9 11 - - 1 - 9 6 - - 9 10 ------1 - 29 27 Burma .. Exp. 3 2 1 1 ------4 3 Reg. 1 1 - 1 -- 1 1 - - - 1 ------2 4 -...... :. Cambodia . Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. 1 ------1 Ceylon. . Exp. 2 4 1 - 6 6 1 1 - - 1 1 ------11 12 Reg. 3 5 ------1 5 ------4 10 China . Exp. 6 8 - - 12 2 - - -- 9 3 - - - - 1 - - - 28 13 Reg. 6 3 - - - - 1 1 - - 13 10 ------1 1 21 15 India . Exp. 34 49 15 23 51 48 12 20 5 4 12 12 1 1 1 2 4 4 1 3 136 166 Reg. 33 36 3 2 2 2 7 8 - - 32 28 ------2 3 79 7C} Indonesia . Exp. ------1 1 ------1 1 Reg. 1 1 - - - - 4 3 -- - 1 ------5 5 Iran . Exp. 2 - - - 2 2 - 1 - - 2 2 ------6 5 Reg. 2 2 ------7 8 ------9 10 Japan Exp. 9 5 - 2 9 9 5 7 - - - 3 - - 1 2 2 3 2 5 28 36 Reg. 4 2 - 1 - - 1 1 - - 12 13 ------17 17 Korea, Republic of . Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. 1 ------5 4 ------6 4 Malaysia. . Exp. - - - 1 ------1 Reg. - 1 ------1 ------2 Nepal .. . Exp. Reg. ------1 1 ------1 1 New Zealand . . Exp. 3 4 3 3 9 14 15 20 - 1 3 3 - - 2 1 - 1 - 2 35 4C} Reg. 5 1 1 2 1 2 9 9 - - 7 5 ------1 - 24 19 Pakistan . . Exp. 3 4 2 2 13 10 1 2 - - 1 1 - - 2 1 - - - - 22 20 Reg. 7 4 - 1 1 - 1 2 - - 6 6 ------15 13 Philippines . Exp. 5 5 - 1 2 2 3 4 - - 4 8 - - - - - 1 - - 14 21 Reg. 8 7 - - - - 3 4 - - 11 11 ------22 22 Annex VITI (continued) UNTA JLO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO IAEA Total Region, country or territory-- 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 AsiA AND THE FAR EAST (continued) Thailand ...... Exp. 3 2 - - 1 - 1 - - - 2 2 ------7 4 Reg. 2 2 - - -- 2 1 - - 2 2 ------6 5 Viet-Nam, Republic of. Exp. 2 3 1 - - - - 2 ------3 5 Reg. 1 3 - - -- 1 1 - 1 ------3 4 ------TOTAL, ASIA AND THE FAR EAST Exp. 79 97 28 36 124 114 48 67 10 8 35 41 1 1 10 10 7 10 5 12 347 396 Reg. 86 79 4 7 5 4 39 37 - - 107 ------5 4 246 239 EUROPE Austria Exp. 4 7 1 4 5 4 3 4 - - 1 3 - --- - 1 6 15 28 Reg. 2 1 - -- - 2 1 - 3 5 ------3 8 10 15 Belgium Exp. 11 14 9 15 23 23 8 21 5 6 12 18 -- - 1 2 3 2 1 72 102 Reg. 7 5 12 10 2 1 15 10 - - 19 22 ------3 3 58 51 Bulgaria Exp. 2 3 - 1 -- 1 - - - 1 3 ------4 7 Reg. ------2 - - - 1 1 ------3 1 Byelorussian SSR Exp. -- - - 1 ------1 Reg. Cyprus ... Exp. - 1 - - 2 1 - 1 ------2 3 Reg ...... Czechoslovakia Exp . 3 3 2 1 - 1 3 3 - 3 6 - - - - - 1 4 12 18 00 - Reg. 3 2 - - - - 1 1 - - 4 8 - --- - 2 3 10 14 Denmark .. Exp. 14 36 4 4 19 31 2 3 - - 17 15 - - - - 1 1 3 1 60 91 Reg. 3 6 - - - - 3 3 - - 20 22 ------1 1 27 32 Federal Republic of Germany Exp. 19 21 10 12 24 21 12 11 5 6 11 18 -- 6 5 7 9 1 3 95 106 Reg. 9 12 3 3 -- 13 11 - - 17 20 ------8 6 50 52 Finland Exp. 7 5 1 3 4 3 - 1 1 1 4 1 ------17 14 Reg. 4 2 1 - -- 1 --- 2 6 ------8 8. France. Exp. 66 89 88 91 43 41 80 139 3 3 26 34 1 2 7 11 7 8 8 3 329 421 Reg. 95 73 18 20 4 9 55 47 - 40 57 - - - - - 3 7 215 2B Greece. Exp. 2 1 2 1 3 3 - 2 1 1 4 3 - - 1 - 1 - - 12 13 Reg. 3 1 1 - -- 2 1 - - 9 7 ------1 15 10 Hungary Exp. 5 7 1 1 - 1 2 3 ------1 - - 1 9 13 Reg. 1 3 ------1 1 2 4 Iceland Exp. -- - - 4 4 - 1 ------4 5 Reg. 1 ------1 Ireland Exp. 5 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 - 1 - 1 1 2 - - 21 18 Reg. 4 2 1 - - 1 2 1 - - 6 6 ------13 1() Italy .. Exp. 7 14 4 12 24 23 8 12 - - 14 16 - - -- 2 2 - - 59 79 Reg. 12 15 2 2 - 1 9 5 - 25 19 ------1 28 43 Luxembourg Exp. - - - -- 1 ------l Reg. - 1 ------1 Malta ... Exp. Reg. Netherlands . Exp. 27 20 6 2 53 55 10 20 4 5 17 13 - - 3 2 1 1 - - 121 118 Reg. 27 18 1 - 4 - 3 4 - - 15 20 ------1 - 51 42 Norway Exp. 22 2I 10 6 5 6 2 3 3 4 9 5 - - 2 1 2 1 2 2 57 49 Reg. 15 9 4 3 - - 4 3 - - 2 7 ------5 2 30 24 Poland. Exp. 4 7 2 3 4 3 2 3 - - 3 4 - 1 2 2 - - - 3 17 26 Reg. 14 11 - - - - 6 1 - - - 4 ------20 16 Portugal Exp. - - - - 5 6 - - - - 3 I ------8 7 Reg. 2 3 ------3 3 ------5 6 Romania. . Exp. ------1 ------1 1 - - 1 2 Reg. 1 ------1 I ------2 1 Spain Exp. 6 11 5 5 9 9 14 14 8 9 4 1 - - 1 3 - 2 1 49 53 Reg. 4 4 - 1 - - 9 9 - - 10 10 ------23 24 Sweden Exp. 19 19 4 4 7 2 7 11 3 4 7 5 - 1 1 3 4 2 1 53 51 Reg. 17 11 2 1 - - 8 5 - 9 10 - - - - - 2 3 38 30 Switzerland . Exp. 14 15 11 11 15 13 11 21 - 2 8 9 2 2 3 3 2 2 - - 66 78 Reg. 15 10 11 I 2 - 14 IO - - 18 16 ------60 37 Turkey .. Exp. - - - - 6 6 I 1 - I 2 1 ------9 9 Reg. 1 2 ------I . 1 ------2 3 Ukrainian SSR Exp. 1 1 - - 2 1 ------3 2 Reg. - 1 ------1 USSR ... Exp. 21 20 1 - I4 19 53 69 2 6 24 22 1 - 1 I 6 5 - - 123 I42 Reg. 5 8 - - - - 4 2 - - 7 13 - -- - - 3 6 19 29 United Kingdom Exp. 61 76 58 61 102 115 42 72 22 26 107 11I 1 I 11 9 7 15 15 17 426 503 Reg. 80 74 22 25 3 8 39 3I - - 147 I 53 - - -- - 16 18 307 309 Yugoslavia ... Exp. 12 I6 - 1 15 13 1 2 - - 13 18 - 1 - - - 2 1 3 42 56 Reg. 9 12 1 - 2 - 6 2 - - 8 7 - - - - - 2 - 28 21 ------TOTAL, EUROPE Exp. 332 408 223 239 39I 407 264 420 59 76 296 313 5 8 37 41 43 57 38 46 I,688 2,0I5 Reg. 334 286 79 66 I7 20 I98 147 - - 367 4I8 ------50 60 1,045 997 -\0 MIDDLE EAST Iraq ...... Exp. - - - - 2 I I I - - I 2 ------4 4 Reg. I I -- - I I I - - I 2 ------I 3 6 Israel Exp. 11 15 4 4 11 11 I 5 - I 4 I - - - I 2 2 - 2 33 42 Reg. 9 1I I I - - 1 I - - 13 13 ------I I 25 27 Jordan . Exp. 2 2 -- 2 6 6 9 - - 3 I - - -- 1 -- 14 18 Reg. 2 3 -- - - 3 2 - - 7 5 ------12 10 Lebanon Exp. 5 2 -- 3 2 - 3 - 1 IO 6 - -- - - I - - IS 15 Reg. I 5 - - - - 4 2 - - 13 I2 ------IS 19 Saudi Arabia Exp. Reg. - 1 ------1 Syria Exp. 3 2 - 2 I 4 3 2 - - 1 2 - - - 1 - - - - 8 13 Reg. 3 5 - - - - 3 4 - - 2 3 ------8 12 Yemen. Exp. Reg. TOTAL, MIDDLE EAST Exp. 2I 2I 4 6 I9 24 11 20 - 2 I9 I2 -- - 2 3 3 - 2 77 92 Reg. I6 27 1 I - I 12 10 - - 36 35 ------I 2 66 76 Stateless ...... Exp. I 2 - - 2 - 5 I - - 2 2 ------10 5 Reg. 3 2 - - - - 2 - - - 2 I ------7 3 ------GRAND TOTAL Exp. 63I 741 298 344 690 704 4I7 615 98 I29 50 I 52 I 6 9 50 60 62 86 64 83 2,817 3,292 Reg. 625 597 I04 88 34 3I 310 262C - - 711 d 754 ------82 95 I,866 1,827 a Experts from the member countries of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in c Including 38 experts under the Africa Emergency Programme. 1964 prior to 6 July 1964 are shown separately under Rhodesia and Zambia. d Including 205 experts under the Malaria Eradication Programme. b Experts from Rhodesia and Zambia in 1963 are shown under the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Annex IX EXPERTSSERVING UNDER THE EXPANDEDAND REGULARPROGRAMMES DURING 1963 AND 1964, CLASSIFIEDBY COUNTRYOR TERRITORYOF ASSIGNMENTa UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO IAEA Total Region~country or territory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 AFRICA Algeria .. Exp. 3 12 8 12 4 17 8 14 2 2 7 15 - - - 1 - - - - 32 73 Reg. 3 4 1 3 - 2 59 8 - - 7 6 ------70 23 Basutoland . Exp. - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - 6 5 ------8 8 Reg. 1 1 ------1 1 Bechuanaland Exp. 1 2 - - 3 - - 3 - - 1 ------5 5 Reg. Burundi ... Exp. 3 4 2 4 4 5 4 10 - - 4 5 ------17 28 Reg. 6 2 - - - - 5 3 - - 1 2 ------12 7 Burundi and Rwanda Exp. 2 2 ------1 1 - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - 5 4 Reg. 1 1 ------1 1 Cameroon ..... Exp. 5 5 5 5 9 5 8 9 - - 10 5 - - 1 1 1 1 - - 39 31 Reg. 5 5 1 - - - 5 1 - - 4 3 ------15 9 Central African Republic . Exp. - - 2 2 4 4 4 4 - - 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - 13 11 Reg. - - 1 - - - - 3 - - 1 2 ------2 5 Chad ..... Exp. - - 2 2 7 5 3 4 - - - 1 - - - 3 - - - - 12 15 Reg. - - 2 3 - - 13 15 - - 2 1 ------17 19 Comoro Islands . Exp. - - - - 1 ------1 Reg. N -0 Congo (Brazzaville) .. Exp. 3 4 1 - 3 1 2 5 Reg. - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - 1 ------3 Congo, Democratic Republic of . Exp. 9 11 7 19 4 5 5 39 4 11 6 9 - - - 7 1 7 - - 36 108 Reg. 9 7 - 5 - - 7 6 - - 32 29 ------3 48 50 Dahomey Exp. 3 2 3 3 9 9 1 2 - - 1 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 18 18 Reg. 6 5 1 ------3 ------7 8 EASCO Exp. ------4 - - - 4 Reg. - 7 ------7 Ethiopia Exp. 13 9 3 3 10 12 3 5 6 6 4 5 - - 2 2 2 2 - - 43 44 Reg. 8 8 2 3 - - 2 2 - - 14 16 ------26 29 Federation of Rhodesia and Exp. 4 - - - 6 - 6 ------16 Nyasaland b Reg. 6 - 1 ------7 ------14 Gabon. Exp. 2 3 2 4 4 4 3 3 ------11 14 Reg. -- 1 1 - - 2 2 - - 5 6 ------8 9 Gambia Exp. --- 1 1 2 2 1 - - 1 2 - - 2 - - - - - 6 6 Reg. 1 1 ------1 ------1 2 Ghana. Exp. 8 8 5 6 5 4 4 10 - - 12 9 - - 3 1 3 1 - 1 40 40 Reg. 5 3 3 - - - 6 5 - - 12 13 ------3 2 29 23 Guinea Exp. 2 - 2 2 2 6 4 2 1 1 4 5 - - 1 1 1 2 - - 17 19 Reg. 2 1 - 1 -- 2 2 - - - 1 ------4 5 Ivory Coast Exp. 3 2 4 3 6 5 6 6 - - 2 2 - - 1 - - 1 1 - 23 19 Reg. 1 4 ------2 ------1 6 Kenya . Exp. 2 3 1 3 8 14 - 3 - - 8 7 ------19 30 Reg. 1 6 ------11 10 ------3 12 19 Liberia Exp. 3 2 1 - 6 4 2 6 2 3 2 2 - - - 2 - - - - 16 19 Reg. 1 3 - - - - 5 4 - - 8 6 ------14 13 Libya ... Exp. 4 10 5 6 13 15 9 14 - - 7 5 -- 1 1 - - - - 39 51 Reg. 9 6 ------5 5 ------14 11 Madagascar Exp. 5 5 3 3 8 10 4 8 - - 4 2 -- 1 1 --- - 25 29 Reg. 1 4 - - - - 1 1 -- 3 4 ------5 9 Malawic . Exp. - 2 - 1 - 3 - 2 ------1 - - - 9 Reg. - 7 - 1 ------1 ------9 Mali ... Exp. 4 7 2 2 5 4 5 10 - 1 1 1 ------17 25 Reg. 4 6 - - - - 6 2 -- 3 4 ------13 12 Mauritania . Exp. -- 2 2 3 3 - 1 1 ------6 6 Reg. - - - 1 ------10 8 ------10 9 Mauritius Exp. - - 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 1 ------7 7 Reg. - 2 1 ------6 4 ------7 6 Morocco . Exp. 8 7 13 8 6 5 7 9 2 3 8 9 - -- - 2 2 1 2 47 45 Reg. 6 6 2 2 ------9 13 ------1 1 18 22 Niger Exp. 5 4 2 2 7 6 4 10 - - 1 3 -- - 1 - 1 - - 19 27 Reg. 7 2 - - -- 6 1 --- 1 ------13 4 Nigeria Exp. 13 9 4 4 52 15 9 8 1 1 14 11 - 1 1 - 1 - - - 95 49 Reg. 6 9 2 5 - - 7 7 - - 17 17 ------1 32 39 Portuguese Territories in Africa: Mozambique Exp. Reg. ------6 5 ------6 5 Rhodesia c Exp. - - - 2 - 3 - 6 ------1 - 12 Reg. ------2 ------1 - 3 Rwanda Exp. 6 8 2 1 1 3 6 3 - 1 3 5 - - - 1 - - - - 18 22 Reg. 3 2 - - -- 3 4 --- 1 ------6 7 Senegal .. Exp. 1 1 6 4 8 9 8 6 - - 2 2 - - - 1 - 1 -- 25 24 -N Reg. - 1 - 1 - - - 2 --- 3 ------7 - Sierra Leone . Exp. 1 3 2 3 6 5 3 1 - - 2 3 -- - 1 1 1 - - 15 17 Reg. 1 2 1 1 - - 1 1 - - 5 8 ------8 12 Somalia . Exp. 14 12 3 1 9 11 8 17 2 2 15 19 1 2 - 1 1 2 - - 53 67 Reg. 20 14 - - -- 8 5 - - 6 6 ------34 25 Sudan . . Exp. 10 8 3 3 15 14 3 1 - - 7 6 -- -- 1 - - 1 39 33 Reg. 10 6 1 1 -- 3 - - - 11 13 ------25 20 Swaziland . Exp. - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - - 5 6 ------5 9 Reg. ------1 ------1 Togo . Exp. 4 4 1 1 5 6 3 7 - 1 5 4 1 1 1 1 - - - - 20 25 Reg. 10 5 1 ------11 8 ------22 13 Tunisia . Exp. 2 6 4 5 8 7 4 7 2 1 7 7 -- - - 2 2 1 1 30 36 Reg. 9 4 - - - - 2 3 - - 6 3 ------5 17 15 Uganda ...... Exp. 5 5 -- 5 9 6 6 - - 1 2 ------1 17 23 Reg. 5 7 1 - - - 1 4 -- 6 5 ------13 16 United Arab Republic . . . . Exp. 15 18 11 15 11 10 2 7 2 2 3 8 2 1 3 1 1 1 - 2 50 65 Reg. 5 7 1 2 - - 1 1 - - 4 4 ------4 5 15 19 United Republic of Tanzania . Exp. - 2 - 4 - 28 - 7 - - - 6 ------47 Reg. - 9 - 1 - - - 6 -- - 3 ------19 Tanganyika . Exp. 3 2 4 3 31 27 7 7 -- 5 2 ------50 41 Reg. 5 9 - 1 - - 7 6 - - 1 2 ------13 18 Zanzibar . . Exp. - -- 1 2 1 1 - -- 4 4 ------7 6 Reg. - - 1 ------1 1 ------2 1 Upper Volta Exp. 6 8 2 2 6 6 2 1 -- 3 2 ------19 20 Reg. 1 1 ------1 1 Annex IX (continued) UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO IAEA Total Region, country or territory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 AFRICA (continued) Zambiac ... Exp. - I -- - 7 - 5 ------13 Reg. - 7 ------2 ------9 Africa regional Exp. 52 53 13 7 16 17 9 28 5 6 11 14 - - 2 4 3 12 -- Ill 141 Reg. 104 90 28 9 22 21 37 27 - - 28 33 ------219 180 - - TOTAL, AFRICA Exp. 224 242 132 149 316 302 167 294 31 42 179 190 4 5 22 31 22 44 3 9 1,100 1,308 Reg. 262 256 52 40 22 23 189 118 - - 242 254 ------8 21 775 712 AMERICAS Argentina Exp. 6 8 3 3 5 7 4 8 -- 5 6 - - - - 1 - 5 4 29 36 Reg. 3 2 ------2 ------5 3 10 5 Bahamas . Exp. Reg. 1 1 ------1 1 Barbados Exp. 3 4 1 2 ------1 ------4 7 Reg. - 1 ------1 2 ------1 3 Bolivia. Exp. 14 8 7 6 12 10 6 5 2 1 3 2 -- 1 - 1 1 - - 46 33 Reg. 10 8 1 2 -- - - - 1 1 ------2 12 13 Brazil Exp. 7 2 1 3 22 19 6 7 - - 2 2 ------2 1 40 34 Reg. 1 - - -- 4 5 - 4 5 ------4 7 12 18 N - - -N British Guiana Exp. 11 13 2 - 5 4 3 6 -- - - 1 1 - -- 1 - - 22 25 Reg. I I ------2 ------1 3 British Honduras . Exp. 1 3 1 3 - 3 - 3 ------2 12 Reg. 1 I ------I 1 ------2 2 Canada Exp. Reg. ------1 ------1 Chile Exp. 9 13 6 6 I4 14 11 15 2 3 3 4 1 1 I 1 - - - I 47 58 Reg. 3 3 2 1 - - 3 2 -- 3 2 ------2 4 13 12 Colombia Exp. 7 9 3 4 8 9 5 6 -- 6 6 - - -- 1 1 1 2 31 37 Reg. 6 3 1 I -- 3 3 -- 2 3 ------2 3 14 13 Costa Rica Exp. I 2 2 3 4 8 - 7 I I - I - -- I - 2 - - 8 25 Reg. 6 2 - - - - 1 I ------7 3 Cuba 0 0 Exp. -- 3 - 3 4 2 2 -- 3 5 ------11 11 Reg. 3 - --- - I I - - 5 4 ------9 5 Dominican Republic . . Exp. - I 3 I 4 4 - 2 - - I I ------8 9 Reg. 6 2 -- - -- 1 - - 2 4 ------8 7 Ecuador .. Exp. 9 6 4 3 11 11 5 6 2 7 5 4 - - 3 2 - -- - 39 39 Reg. 3 7 I - -- 2 3 -- 2 4 ------8 14 El Salvador Exp. I I 2 2 4 4 1 I 3 3 2 2 - - - I - -- - 13 14 Reg. - I -- - - I 1 - - - 3 ------I 5 Guatemala Exp. I 2 I 4 6 4 3 3 I I 3 2 - -- I I --- 16 17 Reg. 2 2 ------4 3 ------I 6 6 Haiti 0 0 Exp. I - 4 5 - I I 2 -- 2 - - - -- I I - - 9 9 Reg. 4 2 2 4 ------2 I ------8 7 Honduras Exp. I 4 2 1 3 3 3 I - - 3 4 - -- I -- - - 12 14 Reg. 1 I 1 -- - I 2 ------3 3 Jamaica ...... Exp. 3 12 3 2 4 5 1 6 - - - 1 ------11 26 Reg. - 3 - - - - - 1 - - 2 1 ------2 5 Leeward and Windward Islands: Dominica Exp. Reg. St. Kitts . Exp. - - - - 2 1 ------2 Reg. St. Lucia . Exp. - 1 ------2 ------2 Reg. Mexico .. . Exp. 13 14 3 4 6 10 6 5 - 1 6 4 ------2 3 36 41 Reg. 2 2 - - - - 4 -- 6 6 ------2 2 10 14 Netherlands Antilles . . Exp. - 3 1 - 1 - - - - 1 ------2 4 Reg. Nicaragua Exp. 1 2 1 1 8 5 3 2 - 1 ------1 1 - - 14 12 Reg. 1 2 1 - - - 1 2 - - 2 1 ------5 5 Panama Exp. 4 4 2 1 1 3 1 1 - - 3 3 -- -- 1 1 - - 12 13 Reg. 1 - - 1 - - - 1 ------1 2 Paraguay. Exp. 8 14 1 1 3 4 4 5 2 1 4 3 -- 1 - 1 - - - 24 28 Reg. 3 5 ------1 - 4 5 Peru ... Exp. 8 19 5 6 5 7 6 3 4 4 4 5 -- 3 2 - - - 1 35 47 Reg. 2 3 1 1 - - 1 2 - - 1 2 ------5 8 Puerto Rico Exp. - - - 1 ------1 Reg. Surinam .. Exp. 1 - - - - 3 1 - 1 - 1 1 ------4 4 Reg. - 1 ------1 Trinidad and Tobago . Exp. 9 15 2 3 1 3 1 6 1 4 1 1 ------15 32 N - -\H Reg. - 2 1 ------1 2 United States of America Exp. Reg. ------2 4 ------2 4 Uruguay . Exp. 5 5 3 3 7 8 1 1 - 1 4 4 ------20 22 Reg. - 2 ------2 Venezuela Exp. 6 3 5 5 3 5 4 5 - 2 1 3 ------19 23 Reg. 6 5 1 2 ------2 4 ------9 11 Americas regional Exp. 58 33 15 13 21 22 15 18 6 8 9 11 - 1 2 2 2 1 6 2 134 111 Reg. 69 52 6 6 8 4 24 28 - - 28 19 ------5 - 140 109 ------TOTAL, AMERICASExp. 188 201 86 86 162 182 93 126 25 38 75 77 2 3 11 11 10 9 16 14 668 747 Reg. 134 115 18 18 8 4 42 57 - - 73 72 ------21 22 296 288 ASIA AND THE FAR EAST Afghanistan . Exp. 7 6 4 4 13 11 6 10 6 10 13 12 - - 2 2 3 3 1 - 55 58 Reg. 13 13 1 4 - - - 2 - - 16 15 ------1 30 35 Brunei . Exp. 1 1 ------1 1 Reg. ------2 2 ------2 2 Burma . Exp. 23 15 4 2 11 7 3 - - - 3 9 - - 1 1 - -- 2 45 36 Reg. 2 ------5 7 ------1 1 8 8. Cambodia Exp. 6 6 4 3 8 7 2 4 2 2 13 9 - - - - 1 - - - 36 31 Reg. 7 5 - - - - - 1 - - 10 10 ------1 17 17 Ceylon . Exp. 9 10 5 6 12 11 3 3 - - 3 3 - - 1 1 - -- 1 33 35 Reg. 5 7 1 1 - - 2 - - - 12 12 ------2 2 22 22 China .•• Exp. 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 - - - 4 4 --- 1 -- - 3 8 16 Reg. 3 2 2 1 - - 1 1 - - 5 5 ------11 9 Annex IX (continued) UNTA JLO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO JAEA Total Region, country or territory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 ASIA AND1HE FAR EAST (continued) Federation of Malaya d Exp. 3 - 3 - 9 - 3 - - - 3 - - - 1 - - - -- 22 Reg. 5 - - -- - 1 - - - 8 ------14 Fiji ••• 0 • 0 Exp. 2 2 - - - 1 ------2 3 Reg. French Polynesia Exp. Reg. ------1 1 Gilbert and Ellice Islands . Exp. ------1 Reg. Hong Kong Exp. Reg. India .. Exp. 21 19 5 4 24 29 44 54 - 1 40 43 ------134 150 Reg. 1 7 8 8 - - 2 3 - - 51 47 ------1 - 63 65 Indonesia e Exp. 12 22 1 3 10 16 10 7 7 6 14 10 - - - 1 2 1 1 3 57 69 Reg. 5 4 ------27 18 ------4 2 36 24 Iran . . Exp. 21 31 5 8 23 15 11 9 4 1 6 7 - - 2 1 4 2 3 2 79 76 Reg. 9 6 4 4 - - 3 - - - 8 9 ------1 2 25 21 Japan . Exp. - 1 -- 1 2 ------1 3 Reg. - 1 ------2 1 ------I 2 3 N -.j:. Korea, Republic of . Exp. 1 -- 2 2 - - 1 -- 3 4 ------2 - 8 7 Reg. - - 1 - - - 3 - - - 9 9 ------2 4 I5 13 Laos .. Exp. IO 10 4 4 3 5 4 4 -- 7 9 -- -- I - - - 29 32 Reg. 5 5 ------4 4 ------9 9 Malaysia/ Exp. - 8 - 5 - 5 - 6 - -- I6 - - - 3 -- - - - 43 Reg. - 6 - 2 -- - I - -- I8 ------27 Maldive Islands . Exp. Reg. ------2 3 ------2 3 Mongolia Exp. -- - - - I 2 12 - - I 2 ------3 I5 Reg. ------3 5 ------3 5 Nepal .. Exp. 4 3 I 2 8 7 3 3 4 4 4 5 ------24 24 Reg. 6 5 ------17 13 ------23 18 New Hebrides Exp. ------2 ------2 Reg. North Borneo d • Exp. ------3 ------3 Reg. ------I ------1 Pakistan . .. Exp. IO 8 6 7 26 26 7 7 -- 6 8 -- 2 2 - - I 2 58 60 Reg. 1 3 2 2 - - 1 - - - 19 28 ------3 2 26 35 Philippines Exp. 5 5 2 6 10 11 4 5 - - 3 5 - - - - I I 3 4 28 37 Reg. 4 7 1 1 - - - 1 -- 8 10 ------2 I 15 20 Sarawak d Exp. -- - - 2 - - - - - 3 ------5 Reg. Singapore d Exp. 5 - 1 - - - 2 - - - 5 ------13 Reg. 8 - 1 ------5 ------14 Solomon Islands Exp. ------2 I ------2 1 Reg. ------3 4 ------3 4 Thailand . Exp. 5 7 4 6 7 8 9 10 -- 12 14 ------3 2 40 47 Reg. 4 - 1 2 -- 4 4 - - 18 16 ------3 3 30 25 Tonga .. Exp. ------1 1 ------1 1 Reg. ------1 ------1 Viet-Nam, Republic of . Exp. 2 2 - 4 4 5 3 3 2 2 7 7 ------18 23 Reg. 3 4 - 1 ------7 7 ------1 10 13 Western Samoa Exp. - - - - 3 3 1 2 ------4 5 Reg. 3 6 ------2 1 ------5 7 West lriang Exp. - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 ------2 Reg. Asia and the Far East regional Exp. 47 47 1 10 11 14 11 22 1 3 13 11 - - 2 2 - 20 8 14 94 143 Reg. 55 41 1 2 1 2 31 31 - - 37 33 ------1 - 126 109 ------TOTAL, ASIA AND THE FAR EAST Exp. 195 208 51 78 189 186 130 162 26 29 170 183 - - 11 14 12 27 22 33 806 920 Reg. 139 122 23 28 1 2 48 44 - - 282 279 ------20 21 513 496 EUROPE Albania Exp. ------1 - - - 1 1 ------2 1 Reg. ------2 ------2 Austria Exp. Reg. ------3 l 3 Belgium Exp. Reg. - - 1 1 ------1 1 Cyprus Exp. 4 2 3 1 2 2 - -- - 3 1 ------12 6 Reg. 3 4 ------2 ------3 6 Czechoslovakia Exp. Reg. N -VI Finland Exp. Reg. ------2 - -- 1 ------3 Greece . Exp. 3 4 2 6 1 3 3 3 - - 5 2 - - - - 1 1 2 5 17 24 Reg. 2 1 --- - 1 1 -- 3 2 ------7 8 13 12 Iceland Exp. ------1 2 - - 1 2 Reg. ------1 - 1 Ireland Exp. Reg. Luxembourg Exp. Reg. ------1 ------1 Malta . Exp. 7 3 1 1 3 4 - - - - 1 2 ------12 10 Reg. 2 ------1 ------2 1 Poland. Exp. 1 ------3 -- - - - 1 - - 1 4 Reg. Portugal Exp. - - 2 2 ------2 2 Reg. ------1 ------2 4 3 4 Romania. Exp. Reg. ------1 - 1 Spain .. Exp. 1 - 1 1 ------3 3 ------5 4 Reg. ------1 - - -- 1 ------1 1 Switzerland . Exp. Reg. ------1 1 ------1 1 Turkey Exp. 12 11 7 8 12 10 5 7 - - 5 5 - - 2 - 1 2 - 1 44 44 Reg. 5 6 9 1 - - 1 1 - - 15 20 ------8 5 38 33 Yugoslavia Exp. 1 16 6 2 8 - 3 8 - - 2 ------1 20 27 Reg. 8 1 ------1 1 ------3 1 12 3 Annex IX (continued) UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO IAEA Total Rt'glon, country or territory /963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 EUROPE (continued) Europe regional ...... Exp. 6 ------5 8 ------10 5 21 13 Reg. 73 47 - - 1 -- - - - 20 30 ------2 10 96 87 ------TOTAL, EUROPE Exp. 35 36 22 21 26 19 12 18 -- 25 25 - - 2 - 3 6 12 12 137 137 Reg. 93 60 10 2 1 - 3 6 - - 43 60 ------26 30 176 158 MIDDLE EAST Aden Exp. - -- - 3 ------3 Reg. Iraq . Exp. 4 5 3 5 11 4 4 8 5 3 5 6 - - 3 1 1 1 - 1 36 34 Reg. 5 4 - 1 ------8 10 ------3 1 16 16 Israel Exp. 12 14 3 4 2 3 4 4 ------1 1 22 26 Reg. - 3 ------5 3 ------3 1 8 7 Jordan . Exp. 5 3 1 3 3 7 2 1 3 2 5 5 - - - 1 2 2 - - 21 24 Reg. 3 5 2 ------4 ------5 9 Kuwait Exp. 2 2 - - 2 - - 1 ------1 - - 4 4 N Reg. 1 1 ------3 1 ------4 2 -0'1 Lebanon Exp. 1 2 1 4 4 5 5 7 2 2 1 3 - - 1 2 - - - - 15 25 Reg. 7 6 3 2 ------1 3 ------1 2 12 13 Saudi Arabia Exp. - - 2 3 6 2 1 - 4 4 2 - - - 1 - 2 2 - - 18 11 Reg. 2 3 - - - - - 1 - - 16 8 ------18 12 Syria Exp. 8 6 3 5 10 11 7 2 4 7 6 8 -- - 1 - - - - 38 40 Reg. 3 1 1 1 - - - 1 - - 4 5 ------8 8 Yemen. Exp. - - - - 1 2 2 4 - - 2 8 -- -- 2 2 - - 7 16 Reg. 2 ------2 3 ------4 3 Middle East regional Exp. 2 3 3 8 13 11 5 4 - - 7 5 -- -- 1 6 10 13 41 50 Reg. 5 17 3 - 2 2 35 45 -- 32 25 ------77 89 ------TOTAL, MIDDLE EAST Exp. 34 35 16 32 55 45 30 31 18 18 28 35 - - 5 5 8 14 11 15 205 230 Reg. 28 40 9 4 2 2 35 47 - - 71 62 ------7 4 152 159 Interregional ...... • . . . Exp. 19 100 16 10 24 22 - - 11 17 44 52 - 2 - - 7 1 - - 121 204 Reg. 73 88 2 ------49 72 ------124 160 ------GRAND TOTAL Exp. 695 822 323 376 772 756 432 631 111 144 521 562 6 10 51 61 62 101 64 83 3,037 3,546 Reg. 729 681 114 92 34 31 317" 272" - - 760i 799 ------82 98 2,036 1,973 a See annex IX, annual report for 1963. e Includes West Irian for 1964. b Experts assigned in 1964 to members of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland f Formerly the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore. 'Prior to 6 July 1964 are shown separately under Malawi, Rhodesia and Zambia. g Included in Indonesia for 1964. c Experts assigned to Malawi, Rhodesia and Zambia in 1963 are shown under Federation It Includes 149 experts in 1963 and 38 experts in !964 financed from the Africa Emergency cf Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Programme. d Now part of Malaysia. i Includes 232 experts financed from the Malaria Eradication Special Account. Annex X FELLOWSHIPSAWARDED UNDER THE EXPANDEDAND REGULAR PROGRAMMESDURING 1963 AND 1964, CLASSIFIEDBY NATIONAliTY UNTA TLO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO IAEA Total Region, country or territory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 AFRICA Algeria .. Exp. 7 17 - 7 - 2 7 9 - 4 1 2 - -- - 1 1 - - 16 42 Reg. 6 31 - 4 - - - 2 -- 15 16 ------21 53 Basutoland Exp. - 2 2 2 - - 2 5 - - 1 2 ------5 11 Reg. 1 3 ------2 1 ------3 4 Bechuanaland Exp. 1 1 2 1 - 1 ------3 3 Reg. - 8 ------8 Burundi ... Exp. 1 2 1 2 - 2 5 5 4 1 1 5 - -- - 3 1 -- 15 18 Reg. 1 3 2 1 - - - 1 -- 3 6 ------6 11 Burundi and Rwanda . Exp. ------2 - - - 2 Reg. Cameroon ...... Exp. 2 9 11 8 - 2 4 5 - - 10 6 - 5 3 - 1 - - - 31 35 Reg. 12 20 6 2 - - 5 - - - 1 3 ------24 25 Central African Republic Exp. 3 8 7 8 - 1 - 3 - -- 2 - - --- 1 - - 10 23 Reg. 1 4 5 -- - 2 - - - - 1 ------8 5 Chad ..... Exp. 7 4 1 2 - - 1 2 -- 1 5 - - 1 1 - 3 - - 11 17 Reg. 2 2 4 ------4 ------6 6 Comoro Islands Exp. - - 1 ------1 Reg. ------1 1 ------1 1 N 3 2 -- 31 29 --...1 Congo (Brazzaville) Exp. 13 9 2 4 - 3 5 3 4 - 2 - - - 2 8 Reg. 4 6 8 1 - - - 1 - - 3 3 ------15 11 Congo, Democratic Republic of Exp. 5 8 - - - 3 - 7 - - - 2 - 5 1 2 - 3 -- 6 30 Reg. 4 6 15 3 ------79 10 ------98 19 Dahomey Exp. 8 13 - 3 - 5 3 9 - - 1 1 6 3 - 3 - 1 - - 18 38 Reg. 4 7 3 3 - - 1 1 - - 6 2 ------14 13 Ethiopia Exp. 6 18 7 11 5 4 4 3 1 - 8 12 - -- - 1 1 - 1 32 50 Reg. 11 12 2 2 ------6 40 ------1 19 55 Federation of Rhodesia and Exp. 2 - 23 - 7 - 6 - - - 3 -- - - - 1 - 2 - 44 Nyasaland a Reg. 4 - 4 ------5 ------13 Fernando Poo . . Exp. ------1 1 ------1 1 Reg. ------3 ------3 French Somaliland Exp. Reg. ------1 ------1 Gabon Exp. 2 3 2 5 - - 2 1 - 1 - - - - 2 4 - 2 - - 8 16 Reg. 2 4 11 ------1 3 ------14 7 Gambia. Exp. 1 4 2 1 - - - 1 - - 1 4 ------4 10 Reg. 1 1 - 2 ------1 2 ------2 5 Ghana Exp. 1 19 4 7 1 5 3 4 - - 2 6 1 - - - - 1 - - 12 44 Reg. 7 16 5 5 - - 1 4 -- 8 11 ------4 12 25 48 Guinea Exp. 6 12 6 12 - 1 6 5 - 52 1 2 - 2 1 4 10 -- 25 95 Reg. 18 8 4 1 ------4 5 ------26 14 Ivory Coast Exp. 9 1 - - - - 1 4 - 1 - 2 3 1 4 - - - - - 17 9 Reg. 10 5 7 5 ------6 6 ------3 1 26 17 Kenya .. Exp. 9 16 11 16 1 1 11 5 -- 6 17 - - 2 2 1 - - - 41 57 Reg. 8 8 6 1 ------4 11 ------18 20 Annex X (continued) UNTA. JLO FA.O UNESCO ICA.O WHO UPU ITU WMO JAEA Total Region, country o,. rerritory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 AFRICA (continued) Liberia Exp. 7 13 4 5 1 4 1 1 - - 1 4 ------14 27 Reg. 3 3 1 3 - - - 1 - - 5 3 ------9 10 Libya. Exp. 3 13 3 10 - - 3 15 - - 1 1 - 1 - 2 - - 2 - 12 42 Reg. 11 6 3 3 - - - 3 - - 7 10 ------21 22 Madagascar Exp. 7 6 3 2 1 3 - 9 1 - 11 9 - - - - 4 5 - - 27 34 Reg. 6 6 7 I ------7 15 ------20 22 Malawi b Exp. - 4 - 10 ------2 ------16 Reg. - 4 ------3 ------7 Mali .. Exp. 10 17 3 3 - - 6 - 2 2 2 11 - - - 5 - 4 - - 23 42 Reg. 12 6 5 3 - - - 1 - - 4 12 ------1 21 23 Mauritania Exp. 2 2 1 10 - 2 - 11 4 1 1 22 - - - - 2 1 - - 10 49 Reg. 1 1 2 1 ------17 ------3 19 Mauritius Exp. 1 3 5 5 - 2 2 - - - 9 2 ------17 12 Reg. - 3 1 1 ------7 6 ------8 10 Morocco Exp. 3 14 - 8 - 3 1 4 - - 3 9 ------2 - 9 38 Reg. 2 2 2 2 - - - 3 - - 17 19 ------6 7 27 33 Niger. Exp. 5 4 I 2 - 2 2 6 - - 3 11 2 4 7 2 1 1 - - 21 32 Reg. 6 6 2 1 - - 1 - - - 2 1 ------11 8 Nigeria Exp. 9 28 9 14 7 - 1 5 1 9 17 - - 1 35 66 N ------00 Reg. 12 15 9 10 - - - 3 - - 18 29 ------2 3 41 60 Portuguese Territories in Africa: Angola .. Exp. Reg. Mozambique Exp. Reg. ------2 3 ------2 3 Reunion ...... Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. ------2 ------2 Rhodesia b. Exp. - 1 - 2 - 3 - 3 - - - 1 ------10 Reg. - 2 - 1 ------9 ------12 Rwanda Exp. 1 2 1 - - - 3 4 4 5 - 1 - - - - 3 2 - - 12 14 Reg. 2 5 2 ------4 5 Senegal . Exp. 5 7 2 2 1 1 4 3 2 2 1 4 - - - 2 2 - 1 1 18 22 Reg. 7 8 6 5 - - - 2 - - 3 8 ------2 - 18 23 Sierra Leone . . Exp. 2 7 2 3 1 3 - 3 - - 1 7 ------6 23 Reg. 5 4 5 3 ------4 6 ------1 14 14 Somalia ... Exp. 4 12 2 6 - 2 2 10 1 - 13 11 - - - 1 1 2 - - 23 44 Reg. 2 2 - - - - 1 - - 22 27 ------24 30 South Africa Exp. Reg. ------5 5 ------4 3 9 8 Sudan .. Exp. 13 31 1 10 6 6 5 12 - 4 7 7 - 1 - 2 2 7 4 7 38 87 Reg. 15 13 2 1 - - 4 5 - - 20 18 ------3 1 44 38 Swaziland . Exp. - - 2 2 ------1 ------2 3 Reg. - 1 ------1 3 ------1 4 Togo ... Exp. 9 18 - 9 - 4 8 5 - - 3 10 - - 4 - 2 3 - - 26 49 Reg. 7 7 5 2 - - - 1 - - 10 16 ------22 26 Tunisia . Exp. 5 15 1 6 - 8 3 12 -- 9 5 - - 1 4 2 4 - 1 21 55 Reg. 3 11 3 4 -- 7 4 - - 19 13 -- - - 5 -- 9 37 41 Uganda. Exp. 7 11 14 14 2 1 2 1 -- 4 3 - - 1 4 -- 1 - 31 34 Reg. 7 8 4 1 -- 6 - - - 3 1 ------1 - 21 10 United Arab Republic Exp. 15 56 10 18 10 20 4 20 2 5 16 24 - 3 - 2 - 3 - 7 57 158 Reg. 25 15 8 6 - - 22 24 - - 10 39 ------6 12 71 96 United Republic of Tanzania Exp. - 19 - 23 - 3 - 6 - - - 6 - -- 1 - - - - - 58 Reg. - 9 - 1 - - - 1 -- - 10 ------21 Tanganyika Exp. 6 19 23 23 3 3 8 6 1 - 3 5 - - 2 1 - - - - 46 57 Reg. 10 9 2 1 - - - 1 - - 4 3 ------1 - 17 14 Zanzibar Exp. 1 - 5 - 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 ------9 1 Reg. 1 ------6 7 ------7 7 Upper Volta . Exp. 5 3 1 5 - - 6 3 - - - 1 - - 7 2 - 1 -- 19 15 Reg. 5 6 5 3 -- - - - 3 5 ------13 14 Zambia b .. Exp. - 6 - 8 - - - 4 -- - 1 ------19 Reg. - 3 ------1 ------4 Africa regional . Exp. ------10 7 - - - - 10 7 Reg. ------TOTAL, AFRICA Exp. 203 438 175 266 47 97 122 208 26 79 137 240 6 23 44 48 33 61 14 20 807 1,480 Reg. 238 290 156 82 - - 49 58 -- 326 409 ------37 51 806 890 AMERICAS Argentina . Exp. 9 27 I 7 1 7 5 8 - - 16 12 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 4 31 69 Reg. 12 14 - - -- 10 8 - - 28 11 - - -- - 11 12 61 45 -\0N Bahamas Exp. Reg. ------2 1 ------2 1 Barbados Exp. I 1 - 1 ------1 ------1 3 Reg. 6 1 - 2 - - -- - 14 7 ------20 10 Bolivia Exp. 4 8 5 5 - 1 1 2 10 3 6 2 -- - 1 - 2 - 1 26 25 Reg. 5 6 3 - - 10 7 - - 9 4 ------2 2 29 19 Brazil. Exp. 7 15 2 25 1 4 1 5 - - 5 6 -- - -- 2 6 3 22 60 Reg. 4 10 - - - 6 3 - - 41 41 -- -- - 6 5 57 59 British Guiana . Exp. 1 13 3 -- 5 2 - - - 1 -- -- 1 - - 7 19 Reg. 18 1 1 ------1 ------19 2 British Honduras . Exp. - - 1 ------1 Reg. - - 2 ------1 5 ------1 7 Canada Exp. Reg. 1 2 - - -- 1 - - 8 7 ------9 10 Chile . Exp. 13 30 1 16 1 6 1 7 - 4 9 6 2 - - - 2 3 3 3 32 75 Reg. 17 17 2 1 - - 8 5 - - 13 10 ------1 1 41 34 Colombia Exp. 10 20 2 10 - 2 5 9 - 7 9 8 -- - - 5 - 3 26 64 Reg. 15 9 3 - - - 8 9 - - 19 11 ------2 3 47 32 Costa Rica Exp. 8 24 3 8 - 4 1 5 2 6 3 4 - - - - 1 - - - 18 51 Reg. 10 21 3 - - - 4 3 - - 4 6 ------21 30 Cuba ... Exp. 1 2 2 - - 1 - 1 8 12 5 1 - -- - - 1 - - 16 18 Reg. 1 - - - - - 5 4 - - 4 2 ------2 12 6 Dominican Republic Exp. 6 11 - 2 1 - 1 1 6 - 2 2 - - - - - 2 - - 16 18 Reg. 1 6 - - - - 3 2 - - 9 4 ------13 12 Ecuador ..... Exp. 4 13 1 8 - 2 5 4 3 - 3 6 - - 1 2 - 1 2 3 19 39 Reg. 13 6 2 - - - 9 9 - - 20 13 - - - - - 1 4 45 32 The West Indies . . . . Exp. Reg. - -- 1 ------1 ------1 1 Trinidad and Tobago . . Exp. 1 3 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 ------3 8 Reg. 10 1 1 ------9 6 ------20 7 United States of America Exp. - 1 ------1 Reg. 3 ------1 - - 29 6 ------32 7 Uruguay Exp. 4 7 2 2 1 5 1 4 - 7 2 3 - - - -- 3 2 1 12 32 Reg. 4 8 - -- - 4 3 - - 19 5 ------1 27 17 Venezuela Exp. 1 8 - 8 - - 4 4 - 4 5 6 -- - - - 2 1 - 11 32 Reg. 4 5 1 1 -- 5 9 - - 22 14 ------5 3 37 32 Virgin Islands (UK) Exp. Reg. ------3 ------3 ------TOTAL, AMERICASExp. 111 311 31 183 6 41 43 113 62 82 91 99 3 1 2 9 11 39 18 31 378 909 Reg. 224 200 22 23 - - 125 112 - - 389 270 ------37 41 797 646 AsiA AND THE FAR EAST Afghanistan . . . Exp. 13 49 3 2 2 11 1 6 - - 8 14 - - - 2 3 2 - 1 30 87 Reg. 7 5 - - - - 1 2 - - 11 23 ------2 1 21 31 American Samoa . Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. ------2 1 ------2 1 Australia Exp. 2 2 ------2 2 Reg. 5 1 - - - - 2 2 - - 6 6 ------13 9 Brunei Exp. Reg. 1 1 ------1 2 ------2 3 w - Burma Exp. 3 9 2 4 3 - - 3 1 3 7 13 -- - -- 1 -- 16 33 Reg. - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 7 10 ------3 7 15 Cambodia. Exp. 1 3 2 - --- 6 - - 2 13 - - --- 1 - - 5 23 Reg. 7 7 ------1 6 ------8 13 Ceylon Exp. 14 24 5 11 3 2 3 3 1 10 8 16 - - 1 2 - 4 - - 35 72 Reg. 9 4 - 1 - - 1 3 - - 8 16 ------18 24 China Exp. 17 16 2 12 5 - 2 4 1 2 10 14 1 - - - - 4 - 6 38 58 Reg. 19 15 1 1 - - 1 1 - - 24 27 ------11 10 56 54 Federation of Malaya c Exp. 13 - 3 - 1 - 2 - - - 7 ------26 Reg. 7 ------8 ------15 - - --- 3 1 Fiji Islands 0 0 0 Exp. - - 1 ------2 1 - - - Reg. ------10 5 ------10 5 French Polynesia . Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. ------2 4 ------2 4 Gilbert and Ellice Islands Exp. - 1 ------1 ------2 Reg. ------2 ------2 Guam 0 0 Exp. Reg. ------1 ------1 Hong Kong Exp. 3 3 - 4 ------1 4 ------4 11 Reg. 2 4 1 1 ------10 4 ------13 9 India .. Exp. 31 45 8 13 28 35 - 44 4 4 23 43 -- 3 - 2 6 5 11 104 201 Reg. 24 17 1 2 - - 1 10 - - 38 48 ------18 15 82 92 Indonesia Exp. 22 40 5 13 3 7 2 37 4 9 10 15 4 - - 7 2 5 - 8 52 141 Reg. 22 6 - - -- 3 2 - - 17 12 ------11 10 53 30 13 19 1 - 8 2 4 40 112 Iran 0 0 Exp. 13 32 2 10 8 30 1 9 - - - - - Reg. 23 10 1 - - - - 1 - - 26 24 ------15 15 65 50 Annex X (continued) UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO lCAO WHO UPU ITU WMO IAEA ----- Total Region. cow1try or territory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 AsiA AND THE FAR EAST (continued) Japan ...... Exp. 23 26 9 4 3 2 4 4 1 - 16 21 3 - 1 - - 2 - 4 60 63 Reg. 8 7 - - - - 1 6 - - 15 16 ------9 11 33 40 Korea, Republic of . Exp. 16 15 2 4 1 2 4 7 - 3 6 11 1 - - - - 7 - 8 30 57 Reg. 19 9 1 1 -- 2 5 - - 20 23 ------14 14 56 52 Laos Exp. 5 2 - - - 2 2 6 1 2 1 5 - -- - 2 5 - - 11 22 Reg. 5 3 ------8 3 ------13 6 Macao Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. - 1 ------1 ------l 1 Malaysia Exp. 12 - 6 - 1 - 7 - -- 25 - - - 4 - 3 - - - 58 Reg. - 7 - - -- - 3 - - - 53 ------63 Maldive Islands Exp. Reg. ------2 1 ------2 1 Mongolia Exp. 2 2 - - - 2 - 17 - - 6 8 ------8 29 Reg. - 1 - -- - - 1 - - 2 5 ------2 7 Nepal Exp. 8 12 2 2 2 6 1 5 - - 8 6 ------21 31 Reg. 12 10 - - - - - 3 -- l2 12 ------24 25 New Caledonia Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. ------2 ------2 New Hebrides . Exp. w -N Reg. ------1 3 ------1 3 New Zealand ...... Exp. - 6 ------6 Reg. 4 1 - - - -- 1 -- 3 2 ------1 2 8 6 Niue ..... Exp. Reg. North Borneo c Exp. 3 - 1 ------4 Reg. 2 ------11 ------13 Pakistan ... Exp. 22 43 7 10 8 13 1 18 - - 7 27 - - - - 1 7 3 9 49 127 Reg. 17 9 - - -- - 2 - - 35 30 ------13 13 65 54 Papua and New Guinea (Aus- tralian admini-,tration . Exp. ------2 3 ------2 3 Reg. ------8 4 ------8 4 Philippines .. Exp. 15 13 2 13 8 4 3 9 1 7 12 26 - - - - 1 4 1 11 43 87 Reg. 12 7 - 1 - - 3 5 - - 32 33 ------10 13 57 59 Ryukyu Islands Exp. ------1 1 ------1 1 Reg. ------6 8 ------6 8 Sarawak c . Exp. 3 - 2 ------1 -- - 6 Reg. 3 ------3 ------6 Singapore c Exp. 4 - 2 ------6 Reg. 7 - - -- - 1 - - - 7 ------15 Solomon Islands Exp. Reg. ------7 2 ------7 2 Thailand Exp. 26 29 7 11 5 8 7 14 - - 7 19 - - - - 2 4 2 11 56 96 Reg. 12 30 - -- - 6 4 - - 21 25 ------14 12 53 71 Tonga Exp. ------1 ------I Reg. ------6 5 ------6 5 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ...... Exp. ------1 -- 1 2 ------1 3 Reg. 2 5 ------1 4 ------3 9 Viet-Nam, Republic of Exp. 3 5 2 5 - 3 1 8 - 1 6 7 - - - - - 2 - - 12 31 Reg. 8 2 - 1 - -- 1 - - 11 22 ------2 2 21 28 Western Samoa ... Exp. 2 1 ------1 ------2 2 Reg. - 2 ------17 18 ------17 20 ------TOTAL, ASIA AND THE FAR EAST Exp. 264 390 69 124 80 128 34 208 14 41 165 319 9 - 6 15 14 65 13 73 668 1,363 Reg. 237 165 5 8 -- 22 53 - - 400 463 ------120 121 784 810 EUROPE Albania . Exp. ------1 6 - -- - 3 - -- 4 6 Reg. ------2 - - 4 3 ------3 - 7 5 Austria Exp. Reg. 3 2 - 4 ------30 28 - - -- - 3 7 38 41 Belgium. Exp. Reg. 2 1 1 - - - - 2 -- 21 21 ------24 24 Bulgaria Exp. 2 2 ------5 5 - - 2 - -- 7 9 Reg. 1 1 2 2 -- - 5 - - 23 25 ------I5 9 44 42 Byelorussian SSR Exp. Reg. I 1 - - -- 2 ------3 I Cyprus .... Exp. 2 I 1 5 2 - - - - - 4 8 ------9 14 Reg. 1 3 2 ------10 11 ------6 - 19 14 Czechoslovakia Exp. - -- - - 1 - - - -- 3 ------4 Reg. 1 3 -- 7 - - 34 30 ------11 12 47 53 w - - - -w Denmark ... Exp. 1 ------1 Reg. 1 3 - - -- - 2 - - 15 I4 ------1 2 17 21 Federal Republic of Germany Exp. Reg. - 1 I 6 ------15 24 ------1 2 19 33 Finland . Exp. - - 1 - 1 - - - - - 5 1 ------7 I Reg. 1 2 I 5 ------21 21 ------1 2 24 30 France Exp. 2 5 ------2 5 Reg. 16 2 - 3 ------28 37 ------45 42 Greece Exp. 7 10 1 15 4 5 - 1 3 2 12 21 - 2 - 4 2 1 - 2 29 63 Reg. 5 6 - 2 ------17 13 ------6 13 28 34 Holy See . Exp. Reg. - I ------1 Hungary Exp. - 2 -- - 1 - 4 - - 3 10 1 - - - 3 - - 1 7 18 Reg. 3 4 4 5 - - - 8 - - 23 28 ------14 8 47 53 Iceland Exp. ------1 ------1 Reg. ------5 1 ------1 - 6 1 Ireland Exp. Reg. 3 1 2 2 ------17 20 ------22 23. Italy Exp. Reg. 1 5 - 2 - -- 1 -- 30 23 ------2 31 n Luxembourg. . Exp. Reg. - -- 1 ------4 2 ------4 3 Malta Exp. 2 1 - 2 - 1 - - - - 3 2 ------5 6 Reg. - 1 1 ------3 6 ------4 7 Monaco Exp. Reg. Annex X (continued) UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO IAEA Total Region, country or territory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 EUROPE (continued) Netherlands . Exp. ------1 - 1 Reg. 1 1 2 4 - - - 2 - 53 22 ------1 3 57 32 Norway. . . Exp . Reg. - 4 1 3 - - - 1 - - 10 11 ------4 11 23 Poland Exp. 72 80 1 - 25 33 - 2 - - 16 16 2 - 4 2 - 4 - 3 120 140 Reg. 22 5 5 2 - - - 1 - - 43 31 ------16 13 86 52 Portugal Exp. - - - 3 - - - - - 8 19 ------8 22 Reg. - 2 - 1 ------14 21 ------1 6 15 30 Romania Exp. - 6 - - 15 12 - - - - 3 ------15 21 Reg. 1 ------3 - - 21 17 - - - - - 8 7 30 27 Spain. Exp. 4 9 ------6 16 - 6 - - - - 1 - 11 31 Reg. 6 9 - 2 - - - 2 - - 18 14 ------5 4 29 31 Sweden Exp. - 1 ------1 Reg. - - 3 -- - 2 1 - - 17 24 ------1 - 23 25 Switzerland Exp. Reg. 4 1 - - - - 1 - - - 21 14 ------26 15 Turkey .. Exp. 7 28 8 17 3 33 4 22 - - 21 22 - - - 3 1 4 1 11 45 140 Reg. 7 6 3 4 - - - 1 -- 35 31 ------17 13 62 55 -w Ukrainian SSR Exp. Reg. 1 1 - ""' - - - 2 3 -- 1 ------4 4 USSR ••• 0 Exp. 1 1 ------1 1 Reg. 1 3 - - - - - 3 - - 26 21 ------1 27 28 United Kingdom . Exp. 6 3 ------1 - 1 6 5 Reg. 9 2 1 2 ------24 25 - - 5 - - - - - 39 29 Yugoslavia ... Exp. 70 116 64 76 27 52 13 38 2 1 45 30 - - 1 8 3 2 11 13 236 336 Reg. 6 7 4 3 - - 1 - -- 24 25 ------14 18 49 53 ------TOTAL, EUROPE Exp. 176 265 76 118 77 138 17 67 5 3 129 163 3 8 10 19 12 12 13 32 518 825 Reg. 96 76 34 56 - - 20 44 - - 607 564 ------125 126 882 866. MIDDLE EAST Aden Exp. ------2 2 ------2 2 Reg. ------2 1 ------2 1 Iraq Exp. - 10 - 12 1 5 3 11 - 12 9 10 - - - - 1 3 10 12 24 75 Reg. - 5 3 3 - - 6 2 - - 11 18 ------3 9 23 37 Israel Exp. 4 30 7 13 8 22 - 11 - - 5 6 - - 3 2 1 1 3 3 31 88 Reg. 5 2 - - - - - 1 - - 8 5 ------6 6 19 14 Jordan . Exp. 8 21 5 7 2 2 9 21 - 3 7 10 - 2 - 1 1 5 - 1 32 73. Reg. 2 5 2 3 - - 6 2 - - 16 16 ------26 26. Kuwait . Exp. - 4 - - 3 - 1 2 -- 2 ------1 1 7 7 Reg. - 3 1 - - - 4 3 - - 2 5 ------7 11 Lebanon . Exp. - 1 - 4 - - 1 6 - - 6 5 - -- - 2 - 1 - 10 16 Reg. 1 4 1 - - - 6 2 - - 6 9 ------3 1 17 16 Qatar .. Exp. ------4 ------4 Reg. ------1 - -- 2 ------3 Saudi Arabia Exp. 1 4 - --- 2 4 - - 1 - --- - 1 - - - 5 8 Reg. 2 3 2 ------7 9 ------5 - 16 12 Syria Exp. 9 8 2 11 3 9 4 7 -- 2 4 - 2 - 2 7 3 1 2 28 48 Reg. - 3 - 1 - - 3 5 - - 19 17 ------3 22 29 Yemen Exp. 12 10 - 1 - 11 3 3 - 7 16 5 ------31 37 Reg. 10 3 -- -- 5 4 - - 17 22 ------32 29 Stateless (UNRWA) d Exp. ------4 3 ------4 3 Reg. ------2 ------2 ------TOTAL, MIDDLE EAST Exp. 34 88 14 48 17 49 29 74 - 22 48 40 - 4 3 5 13 12 16 19 174 361 Reg. 20 28 9 7 -- 32 20 -- 88 104 ------17 19 166 178 Interregional .. . . . Exp. ------1 - -- 1 Reg. ------GRAND TOTAL Exp. 788 1,492 365 e 739 e 227 453 f 245 670 107 227 570 1 861 21 36 65 96 83 190 74 175 2,545 4,939 Reg. 815 759 226 176 -- 249 287 - 1,810 g 1,810 g ------336 358 3,436 3,390 a Fellowships awarded in 1964 to members of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasa1and d United Nations Relief and Works Agency. prior to 6 July 1964 are shown separately under Malawi, Rhodesia and Zambia. e Includes 74 worker-trainees in 1963 and 110 worker-trainees in 1964. b Fellowships awarded to Malawi, Rhodesia and Zambia in 1963 are shown under the f Includes 200 group fellowships under seminars, study tours and similar regional projects Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. awarded in 1964. c Now part of Malaysia. g Includes 179 study grants in 1963 and 248 study grants in 1964 financed under the Malaria Eradication Special Account. YJ -Vl Annex XI FELLOWSHIPSAWARDED UNDER THE EXPANDEDAND REGULAR PROGRAMMESDURING 1963 AND 1964, CLASSIFIEDBY COUNTRYOR TERRITORYOF STUDY a UNTA /LO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO UPU ITU WMO IAEA Total Region, country or territory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 AFRICA Algeria . Exp. ------8 ------8 Reg. 1 ------9 ------1 9 Cameroon. Exp. 16 14 - - - - - 1 ------16 15 Reg. - - 24 ------5 ------24 5 Central African Republic Exp. ------24 25 ------24 25 Reg. ------3 ------3 Congo, Democratic Republic of Exp. - - 1 - - --- 8 5 ------9 5 Reg. Ethiopia ...... Exp. 13 117 ------3 1 ------16 118 Reg. 30 35 - 24 ------1 26 ------31 85 Federation of Rhodesia and Exp. Nyasaland b . Reg. ------1 - - - 1 ------2 French Somaliland Exp. ------3 ------3 Reg. Gabon . . . . . Exp . Reg. - - 22 ------22 Annex XI (continued) UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO JCAO WHO UPU lTV WMO IAEA Total Region, rount•·y or Urritory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 196~ 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 AFRICA(continued) Gambia. . . Exp . Reg. ------3 ------3 Ghana Exp. 18 21 ------1 3 ------19 24 Reg. 7 ------1 -- 5 3 ------12 4 Ivory Coast Exp. 21 10 ------1 - 8 ------21 19 Reg. 16 4 55 20 - - - 6 - - 2 - - - - - 73 3(} Kenya. Exp. 12 17 51 14 1 1 - 2 - 3 2 ---- - 7 - - 67 43 Reg. - 2 ------2 1 ------2 3 Liberia Exp. Reg. - 11 ------11 Libya. Exp. - - - 1 ------1 Reg. ------36 ------36 Malawic Exp. - - - 25 ------25 Reg. Madagascar Exp. Reg. ------10 1 ------10 Mali .. Exp. ------1 ------1 ...... Reg . ------2 ------2 (.;.> - - 0\ Morocco Exp. - 12 1 --- 1 13 1 27 5 3 ------8 55 Reg. 13 37 - - - - 1 2 -- 8 2 ------22 41 Niger. Exp. ------1 2 ------3 6 - - 4 8 Reg. - 12 ------12 Nigeria Exp. -- 1 6 - - 8 11 -- 1 2 ------10 19 Reg. 17 49 22 19 - - 1 1 -- 39 40 ------79 109 Rhodesia c Exp. Reg. ------1 ------1 Senegal .. Exp. - 9 2 3 -- 17 19 - 1 7 3 ------26 35 Reg. - 1 -- - - 1 - - - 6 48 ------7 49 Sierra Leone . Exp. Reg. 16 ------1 ------16 South Africa Exp. Reg. ------2 2 ------2 2 Sudan Exp. 1 3 24 ------11 3 ------36 6 Reg. 1 ------4 1 ------5 1 Togo . Exp. Reg. - 22 ------1 ------1 22 Tunisia Exp. - 1 1 2 - - - 1 10 32 15 2 --- - 2 1 - - 28 39 Reg. 2 - 1 - - - - 1 -- 14 ------17 1 Uganda . Exp. 17 - - 43 - - 24 - -- 2 18 ------42 61 Reg. - 2 - - - - 7 --- 7 3 ------14 5 United Arab Republic Exp. 17 50 1 15 - - 7 65 - 17 37 8 -- - - 3 9 23 24 88 188 Reg. 21 21 --- - 61 48 - - 61 57 ------143 126 United Republic of Tanzania Exp. Reg. - 26 ------34 ------6(} Tanganyika Exp. Reg. 10 26 1 ------1 34 ------12 60 Upper Volta . Exp. ------10 ------10 Reg. ------TOTAL, AFRICA Exp. 115 254 82 109 2 1 80 137 20 85 88 72 -- 8 23 23 24 418 705 Reg. 134 222 125 63 - - 75 60 - - 168 271 ------502 616 AMERICAS Argentina Exp. - 1 - - - - 8 5 23 5 - - -- 1 5 21 12 1 27 55 Reg. -- - - - 9 13 - 14 38 ------2 5 25 56 Barbados Exp. Reg. 40 ------62 31 ------102 31 Bolivia ...... Exp. Reg. - 1 ------1 Brazil. Exp. 15 2 - 23 - -- 2 -- 10 16 - - -- 2 1 II 26 56 Reg. - 3 -- -- 20 17 - - 27 21 - - -- - 3 2 50 43 Canada Exp. 3 12 2 3 - 6 5 3 6 6 13 I -- 1 1 - 16 46 Reg. 11 11 2 - 6 - - 18 11 - - -- - 7 3 36 33 Chile . Exp. 46 61 16 - -- 5 - 15 31 ------77 97 Reg. 27 41 - - 22 32 - - 48 37 - -- -- 1 97 111 Colombia Exp. 1 3 - - - 2 I 3 3 I - - 6 8 Reg. 54 3 - - - - 10 20 ------64 23 Costa Rica Exp. - 66 ------66 Reg. 44 76 ------12 5 - - - 56 81 Cuba ... Exp. VJ --...! Reg. - - - - 1 1 -- 1 - - - 2 Dominican Republic Exp. Reg. ------I ------1 Ecuador Exp. - - I 2 - - 20 21 -- 1 - -- -- 22 23 Reg. - 1 - - - 1 ------2 El Salvador Exp. Reg. ------5 - - -- 5 Guatemala Exp. - - - - 2 1 - - -- 2 1 Reg. 2 - - - - 15 12 - - -- - 17 12 Haiti .. Exp. Reg. - - -- 1 1 - 1 ------2 Honduras Exp. Reg. ------17 - -- - 17 Jamaica . Exp. - 4 ------1 1 ------1 5 Reg. 1 1 - - - 1 3 - - 25 84 ------27 88 Leeward and Windward Islands: Dominica Exp. Reg. - - - - - 1 ------I Mexico . Exp. 2 12 - 4 - 4 38 34 45 11 6 -- I 13 -- 60 110 Reg. 18 4 - - -- 63 38 - - 73 20 ------154 62 Panama. Exp. ------1 ------I Reg. 2 ------4 3 ------6 3 Paraguay Exp. Reg. ------1 ------I Peru .... Exp. 2 7 I 2 -- -- 8 - 2 - -- - - 13 9 Reg. - 44 ------56 4 --- - 56 48 Annex XI (continued) UNTA ILO FAC UNESCO ICAO WTIO UPU TTL' WMO IAEA Total Regioa, couYitry or territory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 /9{14 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 AMERICAS(continued) Puerto Rico Exp. 1 7 3 ------10 1 ------11 11 Reg. 8 7 - 21 - -- 2 - - 12 37 - - - 20 67 Surinam Exp. ------1 - -- 1 Reg. -- -- - 2 ------2 Trinidad and Tobago Exp. - 4 - -- - - 3 6 ------3 10 Reg. ------1 ------1 United States of America Exp. 82 126 12 17 11 21 9 50 14 24 42 33 3 - _,' 3 10 25 8 7 194 306 Reg. 99 53 1 3 - - 14 20 - - 116 80 - - - - 80 79 310 235 Uruguay Exp. - 1 ------1 Reg. 2 1 ------2 ------2 3 Venezuela Exp. - 2 3 - 15 - - - 2 1 - - 8 - 17 14 Reg. 10 15 19 - - - - - 22 16 - - - - - 51 31 ------TOTAL, AMERICASExp. 152 308 32 57 11 31 44 131 68 104 113 106 4 4 5 28 57 22 19 478 818 Reg. 318 261 20 26 - - 131 136 - - 540 428 - - - - 92 90 1,110 941 ..... ASIA AND THE FAR EAST w 00 Afghanistan Exp. - 26 ------26 Reg. 2 14 ------2 14 Australia Exp. 1 2 2 1 - 2 1 8 1 4 -- -- - 1 - 1 1 7 18 Reg. 23 5 - - - - - 2 - - 8 4 - - - - 1 2 32 13 Burma Exp. - 1 1 6 ------1 7 Reg. - 8 - -- - 1 - - - 2 1 ------3 9 Cambodia. Exp. Reg. ------1 ------1 Ceylon Exp. - 5 2 2 ------5 2 ------12 7 21 Reg. 5 3 - - - - - 1 - - 16 14 - - - - 21 18 China Exp. -- 1 - - 1 - - 1 - -- -- 2 1 Reg. ------3 1 -- 19 12 ------22 13 Federation of Malaya d Exp. Reg. 1 - -- - 1 ------2 Fiji .... Exp. Reg. ------31 8 ------31 8 Hong Kong Exp. - - 1 - 1 2 ------3 1 Reg. 1 11 1 -- - - 2 - - 8 7 ------10 20 India .. • Exp. 92 30 3 9 2 1 18 44 - - 21 17 - - -- - 1 - 16 136 118 Reg. 19 8 - - - - 8 12 - - 134 130 ------5 2 166 152 Indonesia Exp. Reg. 1 - - -- - 4 10 - - 3 1 ------8 11 Iran Exp. - 86 - -- - - 1 ------12 -- - 12 87 Reg. 2 - - - - - 1 3 - - 25 ------28 3 Japan. Exp. 13 8 2 11 - 3 - 5 - - 1 2 1 - 3 5 1 13 - 18 21 65 Reg. 44 55 1 - - - 12 18 - - 14 15 ------16 13 87 101 Korea, Republic of . Exp. Reg. - 1 -- - - - 1 ------2 Macao Exp. Reg. - 3 ------3 Malaysia Exp. - 1 - 24 ------1 - -- - - 26 Reg. - 14 - -- - - 4 - - - 56 ------74 New Caledonia Exp. - 1 ------1 Reg. 15 ------11 --- - - 15 11 New Hebrides Exp. Reg. ------1 ------1 New Zealand Exp. I - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 ------2 3 Reg. 4 6 - - - 1 - - 10 9 ------15 15 North Borneo d Exp. Reg. ------9 ------9 Pakistan ... Exp. - 1 - -- - - 1 -- 2 4 -- - 2 6 Reg. 5 2 - - - 1 1 - 57 7 - - 2 65 10 Philippines Exp. 2 21 - 21 - 9 17 - - 36 56 -- - - - ll - 14 47 140 Reg. 13 6 2 2 - 1 2 - 113 104 ------1 4 130 118 Sarawak d . Exp. Reg. ------1 ------1 Singapore d Exp. ------2 - 2 ------4 Exp. 1 ------11 ------12 Solomon Islands Exp. Reg. 15 ------15 Thailand Exp. 74 54 2 - - 5 2 13 2 28 - - - -- 13 - 78 I 15 w ... - - -\0 Reg. 73 16 - - - - 4 2 - - 8 35 ------65 53 Viet-Nam, Republic of Exp. Reg. ------1 ------1 Western Samoa ... Exp. - 4 ------4 Reg. ------TOTAL, ASIA ANDTHE FAR EAST Exp. 184 240 12 76 2 9 28 82 7 17 71 Ill 1 - 3 5 14 38 1 61 323 639 Reg. 224 152 4 2 - - 37 60 - - 470 415 ------25 21 760 650 EUROPE Albania. . Exp. Reg. I ------1 Austria . Exp. 10 10 - 4 - 2 - - 4 1 - - 2 - 14 19 Reg. 2 2 2 2 - - 2 3 - - 31 4 - ---- 26 18 63 29 Belgium. . Exp. 5 4 9 16 1 1 9 8 9 I 2 - 3 - 3 l 24 48 Reg. 8 8 14 3 -- 4 7 - - 34 21 - - - - 11 7 71 46 Bulgaria Exp. - - 25 - - - 23 1 - - - 23 26 Reg. ------1 1 ------1 1 Byelorussian SSR Exp. - 34 1 ------1 34 Reg. Cyprus .... Exp. Reg. ------1 ------1 Czechoslovakia Exp. 3 1 I 8 - - 4 - 16 15 - -- 1 - - 20 29 Reg. 2 1 12 - - -- 2 -- 35 33 ------3 4 52 40 Denmark ... Exp. 88 172 47 51 34 22 28 68 - 74 94 - 1 1 - - - 272 408 Reg. 13 1 2 - - 3 9 -- 98 93 - - - - - 11 25 127 130 Annex XI (continued) ---UNTA 1LO FAO UNESCO 1CAO WHO UPU ITU WMO TAEA Total Ref( ion, country or territory 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963 1964 EUROPE (continued) Federal Republic of Germany Exp. 46 39 45 36 7 16 3 24 3 2 10 9 3 7 2 12 - 3 2 1 121 149 Reg. 5 3 6 27 - 8 9 -- 81 41 ---- 11 10 111 l90 Finland ...... Exp. 2 3 25 6 - - 1 - - 8 3 - - - 1 1 - - 36 14 Reg. - 11 - 4 - - - 1 - - 21 23 - - - 1 - 22 39 France ...... Exp. 72 86 50 73 3 7 16 91 4 4 51 43 11 22 39 37 16 24 5 3 267 390 Reg. 55 63 16 5 - 18 38 - 229 152 - - 27 30 345 288 Greece Exp. - 1 - - 1 4 - - - 2 1 -- - - 3 6 Reg. - 22 - - - 3 2 - 1 2 ------26 4 Hungary Exp. 17 12 21 23 - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 2 38 40 Reg. 1 1 ------1 - - -- - 2 4 3 6 Ireland Exp. - 1 ------1 - - 2 3 - - - 7 Reg. 1 2 2 ------3 1 ------6 3 Italy Exp. 13 19 8 170 3 10 5 24 2 1 19 9 - 1 4 3 - 2 2 64 241 Reg. 8 32 - 1 - - 6 11 - - 55 23 - - - - - 19 40 88 107 Luxembourg . Exp. - 1 4 ------1 4 Reg. - 2 - 2 ------4 Malta .. Exp. - - 1 ------1 ..... Reg . .j:>. 0 Netherlands Exp. 27 31 2 18 8 14 1 15 3 2 13 6 2 - 2 2 - 1 - 59 88 Reg. 28 9 6 6 - - 4 5 - - 86 32 - - - - - 3 6 127 58 Norway. Exp. 2 4 23 1 - 1 - - - - 2 - I - - 1 1 28 8 Reg. 2 2 - 2 - - 1 2 - - 23 11 ------4 5 30 22 Poland Exp. 1 7 2 - - 2 - 1 1 1 ------4 11 Reg. 25 1 ------3 17 - - - - - 3 38 31 56 Portugal Exp. 1 - - - 1 ------2 Reg. Romania Exp. 23 - - 2 - 26 - - - - 3 3 - - - 2 - 2 26 35 Reg. ------4 10 - - - - I - 5 10 Spain . Exp. 1 1 - 2 1 - - - 1 3 - 1 3 - 4 - - 5 12 Reg. - 12 1 -- - I 4 - - 33 ------2 1 37 17 Sweden Exp. 12 19 30 18 2 7 - 2 1 - 10 8 1 2 6 - 2 2 59 63 Reg. 9 4 9 26 - - 4 10 - - 85 47 - - - - - 13 9 120 96 Switzerland Exp. 86 55 48 51 4 3 2 22 - 15 9 1 1 3 8 - 2 - - 159 151 Reg. 51 45 26 22 - - 5 11 - 109 47 ------4 3 195 128 Turkey .. . Exp. ------11 - 11 Reg. ------1 4 - - 37 1 ------1 - 39 5 Ukrain!an SSR Exp. - - 1 ------14 ------15 Reg. USSR •• 0 • Exp. 11 168 53 15 87 157 1 36 - - 92 49 - - - 1 14 9 - 9 258 444 Reg. 8 1 - - - - 1 3 - - 33 27 - --- - 12 8 54 39 United Kingdom . Exp. 76 121 32 36 12 18 21 80 5 10 66 82 4 7 15 28 7 10 5 14 243 406 Reg. 50 46 19 7 - - 10 34 -- 213 193 - - -- - 53 35 345 315 Yugoslavia ... Exp. - 1 - 25 - - - 3 - - 10 13 - - -- 1 1 - 11 43 Reg. 3 2 - - - - - 1 - - 72 51 - - - - - 4 5 79 59 To be designated, Europe . . Exp. - 41 ------1 - - - 42 Reg. - 16 ------16 ------TOTAL, EUROPE Exp. 496 830 399 583 165 292 77 380 18 19 452 362 22 44 65 107 43 66 27 36 1,764 2,719 Reg. 272 264 137 109 - - 71 156 - - 1,287 832 ------211 248 1,978 1,609 MIDDLE EAST Iraq Exp. 1 - 21 - - - - 6 ------1 27 Reg. 2 - - - - - 1 5 ------3 5 Israel Exp. 2 1 1 5 1 14 1 2 - - 25 17 ------1 21 31 60 Reg. 1 4 1 - - - - 2 - - 16 20 ------16 10 34 36 Jordan Exp. - - - - - 2 ------2 Reg. 3 ------1 - - 4 2 ------7 3 Lebanon Exp. - 6 - - - 1 30 19 - 12 5 15 - - - - 11 - - 35 64 Reg. 2 25 - - - - 2 11 - 63 43 ------67 79 Syria .. Exp. - - - - - 3 ------3 Reg. ------2 - - 4 1 ------4 3 ------TOTAL, MIDDLE EAST Exp. 3 7 1 26 1 20 31 21 - 12 30 38 - - - 11 1 21 67 156 Reg. 8 29 1 -- - 3 21 - - 87 66 ------16 10 115 126 Headquarters of Organization Exp. - - -- - 1 - - - - - 6 4 - - - 14 7 18 Reg. ------6 - 6 To be designated . .. . . Exp. 42 52 ------2 - - 42 54 Reg. 19 2 ------19 2 ------.j:>. Gt a Feilowships holders who visited more than one country as part of their study-programmes c Fellows who studied in Malawi and Rhodesia in 1963 are shown under the Federation of are counted under each country visited. Thus, the totals in this annex will not in every case Rhodesia and Nyasaland. agree with those in annex X. d Now included in Malaysia. b Fellows who studied in 1964 in members of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland e Includes 74 worker-trainees in 1963 and 120 worker-trainees in I 964. prior to 6 July 1964 are shown separately under Malmri and Rhodesia. f Includes 317 study grants in 1963 and 363 study grants in 1964 financed under the Malaria Eradication Special Account. Annex XII FELLOWSHIPS AWARDED UNDER THE EXPANDED AND REGULAR PROGRAMMES DURING 1963 AND 1964, CLASSIFIED BY FIELD OF STUDY Expanded Programme Regular Programme ParticipaOng Organization and field of study 1963 1964 1963 1064 -- --·----- UNTA Economic surveys 81 185 26 9 Industrial development and productivity 147 336 54 45 Natural resources development and power 108 131 51 32 Trade promotion and marketing . 43 74 16 8 Public finance and financial institutions . 10 60 32 8 Transport and communications 41 57 13 2 Statistics 50 177 59 100 Housing, physical planning and building 109 92 44 20 Community development 3 34 51 34 Public administration 48 213 322 229 Social services and development 89 53 35 71 Social defence . 57 58 83 36 Narcotics control 25 43 Land tenure 1 Taxation 4 4 1 Population 17 13 Human rights 108 TOTAL 788 1,492 815 759 ILO Manpower organization including vocational training 149 375 53 66 Social security . 31 19 1 2 Co-operation, handicrafts and small scale industries 61 92 22 Labour conditions and administration 119 172 101 40 Worker's education 26 47 46 Productivity and management development 5 55 24 TOTAL 365 739 226 176 FAO Animal production and health 63 113 Fisheries 3 37 Forestry 29 47 Land and water development 33 75 Nutrition . 9 13 Plant production and protection 43 107 Rural institutions and services . 15 14 Economic analysis 4 15 Statistics 27 32 TOTAL 226 453 UNESCO Education 162 331 191 172 Natural sciences 23 184 14 28 Social sciences 3 43 5 20 Cultural activities 28 61 31 51 Mass communications 29 50 8 16 TOTAL 245 669 249 287 ICAO Aerodromes 12 Aeronautical communications 91 Aeronautical meteorology 12 19 Aircraft and engine maintenance 2 Aircraft maintenance . 1 Aircraft safety (turbo) 2 Airline operations 7 Air pilot 2 Airport management 4 Air traffic control 48 68 Air transport 2 142 Annex XII (continued) Expanded Programme Regular Programme Participating Organization and field of study 1963 1964 1963 1964 Airworthiness . 2 13 Aviation law 1 Civil aviation administration 2 14 Electronics engineering . I Flight operations 4 Groung services control 1 ICAO Air Navigation Committee Procedures I Radar ASR System 2 Radio maintenance 9 Synthetic trainers (flight simulators) 1 Telecommunications operations 4 Teletype maintenance 4 VOR maintenance . 4 TorAL 107 227 WHO Public health administration 72 37 210 220 Environmental sanitation . 59 37 155 134 Nursing and maternal and child health 42 148 274 242 Other health services . 99 151 355 354 Communicable diseases . 120 212 410 285 Clinical and basic medical sciences and medical education . 178 276 406 327 TOTAL 570 861 1,810 1,562 UPU Postal administration 5 6 Postal education . 5 5 International mail 1 Postal services . 5 18 Modernization of postal services . 1 Modernization of methods of work 1 Personnel administration I Postal organization and mechanization 2 1 Money order 1 Postal printing 1 Advanced postal training 4 TOTAL 21 36 ITU Telecommunications .. 65 96 WMO Meteorology -instruments and observations 9 15 Agrometeorology 6 6 Synoptic meteorology 9 9 Hydro-meteorology 6 4 Climatology 3 4 Aeronautical meteorology 1 19 Meteorological telecommunications 1 Maritime meteorology 1 Special fields 3 1 General meteorology . 44 132 TOTAL 83 190 IAEA General atomic energy development 6 9 Prospecting, mining and processing of nuclear raw materials . 6 2 9 20 Nuclear physics and chemistry 5 8 151 127 Reactors 11 43 46 86 Radioisotopes . 52 117 J 12 87 Health physics 5 12 29 TOTAL 74 175 336 358 GRAND TOTAL 2,544 4,938 3,437 3,144 143 Annex XIII GOVERNMENTS ACCEDING TO THE STANDARD TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AGREEMENTS NoTE: Where two dates are shown, the first is the date on which the Basic Agreement was signed. The second date shown is the date of the exchange of letters reflecting the new amendments to the Basic Agreement. Information is given to 31 December 1964. Government Date Agreement signed Government Date Agreement signed ------" 1. Afghanistan 10 May 1956 44. Liberia . 5 November 1957 15 November 1962 2. Algeria . .ioe 45. Libya 28 June 1964 ~12 June 1956 46. Madagascar 17 May 1962 3. Argentina . · 31 December 1963 47. Malawi 24 October 1964 ~ 1 March 1957 48. Malaya 1 March 1962 4. Bolivia · 24 September 1963 49. Mali 9 May 1963 5. Brazil 29 December 1964 50. Malta 15 December 1964 6. Burma. 20 April 1954 51. Mauritania 7 November 1961 7. Burundi 5 February 1963 52. Mexico . 23 July 1963 8. Cambodia· 5 October 1956 53. Mongolia 24 May 1963 9. Cameroon 29 August 1962 54. Morocco 18 March 1957 10. Central African Republic 30 October 1963 55. Nepal 14 February 1963 11. Ceylon 16 December 1954 56. Netherlands 6 October 1954 12. Chad. 6 December 1962 2 July 1956 13. Chile . 15 January 1957 57. Nicaragua l 6 December 1961 14. Colombia 7 December 1954 58. Niger. 12 August 1962 15. Congo (Brazzaville) 7 November 1963 59. Nigeria . 23 June 1964 16. Costa Rica 27 August 1963 60. Pakistan 2 July 1956 17. Cyprus . 18 April 1963 ~27 April 1957 18. Dahomey . 17 January 1962 61. Panama 18 October 1963 19. Dominican Republic 20 February 1964 ~ 4 July 1955 20. Ecuador 10 February 1956 62. Paraguay 10 September 1963 21. El Salvador 31 July 1963 63. Peru 30 March 1956 22. Ethiopia 15 March 1958 64. Philippines 27 October 1954 23. Gabon 21 February 1962 65. Rwanda 23 January 1963 ~24 May 1957 Saudi Arabia 17 February 1957 24. Ghana 66. · 18 February 1964 67. Senegal . 27 December 1961 ~10 February 1956 16 October 1961 25. Greece 68. Sierra Leone · 2 December 1964 j 28 January 1961 26. Guatemala 28 Jannary 1964 69. Somalia I 9 June 1964 27. Guinea . 3 December 1959 70. Sudan. 4 April1955 28. Haiti . 26 June 1956 71. Syria . 12 December 1962 29. Honduras 8 November 1963 72. Tanganyika 6 March 1963 30. Iceland 21 November 1956 73. Thailand l 4 June 1960 August 1956 · 30 November 1964 31. India . ~31 · 3 October 1963 74. Togo. 20 September 1961 32. Indonesia 29 October 1954 75. Trinidad and Tobago . 6 May 1963 33. Iran 2 February 1956 76. Tunisia . 12 April 1960 34. Iraq 19 June 1960 77. Turkey . 23 January 1957 78. Uganda. 24 May 1963 35. Israel . ~30 June 1957 · 14 May 1964 79. United Arab Republic 10 September 1963 36. Ivory Coast 10 April 1962 80. United Kingdom . l 8 July 1960 37. Jamaica 22 May 1963 10 May 1963 81. Uruguay 13 December 1955 38. Jordan ~14 June 1955 3 August 1964 82. Upper Volta 18 April 1963 39. Kenya 11 November 1964 83. Venezuela . 23 August 1954 84. Viet-Nam . 8 June 1956 40. Korea ~19 June 1958 18 May 1963 85. Western Samoa 20 January 1962 41. Kuwait 13 February 1962 86. Yemen ~26 July 1956 42. Laos . 18 June 1954 14 April1963 43. Lebanon 11 September 1962 87. Yugoslavia 26 June 1956 144 Annex XIV TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ON A PAYMENT BASIS, 1964 (Costs, shown in US dollars, are estimated in some cases) Freedom (rom Hunger UNTA TLO FAO UNESCO ICAO Wf.'O JTU JAEA Total Campaign ----·------· AFRICA Basutoland 2,000 2,000 Bechuanaland . 2,000 2,000 Cameroon 2,000 2,000 Congo, Democratic Republic of . 2,031,744 39S',532 283,465 89,015 493,931 3,297,689 Dahomey. 9,532 9,532 75,588 East African Com- mon Services Org- anization 9,575 9,575 Ethiopia 2,400 2,400 Gabon . 27,213 27,213 Ivory Coast . 35 35 Kenya 9,265 23,168 2,000 34,433 Liberia . 4,000 26,436 30,436 51,760 Libya 123,186 12,008 261,769 10,400 6,580 9,697 423,640 37,961 Madagascar . 121 121 14,983 Mali . 37,529 37,529 Morocco 1,117 1,117 1,680 Niger 27,835 27,835 Nigeria. 9,635 313 17 6,000 15,965 Rhodesia . 34,254 34,254 Senegal 5,637 52,979 58,616 Sierra Leone 2,000 32,946 34,946 1,575 Somalia 17,390 17,390 Sudan 7,365 12,234 31,500 51,099 42,341 Swaziland 2,000 2,000 Togo. 2,934 Tunisia. 3,313 20,945 24,258 113,282 United Arab Re- public 11,786 11,786 3,215 Uganda 19,230 10,000 29,230 United Republic of Tanzania 8,623 6,000 14,623 232,552 Zambia 26,782 26,782 Regional . 76,478 76,478 18,689 TOTAL, AFRICA 2,369,576 456,087 648,235 79,900 500,511 161,656 4,215,965 596,560 AMERICAS Bolivia . 18,751 18,751 38,657 Brazil 39,860 39,860 Chile. 3,034 145,811 12,000 160,845 25 Colombia. 19,468 19,468 Ecuador 12 7,213 7,225 3,750 Haiti. 60 60 Mexico. 5,362 5,362 385 Nicaragua 258 258 Peru . 2,635 3,119 5,754 Venezuela 77,912 45,092 299 26,843 150,146 Regional . 118,974 8,439 24,000 151,413 314 --- TOTAL, AMERICAS 240,846 56,650 198,803 36,000 26,843 559,142 43,131 ASIA AND THE FAR EAST Afghanistan . 28,780 28,780 10,847 Burma . 27,040 27,040 Cambodia 31,234 31,234 Ceylon . 7,107 7,107 59,008 145 Annex XIV (continued) Freedom from Hunger UNTA ILO FAO UNESCO ICAO WHO ITU IAEA Total Campaign ASIA AND THE FAR EAST (continued) China ... 15,126 15,126 India .. .. 36,917 2,024 469,493 36,239 544,673 89,956 Indonesia (West Irian 1,468,211 1,468,211 Iran 0 0 ••• 115,828 17,681 39,378 13,128 186,015 24,328 Japan 2,950 80 3,030 1,026 Korea, Republic of 166,756 2,765 101,000 270,521 Laos. 12,477 12,477 Malaysia 53,587 2,240 5,543 61,370 Nepal 34,979 Pakistan 10,000 10,000 59,837 Philippines 14,689 6,728 12,000 33,417 Thailand . 9,539 37,659 6,000 53,198 Western Samoa 47,078 47,078 Regional .. 46,434 17,000 63,434 142,071 --- TOTAL, ASIA AND THE FAR EAST 615,542 20,446 88,109 146,000 1,937,704 36,239 18,671 2,862,711 422,052 EUROPE Greece 7,000 7,000 Malta 6,796 6,796 Netherlands 9,249 9,249 Portugal 1,811 1,811 Sweden. 7,903 Regional 9,000 9,000 TOTAL, EUROPE 9,249 8,607 16,000 33,856 7,903 MIDDLE EAST Iraq 15,274 3,500 18,774 4,417 Israel 12,358 2,923 13,784 29,065 Kuwait 67,462 39,118 7,000 964 114,544 Saudi Arabia 216,874 174,746 52,440 35,425 208,818 205,853 42,393 25,000 961,549 Syria. 4,308 4,308 Yemen . 9,894 9,894 Regional 2,310 2,310 TOTAL, MIDDLE EAST 328,480 174,746 94,481 45,925 208,818 220,601 42,393 25,000 1,140,444 4,417 Interregional and Un- specified 7,584 7,584 330,541 ---- GRAND TOTAL 3,571,277 707,929 1,038,235 412,840 2,647,033 418,496 87,907 25,000 8,908,717 1,404,604 146 Annex XV EXPERTS' NATIONALITIES AND COUNTRIES OF ASSIGNMENT, 1964 AFRICA Country Country Country Country of of of of service origin service origin Algeria 73 0 Mauritania 6 0 Basutoland 8 0 Mauritius 7 0 Bechuanaland 5 0 Morocco 45 1 Burundi . 28 0 Niger . 27 0 Burundi and Rwanda 4 0 Nigeria 49 I Cameroon . 3\ I Rhodesia 12 1 Central African Republic II 0 Rwanda. 22 0 Chad 15 0 Senegal 24 2 Congo (Brazzaville) . 10 I Sierra Leone . 17 0 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 108 0 Somalia . 67 0 Dahomey 18 0 South Africa . 0 10 EASCO. 4 0 Sudan 33 5 Ethiopia 34 1 Swaziland 9 0 Gabon 14 0 Togo 25 0 Gambia 6 0 Tunisia 36 6 Ghana 40 I Uganda . 23 I Guinea 19 0 United Arab Republic 65 68 Ivory Coast 19 0 United Rep. of Tanzania 47 0 Kenya 30 0 Upper Volta 20 0 Liberia 19 0 Zambia 13 2 Libya . 51 0 Regional 141 0 Madagascar 29 0 Malawi 9 0 TOTAL 1,308 101 Mali 25 0 ASIA AND THE FAR EAST AND THE MIDDLE EAST Country Country Country Country of of of of service origin service origin ------Asia and the Far East Asia and the Far East (continued) Afghanistan 58 Solomon Islands 1 0 Australia 0 57 Thailand 47 4 Brunei I 0 Tonga I 0 Burma 36 3 Viet-Nam, Republic of 23 5 Cambodia 31 I Western Samoa 5 0 Ceylon 35 12 Regional 143 0 China .. 16 13 Fiji ... 3 0 TOTAL 920 396 French Polynesia 1 0 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1 0 The Middle East India .. 150 166 Aden 0 0 Indonesia 69 1 Iraq 34 4 Iran 76 5 Israel 26 42 Japan .. 3 36 Jordan 24 18 Korea, Republic of 7 1 Kuwait 4 0 Laos .. 32 0 Lebanon 25 15 Malaysia 43 I Saudi Arabia II 0 Mongolia 15 0 Syria 40 13 Nepal .. 24 0 Yemen 16 0 New Hebrides 2 0 Regional 50 0 New Zealand 0 49 Pakistan 60 20 TOTAL 230 92 Philippines 37 21 147 Annex XV (continued) EUROPE ------·------··------· Country Country Country Country of of of of service origin service origin Albania 1 0 Romania 0 2 Austria 0 28 Spain . 4 53 Belgium 0 102 Sweden 0 51 Bulgaria. 0 7 Switzerland 0 78 Cyprus 6 3 Turkey 44 9 Czechoslovaquia 0 18 Ukrainian SSR . 0 2 Denmark 0 91 USSR 0 142 Federal Republic of Germany 0 106 United Kingdom 0 503 Finland 0 14 Yugoslavia 27 56 France 0 421 Regional 13 0 Greece 24 13 Hungary 0 13 TOTAL 137 2,015 Iceland 2 5 Ireland 0 18 Italy 0 79 Luxembourg . 0 1 Malta. 10 0 Interregional . 204 0 Netherlands 0 118 Stateless . 0 5 Norway . 0 49 Poland 4 26 TOTAL 204 5 Portugal 2 7 LATIN AMERICA AND NORTH AMERICA Country Country Country Country of of of of service origin service Clrigin Argentina 36 53 Panama . 13 '! Barbados 7 0 Paraguay 28 4 Bolivia 33 7 Peru 47 14 Brazil . 34 29 Puerto Rico 1 0 British Guiana 25 0 Surinam. 4 0 British Honduras 12 0 The West Indies 0 0 Chile 58 57 Trinidad and Tobago 32 3 Colombia 37 15 Uruguay 22 12 Costa Rica 25 10 Venezuela 23 4 Cuba II 7 Virgin Islands (United Kingdom) . 0 0 Dominican Republic 9 3 Regional Ill 0 Ecuador. 39 19 El Salvador 14 I ToTAL 747 298 Guatemala 17 3 Haiti 9 29 Honduras 14 1 Jamaica . 26 6 Canada 0 90 Leeward and Windward Islands 3 0 United States of America 0 295 Mexico 41 18 Netherlands Antilles 4 0 TOTAL 0 385 Nicaragua . 12 I 148 Annex XVI FELLOWS' NATIONALITIES AND COUNTRIES OF STUDY, 1964 AFRICA ------Country Country Country Country of of of of origin study a origin study a --·------·------·------~------Algeria 42 8 Mauritania 49 0 Basutoland 11 0 Mauritius 12 0 Bechuanaland 3 0 Morocco 38 55 Burundi . 18 0 Mozambique 0 0 Burundi and Rwanda 2 0 Niger 32 8 Cameroon . 35 15 Nigeria 67 19 Central African Republic 23 25 Reunion 1 0 Chad 17 0 Rhodesia 10 0 Comoro Islands 0 0 Rwanda. 14 0 Congo (Brazzaville) . 29 0 Senegal 22 35 Congo, Democratic Rep. of 30 5 Sierra Leone . 23 0 Dahomey 38 0 Somalia . 44 0 EACSO. 0 0 South Africa . 0 0 Ethiopia 50 118 Sudan 87 6 Fernando P6o 1 0 Swaziland 3 0 Gabon 16 0 Togo . 49 0 Gambia 10 0 Tunisia 55 39 Ghana. 44 24 Uganda . 34 61 Guinea 95 0 United Arab Republic 158 188 Ivory Coast 9 19 United Republic of Tanzania 58 0 Kenya 57 43 Upper Volta 15 10 Liberia 27 0 Zambia 19 0 Libya. 42 1 Madagascar 34 0 Malawi 16 25 TOTAL 1,481 705 Mali 42 1 ------ASIA AND THE FAR EAST AND THE MIDDLE EAST ----~--- -~~~~~- Country Country Country Country of of of of origin study a origin study a -~----- Asia and the Far East Asia and the Far East (continued) Afghanistan 87 26 Philippines 87 140 Australia 2 18 Ryukyu Islands 1 0 Burma. 33 7 Thailand 96 115 Cambodia. 23 0 Tonga 1 0 Ceylon 72 21 Trust Territories of the Pacific (US Admi- China. 58 1 nistration) . 3 0 Fiji . 1 0 Viet-Nam, Republic of 31 0 French Polynesia 1 0 Western Samoa 2 4 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 2 0 Hong Kong 11 1 TOTAL 1,363 639 India 201 118 Indone~ia 141 0 The Middle East Iran 112 87 Aden 2 0 Japan . 63 65 Iraq 75 27 Korea, Republic of 57 0 Israel 88 60 Laos 22 0 Jordan 73 2 Macao 1 0 Kuwait 7 0 Malaysia 58 26 Lebanon 16 64 Mongolia 29 0 Qatar . 4 0 Nepal. 31 0 Saudi Arabia 8 0 New Caledonia 1 1 Syria 48 3 New Hebrides 0 0 UNRWA 3 0 New Zealand 6 3 Yemen 37 0 Pakistan 127 6 Papua and New Guinea (Australian admi- TOTAL 361 156 nistration) . 3 0 149 Annex XVI (continued} EUROPE Country Country Country Country of of of of origin study a origin study a Albania 6 0 Spain . 31 12 Austria 0 19 Sweden 1 63 Belgium () 48 Switzerland 0 151 Bulgaria. 9 26 Turkey .. 140 0 Byelorussian SSR 0 34 Ukrainian SSR . 0 0 Cyprus 14 0 USSR 1 444 Czechoslovakia 4 29 United Kingdom 5 406 Denmark 0 408 Yugoslavia 336 43 Federal Republic of Germany 0 149 Unspecified . . 0 42 Finland 1 14 France 5 390 TOTAL 825 2,719 Greece 63 6 Hungary 18 40 Iceland 1 0 Headquarters of Organizations . . . 0 18 Ireland 0 7 Italy 0 241 TOTAL () 18 Luxembourg . () 4 Malta. 6 1 Netherlands 1 88 Norway . 0 8 To be designated ...... 0 54 Poland 140 11 Portugal 22 0 TOTAL 0 54 Romania 21 35 LATIN AMERICA AND NORTH AMERICA Country Country Country Country of of of of origin study a origin study a Argentina 69 55 Nicaragua 22 0 Barbados 3 0 Panama 23 0 Bolivia . 25 0 Paraguay 44 0 Brazil .. 60 56 Peru .. 50 9 British Guiana 19 0 Puerto Rico 2 11 British Honduras . 0 0 Surinam .. 9 0 Chile ... 75 97 Trinidad and Tobago 8 10 Colombia . 64 8 Uruguay 32 1 Costa Rica 51 66 Venezuela ..... 32 14 Cuba ... 18 0 Cura9ao .. 1 0 TOTAL 909 466 Dominican Republic 18 0 Ecuador .. 39 23 El Salvador 42 0 Guatemala 34 1 Haiti .. 17 0 Canada ...... 0 46 Honduras . 33 0 United States of America 1 306 Jamaica .. 14 5 Leeward and Windward Islands () 0 TOTAL 352 Mexico ...... 104 110 a The figures in this column include firstly fellows who have studied in the country named and secondly participants in conferences held in the country named. 150 ------